QCR HOLDINGS INC

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

September 30, 2025

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation: The interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025. Accordingly, footnote disclosures, which would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in the audited Consolidated Financial Statements, have been omitted.

The financial information of the Company included herein has been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial reporting and has been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Such information reflects all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented. Any differences appearing between the numbers presented in financial statements and management's discussion and analysis are due to rounding. The results of the interim period ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the year ending December 31, 2025, or for any other period.

The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. It may be helpful to refer back to this page as you read this report.

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries which include the accounts offour commercial banks: QCBT, CRBT, CSB and GB. Allfour banks are state-chartered commercial banks and all are members of the Federal Reserve system. The Company has historically engaged in direct financing lease contracts through m2, a wholly owned subsidiary of QCBT. Since the third quarter of 2024, m2 has discontinued offering new loans and leases. Additionally, the Company also engages in wealth management services through its banking subsidiaries. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Recent accounting developments:

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,“Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” Under the standard, the accounting guidance enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. Investors, lenders, creditors and other allocators of capital information will be able to use the expanded disclosures to better assess how an entity’s operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operation opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The ASU is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01,“Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards.” Under the standard, the accounting guidance improves GAAP by adding an illustrative example to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance of “Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation” for profits interest and similar awards. The illustrative examples will benefit investors and other allocators of capital by providing them with more consistent information. The ASU is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. The standard was adopted on January 1, 2025 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03,“Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” Under the standard, the accounting guidance improves disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses, and provides more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

NOTE 2– INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:

The Company's HTM municipal securities consist largely of private issues of municipal debt. The large majority of the municipalities are located within the Midwest. The municipal debt investments are underwritten using specific guidelines with ongoing monitoring.

The Company's residential mortgage-backed and related securities portfolio consists entirely of government sponsored or government guaranteed securities. The Company has not invested in private mortgage-backed securities or pooled trust preferred securities.

Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, are summarized in the tables below. Securities AFS, for which an allowance for credit losses has been provided, are not included in these disclosures as there are no unrealized losses remaining after consideration of the ACL.

As of September 30, 2025, the investment portfolio included 680 securities. Of this number,518 securities were in an unrealized loss position. The aggregate losses of these securities totaled approximately 13.3% of the total amortized cost of the portfolio. Of these 518 securities, there were 451 securities that were in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or more. Management has concluded unrealized losses as of September 30, 2025 were temporary due to the changing interest rate environment.

During 2023, the Company’s impairment evaluation determined that one publicly traded debt security experienced a decline in fair value due to credit quality, rather than market factors. As a result, the Company recognized a credit loss expense of $989 thousand in the first quarter of 2023 and established an ACL on the related AFS security. In 2024, the remaining ACL on the related AFS security was removed as the security had been sold.

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for held to maturity and available for sale securities by major security type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

Trading securities had a fair value of $83.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and $83.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and consist of retained beneficial interests acquired in conjunction with Freddie Mac securitizations completed by the Company in 2023 and 2024. The change in fair value on trading securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was a net gain of $530 thousand. The change in market value on trading securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was a net gain of $53 thousand. See also Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details of these securitizations.

There wereno transfers of securities between classifications during both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

There wereno sales of securities during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. There wereno sales of securities during the three months ended September 30, 2024. There wasone security sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 which was identified as AFS. Information on proceeds received, as well as the gains and losses from the sale of securities, are as follows:

The amortized cost and fair value of securities as of September 30, 2025 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities of residential mortgage-backed and related securities and asset-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities because the residential mortgages underlying the securities may be prepaid without any penalties. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following table:

Portions of the U.S. government sponsored agency securities and municipal securities contain call options, which, at the discretion of the issuer, terminate the security at par and at predetermined dates prior to the stated maturity, summarized as follows as of September 30, 2025:

As of September 30, 2025, the Company's municipal securities portfolios were comprised of general obligation bonds issued by 80 issuers with fair values totaling $106.0 million and revenue bonds, issued by 162 issuers, primarily consisting of states, counties, towns, villages and school districts with fair values totaling $875.6 million. The Company also held investments in general obligation bonds in 18 states, including 9 states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million, and in revenue bonds in 31 states, including 14 states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company's municipal securities portfolios were comprised of general obligation bonds issued by 79 issuers with fair values totaling $103.5 million and revenue bonds, issued by 165 issuers, primarily consisting of states, counties, towns, villages and school districts with fair values totaling $828.0 million. The Company held investments in general obligation bonds in 18 states, including nine* *states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million, and in revenue bonds in 31 states, including 13 states in which the aggregate fair value exceeded $5.0 million.

The Company monitors the investments and concentration closely. Both general obligation and revenue bonds are diversified across many issuers. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not hold general obligation bonds of any single issuer, that in aggregate exceed 10% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity. Of the general obligation and revenue bonds in the Company's portfolio, the majority are unrated bonds that represent private issuances. All unrated bonds were underwritten according to the Company’s loan underwriting standards and have an average loan risk rating of 2, indicating very high quality. Additionally, many of these bonds are funding essential municipal services such as water, sewer, education, and medical facilities.

The Company's municipal securities are owned by thefour charters, whose investment policies set forth limits for various subcategories within the municipal securities portfolio. The investments of each charter are monitored individually, and as of September 30, 2025, all were within policy limitations approved by the Company’s board of directors. Policy limits are calculated as a percentage of each charter's total risk-based capital.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company's standard monitoring of its municipal securities portfolio had not uncovered any facts or circumstances resulting in significantly different credit ratings than those assigned by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, or in the case of unrated bonds, the rating assigned using the credit underwriting standards.

The following table summarizes the fair value of investment securities pledged and held under derivatives, public deposits, short-term borrowings and other borrowings as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

• Municipal securities with an amortized cost of $200.3 million were pledged on secured borrowings as of September 30, 2025.

NOTE 3 – LOANS/LEASES RECEIVABLE

The composition of the loan/lease portfolio as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is presented as follows:

• Includes equipment financing agreements outstanding through m2, totaling $206.9 million and $303.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

** Management performs an evaluation of the estimated unguaranteed residual values of leased assets on an annual basis, at a minimum. The evaluation consists of discussions with reputable and current vendors, which is combined with management's expertise and understanding of the current states of particular industries to determine informal valuations of the equipment. As necessary and where available, management will utilize valuations by independent appraisers. The majority of leases with residual values contain a lease options rider, which requires the lessee to pay the residual value directly, finance the payment of the residual value, or extend the lease term to pay the residual value. In these cases, the residual value is protected and the risk of loss is minimal.

*** Includes residential real estate loans held for sale totaling $1.5 million and $2.1 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Accrued interest on loans, which is excluded from the amortized cost of loans, totaled $32.2 million and $30.9 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and was included in Other Assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Changes in accretable discounts on acquired loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, are presented as follows:

The aging of the loan/lease portfolio by classes of loans/leases as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is presented as follows:

NPLs by classes of loans/leases as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are presented as follows:

The Company did not recognize any interest income on nonaccrual loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Changes in the ACL on loans/leases by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, are presented as follows:

• Included within the C&I – Other column are ACL on leases with a beginning balance of $423 thousand, negative provision of $41 thousand, charge-offs of $12 thousand and recoveries of $9 thousand. ACL on leases was $379 thousand as of September 30, 2025.

** Included within the C&I – Other column are ACL on leases with a beginning balance of $580 thousand, provision of $13 thousand, charge-offs of $233 thousand and recoveries of $19 thousand. ACL on leases was $379 thousand as of September 30, 2025.

• Included within the C&I – Other column are ACL on leases with a beginning balance of $800 thousand, negative provision of $21 thousand, charge-offs of $104 thousand and recoveries of $17 thousand. ACL on leases was $692 thousand as of September 30, 2024.

** Included within the C&I – Other column are ACL on leases with a beginning balance of $992 thousand, provision of $195 thousand, charge-offs of $193 thousand and recoveries of $88 thousand. ACL on leases was $692 thousand as of September 30, 2024.

The composition of the ACL on loans/leases by portfolio segment based on evaluation method as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

• Included within the C&I – other category are leases individually evaluated of $412 thousand with a related allowance for credit losses of $62 thousand and leases collectively evaluated of $10.7 million with a related allowance for credit losses of $317 thousand as of September 30, 2025.

• Included within the C&I – other category are leases individually evaluated of $259 thousand with a related allowance for credit losses of $93 thousand and leases collectively evaluated of $16.8 million with a related allowance for credit losses of $487 thousand as of December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, by the primary collateral type, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

• Included within the C&I – other category are leases individually evaluated of $412 thousand with primary collateral of equipment.

• Included within the C&I – other category are leases individually evaluated of $259 thousand with primary collateral of equipment.

For all loans except direct financing leases and equipment financing agreements, the Company’s credit quality indicator consists of internally assigned risk ratings. Each such loan is assigned a risk rating upon origination. The risk rating is reviewed every 15 months, at a minimum, and on an as-needed basis depending on the specific circumstances of the loan.

For certain C&I loans (including equipment financing agreements and direct financing leases), the Company’s credit quality indicator is performance determined by delinquency status. Delinquency status is updated daily by the Company’s loan system.

The following tables show the credit quality indicator of loans by class of receivable and year of origination as of September 30, 2025: