AMERICAN TOWER CORP MA

For a discussion of our 2023 Liquidity and Capital Resources, including a discussion of cash flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, refer to Part I, Item 7 of the 2023 Form 10-K.

Overview

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we increased our financial flexibility and our ability to grow our business while maintaining our long-term financial policies. Our significant 2024 financing transactions included:

•Redemption of our 0.600% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “0.600% Notes”), our 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “5.00% Notes”) and our 3.375% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “3.375% Notes”) upon their maturity;

•Registered public offering in an aggregate principal amount of $3.6 billion, including 1.0 billion EUR, of senior unsecured notes with maturities ranging from 2029 to 2035;

•Repayment of 825.0 million EUR ($895.5 million as of the repayment date) unsecured term loan, as amended in December 2021 (the “2021 EUR Three Year Delayed Draw Term Loan”); and

•Repayment of indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility using proceeds from the ATC TIPL Transaction.

The following table summarizes our liquidity as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, we made additional borrowings of $610.0 million under the 2021 Credit Facility (as defined below) and net borrowings of $210.0 million under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. The borrowings were used to repay existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes.

Summary cash flow information is set forth below for the years ended December 31, (in millions):

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes $2.2 billion of proceeds from the ATC TIPL Transaction.

We use our cash flows to fund our operations and investments in our business, including maintenance and improvements, communications site and data center construction, managed network installations and acquisitions. Additionally, we use our cash flows to make distributions, including distributions of our REIT taxable income to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT under the Code. We may also periodically repay or repurchase our existing indebtedness or equity. We typically fund our international expansion efforts primarily through a combination of cash on hand, intercompany debt and equity contributions.

On an on-going basis, we also perform a comprehensive assessment of our global operations to ensure our portfolio is positioned to drive sustained growth and achieve our risk-adjusted return objectives. This assessment may result in our decision to divest a portion, or all, of certain assets, including our Australia and New Zealand businesses in 2024, and the ATC TIPL Transaction, and repurpose proceeds, and potential future capital, to other capital priorities.

As of December 31, 2024, we had total outstanding indebtedness of $36.8 billion, with a current portion of $3.7 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we generated sufficient cash flow from operations, together with borrowings under our credit facilities, proceeds from our debt issuances and cash on hand, to fund our acquisitions, capital expenditures and debt service obligations, as well as our required distributions. We believe the cash generated by operating activities during the year ending December 31, 2025, together with our borrowing capacity under our credit facilities, will suffice to fund our required distributions, capital expenditures, debt service obligations (interest and principal repayments) and signed acquisitions.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $1.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2024, we had $228.2 million of cash and cash equivalents held by our joint ventures, of which $211.6 million was held by our foreign joint ventures. Certain foreign subsidiaries may pay us interest or principal on intercompany debt. Additionally, in the event that we repatriate funds from our foreign subsidiaries, we may be required to accrue and pay certain taxes.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash provided by operating activities increased $568.1 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The primary factors that impacted cash provided by operating activities as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, include:

•increases in the operating profits of our U.S. & Canada, Africa & APAC and Europe property segments, our Data Centers segment, our Services segment and in India, excluding the loss on sale of ATC TIPL;

•a decrease in the impact of straight-line revenue; and

•a decrease in cash required for working capital;

•Partially offset by increases in cash paid for interest and cash paid for taxes.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Our significant investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 are highlighted below:

•We spent approximately $123.0 million for acquisitions, including $25.7 million in payments made for acquisitions completed in 2023, $59.1 million in payments for sites acquired in connection with the AT&T transaction described in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

•We received $238.0 million from the sales of the VIL Shares and the VIL OCDs.

•We received $2.2 billion from the ATC TIPL Transaction.

•We spent $1.6 billion for capital expenditures, as follows (in millions):

(1)Includes the construction of 2,391 communications sites globally, the construction of 90 communications sites in India, which are reported as discontinued operations, and approximately $491.6 million of spend related to data center assets.

(2)Includes $32.7 million of perpetual land easement payments reported in Deferred financing costs and other financing activities in the cash flows from financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

(3)Includes $4.7 million of finance lease payments reported in Repayments of notes payable, credit facilities, senior notes, secured debt, term loans and finance leases in the cash flows from financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

(4)Net of purchase credits of $11.6 million on certain assets, which are recorded in investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

We plan to continue to allocate our available capital, after satisfying our distribution requirements, among investment alternatives that meet our return on investment criteria, while maintaining our commitment to our long-term financial policies. Accordingly, we expect to continue to deploy capital through our annual capital expenditure program, including land purchases and new site and data center facility construction, and through acquisitions. We also regularly review our portfolios as to capital expenditures required to upgrade our infrastructure to our structural standards or address capacity, structural or permitting issues.

We expect that our 2025 total capital expenditures will be as follows (in millions):

(1) Includes the construction of approximately 1,950 to 2,550 communications sites globally and approximately $610 million of anticipated spend related to data center assets.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Our significant financing activities were as follows (in millions):

(1)For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes the repayments of the 2021 EUR Three Year Delayed Draw Term Loan and the India Term Loan (as defined below).

Senior Notes

Repayments of Senior Notes

Repayment of 0.600% Senior Notes—On January 12, 2024, we repaid $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 0.600% Notes upon their maturity. The 0.600% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 0.600% Notes remained outstanding.

Repayment of 5.00% Senior Notes—On February 14, 2024, we repaid $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of the 5.00% Notes upon their maturity. The 5.00% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 5.00% Notes remained outstanding.

Repayment of 3.375% Senior Notes—On May 15, 2024, we repaid $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% Notes upon their maturity. The 3.375% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility (as defined below). Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 3.375% Notes remained outstanding.

Repayment of 2.950% Senior Notes—On January 14, 2025, we repaid $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2.950% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2.950% Notes”) upon their maturity. The 2.950% Notes were repaid using cash on hand and borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 2.950% Notes remained outstanding.

Offerings of Senior Notes

5.200% Senior Notes and 5.450% Senior Notes Offering—On March 7, 2024, we completed a registered public offering of $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.200% senior unsecured notes due 2029 (the “5.200% Notes”) and $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.450% senior unsecured notes due 2034 (the “5.450% Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $1,281.3 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility.

3.900% Senior Notes and 4.100% Senior Notes Offering—On May 29, 2024, we completed a registered public offering of 500.0 million EUR ($540.1 million at the date of issuance) aggregate principal amount of 3.900% senior unsecured notes due 2030 (the “3.900% Notes”) and 500.0 million EUR ($540.1 million at the date of issuance) aggregate principal amount of 4.100% senior unsecured notes due 2034 (the “4.100% Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately 988.4 million EUR (approximately $1,067.5 million at the date of issuance), after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing EUR indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility.

5.000% Senior Notes and 5.400% Senior Notes Offering—On November 21, 2024, we completed a registered public offering of $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.000% senior unsecured notes due 2030 (the “5.000% Notes”) and $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.400% senior unsecured notes due 2035 (the “5.400% Notes” and, collectively with the 5.200% Notes, the 5.450% Notes, the 3.900% Notes, the 4.100% Notes and the 5.000% Notes, the “2024 Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $1,183.7 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility.

The key terms of the 2024 Notes are as follows:

(1)Accrued and unpaid interest on U.S. Dollar (“USD”) denominated notes is payable in USD semi-annually in arrears and will be computed from the issue date on the basis of a 360-day year comprised of twelve 30-day months. Interest on EUR denominated notes is payable in EUR annually in arrears and will be computed on the basis of the actual number of days in the period for which interest is being calculated and the actual number of days from and including the last date on which interest was paid on the notes, beginning on the issue date.

(2)We may redeem the 2024 Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes plus a make-whole premium, together with accrued interest to the redemption date. If we redeem the 2024 Notes on or after the par call date, we will not be required to pay a make-whole premium.

(3)The 3.900% Notes and the 4.100% Notes are denominated in EUR; dollar amounts represent the aggregate principal amount at the issuance date.

If we undergo a change of control and corresponding ratings decline, each as defined in the applicable supplemental indenture for the 2024 Notes, we may be required to repurchase all of the 2024 Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of those 2024 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional interest, if any), up to but not including the repurchase date. The 2024 Notes rank equally in right of payment with all of our other senior unsecured debt obligations and are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other obligations of our subsidiaries.

Each applicable supplemental indenture contains certain covenants that restrict our ability to merge, consolidate or sell assets and our (together with our subsidiaries’) ability to incur liens. These covenants are subject to a number of exceptions, including that we and our subsidiaries may incur certain liens on assets, mortgages or other liens securing indebtedness if the aggregate amount of indebtedness secured by such liens does not exceed 3.5x Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the applicable supplemental indenture.

Bank Facilities

Amendments to Bank Facilities—On January 28, 2025, we amended our (i) 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, (ii) $4.0 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility, as amended and restated on December 8, 2021, as further amended (the “2021 Credit Facility”) and (iii) $1.0 billion unsecured term loan, as amended and restated on December 8, 2021, as further amended (the “2021 Term Loan”).

These amendments, among other things,

i. extend the maturity dates of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility to January 28, 2028 and January 28, 2030, respectively;

ii. extend the maturity date of the 2021 Term Loan to January 28, 2028; and

iii. update the Applicable Margins (as defined in the loan agreements).

2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility—As of December 31, 2024, we had the ability to borrow up to $6.0 billion under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, which includes a $3.5 billion sublimit for multicurrency borrowings, a $200.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we borrowed an aggregate of $5.4 billion, including 0.9 billion EUR ($1.0 billion as of the borrowing date) and repaid an aggregate of $6.1 billion, including 1.1 billion EUR ($1.2 billion as of the repayment date), of revolving indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. We used the borrowings to repay outstanding indebtedness, including the 0.600% Notes, the

5.00% Notes and the 2021 EUR Three Year Delayed Draw Term Loan, and for general corporate purposes. We used the proceeds from the ATC TIPL Transaction to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, there are no EUR borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility.

2021 Credit Facility—As of December 31, 2024, we had the ability to borrow up to $4.0 billion under the 2021 Credit Facility, which includes a $2.5 billion sublimit for multicurrency borrowings, $200.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we borrowed an aggregate of $1.5 billion and repaid an aggregate of $3.1 billion of revolving indebtedness under our 2021 Credit Facility. We used the borrowings to repay outstanding indebtedness, including the 3.375% Notes, and for general corporate purposes.

Repayment of 2021 EUR Three Year Delayed Draw Term Loan—On May 21, 2024, we repaid all amounts outstanding under the 2021 EUR Three Year Delayed Draw Term Loan using borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility.

As of December 31, 2024, the key terms under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan were as follows:

(1)Represents interest rate above: (a) Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) for SOFR based borrowings, (b) Euro Interbank Offer Rate (“EURIBOR”) for EURIBOR based borrowings and (c) the defined base rate for base rate borrowings, in each case based on our debt ratings.

(2)As further discussed above, on January 28, 2025, we amended the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan to update the current margin over SOFR or EURIBOR and the base rate to 1.000% and 0.000%, respectively.

(3)Currently borrowed at SOFR.

(4)Subject to two optional renewal periods.

We must pay a quarterly commitment fee on the undrawn portion of each of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility. The commitment fee for the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility ranges from 0.080% to 0.200% per annum, based upon our debt ratings, and is currently 0.110%.

The 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan and the associated loan agreements (the “Bank Loan Agreements”) do not require amortization of principal and may be paid prior to maturity in whole or in part at our option without penalty or premium. We have the option of choosing either a defined base rate, SOFR or EURIBOR as the applicable base rate for borrowings under these bank facilities.

Each Bank Loan Agreement contains certain reporting, information, financial and operating covenants and other restrictions (including limitations on additional debt, guaranties, sales of assets and liens) with which we must comply. Failure to comply with the financial and operating covenants of the loan agreements could not only prevent us from being able to borrow additional funds under the revolving credit facilities, but may constitute a default, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding under the applicable agreement, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable.

Other Subsidiary Debt—As of December 31, 2023, our other subsidiary debt included drawn letters of credit in Nigeria (the “Nigeria Letters of Credit”).

Amounts outstanding and key terms of other subsidiary debt consisted of the following as of December 31, (in millions, except percentages):

(1) Denominated in USD. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we drew on letters of credit in Nigeria. The drawn amounts bear interest at a rate equal to the SOFR at the time of drawing plus a spread. Amounts are due 270 days from the date of drawing.

Each of the agreements governing the other subsidiary debt contains contractual covenants and other restrictions. Failure to comply with certain of the financial and operating covenants could constitute a default under the applicable debt agreement, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable.

India Term Loan—On February 17, 2023, we borrowed 10.0 billion INR (approximately $120.7 million at the date of borrowing) under an unsecured term loan in India with a maturity date that is one year from the date of the first draw thereunder (the “India Term Loan”). In January 2024, we amended the India Term Loan to extend the maturity date to December 31, 2024. On September 12, 2024, in connection with the completion of the ATC TIPL Transaction, we repaid the India Term Loan.

Stock Repurchase Programs—In March 2011, our Board approved a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of our common stock (the “2011 Buyback”). In December 2017, our Board approved an additional stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase up to $2.0 billion of our common stock (the “2017 Buyback,” and, together with the 2011 Buyback, the “Buyback Programs”).

During the year ended December 31, 2024, there were no repurchases under either of the Buyback Programs.

Under each program, we are authorized to purchase shares from time to time through open market purchases or in privately negotiated transactions not to exceed market prices and subject to market conditions and other factors. With respect to open market purchases, we may use plans adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act in accordance with securities laws and other legal requirements, which allows us to repurchase shares during periods when we may otherwise be prevented from doing so under insider trading laws or because of self-imposed trading blackout periods. These programs may be discontinued at any time.

We have repurchased a total of 14.5 million shares of our common stock under the 2011 Buyback for an aggregate of $1.5 billion, including commissions and fees. We expect to continue managing the pacing of the remaining approximately $2.0 billion under the Buyback Programs in response to general market conditions and other relevant factors. We expect to fund any further repurchases of our common stock through a combination of cash on hand, cash generated by operations and borrowings under our credit facilities. Repurchases under the Buyback Programs are subject to, among other things, us having available cash to fund the repurchases.

Sales of Equity Securities—We receive proceeds from sales of our equity securities pursuant to our employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”) and upon exercise of stock options granted under our equity incentive plan, as amended (the “2007 Plan”). During the year ended December 31, 2024, we received an aggregate of $46.4 million in proceeds upon exercises of stock options and sales pursuant to the ESPP.

Future Financing Transactions—We regularly consider various options to obtain financing and access the capital markets, subject to market conditions, to meet our funding needs. Such capital raising alternatives, in addition to those noted above, may include amendments and extensions of our bank facilities, entry into new bank facilities, transactions with private equity funds or partnerships, additional senior note and equity offerings and securitization transactions. No assurance can be given as to whether any such financing transactions will be completed or as to the timing or terms thereof.

Distributions—As a REIT, we must annually distribute to our stockholders an amount equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for distributed earnings and excluding any net capital gain). Generally, we have distributed, and expect to continue to distribute, all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income after taking into consideration our utilization of NOLs. We have distributed an aggregate of approximately $20.5 billion to our common stockholders, including the dividend paid in February 2025, primarily classified as ordinary income that may be treated as qualified REIT dividends under Section 199A of the Code for taxable years beginning before 2026.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid $6.56 per share, or $3.1 billion, to our common stockholders of record. In addition, we declared a distribution of $1.62 per share, or $757.1 million, paid on February 3, 2025 to our common stockholders of record at the close of business on December 27, 2024.

We accrue distributions on unvested restricted stock units, which are payable upon vesting. The amount accrued for distributions payable related to unvested restricted stock units was $22.5 million and $21.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid $12.0 million of distributions upon the vesting of restricted stock units.

The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board and will depend on various factors, a number of which may be beyond our control, including our financial condition and operating cash flows, the amount required to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and reduce any income and excise taxes that we otherwise would be required to pay, limitations on distributions in our existing and future debt and preferred equity instruments, our ability to utilize NOLs to offset our distribution requirements, limitations on our ability to fund distributions using cash generated through our TRSs and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.

For more details on the cash distributions paid to our common stockholders during the year ended December 31, 2024, see note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Material Cash Requirements—The following table summarizes material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

(1) Includes aggregate principal maturities of long-term debt, including finance lease obligations (see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).

(2) Includes payments under non-cancellable initial terms, as well as payments for certain renewal periods at our option, which we expect to renew because failure to do so could result in a loss of the applicable communications sites and related revenues from tenant leases (see note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).

Distributions—We expect that our 2025 total distributions declared to our common stockholders will be $3.2 billion. The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board.

Asset Retirement Obligations—We are required to remove our assets and remediate the leased sites upon which certain of our assets are located. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated undiscounted future cash outlay for asset retirement obligations was $4.5 billion.

Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity

Our liquidity depends on our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities, borrow funds under our credit facilities and maintain compliance with the contractual agreements governing our indebtedness. We believe that the debt agreements discussed below represent our material debt agreements that contain covenants, our compliance with which would be material to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and the impact of those results on our liquidity.

Internally Generated Funds—Because the majority of our customer leases are multiyear contracts, a significant majority of the revenues generated by our property operations as of the end of 2024 is recurring revenue that we should continue to receive in future periods. Accordingly, a key factor affecting our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities is to maintain this recurring revenue and to convert it into operating profit by minimizing operating costs and fully achieving our operating efficiencies. In addition, our ability to increase cash flow from operating activities depends upon the demand for our communications infrastructure and our related services and our ability to increase the utilization of our existing communications infrastructure.

Restrictions Under Loan Agreements Relating to Our Credit Facilities—Each Bank Loan Agreement contains certain financial and operating covenants and other restrictions applicable to us and our subsidiaries that are not designated as unrestricted subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. These restrictions include limitations on additional debt, distributions and dividends, guaranties, sales of assets and liens. The Bank Loan Agreements also contain covenants that establish financial tests with which we and our restricted subsidiaries must comply related to total leverage and senior secured leverage, as set forth in the table below. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with each of these covenants.

(1) Each component of the ratio as defined in the applicable loan agreement.

(2) Assumes no change to Adjusted EBITDA.

(3) Assumes no change to our debt levels.

(4) Effectively, however, additional Senior Secured Debt under this ratio would be limited to the capacity under the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio.

The Bank Loan Agreements also contain reporting and information covenants that require us to provide financial and operating information to the lenders within certain time periods. If we are unable to provide the required information on a timely basis, we would be in breach of these covenants.

Failure to comply with the financial maintenance tests and certain other covenants of the Bank Loan Agreements could not only prevent us from being able to borrow additional funds under the revolving credit facilities, but may also constitute a default under these credit facilities, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable. If this were to occur, we may not have sufficient cash on hand to repay such indebtedness. The key factors affecting our ability to comply with the debt covenants described above are our financial performance relative to the financial maintenance tests defined in the Bank Loan Agreements and our ability to fund our debt service obligations. Based upon our current expectations, we believe our operating results during the next 12 months will be sufficient to comply with these covenants.

Restrictions Under Agreements Relating to the 2015 Securitization and the Trust Securitizations—The indenture and related supplemental indenture governing the American Tower Secured Revenue Notes, Series 2015-2, Class A (the “Series 2015-2 Notes”) issued by GTP Acquisition Partners I, LLC (“GTP Acquisition Partners”) in a private securitization transaction in May 2015 (the “2015 Securitization”) and the loan agreement related to the securitization transactions completed in March 2018 (the “2018 Securitization”) and March 2023 (the “2023 Securitization” and, together with the 2018 Securitization, the “Trust Securitizations”) (collectively, the “Securitization Loan Agreements”) include certain financial ratios and operating covenants and other restrictions customary for transactions subject to rated securitizations. Among other things, GTP Acquisition Partners and American Tower Asset Sub, LLC and American Tower Asset Sub II, LLC (together, the “AMT Asset Subs”) are prohibited from incurring other indebtedness for borrowed money or further encumbering their assets, subject to customary carve-outs for ordinary course trade payables and permitted encumbrances (as defined in the applicable agreements).

Under the Securitization Loan Agreements, amounts due will be paid from the cash flows generated by the assets securing the Series 2015-2 Notes or the assets securing the nonrecourse loan that secures the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass A (the “Series 2018-1A Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass R (the “Series 2018-1R Securities” and, together with the Series 2018-1A Securities, the “2018 Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities 2023-1, Subclass A (the “Series 2023-1A Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2023-1, Subclass R (the “Series 2023-1R Securities” and, together with the Series 2023-1A Securities, the “2023 Securities”) issued in the Trust Securitizations (the “Loan”), as applicable, which must be deposited into certain reserve accounts, and thereafter distributed, solely pursuant to the terms of the applicable agreement. On a monthly basis, after paying all required amounts under the applicable agreement, subject to the conditions described in the table below, the excess cash flows generated from the operation of these assets are released to GTP Acquisition Partners or the AMT Asset Subs, as applicable, which can then be distributed to us for use. As of December 31, 2024, $60.8 million held in such reserve accounts was classified as restricted cash.

Certain information with respect to the 2015 Securitization and the Trust Securitizations is set forth below. The debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”) is generally calculated as the ratio of the net cash flow (as defined in the applicable agreement) to the amount of interest, servicing fees and trustee fees required to be paid over the succeeding 12 months on the principal amount of the Series 2015-2 Notes or the Loan, as applicable, that will be outstanding on the payment date following such date of determination.

(1) Based on the net cash flow of the applicable issuer or borrower as of December 31, 2024 and the expenses payable over the next 12 months on the Series 2015-2 Notes or the Loan, as applicable.

(2) If the DSCR were equal to or below 1.30x (the “Cash Trap DSCR”) for any quarter, all cash flow in excess of amounts required to make debt service payments, fund required reserves, pay management fees and budgeted operating expenses and make other payments required under the applicable transaction documents, referred to as excess cash flow, will be deposited into a reserve account (the “Cash Trap Reserve Account”) instead of being released to the applicable issuer or borrower. Once triggered, a Cash Trap DSCR condition continues to exist until the DSCR exceeds the Cash Trap DSCR for two consecutive calendar quarters.

(3) An amortization period commences if the DSCR is equal to or below 1.15x (the “Minimum DSCR”) at the end of any calendar quarter and continues to exist until the DSCR exceeds the Minimum DSCR for two consecutive calendar quarters.

(4) No amortization period is triggered if the outstanding principal amount of a series has not been repaid in full on the applicable anticipated repayment date. However, in that event, additional interest will accrue on the unpaid principal balance of the applicable series, and that series will begin to amortize on a monthly basis from excess cash flow.

(5) An amortization period exists if the outstanding principal amount has not been paid in full on the applicable anticipated repayment date and continues to exist until the principal has been repaid in full.

A failure to meet the noted DSCR tests could prevent GTP Acquisition Partners or the AMT Asset Subs from distributing excess cash flow to us, which could affect our ability to fund our capital expenditures, including tower construction and acquisitions and to meet REIT distribution requirements. During an “amortization period,” all excess cash flow and any amounts then in the applicable Cash Trap Reserve Account would be applied to pay the principal of the Series 2015-2 Notes or the Loan, as applicable, on each monthly payment date, and so would not be available for distribution to us. Further, additional interest will begin to accrue with respect to the Series 2015-2 Notes or subclass of the Loan from and after the anticipated repayment date at a per annum rate determined in accordance with the applicable agreement. With respect to the Series 2015-2 Notes, upon the occurrence of, and during, an event of default, the applicable trustee may, in its discretion or at the direction of holders of more than 50% of the aggregate outstanding principal of the Series 2015-2 Notes, declare the Series 2015-2 Notes immediately due and payable, in which case any excess cash flow would need to be used to pay holders of those notes. Furthermore, if GTP Acquisition Partners or the AMT Asset Subs were to default on the Series 2015-2 Notes or the Loan, the applicable trustee may seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of all or any portion of the 3,338 communications sites that secure the Series 2015-2 Notes or the 5,029 broadcast and wireless communications towers and related assets that secure the Loan, respectively, in which case we could lose those sites and their associated revenue.

As discussed above, we use our available liquidity and seek new sources of liquidity to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives, satisfy our distribution requirements and repay or repurchase our debt. If we determine that it is desirable or necessary to raise additional capital, we may be unable to do so, or such additional financing may be prohibitively expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. Further, as discussed under Item 1A of this Annual Report under the caption “Risk Factors,” market volatility and disruption caused by inflation, high interest rates and supply chain disruptions may impact our ability to raise additional capital through debt financing activities or our ability to repay or refinance maturing liabilities, or impact the terms of any new obligations. If we are unable to raise capital when our needs arise, we may not be able to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives, satisfy our REIT distribution requirements and debt service obligations, or refinance our existing indebtedness.

In addition, our liquidity depends on our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities. As set forth under Item 1A of this Annual Report under the caption “Risk Factors,” we derive a substantial portion of our current and projected future revenue from a small number of customers and, consequently, a failure by a significant customer to perform its contractual obligations to us could adversely affect our cash flow and liquidity.