GREENE COUNTY BANCORP INC

At and for the Three and Nine Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Within the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements, the June 30, 2023 data was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements and notes of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries, The Bank of Greene County (the “Bank”) and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Greene County Commercial Bank (the “Commercial Bank”) and Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The interim consolidated financial statements at and for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited.

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. To the extent that information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements are contained in or are consistent with the audited financial statements incorporated by reference to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2023, such information and notes have not been duplicated herein. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring items) necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented have been included. Certain previous years’ amounts in the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation. The results of operations and other data for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire fiscal year ending June 30, 2024. These consolidated financial statements consider events that occurred through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Nature of Operations

The Company’s primary business is the ownership and operation of its subsidiaries. At March 31, 2024, the Bank has 18 full-service offices, lending centers, an operations center, customer call center, and wealth management center, located in its market area consisting of the Hudson Valley and Capital District Regions of New York State. The Bank is primarily engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public in the Bank’s market area, and investing such deposits, together with other sources of funds, in loans and investment securities. The Commercial Bank’s primary business is to attract deposits from, and provide banking services to, local municipalities. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. was formed as a New York corporation that has elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be a real estate investment trust. Currently, certain mortgages and loan notes held by the Bank are transferred and beneficially owned by Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The Bank continues to service these loans.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses on loans and on unfunded commitments.

Interest-bearing deposits

At March 31, 2024, included within interest bearing deposits, is $23.2 million of restricted cash. The restriction is due to the surrender of bank owned life insurance during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“CECL”) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of a loan (or pool of loans). The allowance is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net, lifetime amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loan losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is confirmed to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and amounts expected to be charged-off.

Collateral dependent loans that are on nonaccrual status, with a balance of $250,000 or greaterare evaluated on an individual basis and excluded from the pooled loan evaluation. The fair value of collateral for collateral dependent loans less selling costs will be compared to the loan balance to determine if a CECL reserve is required. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs.

The loan portfolio is segmented based on the level at which the Company develops and documents a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses. Management developed the following segments for estimating loss based on type of borrower and collateral which is generally based upon federal call report segmentation and have been combined as needed to ensure loans of similar risk profiles are appropriately pooled: residential real estate, commercial real estate, consumer loan, home equity and commercial loans.

Management estimates the allowance for credit losses on loans by using relevant information, from internal and external sources, related to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of loans. Historical loss experience was considered by the Company for estimating expected credit losses and determined the need to use peer data, with similar risk profiles, to develop and calculate the CECL reserve models.

Historical credit loss experience for the Company and peer losses by loan segments, provide a foundation for estimating an expected credit loss. The observed credit losses are converted to probability of default (“PD”) rate curves through the use of loss given default (“LGD”) risk factors that converts default rates to estimated loss for each loan segment. This is based on industry-level, observed relationships between the PD and LGD variables for each segment. The historical PD curves correspond to economic variables through historical economic cycles, which establishes a quantitative relationship between forecasted economic conditions and loan performance.

Using the historical quantitative relationship between economic conditions and loan performance, management developed a model, using selected external economic forecasts that is highly correlated for each loan segment. These forecasts are then applied over a period that management has determined to be reasonable and supportable. Beyond the period over which management can develop or source a reasonable and supportable forecast, the model will revert to long-term average economic conditions using a straight-line methodology.

The allowance for credit losses on loans is measured on a collective basis, when similar risk characteristics are present, with both a quantitative and qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. The respective quantitative reserve for each segment is calculated using a PD/LGD modeling methodology, with segment-specific regression models. The discounted cash flows methodology uses expected credit losses estimated over the effective life of each loan by measuring the difference between the net present value of modeled cash flows and amortized cost basis. Contractual cash flows over the contractual life of the loans are the basis for modeled cash flows, adjusted for modeled defaults and expected prepayments and discounted at the loan-level stated interest rate.

Management applies a qualitative adjustment for each segment as of the balance sheet date. The qualitative adjustments include limitations inherent in the quantitative model; changes in lending policies and procedures; changes in international, national, regional, and local economic conditions; changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff; changes in the volume and severity of past due loans; changes in value of underlying collateral; existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations; and the effect of external factors; such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company has exposure to a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments exposure is recognized in other liabilities and is adjusted as an expense in other noninterest expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over the estimated contractual life. The Company considers the following segments of unfunded commitments exposure; home equity line of credits, commercial line of credits, consumer loans, the residential and commercial real estate loans committed but not closed and the unfunded portion of the construction loans. The probable funding amount by segment is multiplied by the respective reserve percentage calculated in the allowance for credit losses on loans to calculate a reserve on unfunded commitments.

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Allowance for Credit Losses on Securities Held-to-Maturity(“HTM”)

The Company is required to utilize the CECL approach to estimate expected credit losses. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security types that share similar risk characteristics. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. Treasury securities, state and political subdivisions, mortgage-backed securities-residential, mortgage-backed securities-multi-family, corporate debt securities and other securities.

Expected losses are calculated on a pooled basis using a probability of default/loss given default(PD/LGD) model, based on historical credit loss data from a reliable source. Management utilizes municipal and corporate default and loss rates which provides decades of data across all municipal and corporate sectors and geographies. Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on environmental factors. The model calculates the expected loss for each security over the contractual life. If the risk of a held-to-maturity debt security no longer matches the collective assessment pool, it is removed and individually assessed for credit deterioration.

U.S. Treasury and mortgage-backed securities are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly and/or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government as to timely repayment of principal and interest, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of zero credit losses. Therefore, the Company determined a zero credit loss assumption, and didnot calculate or record an allowance for credit loss for these securities.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Securities Available-for-sale (“AFS”)

The credit loss model for AFS debt securities requires credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than a direct write-down of debt securities. AFS debt securities continue to be recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in other comprehensive income. When the fair value of an AFS debt security falls below the amortized cost basis it is evaluated to determine if any of the decline in value is attributable to credit loss. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. The cash flows are estimated using information relevant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Decreases in fair value attributable to credit loss are recorded directly to earnings with a corresponding allowance for credit losses, limited to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. If the credit quality subsequently improves, the allowance is reversed up to a maximum of the previously recorded credit losses. When the Company intends to sell an impaired AFS debt security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovering the amortized cost basis, the entire fair value adjustment will immediately be recognized in earnings with no corresponding allowance for credit losses.

Investments in Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock are required for membership and are carried at cost since there is no market value available. The FHLB New York continues to pay dividends and repurchase stock. As such, the Company has not recognized any credit loss on its holdings of FHLB stock.

Accrued Interest Receivable

Accrued interest receivable balances are presented separately on the consolidated statements of financial condition and are not included in amortized cost when determining the allowance for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable that is deemed uncollectible is written off timely. For loans, write off typically occurs upon becoming over 90 to 120 days past due and therefore the amount of such write offs are immaterial. Historically, the Company has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on investment securities.

Derivative Instruments

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. As the interest rate swap agreements have substantially equivalent and offsetting terms, they do not present any material exposure to the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company records its interest rate swap agreements at fair value and is presented on a gross basis within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other operating income in the consolidated statement of income.

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(2) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In June 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-13) to its guidance on “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model (referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) model). Under this model, entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. The ASU also replaces the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired loans and debt securities. The allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (“PCD assets”), should be determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis. However, upon initial recognition, the allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price (“gross up approach”) to determine the initial amortized cost basis. The subsequent accounting for PCD financial assets is the same expected loss model described above. Further, the ASU made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment model for debt securities available-for-sale (AFS). For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. An entity will apply the amendments in this Update through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, which aligns the implementation date for nonpublic entities’ annual financial statements with the implementation date for their interim financial statements and clarifies the scope of the guidance in the amendments in ASU 2016-13. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The amendments to Topic 326 and other topics in ASU 2019-04 include items related to the amendments in Update 2016-13 discussed at the June 2018 and November 2018 Credit Losses TRG meetings. The amendments clarify or address stakeholders’ specific issues about certain aspects of the amendments in Update 2016-13 on a number of different topics, including the following: accrued interest, transfers between classifications or categories for loans and debt securities, recoveries, consideration of prepayments in determining the effective interest rate, consideration of estimated costs to sell when foreclosure is probable, vintage disclosures, line-of-credit arrangements converted to term loans, and contractual extensions and renewals. The effective dates and transition requirements for the amendments related to this Update are the same as the effective dates and transition requirements in Update 2016-13. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11 Codification Improvements to Topic 326 Financial Instruments Credit Losses provides additional clarification to specific issues about certain aspects of the amendments in Update 2016-13 related to measuring the allowance for loan losses under the new guidance.

For public business entities that are U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filers, excluding small reporting companies such as the Company, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. In November 2019, FASB issued ASU 2019-10, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses which amends the implementation effective date for small reporting companies, such as the Company, and non-public business entities, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. All entities may adopt the amendments in this Update earlier as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.

The Company adopted CECL on July 1, 2023 (“Day-one”) using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance-sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after July 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The Company recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $510,000 as of July 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 326. The transition adjustment includes a $1.3 million decrease to the allowance for credit losses on loans, a $503,000 increase to the allowance for credit losses on investment securities held-to-maturity, a $1.5 million increase to the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitment exposures, and a $186,000 impact to the deferred tax asset. Refer to Note 3 Securities and Note 4 Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans, included in this Form 10-Q for more information.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, amendments related to Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs) for all entities after they adopt ASU 2016-13 and amendments related to vintage disclosures that affect public business entities with investments in financing receivables, under Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326). The ASU eliminates the guidance on TDRs and requires an evaluation on all loan modifications to determine if they result in a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. The ASU also requires that entities disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination and eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs in Subtopic 310-40. The effective dates for the amendments in this Update are the same as the effective dates in ASU 2016-13. The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively, except for the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of TDRs. An entity has the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company adopted this standard on a prospective basis as of July 1, 2023, concurrent with the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

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In March 2020, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2020-04), Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). On January 7, 2021, the FASB issued (ASU 2021-01), which refines the scope of ASC 848 and clarifies some of its guidance. The ASU and related amendments provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the existing guidance for applying GAAP to affected contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships in the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or other interbank offered rate on financial reporting. The guidance also allows a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify to AFS or trading HTM debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and permits relief solely for reference rate reform actions and permits different elections over the effective date for legacy and new activity. The Company adopted the standard during the quarter ended September 30, 2023, and it did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements as the Company’s LIBOR exposure was minimal and limited to a couple of participation loans and risk participation agreements.

In December 2022, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2022-06), Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. The ASU extends the period of time companies can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance provided by ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01. The guidance, which was effective upon issuance, defers the sunset date from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which companies will no longer be permitted to apply the relief guidance in Topic 848. The adoption did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Issued Not Yet Adopted

In March 2023, the FASB issued (ASU 2023-02), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. ASU 2023-02 permits reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The election can be made for each individual qualifying tax credit investment. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of an investment is amortized in proportion to the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits received, with the amortization and tax credits recognized as a component of income tax expense. To qualify for the proportional amortization method, all of the following conditions must be met: (1) it is probable that the income tax credits allocated to the tax equity investor will be available; (2) the tax equity investor does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the underlying project; (3) substantially all of the projected benefits are from income tax credits and other income tax benefits; (4) the tax equity investor’s projected yield based solely on the cash flows from the income tax credits and other income tax benefits is positive; and (5) the tax equity investor is a limited liability investor in the entity for both legal and tax purposes. Under the proportional amortization method, the investment shall be tested for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the investment will not be realized. An impairment loss shall be measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of an investment exceeds its fair value. ASU 2023-02 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company’s adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

(3) Securities

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale by major type:

There wasno allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale at the quarter ended March 31, 2024.

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The following tables summarize the amortized cost, fair value, and allowance for credit loss on securities held-to-maturity by major type:

U.S. Treasury and mortgage-backed securities are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly and/or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government as to timely repayment of principal and interest, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of zero credit losses. Therefore, the Company determined a zero credit loss assumption, and did not calculate or record an allowance for credit loss for these securities. An allowance for credit losses on investment securities held-to-maturity as of March 31, 2024 has been recorded for certain municipal securities issued by state and political subdivisions and corporate debt securities to account for expected lifetime credit loss using the CECL methodology.

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The Company’s current policies generally limit securities investments to U.S. government and securities of government sponsored enterprises, federal funds sold, municipal bonds, corporate debt obligations, subordinated debt of banks and certain mutual funds. In addition, the Company’s policies permit investments in mortgage-backed securities, including securities issued and guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and GNMA, and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by these entities. As of March 31, 2024, all mortgage-backed securities including collateralized mortgage obligations were securities of government sponsored enterprises, no private-label mortgage-backed securities or collateralized mortgage obligations were held in the securities portfolio. The Company’s investments in state and political subdivisions securities generally are municipal obligations that are general obligations supported by the general taxing authority of the issuer, and in some cases are insured. The obligations issued by school districts are supported by state aid. Primarily, these investments are issued by municipalities within New York State.

The Company’s current securities investment strategy utilizes a risk management approach of diversified investing among three categories: short-, intermediate- and long-term. The emphasis of this approach is to increase overall investment securities yields while managing interest rate risk. The Company will only invest in high quality securities as determined by management’s analysis at the time of purchase. The Company generally does not engage in any derivative or hedging transactions, such as balance sheet interest rate swaps or caps.

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses on securities held-to-maturity:

The following table shows fair value and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by security category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at March 31, 2024.

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The following table shows fair value and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by security category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at June 30, 2023.

There wereno transfers of securities available-for-sale to held-to-maturity during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, there wereno sales of securities andno gains or losses were recognized. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there wereno sales of securities andno gains or losses were recognized. During the nine months ended March 31, 2023, a loss of $251,000 was recognized fromone sale of an available-for-sale security. The proceeds were used to fund higher yielding loans.

The estimated fair values of debt securities at March 31, 2024, by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, securities with an aggregate fair value of $905.5 million and $904.8 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits for various municipalities placing deposits with the Commercial Bank. At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, securities with an aggregate fair value of $40.5 million and $20.8 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window and the Bank Term Funding Program. The Company did not participate in any securities lending programs during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

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Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to hold stock of its district FHLB according to a predetermined formula. This stock is restricted in that it can only be sold to the FHLB or to another member institution, and all sales of FHLB stock must be at par. As a result of these restrictions, FHLB stock is carried at cost. FHLB stock is held as a long-term investment and its value is determined based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. Estimated credit loss of this investment is evaluated quarterly and is a matter of judgment that reflects management’s view of the FHLB’s long-term performance, which includes factors such as the following: its operating performance; the severity and duration of declines in the fair value of its net assets related to its capital stock amount; its commitment to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to its operating performance; the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the FHLB, and accordingly, on the members of the FHLB; and its liquidity and funding position. After evaluating these considerations, the Company concluded that the par value of its investment in FHLB stock will be recovered and, therefore, no credit loss was recorded during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

(4) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 (CECL) effective July 1, 2023. The loan segmentation has been redefined under CECL and therefore prior year tables are presented separately.

With the adoption of CECL, the Company’s revised loan segments at March 31, 2024 are as follows:

Nonaccrual Loans

Management places loans on nonaccrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent. A nonaccrual loan is defined as a loan in which collectability is questionable and therefore interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. A loan is not placed back on accrual status until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and willingness to make timely payments on the loan. A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as nonaccrual. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $5.6 million at March 31, 2024, of which there weretwo residential loans totaling $446,000, one commercial loan totaling $1.7 million, andthree commercial real estate loans totaling $1.6 million, that were in the process of foreclosure at March 31,2024. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.7 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at March 31, 2024, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $5.5 million at June 30, 2023, of which three residential real estate loans totaling $625,000 andtwo commercial real estate loans totaling $1.4 million were in the process of foreclosure. Included in nonaccrual loans were $3.1 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2023, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. The activity in nonperforming loans during the nine months ended March 31, 2024, included $482,000 in loan repayments, $93,000 in loans returning to performing status, $182,000 in charge-offs or transfers to foreclosed, and $940,000 of loans placed into nonperforming status.

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The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2024:

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The Company’s July 1, 2023 adoption of CECL resulted in a significant change to our methodology for estimating the allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses for the loan portfolio is established through a provision for credit losses based on the results of life of loan quantitative models, reserves associated with collateral-dependent loans evaluated individually and adjustments for the impact of current economic conditions not accounted for in the quantitative models. The discounted cash flow methodology is used to calculate the CECL reserve for the residential real estate, commercial real estate, home equity and commercial loan segments. The Company uses a four-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period based on the one year percent change in national GDP and the national unemployment rate, as economic variables. The forecast will revert to long-term economic conditions over a four-quarter reversion period on a straight-line basis. The remaining life method will be utilized to determine the CECL reserve for the consumer loan segment. A qualitative factor framework has been developed to adjust the quantitative loss rates for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date. The Company elected to use the practical expedient to evaluate loans individually, if they are collateral dependent loans that are on nonaccrual status with a balance of $250,000 or greater, which is consistent with regulatory requirements. The fair value of the collateral dependent loan less selling expenses will be compared to the loan balance to determine if a CECL reserve is required.

In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. The Company charges loans off against the allowance for credit losses when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time, or that it will cost the Company more than it will receive and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers. Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the allowance for credit losses, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The allowance for credit losses is increased by a provision for credit losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs.

The following tables set forth the activity and allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans by segment:

The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2024 was $1.3 million.

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Credit monitoring process

Management closely monitors the quality of the loan portfolio and has established a loan review process designed to help grade the quality and profitability of the Company’s loan portfolio. The credit quality grade helps management make a consistent assessment of each loan relationship’s credit risk. Consistent with regulatory guidelines, the Company provides for the classification of loans considered being of lesser quality. Such ratings coincide with the “Substandard,” “Doubtful” and “Loss” classifications used by federal regulators in their examination of financial institutions. For the commercial real estate and commercial loans, generally, an asset is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. Substandard assets include those characterized by the distinct possibility that the financial institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in assets classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. Assets classified as loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a full loss reserve and/or charge-off is not warranted. Assets that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but otherwise possess weaknesses are designated “Special Mention.” Residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are graded as either nonperforming or performing. Nonperforming loans are loans that are generally over 90 days past due or on nonaccrual status.

Residential mortgage loans, including home equity loans, which are collateralized by residences are generally made in amounts up to 85.0% of the appraised value of the property. In the event of default by the borrower the Company will acquire and liquidate the underlying collateral. By originating the loan at a loan-to-value ratio of 85.0% or less, the Company limits its risk of loss in the event of default. However, the market values of the collateral may be adversely impacted by declines in the economy. Home equity loans may have an additional inherent risk if the Company does not hold the first mortgage. The Company may stand in a secondary position in the event of collateral liquidation resulting in a greater chance of insufficiency to meet all obligations.

Construction loan repayments to a degree, are dependent upon the successful and timely completion of the construction of the subject property within specified cost limits. The Company completes inspections during the construction phase prior to any disbursements. The Company limits its risk during the construction as disbursements are not made until the required work for each advance has been completed. Construction delays may further impair the borrower’s ability to repay the loan.

Loans collateralized by commercial real estate and multi-family dwellings, such as apartment buildings generally are larger than residential loans and involve a greater degree of risk. Commercial real estate loans often involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Payments on these loans depend to a large degree on the results of operations and management of the properties or underlying businesses, and may be affected to a greater extent by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy in general. Accordingly, the nature of commercial real estate loans makes them more difficult for management to monitor and evaluate. The Company has formed relationships with other community banks within our region to participate in larger commercial loan relationships. These types of loans are generally considered to be riskier due to the size and complexity of the loan relationship. By entering into a participation agreement with the other bank, the Company can obtain the loan relationship while limiting its exposure to credit loss. Management completes its due diligence in underwriting these loans and monitors the servicing of these loans.

Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than residential mortgage loans. In addition, consumer loans expand the products and services offered by the Company to better meet the financial services needs of its customers. Consumer loans generally involve greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans because of the difference in the nature of the underlying collateral. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation in the underlying collateral. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections depend on the borrower’s personal financial stability. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

Commercial lending involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate mortgage lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral-based, with loan amounts based on fixed loan-to-collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial loans may be collateralized by equipment or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment because equipment and other business assets may be obsolete or of limited use, among other things. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is a secondary and often insufficient source of repayment. The Company has formed relationships with other community banks within our region to participate in larger commercial loan relationships. These types of loans are generally considered to be riskier due to the size and complexity of the loan relationship. By entering into a participation agreement with the other bank, the Company can obtain the loan relationship while limiting its exposure to credit loss. Management completes its due diligence in underwriting these loans and monitors the servicing of these loans.

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The following tables illustrate the Company’s credit quality by loan class by vintage:

The Company hadno loans classified doubtful or loss at March 31, 2024.

Individually Evaluated Loans

As of March 31, 2024, loans evaluated individually had an amortized cost basis of $5.7 million, with an allowance for credit losses on loans of $1.9 million.

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Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties

On July 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the recognition and measurement of TDRs and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Refer to Note 2 for recently adopted accounting standards.

With the adoption of ASU 2022-02 loan modifications require enhanced reporting on the type of modifications granted and the financial magnitude of the concessions granted. When the Company modifies a loan for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, such modifications generally include one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date; a stated rate of interest not at the market rate for new debt with similar risk; a change in the scheduled payment amount; or principal forgiveness. The Company works with loan customers experiencing financial difficulty and may enter into loan modifications to achieve the best mutual outcome given the financial circumstances of the borrower.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by type of concession granted:

The following table presents the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified in accordance with ASU 2022-02. Loans modified during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 are performing within their modified terms.

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Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 (CECL)

Prior to July 1, 2023, the Company calculated the allowance for loan losses using the incurred loss methodology. The following tables are disclosures related to the allowance for loan losses in prior periods.

Loan segments and classes at June 30, 2023 are summarized as follows:

Loan balances by internal credit quality indicator at June 30, 2023:

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans at June 30, 2023:

The Company hadno accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more at June 30, 2023. The borrowers have made arrangements with the Bank to bring the loans current within a specified time period and have made a series of payments as agreed.

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Impaired Loan Analysis

The tables below detail additional information on impaired loans at the date or periods indicated:

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on July 1, 2023, the Company accounted for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty when concessions were granted as TDRs. The following tables are disclosures related to TDRs in prior periods.

The table below details loans that have been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the year ended June 30, 2023.

There wasone commercial loan in the amount of $379,000 that had been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the three months ended September 30, 2022 that subsequently defaulted during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. There wereno other loans that had been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the twelve months prior to June 30, 2022 or 2021, which have subsequently defaulted during the twelve months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022.

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The following tables set forth the activity and allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan class during and at the periods indicated. The allowance is allocated to each loan class based on historical loss experience, current economic conditions, and other considerations.

Foreclosed real estate

Foreclosed real estate (“FRE”) consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. The following table sets forth information regarding FRE at:

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(5) Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sale transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful.

The FASB ASC Topic on “Fair Value Measurement” established a fair value hierarchy that prioritized the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. A fair value hierarchy exists within GAAP that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported with little or no market activity).

An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

For assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy used are as follows:

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Certain investments that are actively traded and have quoted market prices have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Other available-for-sale investment securities have been valued by reference to prices for similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2.

In addition to disclosures of the fair value of assets on a recurring basis, FASB ASC Topic on “Fair Value Measurement” requires disclosures for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as collateral dependent loans evaluated individually for expected credit losses in the period in which a re-measurement at fair value is performed. The Company uses the fair value of underlying collateral, less costs to sell, to estimate the allowance for credit losses for individually evaluated collateral dependent loans. Management may modify the appraised values, for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses ranging from 10% to 40%. Such modifications to the appraised values could result in lower valuations of such collateral. Based on the valuation techniques used, the fair value measurements for collateral dependent loans evaluated individually are classified as Level 3.

Fair values for foreclosed real estate are initially recorded based on market value evaluations by third parties, less costs to sell (“initial cost basis”). Any write-downs required when the related loan receivable is exchanged for the underlying real estate collateral at the time of transfer to foreclosed real estate are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Values are derived from appraisals, similar to collateral dependent loans evaluated individually, of underlying collateral. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are updated periodically and assets are marked to current fair value, not to exceed the initial cost basis. In the determination of fair value subsequent to foreclosure, management may modify the appraised values, for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses ranging from 10% to 60%. Such modifications to the appraised values could result in lower valuations of such collateral. Based on the valuation techniques used, the fair value measurements for foreclosed real estate are classified as Level 3.

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The carrying amounts reported in the statements of financial condition for total cash and cash equivalents, long term certificates of deposit, accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate their fair values. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices (Level 1), where available, or matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique, used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices. The carrying amount of Federal Home Loan Bank stock approximates fair value due to its restricted nature. The fair values for loans are measured using the “exit price” notion which is a reasonable estimate of what another party might pay in an orderly transaction. Fair values for variable rate loans that reprice frequently, with no significant credit risk, are based on carrying value. Fair values for fixed rate loans are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Fair values disclosed for demand and savings deposits are equal to carrying amounts at the reporting date. The carrying amounts for variable rate money market deposits approximate fair values at the reporting date. Fair values for long term certificates of deposit are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered in the market on similar certificates. Fair value for Federal Home Loan Bank long term borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered on similar borrowings. The carrying value of short-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings approximates its fair value. Fair value for subordinated notes payable is estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology or observations of recent highly-similar transactions. Fair value for interest rate swaps include any accrued interest and are valued using the present value of cash flows discounted using observable forward rate assumptions.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair value of financial instruments are as follows:

(6) Derivative Instruments

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities. The Company has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The Company manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.

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Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements with its commercial customers to provide them with a long-term fixed rate, while simultaneously entering into offsetting interest rate swap agreements with a counterparty to swap the fixed rate to a variable rate to manage interest rate exposure. These interest rate swap agreements are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. As the interest rate swap agreements have substantially equivalent and offsetting terms, they do not present any material exposure to the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company records its interest rate swap agreements at fair value and are presented within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other operating income in the consolidated statements of income. Under terms of the agreements with the third-party counterparties, the Company provides cash collateral to the counterparty, when required, for the initial trade. Subsequent to the trade, the margin is exchanged in either direction, based upon the estimated fair value of the underlying contracts. Cash collateral represents the amount that is exchanged under master netting agreements that allows the Company to offset the derivative position with the related collateral. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps does not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the individual interest rate swap agreements.

The following table present the notional amount and fair values of interest rate derivative positions:

There wereno interest rate swap agreements for the Company at June 30, 2023.

Risk Participation Agreements

Risk participation agreements (“RPAs”) are guarantees issued by the Company to other parties for a fee, whereby the Company agrees to participate in the credit risk of a derivative customer of the other party. Under the terms of these agreements, the “participating bank” receives a fee from the “lead bank” in exchange for the guarantee of reimbursement if the customer defaults on an interest rate swap. The interest rate swap is transacted such that any and all exchanges of interest payments (favorable and unfavorable) are made between the lead bank and the customer. In the event that an early termination of the swap occurs and the customer is unable to make a required close out payment, the participating bank assumes that obligation and is required to make this payment.

RPAs in which the Company acts as the lead bank are referred to as “participations-out,” in reference to the credit risk associated with the customer derivatives being transferred out of the Company. Participations-out generally occur concurrently with the sale of new customer derivatives. At March 31, 2024, the Company’s exposure was reduced due to participations-outs in the amount of $164,000, with a notional amount of $8.0 million. There wereno participations-outs at June 30, 2023.

RPAs in which the Company acts as the participating bank are referred to as “participations-in,” in reference to the credit risk associated with the counterparty’s derivatives being assumed by the Company. The Company’s maximum credit exposure is based on its proportionate share of the settlement amount of the referenced interest rate swap. Settlement amounts are generally calculated based on the fair value of the swap plus outstanding accrued interest receivables from the customer. The credit exposure associated with risk participations-ins was $397,000 andzero as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively. The RPAs participations-ins are spread out over four financial institution counterparties and terms range between 4 to 13 years. At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company held RPAs with a notional amount of $109.8 million and $82.0 million, respectively.

(7)Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in a manner similar to that of basic earnings per share except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental common shares that would have been outstanding under the treasury stock method if all potentially dilutive common shares (such as stock options) issued became vested during the period. There wereno dilutive or anti-dilutive securities or contracts outstanding during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

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(8) Dividends

On January 17, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors has approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.08 per share on the Company’s common stock. The dividend reflects an annual cash dividend rate of $0.32 per share which is the same rate as the dividend declared during the previous quarter. The dividend was payable to stockholders of record as of February 15, 2024, and was paid on February 28, 2024. Greene County Bancorp, MHC waived its right to receive this dividend.

(9) Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Benefit Plan

The components of net periodic pension cost related to the defined benefit pension plan for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of net loss components are included in other noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of income. On an annual basis, upon the completion of the third-party actuarial valuation related to the defined benefit pension plan, the Company records adjustments to accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company does not anticipate that it will make any additional contributions to the defined benefit pension plan during fiscal 2024.

SERP

The Board of Directors of The Bank of Greene County adopted The Bank of Greene County Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”), effective as of July 1, 2010. The SERP benefits certain key senior executives of the Bank who have been selected by the Board to participate. The SERP is intended to provide a benefit from the Bank upon vested retirement, death or disability or voluntary or involuntary termination of service (other than “for cause”). The SERP is more fully described in Note 9 of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2023.

The net periodic pension costs related to the SERP for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 was $507,000 and $1.5 million, respectively, included within salaries and benefits expense on the consolidated statements of income. The total liability for the SERP was $14.3 million at March 31, 2024 and $12.3 million at June 30, 2023, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The total liability for the SERP includes both accumulated net periodic pension costs and participant contributions.

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(10) Stock-Based Compensation

Phantom Stock Option Plan and Long-term Incentive Plan

The Greene County Bancorp, Inc. 2011 Phantom Stock Option and Long-term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) was adopted effective July 1, 2011, to promote the long-term financial success of the Company and its subsidiaries by providing a means to attract, retain and reward individuals who contribute to such success and to further align their interests with those of the Company’s shareholders. The Plan is intended to provide benefits to employees and directors of the Company or any subsidiary as designated by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company. A phantom stock option represents the right to receive a cash payment on the date the award vests. The Plan is more fully described in Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2023.

A summary of the Company’s phantom stock option activity and related information were as follows:

The total liability for the Plan was $4.5 million and $6.3 million at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

(11) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are presented as follows:

Activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

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Activity for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

(12) Operating leases

The Company leases certain branch properties under long-term, operating lease agreements. The Company’s operating lease agreements contain non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantee.

The following includes quantitative data related to the Company’s operating leases as March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, and for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

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The following is a schedule by year of the undiscounted cash flows of the operating lease liabilities, as of March 31, 2024:

Right-of-use assets are included inprepaid expenses and other assets, and lease liabilities are included inaccrued expenses and other liabilities within the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

(13) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Credit-Related Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, the Company offers financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and lines of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk.

Thetable summarizes the outstanding amounts of credit-related financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk:

The Company enters into contractual commitments to extend credit to its customers in the form of loan commitments and lines of credit, generally with fixed expiration dates and other termination clauses, and may require payment of a fee. Substantially all of the Company’s commitments to extend credit are contingent upon its customers maintaining specific credit standards at the time of loan funding, and are often secured by real estate collateral. Since the majority of the Company’s commitments typically expire without being funded, the total contractual amount does not necessarily represent the Company’s future payment requirements.

The Company evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral, if any, required upon an extension of credit is based on management’s evaluation of customer credit. Commitments to extend mortgage credit are primarily collateralized by first liens on real estate. Collateral on extensions of commercial lines of credit vary but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income producing commercial property.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company has exposure to a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments exposure is recognized in other liabilities and is adjusted as an expense in other noninterest expense. At March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments totaled $1.3 million.

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(14) Subsequent events

On April 17, 2024, the Board of Directors announced a cash dividend for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 of $0.08 per share on the Company’s common stock. The dividend reflects an annual cash dividend rate of $0.32 per share, which was the same rate as the dividend declared during the previous quarter. The dividend will be payable to stockholders of record as of May 15, 2024, and is expected to be paid on May 30, 2024. Greene County Bancorp, MHC intends to waive its receipt of this dividend.

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