Nuwellis Inc

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 23)

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Nuwellis, Inc. and Subsidiary:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nuwellis, Inc. and Subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows, for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements, the Company has recurring losses from operations, an accumulated deficit, expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future and needs additional working capital. These are the reasons that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not contain any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments.

The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

EVALUATION OF WARRANT LIABILITY

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Notes 4 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has certain common stock and convertible preferred stock warrants which are classified as liabilities. Management determined the proper classification of the warrants by reviewing the terms and conditions of the issued warrants and applying the applicable accounting guidance, including Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 480 Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. The Company determined the fair value of convertible preferred stock warrants on the date of issuance and as of December 31, 2023, using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company determined the fair value of the common stock warrants prior to conversion to common stock using a Monte Carlo simulation model.

We identified the assessment of the measurements of fair value of the warrants as a critical audit matter. Specifically, there was a high degree of subjective auditor judgment, including the involvement of professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, due to the complex valuation methodology that incorporates several assumptions.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

/s/Baker Tilly US, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

Minneapolis, Minnesota

March 11, 2024

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share amounts)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1—Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business

Nuwellis, Inc. (the “Company”) is a medical technology company focused on developing, manufacturing and commercializing the Aquadex FlexFlow® and Aquadex SmartFlow® systems (collectively, the “Aquadex System”) for ultrafiltration therapy. The Aquadex SmartFlow® system is indicated for temporary (up to eight hours) or extended (longer than 8 hours in patients who require hospitalization) use in adult and pediatric patients weighing 20 kg. or more, whose fluid overload is unresponsive to medical management, including diuretics. Nuwellis, Inc. is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Minneapolis with a wholly owned subsidiary in Ireland. The Company has been listed on Nasdaq since February 2012.

In August 2016, the Company acquired the business associated with the Aquadex System (the “Aquadex Business”) from a subsidiary of Baxter International, Inc. (“Baxter”), and refocused its strategy to fully devote its resources to the Aquadex Business. On April 27, 2021, the Company announced that it was changing its name from CHF Solutions, Inc. to Nuwellis, Inc. to reflect the expansion of its customer base from treating fluid imbalance resulting from congestive heart failure to also include critical care and pediatrics applications.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company and the Company’s chief operating decision-maker, the Company’s chief executive officer, views the Company’s operations and manages its business as a single operating segment. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, long-lived assets were located primarily in the United States.

The Company’s financial statements have been prepared and presented on a basis assuming it continues as a going concern. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred losses from operations and net cash outflows from operating activities as disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations and cash flows, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $287.6 million, and it expects to incur losses for the immediate future. To date, the Company has been funded by equity financings, and although the Company believes that it will be able to successfully fund its operations, there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so or that it will ever operate profitably. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through at least twelve months from the report date.

The Company became a revenue-generating company after acquiring the Aquadex Business in August 2016. The Company expects to incur additional losses in the near-term as it grows the Aquadex Business, including investments in expandingits sales and marketing capabilities, purchasing inventory, manufacturing components, investing in clinical research and new product development, and complying with the requirements related to being a U.S. public company. To become and remain profitable, the Company must succeed in expanding the adoption and market acceptance of the Aquadex System. This will require the Company to succeed in training personnel at hospitals and effectively and efficiently manufacturing, marketing, and distributing the Aquadex System and related components. There can be no assurance that the Company will succeed in these activities, and it may never generate revenues sufficient to achieve profitability.

During 2021 and through December 31, 2023, the Company closed on underwritten public equity offerings for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $40.9 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offerings. See Note 4—Stockholders’ Equity for additional related disclosure. The Company will require additional funding to grow its Aquadex Business, which may not be available on terms favorable to the Company, or at all. The Company may receive those funds from the proceeds from future warrant exercises, issuances of equity securities, or other financing transactions.

The Company believes that its existing capital resources will be sufficient to support its operating plan through May 31, 2024. However, the Company will seek to raise additional capital to support its growth or other strategic initiatives through debt, equity, or a combination thereof. There can be no assurance we will be successful in raising additional capital.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Nuwellis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Sunshine Heart Ireland Limited. All intercompany accounts and transactions between consolidated entities have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and term deposits with original maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of these instruments approximates fair value. The balances, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on its cash and cash equivalents.

Marketable securities

The Company’s marketable securities typically consist of investment-grade, U.S. dollar-denominated fixed and floating-rate debt, which are classified as available-for-sale and included in current assets. Most marketable securities mature within twelve months from their date of purchase and generally are intended to fund current operations. Securities are valued based on market prices for similar assets using third party certified pricing sources. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Available-for-sale securities are reviewed for possible impairment at least quarterly, or more frequently if circumstances arise that may indicate impairment. When the fair value of the securities declines below the amortized cost basis and impairment is indicated, it must be determined whether the impairment is other than temporary. Impairment is considered to be other than temporary if the Company: (i) intends to sell the security, (ii) will more likely than not be forced to sell the security before recovering its cost, or (iii) does not expect to recover the security’s amortized cost basis. If the decline in fair value is considered other than temporary, the cost basis of the security is adjusted to its fair market value and the realized loss is reported in earnings. Subsequent increases or decreases in fair value are reported as a component of shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss).

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivables are unsecured, recorded at net realizable value, and do not bear interest. The Company makes judgments as to its ability to collect outstanding receivables based upon significant patterns of collectability, historical experience, and management’s evaluation of specific accounts, and it will provide an allowance for credit losses when collection becomes doubtful. The Company performs credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition on an as-needed basis. Payment is generally due 30 days from the invoice date and accounts past 30 days are individually analyzed for collectability. When all collection efforts have been exhausted, the account is written off against the related allowance. To date the Company has not experienced any write-offs or significant deterioration in the aging of its accounts receivable, and therefore, no allowance for doubtful accounts was considered necessary as of December 31, 2023, or December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, two customers represented 14% and 15% of the total accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2022, two customers represented 15% and 10% of the total accounts receivable balance.

Inventories

Inventories are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out method. Overhead is allocated to manufactured finished goods inventory based on the normal capacity of the Company’s production facilities. Abnormal amounts of overhead, if any, are expensed as incurred. On a regular basis, the Company reviews its inventory and identifies that which is excess, slow moving, and obsolete by considering factors such as inventory levels and expected product life. A reserve is established for any identified excess, slow moving, and obsolete inventory through a charge to cost of goods sold. Inventories consisted of the following as of December 31:

Other Current Assets

Other current assets represent prepayments and deposits made by the Company.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed based upon the estimated useful life of the respective asset. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the assets. Repairs and maintenance cost is expensed as incurred. The cost and accumulated depreciation of property, plant and equipment retired or otherwise disposed of is removed from the related accounts, and any residual values are charged to expense. Depreciation expense has been calculated using the following estimated useful lives:

Depreciation and amortization expense was $362,000 and $372,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Property, plant and equipment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. If the impairment tests indicate that the carrying value of the asset or asset group is greater than the expected undiscounted cash flows to be generated by such asset or asset group, further analysis is performed to determine the fair value of the asset or asset group. To the extent the fair value of the asset or asset group is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the amount the fair value of the asset or asset group is exceeded by its carrying amount. Assets to be disposed of are carried at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. Considerable management judgment is necessary to estimate the fair value of assets or asset groups, and accordingly, actual results could vary significantly from such estimates.

The Company continues to report operating losses and negative cash flows from operations, both of which it considers to be indicators of potential impairment. Therefore, the Company evaluates its long-lived assets for potential impairment at each reporting period. The Company has concluded that its cash flows from the various long-lived assets are highly interrelated and, as a result, the Company consists of a single asset group. As the Company expects to continue incurring losses in the foreseeable future, the undiscounted cash flow step was bypassed, and the Company proceeded to fair value the asset group. The Company has determined the fair value of the asset group using its market capitalization determined with level 1 fair value inputs. For the operating lease right-of-use asset the Company believes that the remaining lease payments represent a fair value of the right of use asset.

There have beenno impairment losses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, or 2022.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when its customers obtain control of its products or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods and services. See Note 2 – Revenue Recognition, for additional disclosures. For the year ended December 31, 2023, two customers represented 13.9% and 12.6% of net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer represented 12.5% of net sales.

Foreign Currency Translation

Sales and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at average exchange rates in effect throughout the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated at period-end exchange rates with the impacts of foreign currency translation recorded in cumulative translation adjustment, acomponent of accumulated other comprehensive income. Foreign currency transactions gains and losses are included in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations and other comprehensive loss.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes all share-based payments to employees, directors, and consultants, including grants of stock options and common stock awards, in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss as an operating expense based on their fair values as established at the grant date. Equity instruments issued to non-employees include common stock awards or warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. These common stock awards or warrants are either fully vested and exercisable at the date of grant or vest over a certain period during which services are provided. The Company expenses the fair market value of fully vested awards at the time of grant, and of unvested awards over the period in which the related services are received.

The Company computes the estimated fair values of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Market price at the date of grant is used to calculate the fair value of common stock awards.

Stock-based compensation expense is recorded based on awards ultimately expected to vest and is reduced for forfeitures. See Note 5—Stock-Based Compensation, for further information regarding the assumptions used to calculate the fair value of stock-based compensation.

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are provided on a liability method, whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences, which are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.

Loss per Share

Basic loss per share is computed based on the net loss for each period divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The net loss allocable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2023, includes a deemed dividend from the Series J Convertible Preferred Stock of $2.3 million and a payment in kind dividend from the Series J Convertible Preferred Stock of $0.1 million. (see Note 4 — Stockholders’ Equity).

Diluted earnings per share is computed based on the net loss allocable to common stockholders for each period divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by the number of additional shares that would have been outstanding had the potentially dilutive common shares been issued, and reduced by the number of shares the Company could have repurchased from the proceeds from issuance of the potentially dilutive shares. Potentially dilutive shares of common stock include shares underlying outstanding convertible preferred stock, warrants, stock options and other stock-based awards granted under stock-based compensation plans.

The following table sets forth the potential shares of common stock that are not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive as of the end of each year presented:

The following table reconciles reported net loss with reported net loss per share for the years ended December 31:

Research and development (R&D) costs include activities related to development, design, and testing improvements of the Aquadex System and potential related new products. These R&D costs also include expenses related to clinical research that the Company may sponsor or conduct to enhance understanding of the product and its use. R&D costs are expensed as incurred.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” This ASU added a new impairment model (known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model) that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses. The CECL model applies to most debt instruments, trade receivables, lease receivables, financial guarantee contracts, and other loan commitments. The CECL model does not have a minimum threshold for recognition of impairment losses, and entities will need to measure expected credit losses on assets that have a low risk of loss. As a smaller reporting company pursuant to Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, these changes become effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company has adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2023, which didn’t have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

The Company evaluates subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements are filed for events requiring adjustment to or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

Note 2 – Revenue Recognition

Net Sales

The Company sells its products in the United States primarily through a direct salesforce. Customers who purchase the Company’s products include hospitals and clinics throughout the United States. In countries outside the United States, the Company sells its products through a limited number of specialty healthcare distributors in Austria, Belarus, Brazil, Colombia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Panama, Romania, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. These distributors resell the Company’s products to hospitals and clinics in their respective geographies.

Revenue from product sales is recognized when the customer or distributor obtains control of the product, which occurs at a point in time, most frequently upon shipment of the product or receipt of the product, depending on shipment terms. The Company’s standard shipping terms are FOB shipping point unless the customer requests that control and title to the inventory transfer upon delivery. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive, adjusted for any applicable estimates of variable consideration and other factors affecting the transaction price, which is based on the invoiced price, in exchange for transferring products. All revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies its performance obligations under the contract. The majority of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation and are short term in nature. The Company has entered into extended service plans with customers, which are recognized over time. This revenue represents less than 1% of net sales for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022. The unfulfilled performance obligations related to these extended service plans are included in deferred revenue, which is included in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The majority of the deferred revenue is expected to be recognized withinone year.

Sales taxes and value added taxes in foreign jurisdictions that are collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from net sales. Revenue includes shipment and handling fees charged to customers. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of goods sold.

Product Returns: The Company offers customers a limited right of return for its product in case of non-conformity or performance issues. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its customers and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using available industry data and its own historical sales and returns information. The Company has received minimal returns to date and believes that future returns of its products will continue to be minimal. Therefore, revenue recognized is not currently impacted by variable consideration related to product returns.

Note 3—Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment were as follows:

Depreciation and amortization expense was $362,000 and $372,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Note 4—Stockholders’ Equity

Series F Convertible Preferred Stock: On November 27, 2017, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering Series F Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $18.0 million. Net proceeds totaled approximately $16.2 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offering.

The offering was comprised of Series F convertible preferred stock, convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $189,000 per share. Each share of Series F convertible preferred stock was accompanied by a Series 1 warrant, which was to expire on the first anniversary of its issuance, to purchase 16 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $189,000 per share, and a Series 2 warrant, which expires on the seventh anniversary of its issuance, to purchase 4 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $189,000 per share. The Series F convertible preferred stock has full ratchet price-based anti-dilution protection, subject to customary carve-outs, in the event of a down-round financing at a price per share below the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock (which protection will expire if, during any 20 of 30 consecutive trading days, the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock exceeds 300% of the then-effective conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock and the daily dollar trading volume for each trading day during such period exceeds $200,000). The exercise price of the warrants is fixed and does not contain any variable pricing features, nor any price based anti-dilutive features, apart from customary adjustments for stock splits, combinations, reclassifications, stock dividends or fundamental transactions. A total of 18,000 shares of Series F convertible preferred stock convertible into 96 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 191 shares of common stock were issued in the offering.

Effective March 12, 2019, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $89,040 to $15,750, the per share price to the public of the Series G convertible preferred stock issued in the March 2019 Offering. Effective October 25, 2019, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $15,750 to $4,230, and on November 6, 2019, from $4,230 to $2,983, the per share price to the public in the October and November 2019 transactions, respectively. Effective January 28, 2020, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $2,983 to $1,650, the per share price to the public of the Series H convertible preferred stock which closed in an underwritten public offering on January 28, 2020, described below. Effective March 23, 2020, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $1,650 to $900, the per share price to the public in the March 2020 transaction, described below. In connection with the September 2021 offering, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $550 to $250, the per share price to the public in the September 2021 offering, described below. In connection with the October 2022 offering, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $250 to $25, the per share price to the public in the October 2020 offering, described below. In connection with the October 2023 offering, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $25 to $1.01, the per share price to the public in the October 2023 offering, described below.

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022,127 shares of the Series F convertible preferred stock remained outstanding.

Market-Based Warrants: On May 30, 2019, the Company granted a market-based warrant to a consultant in exchange for investor relations services. The warrant represents the right to acquire up to 33 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $9,540 per share, the closing stock price of the Company’s common shares on May 30, 2019. The warrant is subject to a vesting schedule based on the Company achieving certain market stock prices within a specified period of time. The warrant expires on May 30, 2024. None of these warrants had vested as of December 31, 2023.

Series H Convertible Preferred Stock and January 2020 Offering: On January 28, 2020, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of common stock, Series H convertible preferred stock, and warrants to purchase shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $9.7 million, which included the full exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option to purchase additional shares and warrants (“January 2020 Offering”). Net proceeds totaled approximately $8.6 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offering. The Series H convertible preferred stock included a beneficial conversion amount of $1.6 million, representing the intrinsic value of the shares at the time of issuance, and $0.2 million of down-round protection in connection with the re-pricing of the warrants following the March 2020 offering described below.

The January 2020 Offering was comprised of 2,015 shares of common stock priced at $1,650 per share and 115,173 shares of Series H convertible preferred stock, convertible into common stock at $1,650 per share, including the full exercise of the over-allotment option. Each share of Series H convertible preferred stock and each share of common stock was accompanied by a warrant to purchase common stock. The warrants are exercisable into 5,855 shares of common stock. The conversion price of the preferred stock issued in the transaction is fixed and does not contain any variable pricing feature or any price-based anti-dilutive feature. The preferred stock issued in this transaction includes a beneficial ownership blocker but has no dividend rights (except to the extent that dividends are also paid on the common stock) or liquidation preference, and, subject to limited exceptions, has no voting rights. The securities comprising the units are immediately separable and were issued separately. The warrants were exercisable beginning on the closing date and expire on the fifth anniversary of the closing date and had an initial exercise price per share equal to $1,650 per share, subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of subsequent equity sales of common stock or securities convertible into common stock for an exercise price per share less than the exercise price per share of the warrants then in effect (but in no event lower than 10% of the applicable unit offering price), or in the event of recapitalization events, stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications, reorganizations or similar events affecting our common stock. Effective March 23, 2020, the exercise price of these warrants was reduced from $1,650 to $900, the per share price to the public in the March 2020 offering, described below.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 6,532 warrants outstanding.

March 2020 Offering: On March 23, 2020, the Company closed on a registered direct offering of 1,387 shares of its common stock at a price to the public of $900 per share, for gross proceeds of approximately $1.2 million, or $1.0 million net proceeds, after deducting commissions and offering expenses. In a concurrent private placement, the Company agreed to issue to the investors in the registered direct offering warrants to purchase up to 1,387 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants to purchase up to 1,387 shares of common stock have an exercise price of $1,118 per share, were exercisablesix months from the date of issuance, and will expire five and a half years from the date of issuance.

April 2020 Offering: On April 1, 2020, the Company closed on a registered direct offering of 1,710 shares of its common stock at a price to the public of $1,302 per share, for gross proceeds of approximately $2.2 million, prior to deduction of commissions and offering expenses related to the transaction. In a concurrent private placement, the Company agreed to issue to the investors in the registered direct offering warrants to purchase up to 855 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $1,115 per share, were exercisable immediately, and will expire five and a half years from the date of issuance.

May 2020 Offering: On May 5, 2020, the Company closed on a registered direct offering of 1,199 shares of its common stock at a price to the public of $1,418 per share, for gross proceeds of approximately $1.7 million, prior to deduction of commissions and offering expenses related to the transaction. In a concurrent private placement, the Company agreed to issue to the investors in the registered direct offering warrants to purchase up to 600 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $1,230 per share, were exercisable immediately, and will expire five and a half years from the date of issuance.

August 2020 Offering: On August 21, 2020, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of common stock and warrants to purchase shares of common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $14.4 million, which included the full exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option to purchase additional shares and warrants (“August 2020 Offering”). Net proceeds totaled approximately $13.0 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offering. The August 2020 Offering was comprised of 10,647 shares of common stock priced at $1,350 per share. Each share of common stock was accompanied by a warrant to purchase common stock. The warrants are exercisable into 10,647 shares of common stock. The securities comprising the units are immediately separable and were issued separately. The warrants were exercisable beginning on the effective date of our stockholders’ approval of a reverse stock split in an amount sufficient to permit the exercise in full of the warrants, which occurred on October 6, 2020, and will expire on thefive-year anniversary of the closing date.

March 2021 Offering: On March 19, 2021, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of 37,958 shares of common stock, for gross proceeds of approximately $20.9 million (the “March 2021 Offering”). Net proceeds totaled approximately $18.9 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offering and after giving effect to the underwriters’ full exercise of their overallotment option.

In connection with the March 2021 Offering, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $900 to $550, the per share price to the public in the March 2021 Offering. In addition, the exercise price of the common stock warrants issued in connection with the January 2020 Offering was reduced from $900 to $550, the per share price to the public in the March 2021 Offering.

September 2021 Offering: On September 17, 2021, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of 40,056 shares of common stock, for gross proceeds of approximately $10.0 million (the “September 2021 Offering”). Net proceeds totaled approximately $9.0 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offering and after giving effect to the underwriters’ full exercise of their overallotment option.

In connection with the September 2021 Offering, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $550 to $250, the per share price to the public in the September 2021 Offering. In addition, the exercise price of the common stock warrants issued in connection with the January 2020 Offering was reduced from $550 to $250, the per share price to the public in the September 2021 Offering.

October 2022 Offering: On October 18, 2022, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of 209,940 shares of common stock and 23,157,124 shares of Series I convertible preferred stock, for gross proceeds of approximately $11.0 million (the “October 2022 Offering”). Net proceeds totaled approximately $9.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offering and after giving effect to the underwriters’ full exercise of their overallotment option.

The offering was comprised of (1)209,940 Class A Units, priced at a public offering price of$25 per Class A Unit, with each Class A Unit consisting ofone share of common stock and 1.5 warrants to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of$25 per share, and (2)23,157,124 Class B Units, priced at a public offering price of$0.25 per Class B Unit, with each Class B Unit consisting ofone share of Series I convertible preferred stock, convertible into one share of common stock for every one hundred shares of Series I convertible preferred stock, and 1.5 warrants to purchase one share of common stock for every one hundred shares of Series I convertible preferred stock The warrants included a cashless exercise provision that upon becoming exercisable, the warrant holders could exercise at a$0.00 exercise price.

The warrants became exercisable beginning on the effective date of a reverse stock split in an amount sufficient to permit the exercise in full of the warrants, contingent upon stockholder approval of such reverse stock split and of the exercisability of the warrants under Nasdaq rules and will expire on the sixth anniversary of the initial exercise date.

The warrants were reflected as a liability and were valued on day 1. The valuation exceeded the gross proceeds of the offering, which resulted in a day 1 financing expense of $7.7 million. The warrants were re-measured at fair value as of December 31, 2022, with the fair value change being recorded as non-operating income.

On December 8, 2022, following a special meeting of stockholders, the Company’s board of directors approved aone-for-one hundred reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. On December 9, 2022, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation to effect the Reverse Stock Split. The Reverse Stock Split became effective as of 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on December 9, 2022, and the Company’s common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis when the market opened on December 12, 2022. The conversion price of the preferred stock issued in the transaction was fixed and does not contain any variable pricing feature or any price-based anti-dilutive feature. The preferred stock issued in this transaction includes a beneficial ownership blocker but has no dividend rights (except to the extent that dividends are also paid on the common stock) or liquidation preference and, subject to limited exceptions, has no voting rights. The securities comprising the units are immediately separable and were issued separately.

In connection with the October 2022 Offering, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $250 to $25, the per share price to the public in the October 2022 Offering. In addition, the exercise price of the common stock warrants issued in connection with the January 2020 Offering was reduced from $250 to $25, the per share price to the public in the October 2022 Offering. In connection with the October 2023 offering, the conversion price of the Series F convertible preferred stock was reduced from $25 to $1.01, the per share price to the public in the October 2023 offering, described below.

Reverse Stock Split: On December 5, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved a reverse split of its outstanding common stock at a ratio in the range of 1-for-50 to 1-for-100 and, on December 8, 2022, the Company’s board of directors approved a 1-for-100 reverse split of the Company’s outstanding common stock that became effective after trading on December 9, 2022. This reverse stock split did not change the par value of the Company’s common stock or the number of common or preferred shares authorized by the Company’s Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended. All share and per-share amounts have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock splits for all periods presented.

2023 At-the-Market Program: In March 2023, the Company filed a Prospectus Supplement to its Registration Statement on Form S-3 with the SEC in connection with a proposed At-the-Market Securities offering (the “At-the-Market Program”). During 2023, the Company issued 657,333 shares of common stock under the At-the-Market Program for gross proceeds of approximately $2.3 million. Net proceeds totaled approximately $2.1 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other costs associated with the offering.

Supply Agreement Warrants: On June 19, 2023, we entered into a Supply and Collaboration Agreement with DaVita Inc., a Delaware corporation, pursuant to which DaVita will pilot the Aquadex ultrafiltration therapy system to treat adult patients with congestive heart failure and related conditions within select U.S. markets. The pilot program launched in the third quarter 2023 and will extend through May 31, 2024. Through the Pilot, ultrafiltration therapy using Aquadex will be offered at a combination of DaVita’s hospital customer and outpatient center locations, with both companies collaborating on the roll-out of the therapy, clinician training, and patient support. At the conclusion of the Pilot, DaVita has the option, in its sole discretion, to extend the Supply Agreement with the Company for continued provision of both inpatient and outpatient ultrafiltration services for up to 10 years.

October 2023 Offering: On October 12, 2023, Nuwellis, Inc. entered into a Placement Agency Agreement with Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC and Maxim Group LLC, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold, in a best efforts registered public offering by the Company,150,000 units, with each Unit consisting of (A)one share of the Company’s Series J Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and (B)one warrant to purchase one-half of one (0.50) share of Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, at a price to the public of $15.00 per Unit, less placement agent fees and commissions. The public offering price of $15.00 per Unit reflects the issuance of the Series J Convertible Preferred Stock with an original issue discount of 40%. The Company is also registering under the Registration Statement (as defined below) an additional 362,933 shares of Series J Convertible Preferred Stock that will be issued, if and when the Company’s Board of Directors declares such dividends, as paid in-kind dividends and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Series J Convertible Preferred Stock issued as PIK dividends.

The Units, the shares of Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, the Warrants, the PIK Dividend Shares, the PIK Conversion Shares as well as the shares of Series J Convertible Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issuable upon conversion of the Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, were offered and sold by the Company pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-274610), which was initially filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on September 21, 2023, as amended on September 29, 2023, and declared effective by the SEC on September 29, 2023 with an additional registration statement on Form S-1 filed on October 6, 2023 pursuant to Rule 462(c). A final prospectus relating to the Offering was filed with the SEC on October 13, 2023. The closing of the Offering contemplated by the Placement Agency Agreement occurred on October 17, 2023.

On October 17, 2023, the Company also entered into a warrant agency agreement with the Company’s transfer agent, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, who will act as warrant agent for the Company, setting forth the terms and conditions of the Warrants sold in this Offering.

Each Warrant has an exercise price of $7.50 per one-half of one (0.5) share of Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, is immediately exercisable and will expire three (3) years from the date of issuance.

There is no established trading market for the Series J Convertible Preferred Stock or the Warrants and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to list the Series J Convertible Preferred Stock or the Warrants on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any other national securities exchange or any other nationally recognized trading system.

The gross proceeds to the Company from the October 17, 2023, Offering were $2.25 million. Net proceeds were approximately $1.5 million after deducting placement agent fees and commissions and Offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds from the Offering for working capital and for general corporate purposes.

The Series J Convertible Preferred Stock is classified as mezzanine equity and accreted to reflect its redemption value as of each reporting date. The accretion will be reflected as a deemed dividend adjustment to arrive at net loss attributed to common stockholders for earnings per share calculations.

The warrants are recorded as a liability and re-measured at fair value as of each reporting date with fair value changes being recorded as non-operating income or expense. The warrants were valued on day 1 and exceeded the gross proceeds of the offering. This resulted in a day 1 financing expense of $2.7 million.

Underwriter and Placement Agent Fees: In connection with the offerings described above, the Company paid the underwriter or placement agent, as applicable, an aggregate cash fee equal to 8% of the aggregate gross proceeds raised in each of the offerings, except with respect to the issuances made pursuant to the At-the-Market Program, for which the placement fee was equal to 3% of the aggregate gross proceeds.

In conjunction with the Supply Agreement, the Company issued DaVita a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,289,081 shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share, at an exercise price of $3.2996 per share, provided that at no time can the DaVita Warrant be exercised for an amount of shares that would represent greater than 19.9% ownership in the Company subject to certain vesting milestones. The DaVita Warrant is expected to vest infour tranches as follows: (i)25% upon receipt of notice to extend the Supply Agreement past the initial pilot-term; (ii)25% upon the attainment by the Company of a net revenue achievement from DaVita’s efforts pursuant to the Supply Agreement within twelve months of Ultrafiltration Services Approval; (iii)25% upon the attainment by the Company of a net revenue achievement from DaVita’s efforts pursuant to the Supply Agreement within twenty-four months of Ultrafiltration Services Approval; and (iv)25% upon the attainment by the Company of a net revenue achievement from DaVita’s efforts pursuant to the Supply Agreement within thirty-six months of Ultrafiltration Services Approval. This warrant hadnot vested as of December 31, 2023.

The Company evaluated the accounting treatment for the DaVita Warrant pursuant to ASC 718, “Stock Compensation,” and ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity,” and concluded that the DaVita Warrant should be classified as an equity instrument on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. In accordance with this treatment, the Company’s management concluded none of the performance-based vesting conditions of the DaVita Warrant were probable of vesting as of December 31, 2023, and therefore, no expense associated with the DaVita Warrant was recognized in the Company’s financial statements as of that date. The Company will continue to evaluate the probability of achieving the performance milestones associated with the DaVita Supply Agreement and will record the related equity-based expense in its financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the DaVita Warrant when management deems it is probable that the performance-based vesting conditions will be achieved.

Note 5— Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Options and Restricted Stock Awards

The Company has various share-based compensation plans, including the Third Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2013 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan and the 2021 Inducement Plan (collectively, the“Plans”). The Plans are designed to assist in attracting, motivating, and retaining employees and directors and to recognize the importance of employees to the long-term performance and success of the Company. The Company has also granted stock options to certain non-employees outside of the Plans.

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to grants of stock options and common stock awards to employees, directors and consultants of $670,000 and $862,000 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense that was recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31,

The majority of the common stock awards and options to purchase common stock vest on the anniversary of the date of grant, which ranges fromone tofour years. Stock-based compensation expense related to these awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the related vesting term in most cases, which generally is the service period. It is the Company’s policy to issue new shares upon the exercise of options.

Stock Options: The following is a summary of the Plans’ stock option activity during the years ended December 31:

For options outstanding and vested at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average remaining contractual life was 9.18 years and 8.79 years, respectively. There wereno option exercises in 2023 or 2022. The total fair value of options that vested in 2023 and 2022 was $614,100, and $1.1 million, respectively, at the fair value of the options as of the date of grant.

Valuation Assumptions: The fair value of each stock option is estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of stock options under the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires management to make assumptions regarding projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates, volatility of the Company’s stock price, and expected dividends.

The Company has not historically paid cash dividends to its common stockholders and currently does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, the Company has assumed a dividend yield of 0%. The risk-free interest rate is based upon the rates of U.S. Treasury bills with a term that approximates the expected life of the option. Since the Company has limited historical exercise data to reasonably estimate the expected life of its option awards, the expected life is calculated using a simplified method. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock.

The following table provides the weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model for the years ended December 31:

The weighted-average fair value of stock options granted in 2023 and 2022 was $6.09 and $76.05, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the total compensation cost related to all non-vested stock option awards not yet recognized was approximately $1.1 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average life of 3.01 years.

Warrants: Warrants to purchase 2,963 and 679 shares of common stock were outstanding on December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Exercisable warrants were 151,583 and 679,244 on December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, warrants outstanding were exercisable at prices ranging from $3.30 to $189,000 per share and are exercisable over a period ranging from immediately to 4.8 years.

Note 6—Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and warrants.

Pursuant to the requirements of ASC Topic 820“Fair Value Measurement,” the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

All cash equivalents and marketable securities are considered Level 1 measurements for all periods presented.

The available-for-sale marketable securities primarily consist of investment-grade, U.S. dollar-denominated fixed and floating-rate debt, measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The fair value of the Company’s common stock warrant liability related to the investor warrants issued in the October 2023 and October 2022 public offerings, were calculated using a Monte Carlo valuation model and were classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

The following is a roll-forward of the fair value of Level 3 warrants:

Fair values were calculated using the following assumptions:

A significant change in the inputs used for the Monte Carlo valuation models, such as the expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, or probability of future equity financings, in isolation, would result in significantly higher or lower fair value measurements. In combination, changes in these inputs could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement if the input changes were to be aligned or could result in a minimally higher or lower fair value measurement if the input changes were of a compensating nature.

Note 7—Income Taxes

Domestic and foreign income (loss) before income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31:

The components of income tax expense consist of the following for the years ended December 31:

Actual income tax expense differs from statutory federal income tax expense as follows for the years ended December 31:

Deferred taxes consist of the following as of December 31:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $212.2 million and state NOL carryforwards of $61.7 million. Approximately $119.7 million of federal NOL carryforwards will expire between 2024 and 2037. Pursuant to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, NOLs generated after 2017 of approximately $92.5 million do not expire. The expiration of state NOL carryforwards will vary by jurisdiction. In addition, future utilization of NOL carryforwards in the U.S. may be subject to certain limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company doesnot have any foreign loss carryovers.

The Company provides for a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that it will not realize a portion of the deferred tax assets. The Company has established a valuation allowance for U.S. and foreign deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty that enough taxable income will be generated in those taxing jurisdictions to utilize the assets. Therefore, the Company has not reflected any benefit of such deferred tax assets in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the valuation allowance increased by $3.8 million and $4.3 million, respectively. The current year increase was primarily due to the federal and state net operating losses generated.

During 2023 and 2022, the Company believes it experienced an ownership change as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, which will limit the ability to utilize the Company’s net operating losses (NOLs). The Company may have experienced additional ownership changes in earlier years further limiting the NOL carryforwards that may be utilized. The Company has not yet completed a formal Section 382 analysis. The general limitation rules allow the Company to utilize its NOLs subject to an annual limitation that is determined by multiplying the federal long-term tax-exempt rate by the Company’s value immediately before the ownership change.

The accounting guidance related to uncertain tax positions prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. It also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company hadno material uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as well as interest received from favorable tax settlements within income tax expense. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recordedno accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

The tax years ended December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2023 remain open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and by the various states where the Company is subject to taxation. Additionally, the returns of the Company’s Irish subsidiary are subject to examination by tax authorities for the tax years ended December 31, 2020 and subsequent years.

Note 8—Operating Leases

The Company leases a 23,000 square foot facility located in Eden Prairie, Minnesota for office and manufacturing space under a non-cancelable operating lease that expires in March 2027. In November 2021, the Company entered into a fourth amendment to the lease, extending the term of the lease from March 31, 2022, to March 31, 2027. This facility serves as our corporate headquarters and houses substantially all our functional areas. Monthly rent and common area maintenance charges, including estimated property tax for our headquarters, total approximately $34,000. The lease contains provisions for annual inflationary adjustments. Rent expense is being recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Beginning on April 1, 2022, the annual base rent was $10.50 per square foot, subject to annual increases of $0.32 to $0.34 per square foot thereafter.

The cost components of the Company’s operating lease were as follows for the year ended December 31:

Variable lease costs consist primarily of taxes, insurance, and common area or other maintenance costs for our leased office and manufacturing space.

Maturities of our lease liability for the Company’s operating lease are as follows as of December 31:

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the remaining lease terms were 3.25 and 4.25 years, respectively, and discount rates were 6.25% and 6.25% respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, the operating cash outflows from the Company’s operating lease for office and manufacturing space were $249,000 and $238,000, respectively.

Note 9—Finance Lease Liability

In 2020, the Company entered into lease agreements to finance equipment valued at $98,000. The equipment consisted of computer hardware and audio-visual equipment and is included in Property, Plant and Equipment in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The principal amount under the lease agreements was $93,000 at the date the lease commenced, the implied interest rate is 7.5%, and the term of the lease is 39 months.

Note 10—Commitments and Contingencies

Employee Retirement Plan

The Company has a 401(k) plan that provides a retirement benefit to substantially all full-time U.S. employees. Eligible employees may contribute a percentage of their annual compensation, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations, with the Company matching a portion of the employees’ contributions at the discretion of the Company. Matching contributions totaled $268,000 and $185,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Milestone Payment

On December 27, 2022, the Company entered into a license and distribution agreement with SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation, (Nasdaq: ICU), a medical device company developing proprietary solutions to reduce the consequences of dysregulated immune responses including hyperinflammation on vital organs (“SeaStar”), appointing the Company as the exclusive U.S. distributor to promote, advertise, market, distribute and sell certain products. As a part of this agreement, the Company agreed to pay SeaStar, a milestone payment of $450,000, upon its receipt of a Human Device Exemption (HDE) approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA). This payment is due on the later to occur of 30 days after achievement of the milestone event or April 1, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the Company concluded it was probable HDE approval would be obtained and recorded a liability of $450,000 on the consolidated balance sheet. On February 22, 2024, SeaStar obtained HDE approval.

Note 11—Related Party Transactions

There wereno related party transactions requiring disclosure during the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.