TELEPHONE & DATA SYSTEMS INC /DE/

TDS Consolidated

1 Consists of corporate and other operations and intercompany eliminations.

2 Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

3 Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.

Refer to individual segment discussions in this MD&A for additional details on operating revenues and expenses at the segment level.

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities represents TDS’ share of net income from entities in which it has a noncontrolling interest and that are accounted for using the equity method or the net asset value practical expedient. TDS’ investment in the Los Angeles SMSA Limited Partnership (LA Partnership) contributed pre-tax income of $15 million and $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See Note 7 — Investments in Unconsolidated Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 due primarily to an increase in borrowings under the TDS term loan agreements, partially offset by a decrease in the average principal balance outstanding on the TDS revolving credit agreement, the UScellular term loan agreements and the receivables securitization agreement. See Market Risk for additional information regarding maturities of long-term debt and weighted average interest rates.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 due primarily to the decrease in Income before income taxes.

TDS calculated income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2025, based on an estimated year-to-date tax rate. The effective tax rates are expected to vary in subsequent interim periods in 2025 due to fluctuations in Income (loss) before income taxes.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax includes the noncontrolling public shareholders’ share of UScellular’s net income, the noncontrolling shareholders’ or partners’ share of certain UScellular subsidiaries’ net income and other TDS noncontrolling interests.

Earnings

Three Months Ended

Net income and Adjusted EBITDA decreased due primarily to lower operating revenues, partially offset by lower operating and tax expenses.

*Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.