PRUDENTIAL FINANCIAL INC

The following table sets forth Retirement Strategies’ operating results for the periods indicated:

Our Individual Retirement Strategies business includes both fixed and variable annuities that may include optional guaranteed living benefit riders (e.g., guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”) and guaranteed minimum income and withdrawal benefits (“GMIWB”)), and/or optional death benefit riders (e.g., guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”)). We also offer fixed annuities that provide a guarantee of principal and interest credited at rates we determine (subject to certain contractual minimums) or at rates based upon the performance of an index (subject to caps or participation rates), as well as indexed variable annuities that provide several index crediting strategies and varying levels of downside protection at predetermined levels and durations. The results of our business are generally included in adjusted operating income, with exceptions related to certain guarantees, as discussed below.

Under U.S. GAAP, our guaranteed living and death benefit riders on variable annuities (e.g., GMAB, GMIB, GMWB, GMIWB and GMDB) are accounted for as MRBs and reported at fair value. For purposes of measuring segment performance, adjusted operating income excludes the changes in fair value of MRBs and instead reflects the performance of these riders in net income, net of related hedges, in “Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gains (losses),” except for the portion of the change attributable to changes in the Company’s non-performance risk (“NPR”) which is recorded in OCI.

Under U.S. GAAP, policyholder liabilities associated with our fixed and variable indexed annuity products are recorded in “Policyholders’ account balances,” and include both the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder and the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the index-linked features for these products. The change in the liability for these products is measured utilizing a valuation methodology required under U.S GAAP and includes the fair value of all index credits for the current term and future projected renewals of the policy. For the purpose of measuring segment performance, however, adjusted operating income reflects only the change in the liability associated with the current term elected by the policyholder, which is the component of the liability the Company hedges based on current contractual index-crediting terms, and which is offset by the change in the value of the corresponding hedge assets. Adjusted operating income excludes the change in the liability associated with all future projected renewals, which the Company does not hedge, consistent with the Company and policyholder optionality that exists at renewal.

Adjusted operating income from our Institutional Retirement Strategies business decreased $143 million, including an unfavorable comparative net impact from our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements. Results for 2025 included a net charge from this update of $32 million, while the results for 2024 included a net benefit of $132 million driven by favorable impacts related to assumptions for mortality.

Excluding this item, adjusted operating income increased $21 million, primarily reflecting:

•higher net investment spread results, driven by an increase in account values due to business growth, partially offset by lower income from derivatives; and

•higher fee income, due to business growth of longevity reinsurance transactions.

•higher operating expenses, driven by an update of internal expense allocations.

Adjusted operating income from our Individual Retirement Strategies business decreased $31 million, including an unfavorable comparative net impact from our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements. Results for 2025 included a net charge from this update of $81 million, mainly due to the establishment of reserves for certain fixed annuity products, while the results for 2024 included a net benefit of $8 million.

Excluding this item, adjusted operating income increased $58 million, primarily reflecting:

•higher net investment spread results, due to growth in indexed variable and fixed annuities and higher income from non-coupon investments, partially offset by the impact of lower short-term interest rates.

•lower fee income, net of distribution expenses, due to lower average separate account values driven by net outflows from the run-off of the traditional variable annuity block, partially offset by favorable equity markets; and

•higher amortization costs.

Revenues from our Institutional Retirement Strategies business decreased $11,538 million. Excluding the impact of our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements, as discussed above, revenues decreased $11,926 million, primarily reflecting:

•lower pension risk transfer premiums due to the absence of significant sales that occurred in the prior year, with corresponding offsets in policyholders’ benefits, as discussed below.

Benefits and expenses of our Institutional Retirement Strategies business decreased $11,395 million. Excluding the impact of our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements, as discussed above, benefits and expenses decreased $11,947 million, primarily reflecting:

•lower policyholders’ benefits, including changes in reserves, related to the lower pension risk transfer premiums discussed above.

Revenues from our Individual Retirement Strategies business increased $416 million. Excluding the impact of our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements, as discussed above, revenues increased $408 million, primarily reflecting:

•higher net investment income, from growth in indexed variable and fixed annuities and higher income from non-coupon investments.

•lower asset management and service fees, as well as lower policy charges and fee income due to lower average separate account values, driven by net outflows from the run-off of the traditional variable annuity block, partially offset by favorable equity markets; and

•lower other income, driven by the impact of less favorable short-term interest rates on collateral posted to counterparties.

Benefits and expenses of our Individual Retirement Strategies business increased $447 million. Excluding the impact of our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements, as discussed above, benefits and expenses increased $350 million, primarily reflecting:

•higher interest credited to policyholders’ account balances and higher amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, reflecting business growth.

•lower general and administrative expenses.

Account Values

Institutional Retire ment Strategies. Account values are a significant driver of our operating results and are primarily driven by net additions (withdrawals) and the impact of market changes. The investment income and interest we credit to policyholders on our spread-based products varies with the level of general account values. The income we earn on most of our fee-based products varies with the level of fee-based account values as many policy fees are determined by these values.

The following tables set forth account value information of Institutional Retirement Strategies’ products for the periods indicated. Account values include both internally- and externally-managed client balances as the total balances drive revenue for the Institutional Retirement Strategies business. For additional information regarding internally-managed balances, see “—PGIM.”

(1)Beginning total account values, net of reinsurance ceded, were $279,191 million, $258,417 million and $251,818 million for the years ended

December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2)Additions primarily include: group annuities and funded pension reinsurance calculated based on premiums received; longevity reinsurance contracts calculated as the present value of future projected benefits; investment-only stable value contracts calculated as the fair value of customers’ funds held in a client-owned trust; and funding agreements issued calculated based on premiums received.

(3)“Other” activity includes the effect of foreign exchange rate changes associated with our international reinsurance business and changes in asset balances for externally-managed accounts. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, “Other” activity also includes $3,648 million in receipts offset by $3,698 million in payments,$3,148 million in receipts offset by$3,231 million in payments, and$3,557 million in receipts offset by$3,533 million in payments, respectively, related to funding agreements backed by commercial paper that typically have maturities of less than 90 days.

(4)Represents notional amounts based on present value of future benefits under international reinsurance contracts.

The increase in Institutional Retirement Strategies net account values primarily reflects:

•interest credited on customer funds and an increase in the market value of assets; and

•the positive impact of foreign exchange rate changes.

Individual Retirement Strategies. Account values are a significant driver of our operating results. Since most fees are determined by the level of separate account assets, fee income varies primarily based on the level of account values. Account values are driven by net flows from new business sales, surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments, policy charges and the impact of positive or negative market value changes.

The following tables set forth account value information of Individual Retirement Strategies’ products for the periods indicated:

(1)Beginning total account values, net of reinsurance ceded, were $127,120 million, $117,911 million, and $119,205 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2)Includes Prudential FlexGuard and FlexGuard Income index variable annuities.

(3)Includes Prudential Premier Investment, MyRock and other variable contracts with and without guaranteed minimum income and withdrawal benefits.

The decrease in Individual Retirement Strategies sales, net of full surrenders and death benefits, primarily reflects:

•higher full surrenders; and

•lower sales of indexed variable annuities products.

The increase in Individual Retirement Strategies net account values primarily reflects:

•market value appreciation.

•lower net flows driven by net outflows from the run-off of the traditional variable annuity block, partially offset by net indexed variable and fixed annuity inflows.

Risks and Risk Mitigants

The following is a summary of certain risks associated with Individual Retirement Strategies’ products, certain strategies in mitigating those risks including any updates to those strategies since the previous year-end, and the related financial results.

Fixed Annuity Risks and Risk Mitigants. The primary risk exposure of our fixed annuity products relates to investment risks we bear for providing customers a minimum guaranteed interest rate or an index-linked interest rate required to be credited to the customer’s account value, which include interest rate fluctuations and/or sustained periods of low interest rates, and credit risk related to the underlying investments. We manage these risk exposures primarily through our investment strategies, inclusive of derivatives, and product design features, which include credit rate resetting subject to the minimum guaranteed interest rate as well as surrender charges applied during the early years of the contract that help to provide protection for premature withdrawals. In addition, a portion of our fixed products has a market value adjustment provision that affords protection of lapse in the case of rising interest rates. We also manage these risk exposures through external reinsurance for certain of our fixed annuity products. For additional information regarding our external reinsurance agreements, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Indexed Variable Annuity Risks and Risk Mitigants. The primary risk exposure of our indexed variable annuity products relates to the investment risks we bear in order to credit to the customer’s account balance the required crediting rate based on the performance of the elected indices at the end of each term. We manage this risk primarily through our investment strategies, inclusive of derivatives, and product design features, which include credit rate resetting subject to contractual minimums as well as surrender charges applied during the early years of the contract that help to provide protection for premature withdrawals. In addition, our indexed variable annuity strategies have an interim value provision that provides some protection from lapse in the case of rising interest rates.

Variable Annuity Risks and Risk Mitigants. The primary risk exposures of our variable annuity contracts relate to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including capital markets assumptions such as equity market returns, interest rates and market volatility, along with actuarial assumptions such as contractholder mortality, the timing and amount of annuitization and withdrawals, and contract lapses. For these risk exposures, achievement of our expected returns is subject to the risk that actual experience will differ from the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products. We manage our exposure to certain risks driven by fluctuations in capital markets primarily through a combination of (i) Product Design Features, and (ii) our Asset Liability Management Strategy, as discussed below. We also manage these risk exposures through external reinsurance for certain of our variable annuity products. For additional information regarding our external reinsurance agreements, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

i. Product Design Features:

A portion of the variable annuity contracts that we offered include an automatic rebalancing feature, also referred to as an asset transfer feature. This feature is implemented at the contract level, and transfers assets between certain variable investment sub-accounts selected by the annuity contractholder and, depending on the benefit feature, a fixed-rate account in the general account or a bond fund sub-account within the separate accounts. The objective of the automatic rebalancing feature is to reduce our exposure to equity market risk and market volatility. Other product design features we utilize include, among others, asset allocation restrictions, minimum issuance age requirements and certain limitations on the amount of purchase payments, as well as a required minimum allocation to our general account for certain of our products. In addition, there is diversity in our fee arrangements, as certain fees are primarily based on thebenefit guarantee amount, the contractholder account value and/or premiums, which helps preserve certain revenue streams when market fluctuations cause account values to decline.

ii. Asset Liability Management (“ALM”) Strategy (including fixed income instruments and derivatives):

We employ an ALM strategy that utilizes a combination of both traditional fixed income instruments and derivatives to meet expected liabilities associated with our annuity guarantees that under U.S. GAAP are considered MRBs. The MRB liability that we hedge consists of expected living and death benefit claims under various market conditions, which are managed using fixed income instruments, derivatives, or a combination thereof. For our Prudential Defined Income (“PDI”) variable annuity, we utilize fixed income instruments to meet expected liabilities. For the portion of our ALM strategy executed with derivatives, we enter into a range of exchange-traded and over-the-counter (“OTC”) equity, interest rate and credit derivatives, including, but not limited to: equity and treasury futures; total return, credit default and interest rate swaps; and options including equity options, swaptions, and floors and caps. The intent of this strategy is to more efficiently manage the capital and liquidity associated with these products while continuing to mitigate fluctuations in net income due to movements in capital markets. To achieve this, we periodically review and recalibrate the ALM strategy by optimizing the mix of derivatives and fixed income instruments to achieve expected outcomes.

Under our ALM strategy, we expect differences in the U.S. GAAP net income impact between the changes in value of the fixed income instruments (either designated as available-for-sale or designated as trading) and derivatives as compared to the changes in the MRB liability these assets support. These differences can be primarily attributed to two distinct areas:

•Different accounting treatment between liabilities and assets supporting those liabilities. Under U.S. GAAP, changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments and fixed income instruments designated as trading, and MRBs, excluding the changes in the Company’s NPR spreads, are immediately reflected in net income, while changes in the fair value of fixed income instruments that are designated as available-for-sale are recorded as unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income.

•General hedge results. For the derivative portion of the ALM strategy, the net hedging impact (the extent to which the changes in value of the hedging instruments offset the change in value of the portion of the MRBs we are hedging) may be impacted by a number of factors, including: cash flow timing differences between our hedging instruments and the corresponding portion of the MRBs we are hedging, basis differences attributable to actual underlying contractholder funds to be hedged versus hedgeable indices, rebalancing costs related to dynamic rebalancing of hedging instruments as markets move, certain elements of the MRBs that may not be hedged (including certain actuarial assumptions), and implied and realized market volatility on the hedge positions relative to the portion of the MRBs we seek to hedge.

Product Specific Risks and Risk Mitigants

For certain living benefit guarantees, claims will primarily represent the funding of contractholder lifetime withdrawals after the cumulative withdrawals have first exhausted the contractholder account value. Due to the age of the in-force block, limited claim payments have occurred to date, and they are not expected to increase significantly within the next five years, based upon current assumptions. The timing and amount of future claims will depend on actual returns on contractholder account value and actual contractholder behavior relative to our assumptions. The majority of our current living benefit guarantees provide for guaranteed lifetime contractholder withdrawal payments inclusive of a “highest daily” contract value guarantee. Our PDI variable annuity complements our variable annuity products with the highest daily benefit and provides for guaranteed lifetime contractholder withdrawal payments but restricts contractholder asset allocation to a single bond fund sub-account within the separate accounts.

The majority of our traditional variable annuity contracts with living benefit guarantees, and contracts with our highest daily living benefit features, include risk mitigants in the form of an automatic rebalancing feature and/or inclusion in our ALM strategy. We may also utilize external reinsurance as a form of additional risk mitigation. The risks associated with the guaranteed benefits of certain legacy products that were sold prior to our development of the automatic rebalancing feature are also managed through our ALM strategy. Certain legacy products with GMAB rider options include the automatic rebalancing feature but are not included in the ALM strategy. For additional information regarding our external reinsurance agreements, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For our GMDBs, we provide a benefit payable in the event of death. Our base GMDB is generally equal to a return of cumulative deposits adjusted for any partial withdrawals. Certain products include an optional enhanced GMDB based on the greater of a minimum return on the contract value or an enhanced value. We have retained the risk that the total amount of death benefit payable may be greater than the contractholder account value; however, a substantial portion of the account values associated with GMDBs are subject to an automatic rebalancing feature because the contractholder also selected a living benefit guarantee which includes an automatic rebalancing feature. All of the variable annuity account values with living benefit guarantees also contain GMDBs. The living and death benefit features for these contracts cover the same insured life and, consequently, we have insured both the longevity and mortality risk on these contracts.

The following table sets forth the risk management profile of our living benefit guarantees and GMDB features as of the periods indicated:

(1)All contracts with living benefit guarantees also contain GMDB features, which cover the same insured contract.

(2) Contracts with living benefits that are included in our ALM strategy and that have an automatic rebalancing feature.

(3) Excludes retained PDI which is presented separately within this table.

(4) Represents contracts subject to reinsurance transactions with external counterp arties. Includes approx imately $8 billion of account values in relation to the PDI reinsurance transaction, and certain Highest Daily Lifetime Income (“HDI”) v.3.0 business for the period April 1, 2015 through December 31, 2016. The HDI contracts with living benefits also have an automatic rebalancing feature. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(5) Includes Prudential FlexGuard, FlexGuard Income and other variable contracts that have a GMDB feature and do not have an automatic rebalancing feature.

Results Excluded from Adjusted Operating Income

The following table provides the net impact to the Consolidated Statements of Operations from the portion of Retirement Strategies’ results excluded from adjusted operating income:

(1)Positive amounts represent income; negative amounts represent a loss.

(2)Also excludes related hedging gains (losses), which are included within this table in “Change in the fair value of hedge assets.”

(3)Represents the change in the liability for our fixed and variable indexed annuities, including the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with those products, which is measured utilizing a valuation methodology required under U.S. GAAP. The total GAAP liability includes the fair value of all index credits for the current term and all future projected renewals of the policy; however, only changes in the liability associated with the current term elected by the policyholder are included in adjusted operating income, while changes in the liability associated with all future projected renewals of the policy are excluded from adjusted operating income.

(4)Represents the change in fair value of the derivatives utilized to hedge potential claims associated with our variable annuity living and death benefit guarantees.

(5)Results for the year ended 2023 include changes in the fair value of equity derivatives related to the capital hedge program of $(225) million that were intended to protect a portion of the overall capital position of the variable annuities business against its exposure to the equity markets. The capital hedge program was discontinued in the first quarter of 2023.

(6)Includes the changes in duration swaps, DAC amortization, trading gains or losses, and other activity.

For 2025, the loss of $1,399 million primarily reflects:

•the net impact of interest rate changes on MRBs and other liabilities, net of hedging;

•an unfavorable impact from our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements; and

•losses on foreign currency hedges.

•the impact of favorable equity market performance.