Sono Group N.V.

Sono Group N.V. (“Sono N.V.” or the “Company”) is registered in the business register (Netherlands Chamber of Commerce) and its corporate seat is in Amsterdam. In November 2021, the Company successfully completed an initial public offering (IPO) and became listed on The Nasdaq Global Market (“Nasdaq Global Market”). The Company’s ordinary shares commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the ticker symbol “SEV” on November 17, 2021. On July 12, 2023 and August 28, 2023, the Company received notices from Nasdaq Global Market stating that the staff of the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) had determined that the Company’s securities will be delisted from Nasdaq in accordance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rules and notifying the Company of the suspension in trading of its ordinary shares as of the opening of business on July 21, 2023. On December 11, 2023, the Company received a decision of the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) advising the Company that the Panel has determined to delist the Company’s ordinary shares from Nasdaq. On February 15, 2024, Nasdaq filed a Form 25 Notification of Delisting with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to complete the delisting. On July 2, 2024, the quoting of the Company’s ordinary shares commenced on OTCQB under the ticker symbol “SEVCF”.

The Company has its management in the United States of America since January 31, 2024. Prior to this date, the Company’s management was based in Germany. The business address of the Company is Waldmeisterstraße 93, 80935 Munich, Germany (trade register number: 80683568). Sono N.V.’s sole and wholly-owned subsidiary, Sono Motors GmbH (“Sono Motors” or the “Subsidiary”), is registered in the commercial register (Handelsregister) at the local court (Amtsgericht) of Munich, Germany, under HRB 224131. Sono Motors’ registered headquarters is Waldmeisterstraße 93, 80935 Munich, Germany. Sono N.V. is the ultimate parent of the Group. Hereinafter, Sono N.V. and its consolidated subsidiary collectively are referred to as “Sono Group”, or the “Group”, “Management”, “we” and “us”.

Sono Group intended to develop and manufacture electric vehicles with integrated solar panels (the “Sion passenger car program”). In addition, it planned to license its solar technology to other Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”). However, on February 24, 2023, Sono Group announced the decision to terminate the Sion passenger car program and to pivot the business model to exclusively retrofitting and integrating Sono Group’s solar technology onto third party vehicles due to lack of available funding. As a consequence, management decided to apply for the opening of the self-administration proceedings with respect to Sono N.V. and Sono Motors (the “Self-Administration Proceedings”) on May 15, 2023. The Subsidiary withdrew its application for Preliminary Self-Administration Proceedings (as defined herein) on January 31, 2024, and the Subsidiary exited its Self-Administration Proceedings on February 29, 2024. See “Note 3 Liquidity and Going concern” for additional information.

These condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments including normal recurring adjustments, which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).

On a consolidated basis, the Company’s operations are comprised of the parent company, Sono N.V. and its subsidiary, Sono Motors. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. In addition, certain amounts in the prior periods consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

2. Basis of Presentation, Consolidation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

A summary of the significant accounting policies applied in the presentation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows:

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC for annual financial reporting. All amounts referred to in the notes to the consolidated financial statements are presented in euros (EUR) and have been rounded to the nearest thousand, unless otherwise stated. Substantially all of the Company’s operations are conducted in EUR and the current reporting currency is the same as the functional currency.

At the end of the second quarter of 2024, the Company determined that it no longer qualified as a foreign private issuer under the SEC rules. As a result, beginning January 1, 2025, the Company became subject to the reporting requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. Accordingly, these consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and the transition from International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), has been applied retrospectively to all periods presented.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to present a fair statement of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial position as of June 30, 2025 and the results of operations for the six month period then ended. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary in order to make the condensed consolidated financial statements not misleading have been included. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes; actual results could materially differ from those estimates. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and accordingly do not include all of the disclosures normally made in the Company’s annual condensed consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include assumptions about cash flow and fair value assumptions associated with measurements of convertible notes payable carried at fair value, valuation of inventory; valuation allowance for deferred tax assets; and borrowing rate consideration for right-of-use (“ROU”) lease assets including related lease liability and useful life of fixed assets.

Cash

For financial statement purposes, the Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of six months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. Accounts maintained in US bank accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. The Company had $-0- and $-0- in US bank cash balances in excess of the FDIC insured limit as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases pursuant to ASU 2016-02. Accordingly, For new leases, the Company will determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Leases are included as ROU assets within other assets and lease liabilities within current liabilities and within other long-term liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, the Company elected the exemption available under ASC 842-20-25-2 for short term lease agreements and recognizes lease payments on a straight line basis.

ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. See Note 6 for more complete details on balances as of the reporting periods presented herein.

Inventory

Inventory consisting of stock used in development, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the first-in, first-out method. Stock counts are taken routinely and obsolete, outdated inventory is directly charged off through cost of goods sold.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to a concentration of credit risk are cash and accounts receivable. Generally, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are in checking accounts.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. When retired or otherwise disposed of, the related carrying value and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and the net difference less any amount realized from disposition, is reflected in earnings. For consolidated financial statement purposes, property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of 5 to 7 years. The cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred; major replacements and improvements are capitalized.

The Company examines the possibility of decreases in the value of fixed assets when events or changes in circumstances reflect the fact that their recorded value may not be recoverable. The Company recognizes an impairment loss when the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. The amount of impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value and its book value.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognition is based on Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In general, the Company recognizes revenue when the amount of revenue can be reliably measured, it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the Company, where there is evidence of an arrangement, when the selling price is fixed or determinable, and when specific criteria have been met or there are no significant remaining performance obligations for each of the Company's activities as described below. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when control of the goods or services is transferred to the customer. The Company typically recognizes revenue upon formal acceptance by the customer. Control is considered to be transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits of that good. We consider this the point at which the performance obligation is fulfilled, and the customer obtains control of the promised good or service.

Since control does not transfer over time but rather at a single point (usually project completion or delivery), revenue is recognized at a point in time in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-30 and related guidance. Progress billings on projects where this criteria has not been met are recorded as deferred revenue. Deferred revenue at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was EUR 12 k and EUR 0.00 respectively.

Additionally, the Company participates in government sponsored collaborations whereby they are awarded participation grants. There is no certainty as to the timing or amounts of grants that will ultimately be received. Accordingly, the company records these grants as other income upon receipt.

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants. In determining fair value, the accounting standards have established a three-level hierarchy that distinguishes between (i) market data obtained or developed from independent sources (i.e., observable data inputs) and (ii) a reporting entity’s own data and assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability (i.e., unobservable data inputs). Financial assets and financial liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified in one of the following categories, in order of priority of observability and objectivity of pricing inputs:

● Level 1 – Fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

● Level 2 – Fair value based on significant directly observable data (other than Level 1 quoted prices) or significant indirectly observable data through corroboration with observable market data. Inputs would normally be (i) quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, (ii) quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities or (iii) information derived from or corroborated by observable market data;

● Level 3 – Fair value based on prices or valuation techniques that require significant unobservable data inputs. Inputs would normally be a reporting entity’s own data and judgments about assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The fair value measurement level for an asset or liability is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques should maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

The Company utilizes a binomial lattice option pricing model to estimate the fair value of options, warrants and other Level 3 financial assets and liabilities. The Company believes that the binomial lattice model results in the best estimate of fair value because it embodies all of the requisite assumptions (including the underlying price, exercise price, term, volatility, and risk-free interest-rate) necessary to fairly value these instruments and, unlike less sophisticated models like the Black-Scholes model, it also accommodates assumptions regarding investor exercise behavior and other market conditions that market participants would likely consider in negotiating the transfer of such an instrument.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation to employees and nonemployees under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 “Compensation – Stock Compensation” using the fair value-based method. Under this method, compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the value of the award and is recognized over the service period, which is usually the vesting period. This guidance establishes standards for the accounting for transactions in which an entity exchanges its equity instruments for goods or services. It also addresses transactions in which an entity incurs liabilities in exchange for goods or services that are based on the fair value of the entity’s equity instruments or that may be settled by the issuance of those equity instruments. The Company uses a binomial lattice pricing model to estimate the fair value of options and warrants granted.

Income Taxes

The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification subtopic 740-10, Income Taxes (“ASC 740-10”) for recording the provision for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are computed based upon the difference between the financial statement and income tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted marginal tax rate applicable when the related asset or liability is expected to be realized or settled. Deferred income tax expenses or benefits are based on the changes in the asset or liability during each period. If available evidence suggests that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is required to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Future changes in such valuation allowance are included in the provision for deferred income taxes in the period of change. Deferred income taxes may arise from temporary differences resulting from income and expense items reported for financial accounting and tax purposes in different periods. No income tax has been provisioned for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, since the Company has sustained losses historically and has substantial net operating loss carryforwards for both periods. Due to the uncertainty of the utilization and recoverability of the loss carry-forwards and other deferred tax assets, management has determined a full valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets, since it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realizable.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The carrying value of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities is their cost, which may differ from fair value. The carrying value of cash held as demand deposits, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximated their fair value.

Net Income / (Loss) per Share

Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. For periods the Company reports a net loss, all outstanding stock options and other dilutive securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because inclusion of these securities would be anti-dilutive.

For the three and six months ending June 30, 2025, and 2024, basic net income/(loss) per share was EUR(0.56), EUR 5.53 and EUR (1.00),54.82 respectively. Weighted average common shares used were 1,449,921 and 1,449,919.

For the six months ending June 30, 2025 and 2024 fully diluted income/(loss) per share was EUR 0.74 and EUR 4.62 respectively. Weighted average common shares including all outstanding stock options and other dilutive securities were 10,874,054 and 17,194,420 respectively.

Business Segments

The Company uses the “management approach” to identify its reportable segments. The management approach designates the internal organization used by management for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the basis for identifying the Company’s reportable segments. Using the management approach, the Company determined that it hasone operating segment, solar retrofitting of vehicles.

Recently Issued Pronouncements

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-01, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Applications of Profits Interests and Similar Awards” (“ASU 2024-01”). ASU 2024-01 adds an example to Topic 718 which illustrates how to apply the scope guidance to determine whether profits interests and similar awards should be accounted for as share-based payment arrangements under Topic 718 or under other U.S. GAAP. ASU 2024-01 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, although early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, ASU 2024-01 is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40).” This standard requires disclosure of specific information about costs and expenses and becomes effective January 1, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, “Debt - Debt with Conversions and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments” (“ASU 2024-04”). ASU 2024-04 clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments, including convertible debt instruments with cash conversion features or convertible debt instruments that are not currently convertible, should be accounted for as an induced conversion. The requirements of ASU 2024-04 are effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those periods. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Adopted Pronouncements

No other new accounting pronouncements were issued or became effective in the period that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on our consolidated Financial Statements.

3. Liquidity and Going Concern Analysis

The Company is required to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern each reporting period, including interim periods. In evaluating the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, management considered the conditions and events that could raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within 12 months after the Company’s financial statements were issued (April 16, 2026). Management considered the Company’s current financial condition and liquidity sources, including current funds available, forecasted future cash flows and the Company’s obligations due before August 31, 2026.

The Company is subject to a number of risks, including uncertainty related to product development and generation of revenues and positive cash flow from its Sono Motors GmbH division and a dependence on outside sources of capital. The attainment of profitable operations is dependent on future events, including obtaining adequate financing to fulfill the Company’s growth and operating activities and generating a level of revenues adequate to support the Company’s cost structure.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had cash balances of EUR 0.3 million, a working capital deficit of EUR 14.9 million and an accumulated deficit of EUR 313.4 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company had net income of EUR 8.0 million. The Company recorded an operating loss of EUR 3.6 million and expects to continue to incur small operating losses and have net cash outflows for at least the next 12 months, offset by cash flows from financing and other business activities. There are no assurances that future advances from our financing partners will occur, however we have received six advances to date including EUR.3 Million on August 18, 2025, nor are we certain that our efforts to uplist to a national exchange will be successful even if we are meeting their specific criteria for uplisting.

Management has evaluated the significance of the conditions described above in relation to the Company’s ability to meet its obligations and concluded that, if additional funding commitments from YA II PN, Ltd (“Yorkville”) are achieved based upon the notification from a national exchange of our uplisting to that national exchange, and if the Company’s commitment for a $5 M capital raise upon completion of a current S1 filing and/or other fundraising efforts are successful, all of which cannot be guaranteed, the Company will have sufficient funds to meet its obligations within one year from the date of the consolidated financial statements. Based upon this uncertainty, Management has concluded that there is substantial doubt that the company will continue as a going concern.

4. Deconsolidation Due to Loss of Control

Gain from Deconsolidation and Extinguishment of Debt

At the close of February 2023, Sono Group announced the decision to restructure the business model to focus exclusively on retrofitting and integrating solar technology into third-party vehicles going forward. At the same time, Sono Group discontinued the Sion passenger car program with immediate effect and terminated approximately 250 employees. Management ultimately concluded that Sono Motors was over-indebted and faced impending illiquidity (drohende Zahlungsunfähigkeit), with Sono N.V., in turn, becoming over-indebted and also facing impending illiquidity. Consequently, management decided to apply for the opening of self-administration proceedings with respect to Sono N.V. and Sono Motors with the goal of sustainably restructuring the business.

On May 15, 2023, Sono N.V. applied to the insolvency court of Munich, Germany (the “Court”), to permit the opening of a self-administration proceeding (Eigenverwaltung) with respect to Sono Group N.V. pursuant to Section 270 (b) of the German Insolvency Code (Insolvenzordnung). On the same day, Sono Motors GmbH applied to the same court to permit the opening of self-administration proceeding in the form of a protective shield proceeding (Schutzschirmverfahren) with respect to Sono Motors GmbH pursuant Section 270 (d) of the German Insolvency Code. Sono Group N.V. conducts its business through its subsidiary Sono Motors GmbH, and is jointly referred to as “the Company”.

Self-administration proceedings are debtor-in-possession type proceedings under German insolvency law, which are available to businesses in financial distress and typically aim to preserve the business and the entity that are the subject of the proceedings. In these proceedings, Management retains control and operation of the subject company’s business under the supervision of a custodian, who is initially appointed on a preliminary basis (vorläufiger Sachwalter) and is primarily responsible for monitoring the subject company’s compliance with German insolvency law.

On May 17 and May 19, 2023, respectively, the Court admitted the opening of Self-Administration Proceedings with respect to the Company and the Subsidiary on a preliminary basis (the “Preliminary Self-Administration Proceedings”). The Court also appointed preliminary custodians for each of the Company and the Subsidiary in their respective Preliminary Self-Administration Proceedings. On September 1, 2023, the Court opened the Self-Administration Proceedings with respect to the Subsidiary (the “Opened GmbH Self-Administration Proceedings”).

As a result, considering all facts and conditions, management concluded that Sono N.V. lost control over Sono Motors upon opening of insolvency proceedings in self-administration (protective shield proceedings, May 19, 2023). Sono N.V. therefore deconsolidated Sono Motors as of May 19, 2023 in accordance with ASU 810-10-55.

Upon loss of control, Sono N.V. derecognized the assets and liabilities of Sono Motors from the consolidated statement of financial position, recognized its remaining investment retained in Sono Motors at its fair value and subsequently accounted for the investment under the equity method of accounting pursuant to ASU 810-10-55.

In connection with the deconsolidation, the Company recognized no fair value of the subsidiary at the date of deconsolidation, derecognized the carrying value of assets and liabilities transferred, and recorded a gain for the excess of liabilities extinguished over the carrying value of assets derecognized. Additionally, the Company recognized a provision for potential creditor claims during the Self-Administration Proceedings. The provision was charged against the deconsolidation gain. The net deconsolidation gain and reversal of the parental guarantee provision for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in a net loss of EUR 21.8 million.

Reconsolidation of Sono Motors GmbH

On February 29, 2024, the Subsidiary exited its Self-Administration Proceedings via its plan under the German Insolvency Code, which set out how the Subsidiary intended to restructure its debt and procure the inflow of new cash, including pursuant to a funding commitment from Yorkville. As a result, all outstanding debts between the Company and the Subsidiary were extinguished, and the Subsidiary was reconsolidated into our consolidated financial statements effective March 1, 2024.

The reconsolidation resulted in a net gain of approximately EUR 62.7 million, reflecting the revaluation of the Subsidiary’s net assets and the extinguishment of parental guarantees and related liabilities. This gain is recorded in our operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and represents the financial impact of regaining control over the Subsidiary.

On March 1, 2024, the Company was deemed to have regained control of Sono Motors. The Company recorded the fair value of net assets consolidated at March 1, 2024. The following table reflects the March 1, 2024 Balance Sheet of Sono Motors:

5. Property, Plant, and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Depreciation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was KEUR 16 and KEUR 18, respectively.

6. Leases

The Company leases its office and warehouse space. The lease has a remaining life of 5 yrs. The Company accounts for its leases according to ASC 842 Leases.

Lease expense was KEUR 42 and KEUR 42 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows as of June 30, 2025:

The lease was calculated over a 122 month period at a discount rate of 18%.

In addition, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded KEUR 11, KEUR 3 and KEUR 17, KEUR 51 of an operating lease running on a month-to-month basis.

7. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Amounts related to accounts payable and accrued expenses as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

8. Convertible Notes Payable at Fair Value

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the estimated fair value of our convertible debt is as follows:

On December 7, 2022, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with Yorkville to purchase up to $31.1 million in convertible debentures (the “2022 Debentures”). On February 5, 2024 and August 30, 2024, Company issued additional convertible debentures in the amounts of $4.3 million and $3.3 million, respectively, (the “February 2024 Debenture” and "August 2024 Debenture” respectively, and together, the “2024 Debentures”), pursuant to a funding commitment letter entered into between the Company and Yorkville in connection with Sono Group’s restructuring in connection with the Self-Administration Proceedings. On December 30, 2024 the Company and Yorkville entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”). Under the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement, Yorkville committed to provide limited financing to the Company in the amount of $5 million, subject to certain conditions and limitations. Following a number of amendments to the Securities Purchase Agreement the Company issued to Yorkville four additional debentures (“2025 Debentures”) in the amounts of $1 million, $1 million,0.50 million and 0.75 million on February 12, 2025, March 25, 2025, April 24, 2025 and May 27, 2025 respectively. The following table reflects the outstanding debt and accrued interest for each tranche as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The 2022 Debentures carry a coupon of 4% and were convertible into common stock at the holder’s option at, the lower of (i) $1.75, or (ii)96.5% of the lowest daily VWAP of the Ordinary Shares during the (7) consecutive Trading Days immediately preceding the conversion date or other date of determination). As a result of the amendment described below, the 2022 Debentures have a maturity date of the later of July 1, 2025 or 12 months from the issuance date of each such new note. The 2022 Debentures contain default provisions that accelerate the payment of principal and interest calculated at the default rate of 12%. Resulting from the Company’s application for its Self-Administration Proceedings, the 2022 Debentures have been in default since the filing with the bankruptcy court.

In November 2023, the contractual terms of the 2022 Debentures were renegotiated and significantly amended resulting in modified convertible debentures. The maturity date was extended until July 1, 2025. The conversion price was changed to the lower of USD 0.25 and 85% of the minimum daily volume-weighted average price on theseven trading days before conversion, provided that the conversion price will not be below the nominal value of EUR 0.06, as translated to USD, and, if and only if the shares of Sono Group are listed and traded on Nasdaq on the relevant conversion date, the conversion price will not be lower than the Floor Price of USD 0.006.

The 2024 Debentures carry a coupon of 12% and are convertible into common stock at the holder’s option at, the lower of (x) a price per Ordinary Share equal to $18.75 or (y)85% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares during theseven consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date of conversion (the “2024 Variable Conversion Price”); provided, that the 2024 Variable Conversion Price may not be lower than (i) a price equal to 20% of the closing price of the ordinary shares on the trading day immediately prior to the issuance date of the debenture and (ii) the nominal value of one ordinary share. The 2024 Debentures contain default provisions that accelerate the payment of principal and interest calculated at the default rate of 18%. The February 2024 Debenture has a maturity date of July 2025, and the August 2024 Debenture has a maturity date of August 2025.

The 2025 Debentures carry a coupon of 12% and are convertible into common stock at the holder’s option at, the lower of (x) a price per Ordinary Share equal to $1.75 or (y)85% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares during theseven consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date of conversion (the “2024 Variable Conversion Price”); provided, that the 2024 Variable Conversion Price may not be lower than (i) a price equal to 20% of the closing price of the ordinary shares on the trading day immediately prior to the issuance date of the debenture and (ii) the nominal value of one ordinary share. The 2024 Debentures contain default provisions that accelerate the payment of principal and interest calculated at the default rate of 18%. The February 2025 Debenture has a maturity date of February 2026, the March 2025 Debenture has a maturity date of March 2026, the April 2025 Debenture has a maturity date of April 2026, and the May 2025 Debenture has a maturity date of May 2026.

The Company has evaluated the terms and conditions of the convertible notes under the guidance of ASC 815. The conversion feature did not meet the definition of “indexed to a company’s own stock” provided for in ASC 815 due to the variable number of shares issuable at conversion. Therefore, the conversion feature requires bifurcation and liability classification. Rather than bifurcating and recording the embedded derivative as a derivative liability, the Company elected to initially and subsequently measure the convertible note in its entirety at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings in accordance with ASC 815-15-25-4.

The carrying value of the convertible notes, which under ASC 815-15-25-4 is Fair Value, is on the balance sheet, with changes in the carrying value being recorded in earnings. The components of the convertible promissory notes as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

The Company utilized a binomial lattice option pricing model to estimate the fair value per share of the underlying common equity. The Company believes that the binomial lattice model results in the best estimate of fair value because it embodies all of the requisite assumptions (including the underlying price, exercise price, term, volatility, and risk-free interest-rate) necessary to fairly value these instruments and, unlike less sophisticated models like the Black-Scholes model, it also accommodates assumptions regarding investor exercise behavior and other market conditions that market participants would likely consider in negotiating the transfer of such an instruments.

In January of 2025 the Company entered into an exchange agreement whereby the holder will exchange the debt for 1,200 shares of perpetual preferred stock. Each share has a preestablished value of $30 K for a total value of $36 M. The exchange agreement is contingent upon the Company successfully uplisting its ordinary shares to a national exchange. As part of the commitment, the holder has agreed to a conversion price of $4.00 for six months. These terms have been embodied into the calculation of fair value at June 30, 2025. The table below reflects the assumptions used as inputs to the binomial lattice option pricing model.

9. Shareholders’** Equity**

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had authorized share capital of 4,300,000 ordinary shares with a nominal value of €0.02 per share and 53,400 high voting shares with a nominal value of €0.50 per share with 1,409,921 ordinary shares and 40,000 high voting shares were issued and outstanding.

On December 23, 2024, the Company amended its articles of association to implement a reverse share split (the “Reverse Share Split”) of both its ordinary shares and high voting shares at a ratio of 1-for-75. The Reverse Share Split had been previously approved by the Company’s shareholders at an extraordinary general meeting held on January 31, 2024 (the “January 2024 EGM”). The Reverse Share Split took market effect on January 6, 2025, following confirmation from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) that it had received and reviewed all necessary documentation to process the Reverse Share Split.

In connection with the Reverse Share Split, every 75 ordinary shares issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split were converted into one ordinary share, and every 75 high voting shares were converted into one high voting share. Fractional shares resulting from the Reverse Share Split were rounded down to the nearest whole number, with no cash or other compensation paid in lieu of fractional shares. All share and per-share data have been retroactively adjusted throughout this report to account for this share split. In connection with the reverse share split, the Company also decreased the nominal value per share from €0.06 to €0.02 for Ordinary Shares and from €1.50 to €0.5 for High Voting Shares.

As a result of these actions, the presentation of the Company’s ordinary shares and high voting shares in the consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 has been adjusted to reflect the post-split basis for comparative purposes.

Stock Options

In December 2020, against the background of our intention to terminate all relevant benefits under former employee participation programs from 2017 and 2018 (respectively, “VESP 2017” and “VESP 2018”) pursuant to which employees were granted virtual shares, we adopted our conversion stock option program under the LTIP (“CSOP”). Under the CSOP, the Company granted 1,850,100 fully vested stock options, each with an exercise price of €0.06 and which are not subject to any performance criteria, with effect as of the closing date of our IPO on November 19, 2021. The stock options became exercisableone year after the closing of our IPO and are exercisable only in certain windows. The stock options will expire four years after the closing of our IPO.

Certain former supervisory board members received one-time awards of restricted stock units for Ordinary Shares (“RSUs”) under the LTIP in connection with the Company’s IPO and such individual’s appointment as a member of the supervisory board, starting from the date of the Company’s IPO. The awards of a total of 63,868 RSUs were granted on November 21, 2021 and vest in four equal, annual installments on each anniversary of the grant date, with the fourth installment vesting on the earlier of (a) the fourth anniversary of the grant date or (b) the Company's annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2025. Due to termination of the former supervisory board members no further RSUs were vested in the year 2024 or in the six months ended June 30, 2025. Hence, there were 19,724 RSUs fully vested as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

For purposes of the table below, all outstanding stock options and exercise prices have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Share Split implemented on December 23, 2024. The following table summarizes stock option activity as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2025:

10. General and Administrative Expenses

The table below provides details on general and administrative expenses:

11. Research and Development Expenses

The table below provides details on research and development expenses:

12. Selling and Distribution Expenses

The table below provides details on selling and distribution expenses:

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Service contracts

The Company carries various service contracts on its office buildings and certain copier equipment for repairs, maintenance and inspections. All contracts are short term and can be cancelled on notice.

Litigation

None.

14. Income Tax

Current tax assets and liabilities

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities based on the tax rates and tax laws that are enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period.

Deferred taxes

Deferred tax is recognized using the liability method on temporary differences as of the end of the reporting period between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. The only exception is if the deferred income tax arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination which, at the time of the transaction, affects neither accounting profit or loss nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and associates, except where the Group is able to control the reversal of the temporary differences, and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will allow the deferred tax asset to be realized.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized, or the liability is settled based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Deferred tax assets may only be recognized up to the amount of the deferred tax liabilities as it is not sufficiently probable that future taxable profit will be available against which they can be utilized.

If transactions and other events are recognized directly in equity, any related taxes on income are also recognized directly in equity. As transaction costs are recognized in the capital reserve, corresponding (deferred) tax effects are recognized partly due to the loss situation of Sono Group and the fact that deferred taxes for losses carried forward were partly recognized at the level of Sono N.V.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and current tax liabilities and these relate to income taxes levied by the same tax jurisdiction. As the net deferred tax asset is not booked in a first step, no valuation allowance is booked. Given the loss history of the Company, deferred tax assets are not recognized on the balance sheet. The amount of deferred tax assets/liabilities as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 arezero. There are no deferred taxes regarding Outside Basis Differences as those are permanent differences.

15. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, approximate their respective fair values due to the short-term nature of such instruments. The Company measures certain financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis, including certain convertible notes payable. All financial instruments carried at fair value fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as their value is based on unobservable inputs. The Company evaluates its financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level in which to classify them for each reporting period. This determination requires significant judgments to be made.

The following table summarizes the conclusions reached regarding fair value measurements as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Convertible notes payable is a Level 3 financial instrument that is measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Gains/(Losses) from the change in fair value of convertible notes payable were KEUR 10,331 and KEUR 21,062, respectively.

16. Subsequent Events

On July 6, 2025, the Company and YA II PN, Ltd. (“Yorkville”) entered into a sixth Omnibus Amendment to Transaction Documents, effective as of June 30, 2025 (the “Sixth Omnibus Amendment”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to modify the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Exchange Agreement and certain convertible debentures previously issued by the Company.

Pursuant to the Sixth Omnibus Amendment, the parties agreed to extend the maturity date from July 1, 2025 to August 1, 2025 for the four convertible debentures previously issued by the Company, including the (1) Convertible Debenture issued on December 7, 2022 in the original principal amount of $11.1 million (“Debenture SEV-1”), (2) Convertible Debenture issued on December 8, 2022 in the original principal amount of $10.0 million (“Debenture SEV-2”), (3) Convertible Debenture issued on December 20, 2022 in the original principal amount of $10.0 million (“Debenture SEV-3”), and (4) Convertible Debenture issued on February 5, 2024 in the original principal amount of $4,317,600 (“Debenture SEV-4,” and collectively with Debenture SEV-1, Debenture SEV-2, and Debenture SEV-3, the “Maturing Debentures”).

Pursuant to the Sixth Omnibus Amendment, the parties also agreed to extend the termination dates of the Securities Purchase Agreement and the Exchange Agreement to August 1, 2025.

On August 6, 2025, the Company and Yorkville entered into a seventh Omnibus Amendment to Transaction Documents (the “Seventh Omnibus Amendment”) and an eighth Omnibus Amendment to Transaction Documents (the “Eighth Omnibus Amendment”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to modify the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Exchange Agreement and certain convertible debentures previously issued by the Company.

Pursuant to the Seventh Omnibus Amendment, the parties agreed to extend the maturity date from August 1, 2025 to September 1, 2025 for the four convertible debentures previously issued by the Company, including the (1) Convertible Debenture issued on December 7, 2022 in the original principal amount of $11.1 million (“Debenture SEV-1”), (2) Convertible Debenture issued on December 8, 2022 in the original principal amount of $10.0 million (“Debenture SEV-2”), (3) Convertible Debenture issued on December 20, 2022 in the original principal amount of $10.0 million (“Debenture SEV-3”), and (4) Convertible Debenture issued on February 5, 2024 in the original principal amount of $4,317,600 (“Debenture SEV-4,” and collectively with Debenture SEV-1, Debenture SEV-2, and Debenture SEV-3, the “Maturing Debentures”).

Pursuant to the Seventh Omnibus Amendment, the parties also agreed to extend the termination dates of the Securities Purchase Agreement and the Exchange Agreement to September 1, 2025.

Pursuant to the Eighth Omnibus Amendment, the parties agreed to modify the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement to, among other things, provide for an immediate advance by Yorkville to the Company of $190,000 in the form of a secured convertible debenture in the aggregate principal amount of $190,000 (the “Fifth Debenture”). As previously disclosed, a prior advance of $1,000,000 was funded on February 12, 2025 in connection with the First Omnibus Amendment in the form of a secured convertible debenture in the aggregate principal amount of $1,000,000 (the “First Debenture”), a second advance was funded on March 25, 2025 in connection with the Third Omnibus Amendment in the form of a secured convertible debenture in the aggregate principal amount of $1,000,000 (the “Second Debenture”), a third advance was funded on April 24, 2025 in connection with the Fourth Omnibus Amendment in the form of a secured convertible debenture in the aggregate principal amount of $500,000 (the “Third Debenture”) and a fourth advance was funded on May 26, 2025 in connection with the Fifth Omnibus Amendment in the form of a secured convertible debenture in the aggregate principal amount of $750,000 (the “Fourth Debenture” and together with the First Debenture, the Second Debenture, the Third Debenture and the Fifth Debenture, the “Advance Debentures”). As a result of the issuance of the Advance Debentures, and pursuant to the Eighth Omnibus Amendment, the Debenture to be issued to Yorkville, upon the satisfaction of all of the conditions set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement, will have an aggregate principal amount of $1,560,000. Under the terms of the Eighth Omnibus Amendment, Debenture 6 (as defined in the Exchange Agreement), will collectively consist of the Debenture and the Advance Debentures for purposes of the transactions contemplated by the Exchange Agreement.

The Fifth Debenture will mature on August 6, 2026, which maturity date may be extended at the option of Yorkville. Further, interest accrues on the outstanding principal balance of the Fourth Debenture at an annual rate of 12%, which will increase to an annual rate of 18% upon an Event of Default (as defined in the Fifth Debenture) for so long as such Event of Default remains uncured. Yorkville will have the right to convert the Fifth Debenture into Ordinary Shares of the Company at the lower of (i) a price per Ordinary Share equal to $18.75 or (ii)85% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares during the seven consecutive trading days immediately preceding the conversion date or other date of determination (the “Variable Conversion Date”); provided that the Variable Conversion Date may not be lower than the Floor Price (as defined in the Fifth Debenture) then in effect or the nominal value of one Ordinary Share. Net proceeds to the Company from the Fifth Debenture were $190,000.

On August 15, 2025, the Company and Yorkville entered into a ninth Omnibus Amendment to Transaction Documents (the “Ninth Omnibus Amendment”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to modify the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Exchange Agreement and certain convertible debentures previously issued by the Company.

Pursuant to the Ninth Omnibus Amendment, the parties agreed to modify the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement to, among other things, provide for an immediate advance by Yorkville to the Company of EUR 300,000 ($350,540 at conversion rate of 1.1685) in the form of a secured convertible debenture in the aggregate principal amount of $350,540 (the “Sixth Debenture”). As a result of the issuance of the Sixth Debenture and the Advance Debentures, and pursuant to the Ninth Omnibus Amendment, the Debenture to be issued to Yorkville, upon the satisfaction of all of the conditions set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement, will have an aggregate principal amount of $1,209,460. Under the terms of the Ninth Omnibus Amendment, Debenture 6 (as defined in the Exchange Agreement), will collectively consist of the Debenture, the Sixth Debenture and the Advance Debentures for purposes of the transactions contemplated by the Exchange Agreement.

The Sixth Debenture will mature on August 15, 2026, which maturity date may be extended at the option of Yorkville. Further, interest accrues on the outstanding principal balance of the Fourth Debenture at an annual rate of 12%, which will increase to an annual rate of 18% upon an Event of Default (as defined in the Fifth Debenture) for so long as such Event of Default remains uncured. Yorkville will have the right to convert the Fifth Debenture into Ordinary Shares of the Company at the lower of (i) a price per Ordinary Share equal to $18.75 or (ii)85% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares during the seven consecutive trading days immediately preceding the conversion date or other date of determination (the “Variable Conversion Date”); provided that the Variable Conversion Date may not be lower than the Floor Price (as defined in the Fifth Debenture) then in effect or the nominal value of one Ordinary Share. Net proceeds to the Company from the Fifth Debenture were $350,540.

Item 2. Management’**s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.