NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP /DE/

We are focused on the efficient conversion of operating income into cash to provide for the company’s material cash requirements, including working capital needs, satisfaction of contractual commitments, funding of our pension and OPB plans, investment in our business through capital expenditures, and shareholder return through dividend payments and share repurchases.

At June 30, 2025, we had $1.9 billion in cash and cash equivalents. We expect cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operating activities, supplemented by borrowings under credit facilities, commercial paper and/or in the capital markets through our shelf registration with the SEC, if needed, to be sufficient to provide liquidity to the company in the short-term and long-term. The company has a five-year senior unsecured credit facility in an

-33- aggregate principal amount of $2.5 billion, and in April 2025, we renewed our one-year $500 million uncommitted credit facility. At June 30, 2025, there were no borrowings outstanding under these credit facilities; however, as of June 30, 2025, we had $570 million in commercial paper outstanding, which reduced the amount available for borrowing under our unsecured credit facility. In May 2025, we issued $1.0 billion of unsecured senior notes for general corporate purposes, including debt repayment, share repurchases, and working capital.

Cash Flow Measures

In addition to our cash position, we consider various cash flow measures in capital deployment decision-making, including cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow, a non-GAAP measure described in more detail below.

Operating Cash Flow

The table below summarizes key components of cash (used in) provided by operating activities:

(1)Includes depreciation and amortization, stock based compensation expense, deferred income taxes and net periodic pension and OPB income.

Year to date 2025 net cash used in operating activities was $697 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $719 million in the prior year period, primarily due to $1.0 billion of higher net cash taxes, due, in part, to a $500 million federal tax refund received in the prior year, as well as increased trade working capital largely driven by the timing of collections and advance payments.

Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow, as reconciled in the table below, is a non-GAAP measure defined as net cash provided by or used in operating activities less capital expenditures, and may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. We use free cash flow as a key factor in our planning for, and consideration of, acquisitions, the payment of dividends and stock repurchases. This non-GAAP measure may be useful to investors and other users of our financial statements as a supplemental measure of our cash performance, but should not be considered in isolation, as a measure of residual cash flow available for discretionary purposes, or as an alternative to operating cash flows presented in accordance with GAAP.

The table below reconciles net cash (used in) provided by operating activities to free cash flow:

Year to date 2025 free cash flow decreased $1.3 billion as compared with the same period in 2024 principally due to a $1.4 billion increase in net cash used in operating activities, partially offset by a $103 million reduction in capital expenditures.

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Investing Cash Flow

Year to date 2025 net cash used in investing activities decreased $399 million, or 68 percent, as compared with the same period in 2024 principally due to $333 million in proceeds from the sale of the training services business as well as lower capital expenditures.

Financing Cash Flow

Year to date 2025 net cash used in financing activities was $1.6 billion compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $34 million in the prior year period. This change is primarily due to a $2.4 billion net decrease in cash from long-term debt and commercial paper financing, partially offset by an $861 million decrease in share repurchases.

Credit Facilities, Commercial Paper and Financial Arrangements -See Note 7 to the financial statements for further information on our credit facilities, commercial paper and our use of standby letters of credit and guarantees.

Share Repurchases - See Note 2 to the financial statements for further information on our share repurchase programs.

Long-term Debt - See Note 5 to the financial statements for further information.