COMSCORE INC

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned domestic and foreign subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.

Reverse Stock Split

On December 12, 2023, the Company held a special meeting of stockholders of the Company (the "Special Meeting"). At the Special Meeting, the stockholders approved an amendment to the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the "Certificate of Amendment") for the purpose of effecting a reverse stock split (the "Reverse Stock Split") of all outstanding shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Common Stock") and reducing the number of authorized shares of Common Stock by the same ratio as the Reverse Stock Split. Following the Special Meeting, the Board of Directors approved a final ratio of 1-for-20 for the Reverse Stock Split with an effective date of December 20, 2023.

On December 20, 2023, the Company filed the Certificate of Amendment with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to implement the Reverse Stock Split, without any change to the par value of the Common Stock. The Certificate of Amendment reduced the number of authorized shares of Common Stock from 275,000,000 to 13,750,000 and the total number of shares of stock authorized for issuance from 380,000,000 to 118,750,000. The Company implemented the Reverse Stock Split on December 20, 2023.

The Common Stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on December 20, 2023 under the existing trading symbol "SCOR", but the security has been assigned a new CUSIP number (20564W204).

As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 20 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding or held in treasury immediately prior to the Reverse Stock Split were converted into one share of Common Stock after the Reverse Stock Split. The Reverse Stock Split applied uniformly to all holders of Common Stock and did not alter any stockholder's percentage interest in the Company, except to the extent that the Reverse Stock Split would have resulted in some stockholders owning a fractional share. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split, as all fractional shares were rounded down to the nearest whole share. Stockholders who would otherwise have been entitled to a fractional share of Common Stock were instead entitled to receive a proportional cash payment.

Unless noted, all shares of Common Stock, including Common Stock underlying warrants, stock options, and restricted stock units, as well as all conversion ratios, exercise prices, conversion prices and per share information in the Consolidated Financial Statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the 1-for-20 Reverse Stock Split, as if the split occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented in this Annual Report.

Reclassification

Certain amounts in the prior year financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Specifically, accrued dividends have been separated from other current liabilities, and warrants liability has been aggregated within other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additionally, bad debt expense (benefit) and amortization of deferred financing costs have been aggregated within other operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Principal payments on capital lease and software license arrangements and payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards have been aggregated within other financing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Use of Estimates and Judgments in the Preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments are inherent in the analysis and the measurement of management's Standalone Selling Price ("SSP"), principal versus agent revenue recognition, determination of performance obligations, determination of transaction price, including the determination of variable consideration and allocation of transaction price to performance obligations, deferred tax assets and liabilities, including the identification and quantification of income tax liabilities due to uncertain tax positions, the valuation and recoverability of goodwill, intangible and other long-lived assets, the determination of appropriate discount rates for lease accounting, the probability of exercising either lease renewal or termination clauses, the assessment of potential loss from contingencies, the fair value determination of contingent consideration from business combinations, financing-related liabilities and warrants, and the valuation of options, performance-based and market-based stock awards. Management bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in those estimates. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company evaluates the fair value of certain assets and liabilities using the fair value hierarchy. Fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the Company applies the three-tier GAAP value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 - observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

Level 2 - inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly;

Level 3 - unobservable inputs of which there is little or no market data, which require the Company to develop its own assumptions.

Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measure. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurements requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.

Assets that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include property and equipment, operating right-of-use assets, intangible assets and goodwill. The Company measures these items at fair value when they are considered to be impaired or, in certain cases, upon initial recognition. The fair value of these assets are determined with valuation techniques using the best information available and may include market comparable information, discounted cash flow models, or a combination thereof.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and the current portion of contract liabilities and customer advances reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying amount of the revolving line of credit approximates fair value due to the variable rate nature of the debt.

Preferred Stock

In 2021, the Company entered into separate Securities Purchase Agreements with each of Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC ("Charter"), Qurate Retail, Inc. ("Qurate") and Pine Investor, LLC ("Pine") (the "Securities Purchase Agreements") for the issuance and sale of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 ("Preferred Stock") as described in Footnote 5, Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity. The issuance of the Preferred Stock pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements (the "Transactions") and related matters were approved by the Company's stockholders on March 9, 2021 and completed on March 10, 2021.

On May 16, 2023, Qurate sold 27,509,203 shares of Preferred Stock to Liberty Broadband Corporation ("Liberty") in a privately negotiated transaction.

The Preferred Stock is contingently redeemable upon certain deemed liquidation events, such as a change in control. Because a deemed liquidation event could constitute a redemption event outside of the Company's control, all shares of Preferred Stock have been presented outside of permanent equity in mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The instrument was initially recognized at fair value net of issuance costs. The Company reassesses whether the Preferred Stock is currently redeemable, or probable to become redeemable in the future, as of each reporting date. If the instrument meets either of these criteria, the Company will accrete the carrying value to the redemption value. The Preferred Stock has not been adjusted to its redemption amount as of December 31, 2023 because a deemed liquidation event is not considered probable.

All financial instruments that are classified as mezzanine equity are evaluated for embedded derivative features by evaluating each feature against the nature of the host instrument (for example, more equity-like or debt-like). Features identified as embedded derivatives that are material are recognized separately as a derivative asset or liability in the financial statements.

Effective January 1, 2021, the Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). This ASU simplifies accounting for convertible instruments, enhances disclosure requirements related to the terms and features of convertible instruments, and amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts settled in an entity's own equity. This ASU removes from GAAP the separation models for (1) convertible debt with a Cash Conversion Feature and (2) convertible instruments with a Beneficial Conversion Feature. Upon adoption of this new ASU, entities will account for a convertible debt instrument wholly as debt, and for convertible preferred stock wholly as preferred stock, unless (1) a convertible instrument contains features that require bifurcation as a derivative, or (2) a convertible debt instrument was issued at a substantial premium.

As a result of the adoption, no embedded features were identified requiring bifurcation under the new model, other than the change of control redemption feature. The Company adopted the standard using the modified retrospective approach. The standard had no impact on the senior secured convertible notes (the "Notes") issued by the Company prior to adoption and, as a result, there was no cumulative adjustment recorded upon adoption.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

In 2021, the Company recorded a $9.6 million loss on debt extinguishment related to the payoff of the Notes and a foreign secured promissory note (the "Secured Term Note"). Loss on extinguishment of debt represents the difference between the carrying value of the Company's debt instruments and any consideration paid to its creditors in the form of cash or shares of the Company's Common Stock on the extinguishment date. These transactions are described in Footnote 6, Debt.

Financing Derivatives

The Company's derivative financial instruments are not hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

The fair values of the financing derivatives were estimated using forward projections and were discounted back at rates commensurate with the remaining term of the related derivatives. Significant valuation inputs included the Company's credit rating, the premium attributable to the payment-in-kind feature of the Notes, and premium estimates for company-specific risk factors (together, the "credit-adjusted discount rate"), the price and expected volatility of the Company's Common Stock, probability of change of control, and forward projections of estimated cash payments.

Extinguishment of the Notes on March 10, 2021 resulted in derecognition of the remaining financing derivatives. Refer to Footnote 6, Debt, for additional information.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions domestically and internationally. The combined account balances held on deposit at each institution typically exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance coverage and, as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts on deposit in excess of FDIC insurance coverage. The Company reduces this risk by maintaining such deposits with high quality financial institutions that management believes are creditworthy, and by monitoring this credit risk and making adjustments as necessary.

The Company considers highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase and qualifying money-market funds as cash equivalents.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, restricted cash represents security deposits for subleased office space.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company generally grants uncollateralized credit terms to its customers. Credit risk associated with accounts receivable is mitigated by the Company's ongoing credit evaluation of its customers' financial condition. An allowance for doubtful accounts is maintained to reserve for uncollectible receivables. Allowances are based on management's judgment, which considers historical collection experience adjusted for current conditions or expected future conditions based on reasonable and supportable forecasts, a specific review of all significant outstanding receivables, an assessment of company-specific credit conditions and general economic conditions.

The following is a summary of the activity within the allowance for doubtful accounts:

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment is recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation, and is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from 2 to 10 years. Finance lease assets are recorded at their net present value at the commencement of the lease. Both finance lease assets and leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the related lease terms or their useful lives. Replacements and major improvements are capitalized; maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

Included in property and equipment, net, are capitalized software costs to purchase and develop internal-use software, which the Company uses to provide services to its clients. The costs to purchase and develop internal-use software are capitalized from the time that the preliminary project stage is completed, and it is considered probable that the software will be used to perform the function intended, until the time the software is placed in service for its intended use. Any costs incurred during subsequent efforts to upgrade and enhance the functionality of the software are also capitalized. Once this software is ready for use in the Company's products, these costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software, which is typically assessed to be 2 to 3 years. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company capitalized $22.4 million, $17.2 million, and $18.9 million (including $4.6 million recorded as part of the acquisition of Shareablee) in internal-use software costs, respectively. The Company depreciated $18.1 million, $15.1 million and $12.8 million in capitalized internal-use software costs during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Business Combination

In December 2021, the Company andtwo newly formed, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement" or "Merger") with Shareablee, Inc. ("Shareablee"), to acquire Shareablee in exchange for shares of the Company's Common Stock and contingent consideration payable subject to the achievement of certain conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, as described in Footnote 3, Business Combination. Total consideration paid or payable by the Company related to the Merger (valued as of the closing date of the Merger) was $31.4 million, which included $5.6 million for the fair value of contingent consideration payable based on the achievement of certain contractual milestones or future revenue performance. The maximum amount of contingent consideration payable under the Merger is $8.6 million.

The contingent consideration is classified as a liability due to the fact it will be settled in cash or a variable number of shares of Common Stock (or a combination thereof), and the amount of the payment is not dependent upon the fair value of the Common Stock. The contingent consideration liability is measured at fair value on a recurring basis until the contingency is resolved.

The fair value of the contingent consideration liability is estimated using a combination of valuation techniques. One technique is an option pricing model within a Monte Carlo simulation that determines an average projected payment value across numerous iterations. This technique determines projected payments based on simulated revenues derived from an internal forecast, adjusted for a selected revenue volatility and risk premium based on market data for comparable guideline public companies. The other technique is a discounted cash flow model that assumes achievement of the contractual milestones, resulting in payment of the full deferred amount. In both techniques, the projected payments are then discounted back to the valuation date at the Company's cost of debt using a term commensurate with the contractual payment dates.

In April 2022, the contingency was resolved and the full amount was deemed payable, subject to reduction for any pending indemnification claims and other terms set forth in the Merger Agreement. The resolution of this contingency eliminated the option pricing model as a valuation technique, and the fair value was remeasured using only the discounted cash flow model. The Company settled the first installment of $3.7 million in cash in 2023. In December 2023, the Company elected to settle the second installment of $3.7 million in cash. This amount remained outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and is scheduled to be paid in 2024. The Company expects to settle the remaining liability of $1.2 million payable in any combination of cash and Common Stock (at the Company's election) in December 2024.

The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration liability as of December 31, 2023 was $4.8 million. The loss due to change in fair value of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was classified within general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Refer to Footnote 7, Fair Value Measurements, for additional information on the fair value of the contingent consideration.

Cloud Computing Implementation Costs

Certain costs incurred for implementation, setup, and other upfront activities in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are capitalized during the application development stage. Upgrades and enhancements are capitalized if they will result in additional functionality. Amortization of capitalized costs is recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the associated hosting arrangement, inclusive of reasonably certain renewal periods.

During the third quarter of 2021, the Company completed its implementation of a new cloud-based Enterprise Resource Planning ("ERP") system. The Company capitalized $6.8 million of eligible implementation costs in connection with its development and testing of the ERP system. These capitalized implementation costs are classified within other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, capitalized implementation costs, net of accumulated amortization, were $3.5 million and $5.0 million, respectively.

The Company determined the expected period of benefit of the capitalized implementation costs wasfive years. Amortization costs are classified within general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company recorded $1.4 million, $1.4 million, and $0.7 million of amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed when a business is acquired. The valuation of intangible assets and goodwill involves the use of management's estimates and assumptions and can have a significant impact on future operating results. The Company initially records its intangible assets at fair value. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives while goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill recorded by the reporting unit.

The Company has a single reporting unit. Accordingly, the impairment assessment for goodwill is performed at the enterprise level. Goodwill is reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. The Company has the option to first perform qualitative testing to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors, including operating results and cost factors, as well as industry, market and macroeconomic conditions, to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill. If the Company chooses not to complete a qualitative assessment or if the initial assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, additional quantitative testing is required.

The fair value of the reporting unit is determined utilizing a discounted cash flow model, and a market value approach is utilized to supplement the discounted cash flow model. The estimated fair value of a reporting unit is determined based on assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates and market values. Additionally, the Company considers income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment charge.

The Company monitors for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining fair value, including long-term revenue growth projections, profitability, discount rates, volatility in the Company's market capitalization, general industry, and market and macroeconomic conditions. It is possible that future changes in such circumstances, or in the variables associated with the judgments, assumptions and estimates used in assessing the fair value of the reporting unit, would require the Company to record a material non-cash impairment charge.

As part of the annual test as of October 1, 2023, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test using a discounted cash flow model, supported by a market approach. The Company's reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result, the Company recorded a $34.1 million non-cash impairment charge during the quarter ended December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 10, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for further information.

In the second quarter of 2023, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test using a discounted cash flow model, supported by a market approach. The Company's reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result, the Company recorded a $44.1 million non-cash impairment charge during the quarter ended June 30, 2023. Refer to Footnote 10, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for further information.

In the third quarter of 2022, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test using a discounted cash flow model, supported by a market approach. The Company's reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result, the Company recorded a $46.3 million non-cash impairment charge during the quarter ended September 30, 2022.

No goodwill impairment charges were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Intangible assets with finite lives are generally amortized using the straight-line method over the following useful lives:

The Company evaluates its definite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. If an indication of impairment is present, the Company compares the estimated undiscounted future cash flows to be generated by the asset group to its carrying amount. Recoverability measurement and estimation of undiscounted cash flows are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset group, the Company records an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset group's carrying amount over its fair value. The fair value is determined based on valuation techniques such as a comparison to fair values of similar assets or using a discounted cash flow analysis.

Although the Company believes that the carrying values of its goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets are appropriately stated as of December 31, 2023, changes in strategy or market conditions, significant technological developments or significant changes in legal or regulatory factors could significantly impact these judgments and require adjustments to recorded asset balances.

Recoverability of Other Long-Lived Assets

The Company's other long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment and right-of-use ("ROU") assets. The Company evaluates its ROU and long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. For facility lease ROU and related long-lived assets, the Company compares the estimated undiscounted cash flows generated by a sublease to the current carrying value of the ROU and related long-lived assets. The Company treats operating lease ROU assets as financing transactions, thereby excluding the operating lease liability and related lease payments from the head lease, for purposes of testing recoverability. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the ROU and related long-lived assets, the Company records an impairment loss equal to the excess of the ROU and long-lived assets' carrying value over their fair value.

The Company performed an analysis in the third quarter of 2023 related to the abandonment oftwo leased office spaces, which changed the extent and manner for which the ROU assets and related long-lived assets were being used. The Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $1.5 million related to the ROU assets during the quarter ended September 30, 2023.

The Company performed an analysis in the fourth quarter of 2022 related to the execution of a sublease for a property for which expected cash receipts were less than the disbursements for the lease. The Company recorded a $0.2 million non-cash impairment charge related to the ROU asset in the fourth quarter of 2022. The fair value of the ROU asset was estimated using an income approach and a discount rate of 7.4%.

Although the Company believes that the carrying values of its other long-lived assets are appropriately stated as of December 31, 2023, changes in strategy or market conditions, significant technological developments or significant changes in legal or regulatory factors could significantly impact these judgments and require adjustments to recorded asset balances.

Warrants Liability

In 2019, the Company issued warrants to CVI in connection with the private placement described in Footnote 5, Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity. The warrants were determined to be freestanding financial instruments that qualify for liability treatment as a result of net cash settlement features associated with a cap on the issuance of shares, under certain circumstances, or upon a change of control. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

The fair value of each warrant is estimated utilizing an option pricing model. Significant valuation inputs include the exercise price, price and expected volatility of the Company's Common Stock, risk-free rate and the remaining term of the warrants. As of December 31, 2023, the probability of a change of control was determined to be remote and did not require an enhancement to the valuation technique.

Leases

The Company's lease portfolio is comprised of two major classes. Real estate leases, which are the majority of the Company's leased assets, are accounted for as operating leases. Computer equipment leases are generally accounted for as finance leases.

The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception and whether the lease should be classified as an operating or finance lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Operating ROU assets also include the impact of any lease incentives. A ROU asset and lease liability are not recorded for short-term leases with an initial term of 12 months of less.

The Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components and account for them together as a single lease component, which increases the carrying amount of the ROU assets and lease liabilities. Non-lease components primarily include payments for common-area maintenance, utilities and other pass-through charges.

The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the future lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, and in economic environments where the leased asset is located.

The Company's lease terms include periods under options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company considers contractual-based factors such as the nature and terms of the renewal or termination, asset-based factors such as physical location of the asset and entity-based factors such as the importance of the leased asset to the Company's operations to determine the lease term. The Company generally uses the non-cancelable lease term when measuring its ROU assets and lease liabilities.

Payments under the Company's lease arrangements are primarily fixed; however, certain lease agreements contain variable payments, which are expensed as incurred and excluded from the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities. These payment amounts are affected by changes in market indices and costs for common-area maintenance, utilities and other pass-through charges that are based on usage or performance.

Operating leases are included in operating ROU assets, current operating lease liability, and non-current operating lease liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense (excluding variable lease costs) for its operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment, net; current finance lease liabilities are aggregated into other current liabilities; and non-current finance lease obligations are aggregated inother non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes interest expense on the lease liability and the ROU asset is amortized over the lease term for its finance leases.

Income from subleased properties is recognized and presented as a reduction of costs, allocated among operating expense line items, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Foreign Currency

Generally, the functional currency of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. In those cases where the transaction is not denominated in the functional currency, the Company revalues the transaction to the functional currency and records the translation gain or loss in the Company's Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate as of the end of the year, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the year. The gain or loss resulting from the process of translating a foreign subsidiary's functional currency financial statements into U.S. Dollars ("USD") is reflected as foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment and reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. The translation adjustment for intercompany foreign currency loans that are permanent in nature are also recorded as accumulated other comprehensive loss. Translation adjustments on intercompany accounts that are short term in nature are recorded as (loss) gain from foreign currency transactions. For foreign entities where USD is the functional currency, re-measurement of gains and losses related to deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue under the core principle to depict the transfer of control to its customers in an amount reflecting the consideration to which it expects to be entitled.

The Company's contracts with customers may include multiple promised goods and services. Contracts with multiple performance obligations typically consist of a mix of subscriptions to the Company's online database, customized data services, and delivery of periodic custom reports based on information obtained from the database. In such cases, the Company identifies performance obligations by evaluating whether the promised goods and services are capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Promised goods and services that are not distinct at contract inception are combined as one performance obligation.

Once the Company identifies the performance obligations, the Company will determine the transaction price based on contractually fixed amounts and an estimate of variable consideration. In general, the transaction price is determined by estimating the fixed amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled for transfer of goods and services and all relevant sources and components of variable consideration. Variable consideration is estimated based on the most likely amount or expected value approach, depending on which method the Company expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled. Once the Company elects one of the methods to estimate variable consideration for a particular type of performance obligation, the Company will apply that method consistently. Estimates of variable consideration are subject to constraint based on expected recovery from the customer. Sales taxes remitted to government authorities are excluded from the transaction price.

The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on relative SSP. Judgment is exercised to determine the SSP of each distinct performance obligation. In most cases, the Company bundles multiple products and very few are sold on a standalone basis. The Company primarily applies an adjusted market assessment approach for the determination of the SSP, which is supported by rate cards and pricing calculators that are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect the latest sales data and observable inputs by industry, channel, geography, customer size, and other relevant groupings.

The Company recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Customers may obtain the control of promised goods or services over time or at a point in time. Subscription-based revenues, and other products delivered continuously through a user interface, are recognized on a straight-line basis over an access period specified within the respective contract. Revenues for impression-based products are typically recognized over time, on a time-elapsed basis, as the customer is continuously consuming and receiving the benefits of campaign measurement, or an output method, such as volume of impressions processed during a discrete period. Report-based revenues are recognized at a point in time, which is generally once the product has been delivered to the customer. The Company also considers whether there is a present right to payment, and whether the customer has accepted the product if such acceptance provisions are substantive.

Customers may have the right to cancel their contracts by providing a written notice of cancellation, although most subscription-based contracts are non-cancelable. If a customer cancels its contract, the customer is generally not entitled to a refund for prior services. In the event a portion of a contract is refundable, revenue recognition is delayed until the refund provision lapses. For multi-year contracts with annual price increases, the total consideration for each of the years included in the contract term will be combined and recognized on a straight-line basis.

For transactions that involve third parties, the Company evaluates whether it is the principal, in which case it recognizes revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is an agent, it recognizes revenue on a net basis. This determination can require significant judgment for certain revenue share arrangements that involve the use of partner data in the Company's sales to end users or the use of its data in partner sales to end users. In these arrangements, the Company assesses which party controls the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer, as well as other indicators such as the party primarily responsible for fulfillment, inventory risk, and discretion in establishing price.

The Company enters into a limited number of monetary contracts with multichannel video programming distributors ("MVPDs") that involve both the purchase and sale of services with a single counterparty. Each contract is assessed to determine if the revenue and expense should be presented gross or net. In some instances, the Company may provide free distinct goods or services as a form of non-cash consideration to the counterparty. Revenue is recognized for these contracts to the extent SSP is established for distinct services provided. Any excess consideration above the established SSP of services is presented as a reduction to cost of revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The fair value of non-cash consideration included in revenues during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $4.2 million, $3.9 million, and $4.0 million, respectively. The fair value of non-cash consideration included in cost of revenues during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $4.3 million, $4.1 million and $3.9 million, respectively.

Contract Balances

Accounts receivable are billed and unbilled amounts where the right to payment from the customer is unconditional but for the passage of time. Contract assets represent amounts where the right to payment in exchange for goods or services transferred is conditioned on future events, such as the entity's continued performance. The portion of contract assets to be billed in the succeeding twelve-month period are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, and the remaining amounts are included in other assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Contract liabilities relate to amounts billed in advance, or advance consideration received from customers, under non-cancelable contracts for which exchange of goods or services will occur in the future. Customer advances relate to amounts billed in advance, or advance considerations received from customers, for contracts with termination rights for which exchange of goods or services will occur in the future. The portion of contract liabilities and customer advances to be recognized in the succeeding twelve-month period are presented separately within current liabilities, and the remaining amounts are included in other non-current liabilities within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company elected an optional exemption to not disclose information about the amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations for contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less. The amount disclosed for remaining performance obligations also excludes variable consideration from unsatisfied performance obligations within a series where revenue is recognized using an output method, such as volume of impressions processed.

Costs to Fulfill a Contract

Certain costs to fulfill are capitalized for contracts where the transfer of goods and services will occur in the future. Typically, these capitalized costs are incurred during a setup period prior to transferring control of the good or service over time. These costs include dedicated employees, subcontractors, and other third-party costs. Capitalized costs are assessed for recoverability at each reporting period. These costs are included in cost of revenues and are recognized in the same manner as the corresponding performance obligation. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, amortized and expensed contract costs were zero. For the year ended December 31, 2021, amortized and expensed contract costs were $2.7 million.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of costs to produce the Company's products including viewing data from MVPDs, census-based, panel and other third-party data as well as costs to operate its network infrastructure including data center, data storage and compliance costs. Other costs include amortization of capitalized fulfillment costs, employee costs including stock-based compensation, depreciation related to assets used to maintain the network and produce products and allocated overhead, including rent and depreciation expenses generated by general purpose equipment and software.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, commissions, stock-based compensation, benefits and bonuses for personnel associated with sales and marketing activities, as well as costs related to online and offline advertising, product management, seminars, promotional materials, public relations, other sales and marketing programs, and allocated overhead, including rent and other facilities related costs, and depreciation.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, stock-based compensation, benefits and related costs for personnel associated with research and development activities, as well as allocated overhead, including rent and other facilities related costs, and depreciation.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, stock-based compensation, benefits and related costs for executive management, finance, accounting, human capital, legal, information technology and other administrative functions, as well as professional fees and allocated overhead, including rent and other facilities related costs, depreciation and expenses incurred for other general corporate purposes.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net represents income and expenses incurred that are generally not recurring in nature or are not part of the Company's normal operations. The following is a summary of the significant components of other income (expense), net:

Debt Issuance Costs

The Company reflects debt issuance costs in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the gross amount of debt, consistent with the presentation of a debt discount. Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense, net over the term of the underlying debt instrument, utilizing the effective interest method.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based awards on their grant date. The fair value of stock options with only service conditions is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The determination of the fair value of the Company's stock option awards is based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the Company's Common Stock price, risk-free rate, expected stock price volatility over the expected life of awards, and the expected term of the option. The fair value of restricted stock units ("RSUs") is based on the closing price of the Company's Common Stock on the grant date. The Company amortizes the fair value of awards expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the period from the grant date to the end of the vesting period.

The Company issues stock options with a vesting period based solely upon the passage of time (service vesting). To determine the expected term of the option the Company applies the simplified method for plain-vanilla options due to the lack of significant historical exercise experience. For non-employee options that do not qualify as plain-vanilla the Company has elected to apply the contractual term of the award.

The Company issues RSU awards with a vesting period based solely upon the passage of time (service vesting), achieving performance targets, fulfillment of market conditions, or a combination thereof. For those RSU awards with only service vesting, the Company recognizes compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the service period. For awards with both service and performance conditions, the Company starts recognizing compensation cost over the remaining service period when it is probable the performance conditions will be met. Stock awards that contain performance vesting conditions are excluded from diluted earnings per share ("EPS") computations until the contingency is met as of the end of that reporting period.

For awards with both service and market conditions, the Company recognizes compensation cost over the remaining service period, with the effect of the market condition reflected in the determination of the award's fair value at the grant date. The Company values awards with market conditions using certain valuation techniques, such as a lattice model or Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The Company determines the requisite service period based on the longer of the explicit service period and the derived service period. Stock awards that contain market vesting conditions are included in the computations of diluted EPS reflecting the number of shares that would be issued based on the current market price at the end of the period being reported on, if their effect is dilutive.

Under the Company's annual incentive compensation plan, the Company may grant immediately vested RSUs to certain employees. For these awards, stock-based compensation expense is accrued commencing at the service inception date, which generally precedes the grant date, through the end of the requisite service period.

The Company estimates forfeitures for stock-based awards at their grant date based on historical experience. The estimated forfeiture rate as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was 10.0% for non-executive awards. Awards granted to senior executives have an estimated forfeiture rate ofzero. The Company performs a review of its forfeiture rate assumption on an annual basis. Changes in the estimates and assumptions relating to forfeitures and subsequent grants may result in material changes to stock-based compensation expense in the future.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are provided for temporary differences in recognizing certain income, expense and credit items for financial reporting purposes and tax reporting purposes. Such deferred income taxes primarily relate to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to the future years in which deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be settled or realized. Excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recognized in the income tax provision in the period in which they occur.

The Company records a valuation allowance when it determines, based on available positive and negative evidence, that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company determines the realizability of its deferred tax assets primarily based on the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and projections of future taxable income (exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards). In evaluating such projections, the Company considers its history of profitability, the competitive environment, and general economic conditions. In addition, the Company considers the time frame over which it would take to utilize the deferred tax assets prior to their expiration.

For certain tax positions, the Company uses a more-likely-than-not threshold based on the technical merits of the tax position taken. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefits determined on a cumulative probability basis, which are more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

In December 2017, U.S. tax reform legislation known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA") was signed into law. The Company determined the effects of certain provisions, including but not limited to: a reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, a limitation of the deductibility of certain officers' compensation, a limitation on the current deductibility of net interest expense in excess of 30% of adjusted taxable income, a limitation of net operating losses generated after 2018 to 80% of taxable income, an incremental tax (base erosion anti-abuse or "BEAT") on excessive amounts paid to foreign related parties, and a minimum tax on certain foreign earnings in excess of 10% of the foreign subsidiaries' tangible assets (global intangible low-taxed income or "GILTI"). As part of its GILTI review, the Company has determined that it will account for GILTI income as it is generated (i.e., treat it as a period expense). Given the Company's loss position in the U.S. and the valuation allowance recorded against its U.S. net deferred tax assets, these provisions have not had a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Beginning in 2022, the TCJA eliminated the option to immediately deduct research and experiment ("R&E") expenditures in the year incurred pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 174 ("Section 174"). The amended provision under Section 174 requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize these expenditures over five years for research performed in the U.S. and over 15 years for research performed outside the U.S. While it is possible that Congress may defer, modify or repeal this provision, potentially with retroactive effect, it was not deferred, modified or repealed as of December 31, 2023. Due to the Company's federal and state net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards, the amended provision under Section 174 only increased the Company's state cash taxes payable and reduced its cash flow from operating activities by an immaterial amount in 2023 and 2022. The capitalized R&E expenditures merely caused a reclassification between the NOL deferred tax asset and capitalized R&E deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Because the Company's deferred tax assets have a full valuation allowance against them, the amended provision under Section 174 did not materially impact the Company's tax rate or results of operations.

Loss Per Share

The Company uses the two-class method to calculate net loss per share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that treats a participating security as having rights to earnings that otherwise would have been available to common stockholders. Under the two-class method, earnings for the period are allocated between common stockholders and participating security holders based on their respective rights to receive dividends as if all undistributed book earnings for the period were distributed.

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to only the common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share includes the effect of potential common shares, such as the Company's Preferred Stock, warrants, stock options, restricted stock units and deferred stock units, contingent consideration and Notes, to the extent the effect is dilutive. In periods with a net loss available to common stockholders, the anti-dilutive effect of these potential common shares is excluded and diluted net loss per share is equal to basic net loss per share.

The following is a summary of the Common Stock equivalents for the securities outstanding during the respective periods that have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive:

(1) Includes the effect of potential Common Stock that would be issued to settle unpaid dividends accrued to holders of the Preferred Stock if they elected to convert their shares at the beginning of the period (or at the time of issuance, if later).

(2)A contingent consideration liability was recognized as part of the acquisition described in Footnote 3, Business Combination. The liability payments may be settled in any combination of cash or shares of Common Stock based on the volume-weighted average trading price of the Common Stock for the 10 trading days prior to the date of each payment. Settlement of this liability in Common Stock could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in future periods. The Company calculated a potential anti-dilutive share count based on the maximum contingent consideration as of December 31, 2023 of $1.2 million and the $16.70 per share closing price of the Company's Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on December 29, 2023. The Company calculated a potential anti-dilutive share count based on the maximum contingent consideration as of December 31, 2022 of $4.9 million and the $23.20 per share closing price of the Company's Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on December 30, 2022. The impact was determined to be negligible for 2021 based on the period the liability was outstanding.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, dividends accrued to holders of the Preferred Stock totaled $16.3 million. These dividends have been included in calculating the total loss available to common stockholders used in the calculation of basic and diluted loss per share.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, dividends to holders of the Preferred Stock, including those both paid and accrued, totaled $15.5 million and $12.6 million, respectively. These dividends have been included in calculating the total loss available to common stockholders used in the calculation of basic and diluted loss per share.

Recent Accounting Guidance Issued But Not Adopted at December 31, 2023

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis. Retroactive application is permitted. The Company expects to adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2025 and is currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures, but the Company does not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a significant impact to its Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures.

3. Business Combination

On December 16, 2021, the Company andtwo newly formed, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company entered into the Merger Agreement with Shareablee, pursuant to which the Company acquired Shareablee. Total consideration payable to the former holders of Shareablee's capital stock and warrant, and certain underlying equity awards that were assumed by the Company, totaled 456,448 shares of Common Stock. This included 397,275 shares of Common Stock that were issuable at closing,53,104 shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to replacement stock options and restricted stock unit awards, and 6,067 shares of Common Stock subject to holdback pending final working capital adjustments. In addition, certain holders of Shareablee's capital stock, warrant and equity awards were also eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $8.6 million of contingent consideration over three years after the closing, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement. The contingent consideration could be paid in any combination of cash and Common Stock, with any issuance of Common Stock to be based on the volume-weighted average trading price of the Common Stock for theten full trading days ending on, and including the last business day prior to, the applicable date of the release of the contingent payment. The amount of contingent consideration would be based on the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a revenue target. Lastly, the Merger Agreement required a portion of cash held in escrow at closing to be paid to the former holders of Shareablee securities.

Itzhak Fisher, a member of the Company's Board, is a former director, stockholder and equity award holder of Shareablee. The fair value of Mr. Fisher's issuable Common Stock and replacement stock options totaled $0.7 million at closing, of which $0.4 million was recognized immediately as stock-based compensation expense and $0.3 million was classified as purchase consideration. Mr. Fisher was also eligible to receive $0.3 million in contingent consideration pursuant to the terms described above.

The total consideration paid or payable by the Company related to the Merger as of the closing date was $31.4 million. A summary of the consideration is as follows:

(1) Calculated based on 397,275 shares of Common Stock issued upon closing, an estimated 6,068 shares of Common Stock to be issued upon completion of a final working capital assessment, and the $62.80 per share closing price of the Company's Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on December 16, 2021.

(2) Refer to Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for additional information on the selected valuation technique. The Company concluded any change in fair value between December 16, 2021 and December 31, 2021 was negligible.

A summary of the total purchase consideration for Shareablee that was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based on their fair value as of the date of the Merger is as follows:

The goodwill and intangible assets recorded as a result of the Merger are not deductible for income tax purposes. The goodwill includes the value of the Shareablee acquired workforce, the expected cost synergies to be realized by the Company following the Merger, the opportunity to combine the Company's digital information with Shareablee's social data and insights to enhance the Company's syndicated product offerings, and the opportunity to sell Shareablee products to the Company's customer base.

The following table outlines the fair value of the definite-lived intangible assets and the useful life for each type of intangible asset acquired. The intangible assets are amortized using a straight-line method over the respective useful life of the intangible asset.

(1) The fair values of these assets are derived from techniques which utilize inputs, certain of which are significant and unobservable, that result in classification as Level 3 fair value measurements. Refer to Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for additional information on the selected valuation techniques.

(2) The acquisition-date fair value of acquired methodologies and technology was $10.6 million. The $6.0 million recognized within intangible assets, net reflects the incremental fair value adjustment to $4.6 million of capitalized internal-use software costs recorded at net book value within property and equipment, net as of December 16, 2021.

The primary assets acquired were the developed methodologies and technology, which include a proprietary taxonomy and analytics platform that processes and repackages information on social media data consumption across four large social media platforms.

The Company incurred professional fees directly attributable to the Merger, primarily consisting of legal fees totaling $0.5 million during 2021. These fees are reflected in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

The financial results of Shareablee were included in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of the Merger, December 16, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, Shareablee contributed revenues of $0.4 million and loss before income tax provision of $1.4 million. The loss includes $1.5 million in stock-based compensation recognized immediately following the closing date pertaining to replacement stock options and restricted stock unit awards issued to Shareablee equity award holders.

Pro forma results of operations for the Merger have not been presented because they are not material to the Company's consolidated results of operations.

4. Revenue Recognition

The following table presents the Company's revenue disaggregated by solution group, geographical market and timing of transfer of products and services. The Company attributes revenue to geographical markets based on the location of the customer. The Company hasone reportable segment in accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting; as such, the disaggregation of revenue below reconciles directly to its unique reportable segment.

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets, contract liabilities and customer advances from contracts with customers:

Current and non-current contract assets as of December 31, 2023 increased from the prior year primarily due to revenue recognition ahead of contract billings for license fees in connection with multi-year agreements that will be billed over the contract term.

Significant changes in the current contract liabilities balances are as follows:

Remaining Performance Obligations

As of December 31, 2023, approximately $230 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) for non-cancelable contracts with an original expected duration of longer than one year. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately 51% of these remaining performance obligations in 2024, and approximately 29% in 2025, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

5. Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity

2021 Issuance of Preferred Stock

On March 10, 2021 (the "Closing Date"), the Company entered into separate Securities Purchase Agreements with each of Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC ("Charter"), Qurate Retail, Inc. ("Qurate") and Pine Investor, LLC ("Pine") (the "Securities Purchase Agreements"). The issuance of securities pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements (the "Transactions") and related matters were approved by the Company's stockholders on March 9, 2021 and completed on March 10, 2021. At the closing of the Transactions, the Company issued and sold (a) to Charter,27,509,203 shares of Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million, (b) to Qurate,27,509,203 shares of Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million and (c) to Pine,27,509,203 shares of Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million. The shares were issued at a par value of $0.001. Net proceeds from the Transactions totaled $187.9 million after deducting issuance costs.

On May 16, 2023, Qurate sold 27,509,203 shares of Preferred Stock to Liberty Broadband Corporation ("Liberty") in a privately negotiated transaction.

The Transactions and related agreements include the following rights:

Registration Rights

On the Closing Date, the Company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the "RRA") with the holders of the Preferred Stock (together with any other party that may become a party to the RRA), pursuant to which, among other things, and on the terms and subject to certain limitations set forth therein, the Company was obligated to file a registration statement registering the sale or distribution of shares of Preferred Stock or Common Stock held by any holder, including any shares of Common Stock acquired by any holder pursuant to the conversion of the Preferred Stock, and any other securities issued or issuable with respect to any such shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock by way of share split, share dividend, distribution, recapitalization, merger, exchange, replacement or similar event or otherwise (the "Registrable Securities"). In addition, pursuant to the RRA, the holders have the right to require the Company, subject to certain limitations, to effect a sale of any or all of their Registrable Securities by means of an underwritten offering or an underwritten block trade or bought deal.

On August 30, 2021, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with respect to the Registrable Securities. The registration statement on Form S-3 became effective on September 21, 2021.

Conversion Provisions

The Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holders at any time into a number of shares of Common Stock based on a conversion rate set in accordance with the Certificate of Designations of the Preferred Stock. The conversion rate is calculated as the product of (i) the conversion factor and (ii) the quotient of (A) the sum of the initial purchase price and accrued dividends with respect to each share of Preferred Stock divided by (B) the initial purchase price. The conversion right is subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments and customary provisions related to partial dividend periods. Due to the Reverse Stock Split effected on December 20, 2023, the conversion factor was adjusted to 0.05 pursuant to the Certificate of Designations of the Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2023, each share of Preferred Stock was convertible into 0.055915 shares of Common Stock, with such assumed conversion rate scheduled to return to 0.05 upon payment of accrued dividends.

At any time after the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, the Company may elect to convert all of the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock into shares of Common Stock if (i) the closing sale price of the Company's Common Stock is greater than 140% of the conversion price as of such time, as may be adjusted pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, for certain periods, and (ii) the pro rata share of an aggregate of $100.0 million in dividends has been paid with respect to each share of Preferred Stock that was outstanding on the Closing Date and remains outstanding.

As of December 31, 2023, no shares of Preferred Stock have been converted into Common Stock.

Voting Rights

The holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to vote as a single class with the holders of the Common Stock, with a vote equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which the Preferred Stock could be converted, except that the conversion rate for this purpose will be equal to the product of the applicable conversion factor and 0.98091271. Each holder of Preferred Stock is subject to a voting threshold, which limits such holder's voting rights in the event that the holder's Preferred Stock represents voting rights that exceed 16.66% of the Company's Common Stock (including the Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis).

Dividend Rights

The holders of Preferred Stock are entitled to participate in all dividends declared on the Common Stock on an as-converted basis and are also entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7.5% per annum, payable annually in arrears (on June 30 of each year) and subject to increase under certain specified circumstances. The annual dividend accrues on a daily basis from and including the issuance date of such shares, whether or not declared. In the event the annual dividends are not paid on the annual payment date, the dividends otherwise payable on such date shall continue to accrue and cumulate at a rate of 9.5% per annum, until such failure is cured.

In addition, the holders of Preferred Stock are entitled to request, and the Company will take all actions reasonably necessary to pay, a one-time dividend ("Special Dividend") equal to the highest dividend that the Company's Board determines can be paid at the applicable time (or a lesser amount agreed upon by the holders), subject to additional conditions and limitations set forth in a Stockholders Agreement entered into by the Company and the holders on the Closing Date (the "Stockholders Agreement"). As set forth in the Stockholders Agreement, the Company may be obligated to obtain debt financing in order to effectuate the Special Dividend.

On June 30, 2021, in accordance with the Certificate of Designations of the Preferred Stock, the Company paid cash dividends totaling $4.8 million to the holders of the Preferred Stock, representing dividends accrued for the period from the Closing Date through June 29, 2021.

On June 30, 2022, in accordance with the Certificate of Designations, the Company paid cash dividends totaling $15.5 million to the holders of the Preferred Stock, representing dividends accrued for the period from June 30, 2021 through June 29, 2022.

At the annual meeting of stockholders of the Company held on June 15, 2023 (the "Annual Meeting"), the Company's stockholders approved proposals permitting the payment of annual dividends on the Preferred Stock in the form of cash, shares of Common Stock, additional shares of Preferred Stock, or a combination thereof, subject to conditions set forth in the Certificate of Designations. On the same date, each holder of Preferred Stock waived its right to receive on June 30, 2023 the annual dividends otherwise payable by the Company on that date (the "June Waivers"). Upon receipt of the June Waivers, the Company's Board elected to defer the June 30, 2023 payment. Under the June Waivers and the Certificate of Designations, the deferred dividends would accrue and accumulate at a rate of 9.5% per year from June 30, 2023 until declared and paid, with payment to occur on or before December 31, 2023.

On December 26, 2023, each holder of Preferred Stock waived its right to receive the deferred dividends on or before December 31, 2023 (the "December Waivers"). Under the December Waivers and the Certificate of Designations, the deferred dividends will continue to accrue at a rate of 9.5% per year until paid, with payment to occur on or before June 30, 2024, subject to certain conditions.

Anti-Dilution Adjustments

The Preferred Stock is subject to anti-dilution adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, including issuance of certain dividends or distributions to holders of Common Stock, split or combination of Common Stock, reclassification of Common Stock into a greater or lesser number of shares, or certain repurchases of Common Stock, subject to limitations set forth in the Certificate of Designations.

Liquidation Preference and Change of Control Provisions

The Preferred Stock ranks senior to the Common Stock with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company, and ranks junior to secured and unsecured indebtedness. The Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference equal to the higher of (i) the initial purchase price, increased by accrued dividends per share, and (ii) the amount per share of Preferred Stock that a holder would have received if such holder, immediately prior to such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company, converted such share into Common Stock.

The Preferred Stock includes a change of control put option which allows the holders of the Preferred Stock to require the Company to repurchase such holders' shares at a purchase price equal to the initial purchase price, increased by accrued dividends. The change of control put option was determined to be a derivative liability under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. As of December 31, 2023, the probability of a change of control was determined to be remote, and the fair value of the change of control derivative was determined to be negligible. To the extent the holders of the Preferred Stock do not exercise the put option in a covered change of control, the Company has the right to redeem the remaining Preferred Stock at a redemption price equal to the initial purchase price, increased by accrued dividends.

As described above, the Preferred Stock is contingently redeemable upon certain deemed liquidation events, such as a change in control. Because a deemed liquidation event could constitute a redemption event outside of the Company's control, all shares of Preferred Stock have been presented outside of permanent equity in mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

2019 Issuance and Sale of Common Stock and Warrants

On June 23, 2019, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with CVI Investments, Inc. ("CVI"), pursuant to which CVI agreed to purchase (i)136,425 shares of Common Stock (the "Initial Shares"), at a price of $146.60 per share and (ii) Series A Warrants, Series B-1 Warrants, Series B-2 Warrants and Series C Warrants, for aggregate gross proceeds of $20.0 million (the "Private Placement"). The Private Placement closed on June 26, 2019 (the "CVI Closing Date"). The Series B-1 Warrants and Series B-2 Warrants expired in 2020.

The Series C Warrants were exercised on October 10, 2019. As a result of this exercise, the Company issued 136,425 shares of Common Stock to CVI on October 14, 2019. In addition, the number of shares issuable under the Series A Warrants was increased by 136,425.

The Series A Warrants are exercisable by the holders for a period offive years from the CVI Closing Date and are currently exercisable into 272,851 shares of Common Stock, which is equal to the Initial Shares plus the number of shares issued pursuant to the exercise of the Series C Warrants (described above). The exercise price for the Series A Warrants was $240.00 upon issuance but was subsequently adjusted, as described below. The Series A Warrants may be exercised for cash or through a net settlement feature under certain circumstances.

The exercise price for the Series A Warrants is subject to anti-dilution adjustment in certain circumstances, including upon certain issuances of capital stock. Upon the issuance of the Preferred Stock, the Company adjusted the exercise price of the Series A Warrants from $240.00 to $49.438 per share, the closing price of the Transactions. On March 15, 2023, the Company granted Common Stock awards to certain non-executive employees valued at $20.20 per share (the closing price of the Common Stock on March 15, 2023) under the Company's annual incentive compensation plan, resulting in a further adjustment of the Series A Warrants exercise price from $49.438 to $20.20 per share. The estimated fair value of the Series A Warrants immediately after the exercise price adjustment on March 15, 2023 was $1.7 million, reflecting an increase of $1.0 million compared to the value as of December 31, 2022.

CVI will not have the right to exercise any warrant that would result in CVI beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock after giving effect to such exercise. CVI has the right, in its discretion, to raise this threshold up to 9.99% with 60 days' notice to the Company. In addition, if and to the extent the exercise of any warrants would, together with the issuances of the Initial Shares and the shares issued pursuant to the exercise of any other warrants, result in the issuance of 20.0% or more of the outstanding Common Stock of the Company on the CVI Closing Date (the "Exchange Cap"), the Company intends to, in lieu of issuing such shares, settle the obligation to issue such shares in cash.

The estimated fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2023 was $0.7 million. Refer to Footnote 7, Fair Value Measurements, for further information.

2013 Stock Option/Issuance Plan

On December 16, 2021, the Company assumed certain equity awards outstanding under the Shareablee, Inc. 2013 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan (the "2013 Plan") in connection with the acquisition of Shareablee described in Footnote 3, Business Combination. The Company registered the securities issuable under the 2013 Plan with the SEC on December 23, 2021. The 2013 Plan expired on June 21, 2023. As a result, there are no shares remaining available for future equity awards under the 2013 Plan as of December 31, 2023.

2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan

The Company's stockholders approved the 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2018 Plan") at the Company's 2018 Annual Meeting, approved an amendment and restatement of the 2018 Plan at the Company's 2020 Annual Meeting, and approved further amendments of the 2018 Plan at the Company's 2022 and 2023 Annual Meetings. Under the 2018 Plan, as amended, the Company may grant option rights, appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units up to 1,892,500 shares of Common Stock. The aggregate number of shares of Common Stock available will be reduced by: (i)one share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award of option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan and (ii)two shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award other than option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan. If any award granted under the 2018 Plan (in whole or in part) is canceled or forfeited, expires, is settled in cash, or is unearned, the shares of Common Stock subject to such award will, to the extent of such cancellation, forfeiture, expiration, cash settlement, or unearned amount, again be available at a rate ofone share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards of option rights or appreciation rights andtwo shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards other than of option rights or appreciation rights. The Company registered the securities under the 2018 Plan with the SEC effective June 1, 2018. The maximum number of shares available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan as of December 31, 2023 (excluding outstanding awards) is 340,728.

Stock Options

The Company's Compensation Committee (or Board of Directors, as applicable) approved and awarded 47,400 options for the year ended December 31, 2022 under the 2018 Plan to employees. No options were approved and awarded for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021 under the 2018 Plan.

The fair values of options at the date of grant, or when assumed by the Company, were estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model utilizing the following assumptions:

(1) The Company has never declared or paid a cash dividend on its Common Stock and has no plans to pay cash dividends on Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

(2) Volatility is a measure of the amount by which a financial variable such as a share price has fluctuated (historical volatility) or is expected to fluctuate (expected volatility) during a period. The Company considered the historical volatility of its stock price over a term similar to the expected life of the options in determining expected volatility.

(3) The Company used rates on the grant date of zero-coupon government bonds with maturities over periods covering the term of the awards.

(4) This is the period of time that the options granted are expected to remain outstanding. Options under the Company's plans generally have a contractual term of 10 years and generally must be exercised within 30 to 90 days following termination of service.

A summary of options granted, exercised, forfeited and expired during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is included below:

(1) Excludes 875 stock options settled in cash in lieu of the issuance of Common Stock of the Company.

The following table summarizes information about options outstanding, and exercisable, as of December 31, 2023:

The intrinsic value of exercised stock options is calculated based on the difference between the exercise price and the quoted market price of the Company's Common Stock as of the close of the exercise date. The aggregate intrinsic value for options exercised waszero, $0.1 million andzero for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value for all options exercisable waszero, $0.1 million and $0.5 million under the Company's stock plans as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value for all options outstanding waszero, $0.1 million and $2.2 million under the Company's stock plans as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to outstanding, but not yet exercisable, options is $0.8 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 2.4 years.

Stock Awards

The Company's outstanding stock awards are comprised of RSUs, including time-based, performance-based and market-based RSUs.

During 2023, the Company's Compensation Committee (or Board of Directors, as applicable) approved and awarded 234,171 time-based RSUs (of which 136,525 RSUs related to the settlement of an accrued 2022 annual incentive plan liability and vested immediately) under the 2018 Plan and the 2013 Plan to employees and directors of the Company. No market-based RSUs were awarded for the year ended December 31, 2023.

During 2022, the Company's Compensation Committee (or Board of Directors, as applicable) approved and awarded 86,929 time-based RSUs (of which 33,965 RSUs related to the settlement of an accrued 2021 annual incentive plan liability and vested immediately) and 31,000 market-based RSUs under the 2018 Plan to employees and directors of the Company. The market-based RSUs vest over 10 years and are contingent on certain stock-price hurdles.

During 2021, the Company's Compensation Committee (or Board of Directors, as applicable) approved and awarded 123,234 time-based RSUs (of which 70,664 RSUs related to the settlement of an accrued 2020 annual incentive plan liability and vested immediately) and 106,396 performance-based RSUs under the 2018 Plan to employees and directors of the Company. The performance-based RSUs pertained to awards approved by the Company's Board of Directors as part of the Transactions on January 7, 2021, which awards included the closing of the Transactions as an implied performance condition. Of these performance-based RSUs,38,634 vested immediately upon the closing of the Transactions. The remaining performance-based RSUs generally vest afterone tothree years contingent on continued service.

On December 16, 2021, the Company assumed all outstanding RSUs representing the right to receive shares of Shareablee common stock as part of the Merger. Each assumed Shareablee RSU was converted into 0.01652185 RSUs of the Company, resulting in 2,785 RSUs of the Company. Each assumed Shareablee RSU is otherwise subject to the same terms and conditions (including as to vesting and issuance) as were applicable under the respective Shareablee RSU immediately prior to the Merger.

A summary of the stock awards granted, vested and forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is presented as follows. RSU awards with undelivered shares are classified as unvested until the date of delivery of the shares.

The aggregate intrinsic value for all unvested RSUs outstanding was $5.2 million, $5.4 million, and $13.5 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was $2.2 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 2.0 years.

6. Debt

Revolving Credit Agreement

On May 5, 2021, the Company entered into a senior secured revolving credit agreement (the "Revolving Credit Agreement") among the Company, as borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors, Bank of America N.A., as administrative agent (in such capacity, the "Agent"), and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

The Revolving Credit Agreement had an original borrowing capacity equal to $25.0 million and bore interest on borrowings at a Eurodollar Rate (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) that was based on LIBOR. The Company may also request the issuance of letters of credit under the Revolving Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount up to $5.0 million, which reduces the amount of available borrowings by the amount of such issued and outstanding letters of credit. The facility has a maturity ofthree years from the closing date of the agreement.

On February 25, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment (the "2022 Amendment") to the Revolving Credit Agreement to expand its aggregate borrowing capacity from $25.0 million to $40.0 million. The 2022 Amendment also replaced the Eurodollar Rate with a SOFR-based interest rate and modified the Applicable Rate definition in the Revolving Credit Agreement to increase the Applicable Rate payable on SOFR-based loans to 2.50%. Finally, the 2022 Amendment modified certain financial covenants under the Revolving Credit Agreement.

On February 24, 2023, the Company entered into an additional amendment (the "2023 Amendment") to the Revolving Credit Agreement. Among other things, the 2023 Amendment (i) increased the minimum Consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Asset Coverage Ratio financial covenant requirements under the Revolving Credit Agreement, (ii) modified the measurement periods for certain financial covenants contained in the Revolving Credit Agreement, (iii) introduced a minimum liquidity covenant, and (iv) modified the Applicable Rate definition in the Revolving Credit Agreement to increase the Applicable Rate payable on SOFR-based loans to 3.50%.

As modified, the Revolving Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain:

•minimum Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of not less than $22.0 million, $24.0 million, $32.0 million and $35.0 million for the most recently ended four fiscal quarter period, tested as of the last day of the fiscal quarters ending on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2023, respectively;

•a minimum Consolidated Asset Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of not less than 2.0 to 1.0, tested as of the last day of each calendar month through maturity of the Revolving Credit Agreement;

•a minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of not less than 1.25 to 1.0 for the most recently ended four fiscal quarter period, tested as of the last day of each fiscal quarter ending on or after March 31, 2024; and

•minimum Liquidity (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of $28.0 million, tested as of the last business day of each calendar month through maturity of the Revolving Credit Agreement.

The Revolving Credit Agreement contains restrictive covenants that limit the Company's ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness or liens, make investments and loans, enter into mergers and acquisitions, make or declare dividends and other payments, enter into certain contracts, sell assets and engage in transactions with affiliates. The Revolving Credit Agreement is also subject to customary events of default, including a change in control. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Agent or the Required Lenders may accelerate any amounts outstanding and terminate lender commitments. The Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Revolving Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023.

The Revolving Credit Agreement is guaranteed by the Company and its domestic subsidiaries (other than Excluded Subsidiaries (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement)) and is secured by a first lien security interest in substantially all assets of the Company and its domestic subsidiaries (other than Excluded Subsidiaries), subject to certain customary exclusions.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding borrowings of $16.0 million, and issued and outstanding letters of credit of $3.2 million, under the amended Revolving Credit Agreement, with remaining borrowing capacity of $20.8 million. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company reclassified the outstanding borrowings to current liabilities from non-current liabilities as the facility matures in May 2024.

Senior Secured Convertible Notes and Financing Derivatives

During 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP (collectively, "Starboard"), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to Starboard a total of $204.0 million in Notes, as well as warrants to purchase shares of the Company's Common Stock. The warrants were exercised in full by Starboard in 2019.

The Notes contained, among other features, an interest rate reset feature which the Company determined represented an embedded derivative that must be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the Notes. This feature reset the interest rate on the Notes based on the trading price of the Company's Common Stock.

Interest on the Notes was payable on a quarterly basis in arrears, at the option of the Company, in cash, or, subject to certain conditions, through the issuance by the Company of additional shares of Common Stock ("PIK Interest Shares"). On January 25, 2021, the Company paid quarterly accrued interest of $6.1 million through the issuance of 140,122 PIK Interest Shares.

In connection with the Transactions described in Footnote 5, Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity, the Company used cash proceeds of $204.0 million from the issuance of shares of its Preferred Stock to extinguish the Notes and related financing derivatives on March 10, 2021. The Company also issued 157,500 additional shares of Common Stock to Starboard (the "Conversion Shares"), as additional creditor consideration, which were valued at $9.6 million. Lastly, the Company paid interest accrued of $4.7 million for the period from January 1, 2021 to March 10, 2021 through the issuance of 68,166 PIK Interest Shares.

The Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of the Notes of $9.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

7. Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

The Company's financial instruments measured at fair value in its Consolidated Balance Sheets on a recurring basis consist of the following:

(1) Level 1 cash equivalents are invested in money market funds that are intended to maintain a stable net asset value of $1.00 per share by investing in liquid, high quality U.S. Dollar-denominated money market instruments with maturities less than three months.

(2) The contingent consideration was recognized as part of the acquisition described in Footnote 3, Business Combination. The contingent consideration liability is classified as current in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the current portion of the contingent consideration liability was $7.1 million. The non-current portion of consideration liability was $1.0 million and is classified within other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) Warrants liability includes only the Series A warrants as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Warrants liability is classified within other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The elimination of the option pricing model used to value the contingent consideration liability reflected a change in the Company's valuation technique during the three months ended June 30, 2022. There were no other changes to the Company's valuation techniques or methodologies during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022, respectively.

The following tables present the changes in the Company's recurring Level 3 fair value measurements for the warrants liability and contingent consideration for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

(1) The loss due to remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability was recorded in general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

(2) The transfer was due to the resolution of the contingency regarding the amount of consideration payable during the three months ended June 30, 2022. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period.

The following table displays the valuation technique and the significant inputs, certain of which are unobservable, for the Company's Level 3 liabilities that existed as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The primary sensitivities in the valuation of the warrants liability are driven by the exercise price, the Common Stock price at the measurement date and the expected volatility of the Common Stock over the remaining term.

Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded goodwill impairment charges of $78.2 million and $46.3 million, respectively. Refer to Footnote 10, Goodwill, for further details. The remeasurement of goodwill is classified as a non-recurring Level 3 fair value assessment due to the significance of unobservable inputs developed in the determination of the fair value. The Company used a discounted cash flow model to determine the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. The Company made estimates and assumptions regarding future cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates and market values to determine the reporting unit's estimated fair value. It is possible that future changes in such circumstances, or in the variables associated with the judgments, assumptions and estimates used in assessing the fair value of the reporting unit, would require the Company to record additional non-cash impairment charges.

8. Property and Equipment

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, depreciation expense was $19.8 million, $16.8 million and $15.8 million, respectively. In addition, amortization expense from finance leases was $1.9 million, $2.4 million and $2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Of the Company's property and equipment, net,99% was located in the United States as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

9. Leases

The Company has finance leases for computer equipment and automobiles and operating leases for real estate. These leases have remaining lease terms of less thanone year tofour years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up tofive years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases withinone year. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term for the Company's finance leases and operating leases was 2.1 years and 3.5 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average discount rate for the Company's finance leases and operating leases was 9.5% and 11.1%, respectively.

The components of lease cost were as follows:

Lease costs, net of sublease income, are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as follows:

Maturities of operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company subleases five real estate properties. Two subleases have a non-cancelable term of less thanone year. The remaining three subleases are non-cancelable and have remaining lease terms ofone year tofour years. None of these subleases contain any options to renew or terminate the sublease agreement. Future expected cash receipts from these subleases as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

10. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter as of October 1, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that fair value is below carrying value. In conjunction with its annual test as of October 1, 2023, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test. In its assessment, the Company considered the decline in revenues in 2023 which drove lower revenue growth expectations in future years. The Company also considered the decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization. The fair value of the reporting unit was determined using a discounted cash flow model (a form of the income approach) utilizing Level 3 unobservable inputs, supported by a market approach. The Company relied in part on the work of an independent valuation firm engaged by the Company to provide inputs as to the fair value of the reporting unit and to assist in the related calculations and analysis. The Company's reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test and as a result, the Company recorded a $34.1 million impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2023.

In the second quarter of 2023, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the estimated fair value of its reporting unit was less than its carrying value. In its assessment, the Company considered the decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization, among other factors. The Company performed quantitative testing on its reporting unit using a discounted cash flow model (a form of the income approach) utilizing Level 3 unobservable inputs, supported by a market approach. The Company relied in part on the work of an independent valuation firm engaged by the Company to provide inputs as to the fair value of the reporting unit and to assist in the related calculations and analysis. The Company's reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result the Company recorded a $44.1 million impairment charge in the second quarter of 2023.

In 2022, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the estimated fair value of its reporting unit was less than its carrying value. Accordingly, in conjunction with its annual test as of October 1, 2022, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2022. The Company's reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test and as a result, the Company recorded a $46.3 million impairment charge in the third quarter of 2022.

The change in the carrying value of goodwill is as follows:

The carrying values of the Company's definite-lived intangible assets are as follows:

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $5.2 million, $27.1 million, and $25.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Of the Company's definite-lived intangible assets, net, all were generated by or located in the United States as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The weighted-average remaining amortization period by major asset class as of December 31, 2023 is as follows:

The estimated future amortization of intangible assets is as follows:

11. Accrued Expenses

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

The Company has certain long-term contractual arrangements that have fixed and determinable payment obligations including unconditional purchase obligations with MVPDs and other providers for set-top box and connected (Smart) television data. These agreements have remaining terms fromone toseven years. As of December 31, 2023, the total fixed payment obligations related to set-top box and connected television data agreements are $298.5 million and $30.4 million, respectively.

The information set forth below summarizes the contractual obligations, by year, as of December 31, 2023:

Contingencies

The Company is involved in various legal proceedings from time to time. The Company establishes reserves for specific legal proceedings when management determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company has also identified certain other legal matters where an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and/or for which no estimate of possible losses can be made. In these cases, the Company does not establish a reserve until it can reasonably estimate the loss. Legal fees related to contingencies are expensed as incurred. The outcomes of legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to the Company's operating results and cash flows for a particular period.

Current Matters

The Company is, and may become, a party to a variety of legal proceedings from time to time that arise in the normal course of the Company's business. While the results of such legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that, based on current knowledge, the final outcome of any such current pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse effect on the Company because of defense costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Indemnification

The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with each of the Company's directors and certain officers, and the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation requires it to indemnify each of its directors and officers, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Company. The Company has paid and may in the future pay legal counsel fees incurred by current and former directors and officers who are involved in legal proceedings that require indemnification.

Similarly, certain of the Company's commercial contracts require it to indemnify contract counterparties under specified circumstances, and the Company may incur legal counsel fees and other costs in connection with these obligations.

13. Income Taxes

The components of loss before income tax provision are as follows:

Income tax provision is as follows:

A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. income tax rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:

Income Tax Provision

The Company recognized income tax expense of $1.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, which is primarily comprised of current tax expense of $1.6 million related to foreign taxes and state taxes. Included in tax expense is an income tax adjustment of $20.9 million related to the impairment of goodwill. Also included in total tax expense is income tax expense of $15.1 million for an increase in the valuation allowance recorded against the Company's deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of the Company's operating losses in the U.S. Income tax expense of $0.7 million has also been included for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, executive compensation and other nondeductible expenses. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.

The Company recognized income tax expense of $1.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, which is primarily comprised of current tax expense of $2.2 million related to foreign taxes and state taxes and a deferred tax benefit of $0.5 million related to temporary differences between the tax treatment and GAAP accounting treatment for certain items. Included in total tax expense is income tax benefit of $2.6 million for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of nontaxable gain on fair market value adjustment of stock warrants, offset by certain nondeductible stock-based compensation and executive compensation. Also included in the total tax expense is an income tax adjustment of $12.7 million related to the impairment of goodwill. Income tax expense of $18.5 million has also been included for an increase in the valuation allowance recorded against the Company's deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of the Company's operating losses in the

U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes and book losses in foreign jurisdictions where the income tax rate is substantially lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.

The Company recognized income tax expense of $0.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, which is primarily comprised of current tax expense of $2.2 million related to foreign taxes and a federal deferred tax benefit of $1.5 million related to temporary differences between the tax treatment and GAAP accounting treatment for certain items. Included in total tax expense are income tax adjustments of $9.2 million for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, and nondeductible interest expense on debt instruments and associated derivatives. Also included is a favorable return to provision true-up adjustment of $8.3 million for a prior year permanent difference related to foreign earnings taxable in the U.S. as a result of a tax restructuring that occurred during 2020. Income tax expense of $16.3 million has also been included for an increase in the valuation allowance recorded against the Company's deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of the Company's operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. This increase was offset by an income tax benefit of $2.8 million related to the release of the portion of the Company's valuation allowance as a result of the Shareablee acquisition. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes and book losses in foreign jurisdictions where the income tax rate is substantially lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax reporting purposes. The components of net deferred income taxes are as follows:

Tax Valuation Allowance

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had a valuation allowance of $251.3 million and $251.0 million, respectively, against certain deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance relates to the deferred tax assets of the Company's U.S. entities, including federal and state tax attributes and timing differences, as well as the deferred tax assets of certain foreign subsidiaries. The increase in the valuation allowance during 2023 is primarily due to the increase in capitalized R&E expenditures under Section 174, net of the decrease in U.S. net operating loss carryforwards. To the extent the Company determines that, based on the weight of available evidence, all or a portion of its valuation allowance is no longer necessary, the Company will recognize an income tax benefit in the period such determination is made for the reversal of the valuation allowance. If management determines that, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that all or a portion of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized, the Company may recognize income tax expense in the period such determination is made to increase the valuation allowance. It is possible that such reduction of or addition to the Company's valuation allowance may have a material impact on the Company's results from operations.

A summary of the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is as follows:

Net Operating Loss and Credit Carryforwards

Under the provisions of Internal Revenue Code Section 382, certain substantial changes in the Company's ownership may result in a limitation on the amount of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and taxes payable. During 2023, the Company concluded that the Transactions triggered an ownership change on May 10, 2021, and as a result, all of its U.S. net operating loss carryforwards are subject to an annual limitation under Section 382. Additionally, despite the net operating loss carryforwards, the Company may have a future income tax liability due to foreign income tax or state income tax requirements.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes of $559.5 million and $1.5 billion, respectively. The Company estimates that $456.7 million of its U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards are utilizable given the annual limitations under Section 382. The Company has not yet completed its Section 382 analysis for its state net operating loss carryforwards, but it believes a portion of these will also not be utilizable due to the annual limitations under Section 382. The Company's net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2024 for federal and state income tax purposes. The federal and certain state net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 have an indefinite carryforward period. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an aggregate net operating loss carryforward for tax purposes related to its foreign subsidiaries of $10.8 million, which begins to expire in 2024.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had research and development credit carryforwards of $3.2 million which begin to expire in 2024.

Foreign Undistributed Earnings

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has certain foreign subsidiaries with accumulated undistributed earnings. The TCJA allows for a dividend received deduction resulting in no material U.S. federal income tax upon repatriation of these earnings. The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest these earnings, as well as future earnings from its foreign subsidiaries, to fund its international operations and therefore has not accrued any related foreign withholding taxes or state income taxes.

Uncertain Tax Positions

For uncertain tax positions, the Company uses a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold based on the technical merits of the tax position taken. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefits determined on a cumulative probability basis, which are more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. The Company has unrecognized tax benefits, which are tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions which have been or will be reflected in income tax filings that have not been recognized in the financial statements due to potential adjustments by taxing authorities in the applicable jurisdictions. The Company's liability for unrecognized tax benefits, which include interest and penalties, was $0.7 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The remaining unrecognized tax benefits have reduced deferred tax balances. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the Company's effective tax rate is $2.0 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and includes the federal tax benefit of state deductions. The Company anticipates $0.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits will reverse during the next year due to the expiration of statutes of limitation.

Changes in the Company's unrecognized income tax benefits are as follows:

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, accrued interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits were $0.2 million. The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. For income tax returns filed by the Company, the Company is generally no longer subject to U.S. federal examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2020 or state and local tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2019. The Company is no longer subject to examination by tax authorities in the Netherlands for years prior to 2017. However, tax attribute carryforwards may still be adjusted upon examination by tax authorities.

14. Related Party Transactions

Transactions with WPP

As of December 31, 2023 (based on public filings), WPP plc and its affiliates ("WPP") owned 565,968 shares of the Company's outstanding Common Stock, representing 11.9% of the outstanding Common Stock. The Company provides WPP, in the normal course of business, services amongst its different products and receives various services from WPP supporting the Company's data collection efforts.

The Company's results from transactions with WPP, as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, are detailed below:

The Company has the following balances related to transactions with WPP, as reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Transactions with Charter, Qurate, Liberty and Pine

Through May 15, 2023, Charter, Qurate and Pine each held 33.3% of the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock. On May 16, 2023, Qurate sold its Preferred Stock to Liberty, and as of December 31, 2023, Charter, Liberty and Pine each hold 33.3% of the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock. Charter, Liberty and Pine are entitled to convert the Preferred Stock into shares of Common Stock and to vote as a single class with the holders of the Common Stock as set forth in the Certificate of Designations. As of December 31, 2023 (based on public filings), Pine also owned 109,654 shares of the Company's outstanding Common Stock, representing 2.3% of the outstanding Common Stock. In addition, Charter, Liberty and Pine each designatedtwo members of the Company's Board in accordance with the Stockholders Agreement.

At the Annual Meeting on June 15, 2023, the Company's stockholders approved proposals permitting the payment of annual dividends on the Preferred Stock in the form of cash, shares of Common Stock, additional shares of Preferred Stock, or a combination thereof, subject to conditions set forth in the Certificate of Designations. On the same date, each holder of Preferred Stock waived its right to receive on June 30, 2023 the annual dividends otherwise payable by the Company on that date. Under the waivers and the Certificate of Designations, the deferred dividends would accrue at a rate of 9.5% per year from June 30, 2023 until declared and paid, with payment to occur on or before December 31, 2023.

On December 26, 2023, each holder of Preferred Stock waived its right to receive the deferred dividends on or before December 31, 2023. Under these most recent waivers and the Certificate of Designations, the deferred dividends will continue to accrue at a rate of 9.5% per year until paid, with payment to occur on or before June 30, 2024, subject to certain conditions.

As of December 31, 2023, Charter, Liberty and Pine each owned 27,509,203 shares of the Company's outstanding Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2023, total accrued dividends to the holders of Preferred Stock were $24.1 million.

As of December 31, 2022, Charter, Qurate and Pine each owned 27,509,203 shares of the Company's outstanding Preferred Stock. On June 30, 2022, the Company made cash dividend payments totaling $15.5 million to the holders of the Preferred Stock, representing dividends accrued for the period from June 30, 2021 through June 29, 2022. Accrued dividends to the holders of Preferred Stock as of December 31, 2022 totaled $7.9 million.

Concurrent with the closing of the Transactions on March 10, 2021, the Company entered into aten-year Data License Agreement ("DLA") with Charter Communications Operating, LLC ("Charter Operating"), an affiliate of Charter. Under the DLA, Charter Operating will bill the Company for license fees according to a payment schedule that gradually increases from $10.0 million in the first year of the term to $32.3 million in the tenth year of the term. The Company recognizes expense for the license fees ratably over the term. On November 6, 2022, the Company and Charter Operating entered into an amendment to the DLA, pursuant to which the Company will receive license fee credits totaling $7.0 million. In June 2023, the Company exchanged correspondence with counsel to Charter Operating regarding Charter Operating's compliance with certain terms of the DLA. In response, Charter Operating denied the Company's concerns and notified the Company of alleged breaches of the DLA by the Company. If either party were to terminate the DLA, all amounts then due to Charter Operating would be immediately due and payable, and Charter Operating could seek liquidated damages as set forth in the DLA. To date, however, neither party has indicated that it intends to terminate the DLA, and the parties are discussing a resolution to the matter.

The Company's results from transactions with Charter and its affiliates, as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, are detailed below:

The Company has the following liability balances related to transactions with Charter and its affiliates, as reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet:

The Company recognized revenues of $0.9 million, $0.9 million and $0.8 million from transactions with Qurate and its affiliates in the normal course of business during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

In 2023, the Company entered into a finance lease with a third-party vendor that is not a related party. In conjunction with this transaction, the third-party vendor purchased equipment for $2.5 million from a Pine affiliate (related party). The Company had no additional transactions with Pine for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company hadno transactions with Liberty for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Transactions with Starboard

In 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with Starboard, then a beneficial owner of more than 5.0% of the Company's outstanding Common Stock. Refer to Footnote 6, Debt, for further information regarding these agreements and the Company's issuance of Notes to Starboard in 2018. As a result of these agreements and the transactions contemplated thereby, Starboard ceased to be a beneficial owner of more than 5.0% of the Company's outstanding Common Stock in January 2018. In addition, pursuant to a prior agreement with Starboard, the Company provided Starboard the right to designate certain members to the Company's Board. As of December 31, 2018, Starboard had no remaining right to designate any directors to the Board. The Notes and related financing derivatives were extinguished on March 10, 2021.

In the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, the Company recorded interest expense, inclusive of non-cash accretion of issuance discount and deferred financing costs, related to the Notes of $6.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.

In connection with the extinguishment of the Notes on March 10, 2021, the Company issued 157,500 Conversion Shares to Starboard valued at $9.6 million as discussed in Footnote 6, Debt, which amount was included as a component of loss on extinguishment of debt in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

The Company hadno outstanding balances related to Starboard as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

15. Organizational Restructuring

On September 29, 2022, the Company communicated a workforce reduction as part of its broader efforts to improve cost efficiency and better align its operating structure and resources with strategic priorities (collectively, the "Restructuring Plan"). In addition to employee terminations, the Restructuring Plan has included the reallocation of commercial and product development resources; reinvestment in and modernization of key technology platforms; consolidation of data storage and processing activities to reduce the Company's data center footprint; and reduction of other operating expenses, including software and facility costs. In connection with the Restructuring Plan, which was authorized by the Board on September 19, 2022, the Company has incurred certain exit-related costs. These costs were estimated to range between $10 million and $15 million. The Company believes that the Restructuring Plan, including cash payments, will be substantially complete in 2024.

The table below summarizes the changes in the accrued amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the balance of the restructuring liability as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, which is recorded in accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets: