Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc./MD/

Not applicable.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc.

Gouverneur, New York

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary (collectively, the “Company”) as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended September 30, 2025, and the related notes (collectively the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiary as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended September 30, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022.

/s/Bonadio & Co., LLP

Pittsford, New York

December 19, 2025

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

(In thousands, except per share data)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In thousands, except per share data)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1: NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) is a Maryland corporation that was incorporated in June 2023 to be the successor to Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc., a federally chartered corporation (the “Mid-Tier Holding Company”), upon completion of the second-step conversion of Gouverneur Savings and Loan Association (the “Bank”) from the two-tier mutual holding company structure to the stock holding company structure. Cambray Mutual Holding Company (“Cambray”) was the former mutual holding company for the Mid-Tier Holding Company prior to the completion of the second-step conversion. In conjunction with the second-step conversion, each of Cambray Mutual Holding Company and the Mid-Tier Holding Company merged out of existence and now cease to exist. The second-step conversion was completed on October 31, 2023, at which time the Company sold, for gross proceeds of $7.2 million, a total of 723,068 shares of common stock at $10.00 per share, including 57,845 shares sold to the Bank’s employee stock ownership plan. As part of the second-step conversion, each of the existing outstanding shares of Mid-Tier Holding Company common stock owned by persons other than Cambray Mutual Holding Company was converted into 0.5334 shares of Bancorp common stock. As a result of the second-step conversion, all share information has been subsequently revised to reflect the 0.5334 exchange ratio, unless otherwise noted.

In September 2022, the Bank completed its acquisition of Citizens Bank of Cape Vincent (“CBCV”), a commercial bank headquartered in Cape Vincent, New York. In conjunction with the acquisition of CBCV, the Bank formed the limited purpose GS&L Municipal Bank in order to continue to hold CBCV’s municipal deposits and continue to compete for such deposits in the future. GS&L Municipal Bank is a limited purpose commercial bank that is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Bank and operates under the same regulatory and operating framework as the Bank. GS&L Municipal Bank is a New York chartered limited purpose commercial bank organized to solicit municipal deposits from local government entities such as towns, cities, school districts, fire districts and other municipalities. The Bank views GS&L Municipal Bank as a source of low cost and stable source of funds that will further the Bank’s commitment to the communities in which the Bank operates.

The Bank provides financial services to individuals and businesses primarily in St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis Counties in the state of New York. The Bank is subject to regulation by the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”) and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). GS&L Municipal Bank’s principal business focus is to serve the deposit needs of Municipalities that are within the Bank’s three-county market area. Initially, GS&L Municipal Bank will concentrate its business development efforts on St. Lawrence and Jefferson Counties in the state of New York and will focus exclusively on deposit products.

NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, the Bank, and the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, GS&L Municipal Bank. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

At September 30, 2025 and 2024, GS&L Municipal Bank held $21.2 and $24.3 million, respectively, of the Bank’s $40.9 million investment securities portfolio and $20.0 and $21.4 million, respectively, of the Bank’s deposits.

Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of

assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses. In connection with the determination of the estimated credit losses, management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties.

The Company’s loans are generally secured by specific items of collateral including real property, consumer assets, and business assets. Although the Company has a diversified portfolio, a substantial portion of its debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent on local economic conditions. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans and foreclosed assets, further reductions in the carrying amounts of loans and foreclosed assets may be necessary, based on changes in local economic conditions. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the estimated losses on loans and foreclosed assets. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additional losses based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. Because of these factors, it is reasonably possible that the estimated losses on loans and foreclosed assets may change materially in the near term. However, the amount of the change that is reasonably possible cannot be estimated.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company held approximately $0.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively, on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank of New York which is not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

The Bank operates primarily in St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis Counties of New York and, accordingly, has extended credit primarily to commercial entities and individuals in this area whose ability to honor their contracts is influenced by the region’s economy. These customers are also the primary depositors of the Bank. The Bank is limited in extending credit by legal lending limits to any single borrower or group of borrowers. Note 5 discusses the types of securities the Bank invests in and Note 6 discusses the types of lending in which the Bank engages.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For the purpose of reporting on the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks (including cash items in process of clearing) and interest-bearing deposits in banks with an original maturity of 90 days or less.

Time Deposits in Other Financial Institutions

All of the Bank’s time deposits matured during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 and were maintained with major financial institutions in the United States. Interest-bearing, non-transaction account deposits with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits; however, these deposits typically may be redeemed upon demand and therefore, bear minimal risk. The FDIC insurance coverage is $250,000. The Bank currently hasno time deposits that exceed the FDIC insurance coverage.

Investment Securities

Investment Securities classified as available-for-sale are those that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as available-for-sale would be based on various factors, including significant movement in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company’s assets and

liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations and other similar factors. Debt securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported in other comprehensive income, net of the related deferred income tax effect. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of the specific securities sold, are included in earnings. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income to the call date or to date of maturity. Each method approximates the interest over the terms of the securities.

The Company did not hold any equity securities on the balance sheet at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are those the Company has both the intent and ability to hold to maturity regardless of changes in market conditions, liquidity needs or changes in general economic conditions. These securities are carried at cost adjusted for the amortization of premium and accretion of discount, computed by the interest method over the terms of the securities. The Company didnot hold any held-to-maturity securities at September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Subsequent to the adoption of ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, on October 1, 2023, management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity and available for sale debt securities on a collective basis by major security type.

Management determines the appropriate classification of investment securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date.

Investments in Restricted Stock

The stock from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) and Atlantic Central Bankers Bank (“ACBB”) is restricted as to its marketability. Because no ready market exists for these investments and they have no quoted market value, the Company’s investment in this stock is carried at cost. Each member of the FHLBNY is required to maintain a minimum level of membership stock for as long as it remains a member. The amount of required membership stock is, generally speaking, equal to a specified percentage of “mortgage-related assets” held by the member. Members are also required to purchase activity-based stock in an amount, generally speaking, equal to a specific percentage of the outstanding principal balance of advances extended to the member.

Loans Held for Sale

Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recorded as a valuation allowance and charged to earnings. There wereno loans held for sale at September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Loans Receivable

Loans are carried at the amount of unpaid principal, adjusted for deferred loan fees and origination costs. Interest on loans is accrued based on the principal amounts outstanding. Nonrefundable loan fees and related direct costs are deferred, and the net amount is amortized to income as a yield adjustment over the life of the loan using the interest method. When principal or interest is delinquent for ninety days or more, the Company places the loan on nonaccrual status.

After a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Subsequent collections of interest payments on nonaccrual loans are recognized as interest income unless ultimate collectability of the loan is in doubt. Cash collections on loans where ultimate collectability remains in doubt are applied as reductions of the loan principal balance and no interest income is recognized until the principal balance has been collected.

Accrued Interest Receivable

Accrued interest receivable is presented as a component of accrued interest receivable and other assets on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition and not included in amortized cost when calculating the allowance for credit loss.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

“ASU 2024-03”

ASU 2024-03,“Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 requires new financial statement disclosures in tabular format, disaggregating information about prescribed categories underlying any relevant income statement expense caption. The prescribed categories include, among other things, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. Additionally, entities must disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

“ASU 2023-09”

ASU 2023-09, “*Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”*requires public business entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 also requires all entities to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal, state and foreight taxes for annual periods and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold, among other things. ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

Segment Reporting

The Company’s reportable segments are determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is designated as the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), based on information provided about the Company’s products and services offered. The Company’s operations are primarily in the community banking industry and includes retail and commercial banking services. A segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the CODM, who uses information to review performance of various components of the business. The CODM will evaluate the financial performance of the Company’s business components such as by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results in assessing the Company’s segments and in the determination of allocating resources. The CODM uses consolidated net income to benchmark the Company against its competitors. The benchmarking analysis along with monitoring budget to actual results are used in assessing performance. The financial information used for performance assessment by the CODM is the same as the financial information included in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition and consolidated statements of earnings.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Available for Sale Securities

For available for sale securities, management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which

fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an allowance for credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the allowance for credit loss are recorded as provision for (benefit from) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit loss when management believes an available for sale security is confirmed to be uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, there wasno allowance for credit loss related to the available for sale securities portfolio.

Accrued interest receivable on available for sale debt securities totaled $214,000 and $247,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans

The allowance for credit losses on loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

The allowance for credit losses on loans represents management’s estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in loans as of the balance sheet date. The allowance for credit losses on loans is estimated by management using relevant available information, from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The Company measures expected credit losses for loans on a pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and calculates the allowance for credit losses for each using both a discounted cash flow and weighted average remaining life methodology. The segments using a discounted cash flow methodology are as follows:

Real Estate Residential

Real Estate Commercial

Commercial Secured

Commercial Unsecured

Consumer

The discounted cash flow method calculates the expected cash flows to be received over the life of each individual loan in a pool.

The segments using a weighted average remaining life methodology are as follows:

Commercial Unsecured

Consumer

The weighted average remaining life methodology uses average annual charge-off rates and the remaining life of the loan to estimate the allowance for credit losses. The average annual charge-off rate is applied to the amortization adjusted remaining life of the loan to determine the unadjusted lifetime historical charge-off rate.

Additionally, the allowance for credit losses calculation includes subjective adjustments for qualitative risk factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical experience. These qualitative adjustments may increase or reduce reserve levels and include adjustments for lending management experience and risk tolerance, asset quality and portfolio trends, loan review and audit results, loan portfolio growth, industry concentrations, trends in underlying collateral, external factors and economic conditions not already captured.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. When management determines that foreclosure is probable and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of collateral at the reporting dated unadjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Unfunded Commitments

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit issued to meet customer financing needs. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for off—balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancelable, through a charge to provision for unfunded commitments in the Company’s statements of earnings. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan segment

at each balance sheet date under the current expected credit loss model using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur as well as any third-party guarantees. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Costs of significant property improvements are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, while major additions and improvements are capitalized. Gains and losses on dispositions are included in current earnings. Depreciation expense is calculated principally on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the related assets:

Foreclosed Assets

Foreclosed assets include both formally foreclosed property and in-substance foreclosed property. In-substance foreclosed properties are those properties for which the Company has taken physical possession, regardless of whether formal foreclosure proceedings have taken place.

At the time of foreclosure, foreclosed assets are recorded at the fair value less cost to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Any write-downs based on the asset’s fair value at date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan losses. After foreclosure, management performs periodic valuations and property held for sale is carried at the lower of the new cost basis or fair value less cost to sell. Gains and losses realized on the sale, and any adjustments resulting from periodic re-evaluation of the property are included in noninterest income or expense, as appropriate. Net costs of maintaining and operating the properties are expensed as incurred. Improvements, which extend the life or improve the value of the property, are capitalized and expensed over the applicable useful life.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free from conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before maturity.

Investment in Life Insurance

The Company purchased single-premium life insurance on certain employees and executives of the Company and is carried at its cash surrender value. Appreciation in value of the life insurance policies and gain on death proceeds are classified as noninterest income. The cash surrender value received from death proceeds is recorded as a reduction to the carrying value.

Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return which includes the results of its wholly-owned subsidiary. Provisions for income taxes are based on taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred taxes on temporary differences between the amount of taxable income and pretax financial income. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are

measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Under Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standard Codification (“FASB ASC”), 740,Accounting for Income Taxes, the Company recognizes potential liabilities associated with anticipated tax audit issues that may arise during an examination. Interest and penalties that are anticipated to be due upon examination are recognized as accrued interest and other liabilities with an offset to interest and other expense.

Advertising Costs

The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred. Advertising expense, included in other non-interest expenses, was approximately $93,000 and $91,000 at September 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows the guidance of FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. This guidance permits entities to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. The objective is to improve financial reporting by providing entities with the opportunity to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. This guidance clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Under this guidance, fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. The guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

All derivative financial instruments are reported at their fair value either as assets or liabilities. The Company reports net derivatives in a gain position, or derivative assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition as a component of other assets. The Company reports net derivatives in a loss position, or derivative liabilities, in the consolidated statements of financial position as a component of other liabilities.

Revenue Recognition

The majority of the Company’s revenue stream is generated from interest income on loans and deposits which are outside the scope of ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”.

The Company’s sources of income that fall within the scope of Topic 606 include service charges on deposits, interchange fees and gains and losses on sales of other real estate, all of which are presented as components of noninterest income. Below is a summary of the revenue streams that fall within the scope of Topic 606.

Service charges on deposits, ATM, and interchange fees – Fees from these services are either transaction-based, for which the performance obligations are satisfied when the individual transaction is processed, or set periodic service charges, for which the performance obligations are satisfied over the period the service is provided. Transaction-based fees are recognized at the time the transaction is processed, and periodic service charges are recognized over the service period.

*Gains and losses on sales of foreclosed real estate –*The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of foreclosed real estate when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of the executed deed. When the Company finances the sale of foreclosed real estate to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these

criteria are met, the foreclosed real estate asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

The Company accounts for the valuation of long-lived assets under FASB ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. This guidance requires that long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangible assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the long-lived asset is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reportable at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under commercial and home equity lines of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded with cash.

Reclassification

Certain accounts in the prior-year consolidated financial statements have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform with the presentation in the current-year consolidated financial statements.

Core Deposit Intangible

The core deposit intangible (“CDI”) resulted from the 2022 acquisition of Citizens Bank of Cape Vincent (“CBCV”). The CDI is amortized based on cash flow streams based upon the selected attrition rates and run off assumptions calculated to represent the result of acquiring like-costing deposits versus the cost of alternative funding vehicles over a 10-year period. The life of the core deposit intangible is 10 years and the remaining useful life as of September 30, 2025 is 6 years.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess cost of the acquisition of CBCV over the fair value of assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but evaluated annually for impairment.

NOTE 3: EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per common share represent income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for purposes of calculating basic earnings per common share until they are committed to be released.

The table below sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (In thousands, except per share data).

There wereno dilutive or antidilutive shares at September 30, 2025 or 2024.

At September 30, 2025, the Company held 56,189 shares of authorized but unissued stock. These shares were repurchased throughout fiscal year 2025 in accordance with the Company’s stock repurchase programs and are recorded at cost upon purchase. The Company hadno authorized but unissued stock as of September 30, 2024. Any subsequent sales of authorized but unissued stock are recorded on an average cost basis and any gain or loss on sale is recorded to additional paid-in capital.

NOTE 4: OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net earnings. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, and the changes in the funded status of pension and post-retirement benefits, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the consolidated statements of financial condition, such items, along with net earnings, are components of other comprehensive loss.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss represents the sum of these items, with the exception of net earnings, as of September 30, represented in the table below:

NOTE 5: INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost of debt securities and their approximate fair value at September 30, 2025 is represented in the table on the table below:

The amortized cost of debt securities and their approximate fair value at September 30, 2024 is represented in the table below.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities, by contractual maturity, at September 30, 2025 is as shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities, by contractual maturity, at September 30, 2024 is as shown below.

The realized gains and losses from the sale of available-for-sale investments for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is as shown on the table below:

Information pertaining to securities with gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2025, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position are as follows:

Information pertaining to securities with gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2024 aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position are as follows:

In management’s opinion, the unrealized losses primarily reflect changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities. The Company had 26 and 9 securities in an unrealized loss position of less than twelve months at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 66 and 69 securities in an unrealized loss position of 12 months or more at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company has the intent and the ability to hold such securities until maturity or market price recovery. Management believes that the unrealized losses do not represent credit impairment of the securities.

NOTE 6: LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The components of loans receivable, net, at September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as shown on the table below:

The outstanding principal balance and the related carrying amount of the Company’s loans acquired in the Citizens Bank of Cape Vincent acquisition were as shown on the table below at September 30, 2025 and 2024:

As part of the CBCV acquisition, the Company acquired a commercial secured performing loan which has been classified as Substandard to ensure proper oversight and monitoring of the loan. The loan has performed in accordance with its modified terms for over three years. This loan was restructured in September 2023. Proceeds from the restructuring paid off current principal and interest due in the amount of $505,000. The borrower retained the same interest rate of 6.00% and received a 5-year callable note with 25-year amortization in exchange for extra real estate collateral. A $108,000 second position commercial mortgage was placed on the guarantor’s primary residence behind the Bank’s first position residential mortgage. The restructuring enhanced the Bank’s loan-to-value position while providing the borrower with a lower payment than the original contractual terms. The capitalization of interest, interest rate below market terms, and extension of the maturity date were concessions made to the borrower in exchange for additional collateral. Interest income on a restructured loan is accrued once the borrower demonstrates the ability to pay under the restructured terms for sustained period of repayment performance, which is generally six consecutive months. The loan was removed from non-accrual status during the third quarter of fiscal year 2024. This loan has a fair value mark as a result of purchase price accounting of $42,000 at September 30, 2025.

The Company sells first mortgage loans to third parties in the ordinary course of business, principally to FHLB, a large purchaser of loans. These serviced loans are not included in the balances of the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition, but the Company continues to collect the principal and interest payments for a servicing fee. At September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the total outstanding principal balance on serviced loans was $11.2 million, and $11.8 million, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The Company estimates loan losses under multiple economic scenarios to establish a range of potential outcomes for each criterion the Company applies to the allowance calculation. Management applies judgment to develop its own view of loss probability within that range, using external and internal parameters with the objective of establishing an allowance for the expected lifetime losses inherent within these portfolios as of the reporting date.

Reflected in the portions of the allowance previously described is the amount which incorporates the range of probable outcomes inherent in estimates used for the allowance, which may change from period to period. This amount is the result of management’s judgment of risks inherent in the portfolios, economic uncertainties, historical loss experience and other factors, including industry trends, calculated to reflect the Company’s view of risk in each loan portfolio. No single statistic or measurement determines the adequacy of the allowance for credit loss. Changes in the allowance for credit losses and the related provision expense can materially affect net earnings.

The total allowance reflects management’s estimate of expected lifetime loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The following table presents, by portfolio segment, the changes in the allowance for credit losses and the recorded investment in loans.

Allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans as of and for the year ended September 30, 2025 was as follows:

Allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in loans as of and for the year ended September 30, 2024 was as follows:

The following table presents performing and nonperforming real estate loans based on payment activity for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Real estate loans include residential and commercial mortgages, construction loans and home equity loans. Payment activity is reviewed by management on a quarterly basis to determine how loans are performing. Loans are considered to be nonperforming when the number of days delinquent is greater than 89 days. The loan may only be returned to performing status after considering the borrower’s sustained repayment performance for a reasonable period, generally six consecutive months of current payments with no past due occurrences.

As of September 30, 2025, nonperforming loans also include loan modifications with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced or are expected to experience financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from the Company’s loss mitigation and could include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions. Certain modified loans are classified as nonperforming at the time of modification and may only be returned to performing status after considering the borrower’s sustained repayment performance for a reasonable period, generally six consecutive months. Performing and nonperforming real estate loans as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Credit quality indicators as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

Internally assigned grade as a subsection of the “Pass” (ratings 1 – 4) credit risk profile:

1 — Good

Loans in this category are to an individual or a well-established business in excellent financial condition with strong liquidity and a history of consistently high levels of earnings and cash flow and debt service capacity. Supported by high quality financial statements (including recent statements and sufficient historical fiscal statements), borrower has excellent repayment history and possesses a documented source of repayment. Industry conditions are favorable and business borrower’s management is well qualified with sufficient debt. Borrower and/or key personnel exhibit unquestionable character. Good loans may be characterized by high quality liquid collateral and very strong personal guarantors.

2 — Satisfactory

Loans in this category are to borrowers with many of the same qualities as a good loan, however, certain characteristics are not as strong (i.e. cyclical nature of earnings, lower quality financial statements, less liquid collateral, less favorable industry trends, etc.). Borrower still has good credit, will exhibit financial strength, excellent repayment history, and good present and future earnings potential. The primary source of repayment is readily apparent with strong secondary sources of repayment available. Management is capable, with sufficient depth, and character of borrower is well established.

3 — Acceptable

Loans in this category are to borrowers of average strength with acceptable financial condition (businesses fall within acceptable tolerances of other similar companies represented in the RMA annual statement studies), with satisfactory record of earnings and sufficient historical and projected cash flow to service the debt. Business borrower’s management is capable and reliable. Borrower has satisfactory repayment history, and primary and secondary sources of repayment can be clearly identified. Acceptable loans may exhibit some deficiency or vulnerability to changing economic or industry conditions.

4 — Watch

Loans in this category have a chance of resulting in a loss. Characteristics of this level of assets include, but are not limited to; the borrower has only a fair credit rating with minimal recent credit problems, cash flow is currently adequate to meet the required debt repayments, but will not be sufficient in the event of significant adverse developments, borrower has limited access to alternative sources of financing, possibly at unfavorable terms, some management weaknesses exist, collateral, generally required, is sufficient to make likely the recovery of the value of the loan in the event of default, but liquidating the collateral may be difficult or expensive. In addition, the guarantor would achieve this credit rating if it borrowed individually from the Bank.

5 — Special Mention

Loans in this category are usually made to well-established businesses with local operations. Special Mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special Mention loans are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. The special mention category is not to be used as a means of avoiding a clear decision to classify a loan or pass it without criticism. Neither should it include loans listed merely “for the record” when uncertainties and complexities, perhaps coupled with large size, create some reservations about the loan. If weaknesses or evidence of imprudent handling cannot be identified, inclusion of such loans in Special Mention is not justified. Special Mention loans have characteristics

which corrective management action would remedy. Loans in this category should remain for a relatively short period of time.

6 — Substandard

Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth or paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged, if any. Loans in this category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment. Loans which might be included in the category have potential for problems due to weakening economic or market conditions. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard loans may include loans which are likely to require liquidation of collateral to effect repayment, and other loans where the character or ability to repay has become suspect. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of the substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified as Substandard.

7 — Doubtful

Loans classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses in those classified as Substandard with the added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and value highly questionable and improbable. Although possibility of loss is extremely high, classification of these loans as loss has been deferred to specific pending factors or events, which may strengthen the loan value (i.e., possibility of additional collateral, injection of capital, collateral liquidation, debt structure, economic recovery, etc.).

8 — Loss

Loans classified as Loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.

The information for each of the credit quality indicators is updated on a quarterly basis in conjunction with the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.

Credit risk profile for loans held in portfolio by internally assigned grade as of September 30, 2025:

Credit risk profile for loans held in portfolio by internally assigned grade as of September 30, 2024:

Aging Analysis of Past Due Financing Receivables by Class

Following are tables which include an aging analysis of the recorded investment of past due financing receivables as of September 30, 2025 and 2024. Also included are loans that are greater than 89 days past due as to interest and principal still accruing, because they are (1) well secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate loans or loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccruals.

An aged analysis of past due financing receivables by class of financing receivable for loans held in portfolio as of September 30, 2025 are as follows:

An aged analysis of past due financing receivables by class of financing receivable for loans held in portfolio as of September 30, 2024, are as follows:

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from loan modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial

difficulty. The Company uses a probability of default/loss given default model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.

Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification.

There wereno modified loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the years ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Collateral Dependent Loans

Collateral dependent loans are individually evaluated loans upon which repayment is dependent on the operation or sale of the underlying collateral. For collateral dependent loans, the amortized cost of the loan is adjusted to fair value. The Company uses the fair value of underlying collateral, less the selling, administrative costs, and other expenses necessary to liquidate the collateral in order to estimate the allowance for credit losses for individually evaluated collateral dependent loans.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company hadone collateral dependent loan within the residential real estate loan segment with an outstanding balance of $45,000. The fair value of the collateral securing the loan is $40,000. Based on the Company’s policy of adjusting the amortized cost to fair value, a specific allowance for credit losses of $11,200 was recorded as a component of individually evaluated loans. The Company hadno collateral dependent loans as of September 30, 2024.

Vintage Analysis

The following table presents the Company’s recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators by year of origination as of September 30, 2025:

Non-Accrual Loans

The Company generally places loans on nonaccrual status when the loans reach 90 days past due or the full and timely collection of interest or principal balance has been charged off and no restructuring has occurred or at any point when management determines that repayment is doubtful.

When the Company places a loan on nonaccrual status, the Company reverses any accrued interest receivable against interest income and accounts for the loan on the cash or cost recovery method until it qualifies for return to accrual status. Generally, the Company returns a loan to accrual status when (1) all delinquent interest and principal become current under the terms of the loan agreement and the Company expects repayment of the remaining contractual obligation or (2) the loan is well-secured, the borrower has made three consecutive payments, and collectability is no longer doubtful.

The Company has determined that the entire balance of a loan is contractually delinquent for all classes if the minimum payment is not received by the specified due date on the customer’s statement. Interest and fees continue to accrue on past due loans until the date the loan goes into nonaccrual status, if applicable.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s nonaccrual loans by major categories for the periods indicated:

The Company recognizedno interest income on nonaccrual loans during the years ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

The following table represents the accrued interest receivable written off by reversing interest income during the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

Non-Performing Assets

The table below sets forth information regarding the Company’s non-performing assets. Non-accrual loans include non-accruing loans with modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty of $0 as of September 30, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 7: PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

A summary of premises and equipment, net, at September 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

Depreciation expense was approximately $197,000 and $233,000 in fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 8: FORECLOSED REAL ESTATES

During fiscal 2025 and 2024 there were approximately $117,000 and $-0- transferred to foreclosed assets, respectively, and $13,000 and $91,000 in foreclosed assets sales, respectively. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company held foreclosed assets for sale of approximately $105,000 and $-0-, respectively. During fiscal 2025 and 2024, there were $1,000 and $17,000, respectively, in gains on sales of foreclosed assets was recognized in non-interest expense. During fiscal 2025 and 2024, there were losses on initial write-downs of foreclosed assets of $-0- and $27,000, respectively, that were charged off to the allowance for credit losses and there were no losses on subsequent write-downs of foreclosed assets that were charged off to noninterest expense.

At September 30, 2025 and 2024 the recorded investment of mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totals approximately $139,000 and $268,000, respectively.

NOTE 9: GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The goodwill and intangible assets arising from the 2022 acquisition of Citizens Bank of Cape Vincent is accounted for in accordance with the accounting guidance in FASB*ASC Topic 350 for Intangibles — Goodwill and Other.*The Company recorded goodwill of $4.2 million and core deposit intangibles of $2.5 million in connection with the acquisition. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, intangible assets consisted of $1.3 and $1.7 million, respectively, of core deposit intangibles, which are amortized over an original estimated useful life often years.

The Company performed its annual impairment evaluation on September 30 and will perform more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the fair value is less than its carrying value.

Goodwill and core deposit intangibles at September 30, 2025 and 2024 are summarized as follows:

No impairments of goodwill were recognized for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 or 2024. Amortization expense for other intangible assets was $370,000 and $416,000 for the fiscal years ending September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter is summarized below:

NOTE 10: DEPOSITS

Certificates of deposit and other time deposits issued in denominations that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 or more totaled approximately $4.1 million and $6.3 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are included in time deposits in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

At September 30, 2025, the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit are as follows for the future fiscal years ending September 30 (in thousands):

A summary of interest expense on deposits for the years ended September 30 is as follows:

The Company had deposits of approximately $1,439,000 and $1,546,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, due to related parties.

The Company had pledged securities of approximately $20.2 million and $23.4 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, that were fully collateralizing municipal deposits.

NOTE 11: BORROWED MONEY

There wereno borrowings as of September 30, 2024. Future contractual maturities of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase and advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) for the year ended September 30, 2025 are as follows:

The Company utilizes advance programs offered by the FHLBNY including a line of credit of $62.4 million of which $54.9 million remains unused at September 30, 2025. The Company had a line of credit of $59.3 million with the full amount unused at September 30, 2024. Under terms of a blanket collateral agreement with the FHLBNY, outstanding advances are secured by certain qualifying assets not otherwise pledged. This line of credit was secured by approximately $62.4 million of residential loans at September 30, 2025. The advances from the FHLBNY have fixed interest rates.

In addition, the Company has an available line of credit with the Federal Reserve Board in the amount of $5.0 million. This line is secured by approximately $5.9 million of municipal bonds. The outstanding balance at both September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $-0-.

The Company has a second line of credit with Atlantic Community Banker’s Bank (“ACBB”) totaling $4.0 million. This line is secured with a $135,000 investment in ACBB stock. The outstanding balance at September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $-0-.

NOTE 12: EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

401 (K) Plan

The Company has a defined contribution 401(k) Retirement Plan (“Plan”) for all eligible employees. The Company contributes 3% of each eligible employee’s salary. Additional Company contributions to the Plan are determined annually by the Board of Directors. For the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the expense for the Plan was approximately $115,000 and $122,000, respectively, and is included in salaries and employee benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

Deferred Compensation Plan

The Company has a nonqualified deferred compensation plan for directors, under which directors, including the President, may elect to defer all or part of their director’s fees. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, deferred compensation included in other liabilities aggregated approximately $468,000 and $406,000, respectively. Deferred compensation expense for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $34,000 and $31,000, respectively, and is included in directors’ fees in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

During 2009, CBCV entered into a nonqualified deferred compensation plan forthree key employees, which provides for an annual fixed benefit in the aggregate of $20,000 for afive-year period. The plan provided for additional grants of benefits at the discretion of CBCV’s Board of Directors. During the calendar year ending December 31, 2018, one employee was paid out their benefit obligation. The plan transferred over to the Company at the legal acquisition date of September 16, 2022. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, CBCV deferred compensation included in other liabilities was approximately $88,000 and $101,000, respectively.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”)

The Company offers ESOP benefits to employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. In connection with the Bank’s second-step conversion offering, the ESOP purchased 57,845 shares of Company common stock with the proceeds of a loan from the Company equal to 100% of the aggregate purchase price of the common stock. The ESOP trustee will be directed to repay the loan principally through the Bank’s contributions to the ESOP and, if applicable, dividends paid on common stock held by the ESOP over a 15-year loan term.

All shares of Company common stock held by the ESOP are held in a loan suspense account. Shares are released from the loan suspense account on a pro rata basis, as the Bank makes contributions to the employee stock ownership plan sufficient to repay principal and interest on the loan. As shares are released from the loan suspense account, they will be allocated among participants on the basis of each participant’s proportional share of the total compensation of all participants. Participants become fully vested in their ESOP benefits after five years of service. Participants also become fully vested in their account balances upon normal retirement, death or disability, a change in control, or the termination of the plan. Participants may generally receive distributions from the plan upon separation from service. Any unvested shares forfeited upon a participant’s termination of employment will be reallocated among the remaining participants, in accordance with the terms of the plan. The Company recognized $86,000 and $72,000 of ESOP related expenses during the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Stock Based Compensation

On February 10, 2025, the Company’s shareholders approved the Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc. 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The plan provides for the issuance of up to 101,230 shares (28,923 restricted stock awards and 72,307 stock options) of Gouverneur Bancorp, Inc. common stock. The Plan is intended to provide the Company with flexibility to grant equity-based rewards in order to attract, retain, reward and incentivize employees and directors in order to promote growth, improve performance and further align their interest with those of stockholders of the Company through the ownership of an equity interest in the Company.

Under the Plan, as of September 30, 2025, the Company has granted 8,677 shares of restricted stock with a weighted average grant date fair value of $12.20 per share and 18,984 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $12.20 per share. Restricted stock shares and stock options granted under the Plan vest in equal installments over afive-year period. The Company recognized $24,000 in compensation expenses related to the Plan during fiscal 2025.

Supplemental Retirement Plans

The Company has supplemental retirement and life insurance plans for the benefit of certain officers and directors. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, other liabilities include accruals of approximately $1,662,000 and $1,672,000, respectively, under these plans. Expenses for the plans were approximately $202,000 and $242,000 for 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are included in non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

To fund the benefits under these plans, the Company is the owner of single premium life insurance policies on participants in the non-qualified retirement plans. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the cash value of the policies was approximately $7,307,000 and $7,137,000, respectively. Appreciation in value of the insurance policies is classified as noninterest income.

The table below is a summary of the Plan as of September 30.

Assumptions used in the accounting were as follows:

NOTE 13: ACCRUED INTEREST RECEIVABLE

Accrued interest receivable at September 30, 2025 and 2024 consists of the following:

NOTE 14: INCOME TAXES

The Company files a consolidated tax return with its subsidiary corporation. The consolidated provision for income taxes for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is summarized as follows:

At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had prepaid income taxes of approximately $181,000 and $193,000, respectively, included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

The provision for federal income taxes, which differs from that computed by applying federal statutory rates of 21.0% to income before federal income tax expense, is summarized as follows for the years ended September 30:

The net deferred tax assets are included as a component of accrued interest receivable and other assets on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition and includes the following amounts of deferred tax assets and liabilities:

At September 30, 2025, the Company had $3.5 million of federal net operating losses, which can be carried forward indefinitely. Utilization of $1.0 million of these net operating losses is subject to an annual limitation under tax rules applicable to ownership changes.

Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that at least some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers the scheduled reversal of the deferred tax liabilities, the level of historical taxable income and the projected future level of taxable income over the periods in which the temporary differences comprising the deferred tax assets will be deductible. The judgement about the level of future taxable income is inherently subjective and is reviewed on a continual basis and as regulatory and business factors change. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, management determined that a valuation allowance was not deemed necessary.

At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had an unrecaptured pre-1988 federal bad debt reserve of approximately $1.3 million for whichno federal income tax provision has been made. A deferred tax liability has not been provided on this amount, as management does not intend to redeem stock, make distributions or take other actions that would result in recapture of the reserve.

The Company files consolidated federal and combined New York State income tax returns. Based on provisions in New York State tax law, the Company does not generate New York taxable income, resulting in a tax liability that is based on taxable capital. Accordingly, this tax liability is recorded in other non-interest expenses.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions if it is more likely than not, based on technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgements.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any uncertain tax positions. The Company does not expect to have any changes in unrecognized tax benefits as a result of settlements with taxing authorities during the next twelve months. As of September 30, 2025, tax years ended September 30, 2022 through September 30, 2024, remain open and are subject to Federal and New York State taxing authority examination.

NOTE 15: TRANSACTIONS WITH EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

Certain directors and executive officers of the Company, their families and their affiliates are customers of the Bank. Any transactions with such parties, including loans and commitments, were in the ordinary course of business at normal terms, including interest rates and collateralization prevailing at the time, and did not represent more than normal risks. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, such loans amounted to approximately $345,000 and $360,000, respectively.

During fiscal years 2025 and 2024, new originated loans to such related parties and loans associated with newly appointed directors and officers totaled $25,000 and $58,000, respectively, and repayments aggregated approximately $40,000 and $24,000, respectively.

NOTE 16: FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET CREDIT RISK

The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and to sell loans. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

The Bank’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on- balance sheet instruments.

A summary of financial instrument commitments at September 30, 2025 and 2024 is shown below.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The Bank evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Bank upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer and generally consists of real estate.

Commitments and Contingencies

Outstanding letters of credit written are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance by a customer to a third party. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The Company hadfour standby letters of credit totaling $178,000 and $176,000 as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending other loan commitments. The Company requires collateral and personal guarantees supporting these letters of credit as deemed necessary. Management believes that the proceeds obtained through a liquidation of such collateral in the event of a default, and the enforcement of personal guarantees would be sufficient to cover the maximum potential amount of future payments required under the corresponding guarantees.

Unfunded Commitments

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded balances for existing lines of credit, commitments to extend future credit, as well as both standby and commercial letters of credit when there is a contractual obligation to extend credit and when this extension of credit is not unconditionally cancellable (i.e. commitment cannot be canceled at any time). The allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur, which is based on a historical funding study derived from internal information, and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life, which are the same loss rates that are used in computing the allowance for credit losses on loans, and are discussed within this note. The allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments of $23,000 and $25,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, is separately classified on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition within Other Liabilities.

The following table presents the balance and activity in the allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments as of and for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

NOTE 17: REGULATORY CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

The Bank is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by banking regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can trigger certain mandatory — and possibly additional discretionary — actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

U.S. Basel III Capital Rules

In July 2013, the Federal Reserve Board approved final rules (the “U.S. Basel III Capital Rules”) establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations and implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s December 2010 framework for strengthening international capital standards. The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions.

The minimum regulatory capital requirements established by the U.S. Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2016 and become fully phased in on January 1, 2019. The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules require the Bank to:

The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules use a standardized approach for risk weightings that expand the risk- weightings for assets and off-balance sheet exposures from the previous 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% categories to a much larger and more risk-

sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets and off- balance sheet exposures, resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories.

The capital conservation buffer at September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 is 2.50%. The Bank exceeded these “well-capitalized” and “capital conservation buffer” ratios for all periods presented.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Bank’s capital levels meet the fully phased-in minimum capital requirements, including the new capital conservation buffers, as prescribed in the U.S. Basel III Capital Rules.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the most recent notification from Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since the most recent notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s prompt corrective action category.

There are no comparable minimum capital requirements that apply to the Company as a savings and loan holding company. The Bank’s actual and required capital amounts and ratios are presented in the table below:

GS&L Municipal Bank’s actual and required capital amounts and ratios are as follows:

NOTE 18: RETAINED EARNINGS

The Company declared and paid semi-annual cash dividends of $0.08 per share in November 2024 and May 2025, totaling $174,000 in fiscal year 2025. There wereno dividends declared during fiscal year 2024.

NOTE 19: INTEREST RATE DERIVATIVES

Derivative instruments are entered into primarily as a risk management tool of the Company. The Company previously entered into several interest rate swap agreements whereby it paid a fixed rate and received a variable rate on a notional amount. The Company enters into these arrangements to hedge the cost of certain borrowings and to increase the interest rate sensitivity of certain assets. Financial derivatives are recorded at fair value as other assets or liabilities on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as a part of a hedging relationship. For a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument and changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability are recognized in current year earnings. Amounts recognized in earnings as noninterest loss for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $9,000 and $240,000, respectively. The loss is the result of the swaps market value fluctuations with long-term bond rates and projected short-term rates. See Note 20 for further discussion on the fair value of the interest rate derivative.

On December 29, 2023, the Company unwoundtwo off-balance sheet swaps, with $2.5 million in notional value, for a realized gain of approximately $75,000.

On November 4, 2024, the Company’s last remaining off-balance sheet swap, $3.0 million in notional value, matured.

Information about interest rate swap agreements at September 30, 2025 and 2024 is as shown on the following table:

The following table is a summary of the fair value of outstanding derivatives and their presentation in the consolidated statements of financial condition as of September 30, 2025 and 2024:

The notional amount of interest rate swap agreements entered into, that were outstanding at September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, mature as follows for the years ended September 30:

NOTE 20: FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Determination of Fair Value

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In accordance with ASC 820,Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

Recent fair value guidance provides a consistent definition of fair value, which focuses on exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value, a reasonable point within the range, is most representative of fair value under current market conditions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

In accordance with this guidance, the Company groups its financial assets and financial liabilities generally measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

The types of instruments valued based on quoted market prices in active markets include most U.S. government and agency securities, liquid mortgage products, active listed equities and most money market securities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. As required by this guidance, the Company does not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.

The types of instruments valued based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, broker or dealer quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency include most investment- grade and high-yield corporate bonds, less liquid mortgage products, less liquid equities, state, municipal and provincial obligations, and certain physical commodities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company utilized interest rate swap agreements based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). The Company generally determined the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements using externally developed pricing models based on market observable inputs and therefore classified such valuations as Level 2.

Level 3 is for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions. Valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability, and such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used.

Individually evaluated loans are evaluated and valued at the time the loan is identified as not having risk characteristics common with other loans within its pool (“collectively evaluated”). In these instances, credit loss is measured on a case-by-case basis. The fair value of the loan is determined using either present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or, for collateral dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral less the selling, administrative costs, and other expenses necessary to liquidate the collateral. Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets including equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable. Market value is measured based on the value of the collateral securing these loans and is classified at a Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The value of business equipment, inventory and accounts receivable collateral is based on the net book value on the business’ financial statements and, if necessary, discounted based on management’s review and analysis. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation and/or

management’s expertise and knowledge of the client’s business. Individually evaluated loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for credit loss and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified previously.

Foreclosed properties are adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to foreclosed properties. Subsequently, foreclosed properties are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value. The estimated fair value for foreclosed properties included in Level 3 is determined by independent market-based appraisals and other available market information, less costs to sell, that may be reduced further based on market expectations or an executed sales agreement. If fair value of the collateral deteriorates subsequent to initial recognition, the Company records the foreclosed properties as a nonrecurring Level 3 adjustment. Valuation techniques are consistent with those techniques applied in prior periods.

The following table present the assets required to be measured and reported on a recurring basis on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at their fair value as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.