STONERIDGE INC

1. Organization and Nature of Business

Stoneridge, Inc. and its subsidiaries are global designers and manufacturers of highly engineered electrical and electronic systems, components and modules for the commercial, automotive, off-highway and agricultural vehicle markets.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Stoneridge, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company analyzes its ownership interests in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) “Consolidations (Topic 810)” to determine whether they are a variable interest entity and, if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary.

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, including certain self-insured risks and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Because actual results could differ from those estimates, the Company revises its estimates and assumptions as new information becomes available.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents include actively traded money market funds with short-term investments in marketable securities, primarily U.S. government securities. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value, due to the highly liquid nature and short-term duration of the underlying securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.

Accounts Receivable and Concentration of Credit Risk

Revenues are principally generated fromthe commercial, automotive, off-highway and agricultural vehicle markets. The Company’s largest customers are PACCAR and Traton, primarily related to the Electronics reportable segment and accounted for the following percentages of consolidated net sales:

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoice price, net of an estimate of allowance for doubtful accounts and other reserves.

Credit losses

The Company primarily utilizes historical write-off experience, combined with customer specific considerations and industry and regional economic data to develop the estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts in accordance with ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”). These allowances reflect management's estimate of credit losses over the remaining expected life of such assets. If customer specific or economic circumstances change substantially, estimates of the recoverability of amounts due to the Company could be reduced by a material amount. The Company does not have collateral requirements with its customers.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (using either the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or average cost methods) or net realizable value. The Company evaluates and adjusts as necessary its excess and obsolescence reserve on a quarterly basis. Excess inventories are quantities of items that exceed anticipated sales or usage for a reasonable period. The Company has guidelines for calculating provisions for excess inventories based on the number of months of inventories on hand compared to anticipated sales or usage. Management uses its judgment to forecast sales or usage and to determine what constitutes a reasonable period. Inventory cost includes material, labor and overhead. Inventories consist of the following:

Inventory valued using the FIFO method was$138,420 and $176,033 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Inventory valued using the average cost method was$12,917 and $11,725 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Long Term Supply Commitment

In 2022, the Company entered into a long term supply agreement, as amended, with a supplier for the purchase of certain electronic semiconductor components through December 31, 2030. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company paid capacity deposits of $1,000 in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The capacity deposits are recognized in prepaid and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheet. This long term supply agreement requires the Company to purchase minimum annual volumes while requiring the supplier to sell these components at a fixed price. The Company purchased $3,053, $6,028 and $1,174 of these components during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company is required to purchase $5,571, $6,314, $7,463, $8,313, $841 and $1,492 of components in each of the years 2025 through 2030, respectively.

Pre-production Costs Related to Long-term Supply Arrangements

Engineering, research and development and other design and development costs for products sold on long-term supply arrangements are expensed as incurred unless the Company has a contractual guarantee for reimbursement from the customer which are capitalized as pre-production costs. Costs for molds, dies and other tools used to make products sold on long-term supply arrangements for which the Company either has title to the assets or has the non-cancelable right to use the assets during the term of the supply arrangement are capitalized in property, plant and equipment and amortized to cost of sales over the shorter of the term of the arrangement or over the estimated useful lives of the assets, typically three toseven years. Costs for molds, dies and other tools used to make products sold on long-term supply arrangements for which the Company has a contractual guarantee to a lump sum reimbursement from the customer are capitalized either as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets or an investment and other long-term assets, net within the consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized pre-production costs were $13,104 and $12,378 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were recorded as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and consist of the following:

Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $26,140, $26,697 and $26,687, respectively. Depreciable lives within each property classification are as follows:

Maintenance and repair expenditures that are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful life of the property, plant and equipment are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements and major renewals are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any gain or loss on the disposition is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A").

Impairment of Long-Lived or Finite-Lived Assets

The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors the Company considers important that could trigger testing of the related asset groups for an impairment include current period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses, a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses, significant adverse changes in the business climate within a particular business or current expectations that a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its estimated useful life. To test for impairment, the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use and disposal of the asset or asset group is compared to its carrying value. An asset group is established by identifying the lowest level of cash flows generated by the group of assets that are largely independent of cash flows of other assets. If cash flows cannot be separately and independently identified for a single asset, we will determine whether an impairment has occurred for the group of assets for which we can identify projected cash flows. If these undiscounted cash flows are less than their respective carrying values, an impairment charge would be recognized to the extent that the carrying values exceed estimated fair values. The estimation of undiscounted cash flows and fair value requires us to make assumptions regarding future operating results over the life of the asset or the life of the primary asset in the asset group. The results of the impairment testing are dependent on these estimates which require judgment. The occurrence of certain events, including changes in economic and competitive conditions, could impact cash flows eventually realized and management’s ability to accurately assess whether an asset is impaired.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The total purchase price associated with acquisitions is allocated to the acquisition date fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the excess purchase price assigned to goodwill.

Goodwill was $33,085 and $35,295 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, all of which relates to the Electronics segment. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment at least annually, or earlier when events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that such assets have been impaired, by applying a fair value-based test. Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount including goodwill. An impairment of goodwill exists if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill.

In conducting our annual impairment assessment testing, we first perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. If not, no further goodwill impairment testing is performed. If it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit, we then compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the related net book value. If the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is measured and recognized.

The Company utilizes an income approach to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit and a market valuation approach to further support this analysis. The income approach is based on projected debt-free cash flow which is discounted to the present value using discount factors that consider the timing and risk of cash flows. We believe that this approach is appropriate because it provides a fair value estimate based on the reporting unit’s expected long-term operating cash flow performance. This approach also mitigates the impact of cyclical trends that occur in the industry. Fair value is estimated using internally developed forecasts, as well as commercial and discount rate assumptions. The discount rate used is the value-weighted average of our estimated cost of equity and of debt (“cost of capital”) derived using both known and estimated customary market metrics. Our weighted average cost of capital is adjusted to reflect a risk factor, if necessary. Other significant assumptions include terminal value growth rates, terminal value margin rates, future capital expenditures and changes in future working capital requirements. While there are inherent uncertainties related to the assumptions used and to management’s application of these assumptions to this analysis, we believe that the income approach provides a reasonable estimate of the fair value of a reporting unit. The market valuation approach is used to further support our analysis.

There wasno impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Goodwill and changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the Electronics segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The Company’s cumulative goodwill impairment loss since inception was $300,083 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, which includes Stoneridge Brazil’s goodwill impairment in 2014 and goodwill impairment recorded by the Company’s Control Devices segment in 2008 and 2004.

Other Intangible Assets

Other intangible assets, net at December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

Other intangible assets, net at December 31, 2024 for customer lists, tradenames, technology and patents, and capitalized software development include $12,463, $2,979, $251 and $15,816, respectively, related to the Electronics segment. Customer lists, tradenames and technology of $1,903, $3,330 and $1,424, respectively, related to the Stoneridge Brazil segment at December 31, 2024. Patents and capitalized software development of $48 and $1,463, respectively, related to the Control Devices segment at December 31, 2024.

The Company designs and develops software that will be embedded into certain products and sold to customers. Software development costs are capitalized after the software product development reaches technological feasibility and until the software product becomes available for general release to customers. These intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives generally ranging from three toseven years.

The Company recognized $8,127, $6,942 and $7,003 of amortization expense related to intangible assets in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense is included as a component of cost of goods sold ("COGS"), SG&A and design and development ("D&D") on the consolidated statements of operations. Annual amortization expense for intangible assets is estimated to be approximately$7,900 for the year 2025 and approximately$6,300 for the years 2026 through 2029. The weighted-average remaining amortization period is approximately 6 years.

There wereno intangible impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:

(A)“Other” is comprised of miscellaneous accruals, none of which individually contributed a significant portion of the total.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method. Deferred income taxes reflect the tax consequences on future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts. Future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not to occur. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that these assets are more likely than not to be realized (See Note 6). In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future release of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. Certain deferred tax assets are dependent on future taxable income to be realized. Release of some or all of a valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded.

The Company’s policy is to provide for uncertain tax positions and the related interest and penalties based upon management’s assessment of whether a tax benefit is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. To the extent the Company prevails in matters for which a liability for an unrecognized tax benefit is established or is required to pay amounts in excess of the liability, the Company’s effective tax rate in a given financial statement period may be affected. The Company adjusts this liability in the period in which an uncertain tax position is effectively settled, the statute of limitations expires for the relevant taxing authority to examine the tax position, or more information becomes available.

The Company has made an accounting policy election to reflect GILTI taxes, if any, as a current period tax expense when incurred.

Currency Translation

The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries, where the local currency is the functional currency, are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for the results of operations. Adjustments resulting from translation of financial statements are reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Foreign currency transactions are remeasured into the functional currency using translation rates in effect at the time of the transaction with the resulting adjustments included on the consolidated statements of operations within other (income) expense, net. These foreign currency transaction (gains) losses, including the impact of hedging activities, were$(2,414), $1,226 and $5,534 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Revenue Recognition and Sales Commitments

The Company recognizes revenue when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of our products and services, which is usually when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer’s premises. The Company recognizes monitoring service revenues over time, as the services are provided to customers. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The transaction price will include estimates of variable consideration to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. Incidental items that are not significant in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The Company collects certain taxes and fees on behalf of government agencies and remits such collections on a periodic basis. The taxes are collected from customers but are not included in net sales. Estimated returns are based on historical authorized returns. The Company often enters into agreements with its customers at the beginning of a given vehicle’s expected production life. Once such agreements are entered into, it is the Company’s obligation to fulfill the customers’ purchasing requirements for the entire production life of the vehicle. These agreements are subject to potential renegotiation from time to time, which may affect product pricing. See Note 3 for additional disclosure.

Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs are included in COGS on the consolidated statements of operations.

Product Warranty and Recall Reserves

Amounts accrued for product warranty and recall claims are established based on the Company’s best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle existing and future claims on products sold as of the balance sheet dates. These accruals are based on several factors including past experience, production changes, industry developments and various other considerations. Our estimate is based on historical trends of units sold and claim payment amounts, combined with our current understanding of the status of existing claims, forecasts of the resolution of existing claims, expected future claims on products sold and commercial discussions with our customers. The key factors in our estimate are the warranty period and the customer source. The Company can provide no assurances that it will not experience material claims or that it will not incur significant costs to defend or settle such claims beyond the amounts accrued. The current portion of the product warranty and recall reserve is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Product warranty and recall includes $10,675 and $7,228 of a long-term liability at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which is included as a component of other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

In 2023, the Company received a demand for arbitration from one of our customers seeking recovery of warranty claims in the amount of 29,340 euro ($32,669), related to past sales of PM sensor products, a product line we exited in 2019. The Company denies responsibility for these claims. Based on our review of the technical and legal merits, we believe these warranty claims lack substantive merit and are significantly overstated. The Company continues to vigorously defend this matter in private arbitration. While no assurances can be made as to the ultimate outcome of this matter, or any other future claims, we do not currently believe a material loss is probable.

The following provides a reconciliation of changes in the product warranty and recall reserve:

Design and Development Costs

Expenses associated with the development of new products, and changes to existing products, other than capitalized software development costs, are charged to expense as incurred, and are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a separate component of costs and expenses. These product development costs amounted to $72,174, $71,075 and $65,296 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, or 7.9%,7.3% and 7.3% of net sales for these respective periods.

Research and Development Activities

The Company enters into research and development contracts with certain customers, which generally provide for reimbursement of costs. The Company incurred and was reimbursed for contracted research and development costs of $11,883, $18,809 and $23,784 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Share-Based Compensation

At December 31, 2024, the Company had two share-based compensation plans: (1) 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for employees and (2) the 2018 Amended and Restated Directors’ Restricted Shares Plan, for non-employee directors. See Note 8 for additional details on share-based compensation plans.

Total compensation expense recognized as a component of SG&A expense on the consolidated statements of operations for share-based compensation arrangements was $4,094, $3,322 and $5,942 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There wasno share-based compensation expense capitalized in inventory during 2024, 2023 or 2022. Share-based compensation expense is calculated using estimated volatility and forfeitures based on historical data, future expectations and the expected term of the share-based compensation awards.

Financial Instruments and Derivative Financial Instruments

Financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, held by the Company include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, long-term debt and foreign currency forward contracts. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable is considered to be representative of fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. See Note 10 for fair value disclosures of the Company’s financial instruments.

Common Shares Held in Treasury

The Company accounts for Common Shares held in treasury under the cost method (applied on a FIFO basis) and includes such shares as a reduction of total shareholders’ equity.

Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share was computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of Common Shares outstanding for each respective period. Diluted earnings per share was calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average of all potentially dilutive Common Shares that were outstanding during the periods presented. However, for all periods in whichthe Company recognized a net loss, the Company did not recognize the effect of the potential dilutive securities as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Potential dilutive shares of 202,163,227,741 and 232,458 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were excluded from diluted loss per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

Actual weighted-average Common Shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted net loss per share were as follows:

There were 605,196,418,834 and 767,593 performance-based right to receive Common Shares outstanding at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These performance-based restricted and right to receive Common Shares are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share based on the number of Common Shares that would be issuable if the end of the year were the end of the contingency period.

Deferred Financing Costs, net

Deferred financing costs are amortized over the life of the related financial instrument using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method. Deferred financing cost amortization and debt discount accretion, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $725, $1,190 and $1,051, respectively, and is included as a component of interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. In 2022, the Company capitalized $484 of deferred financing costs as a result of entering into Amendment No. 3 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Facility. In connection with Amendment No. 3, the Company wrote off a portion of the previously recorded deferred financing costs of $365 in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2022. In 2023, the Company capitalized $332 of deferred financing costs as a resulting of entering into Amendment No. 4 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Facility. Additionally in 2023, the Company capitalized $1,915 of deferred financing costs and wrote off $309 of previously recorded deferred financing costs as a result of entering into the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding the Credit Facility and related deferred financing costs. The Company has elected to continue to present deferred financing costs within long-term assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Deferred financing costs, net, were $1,332 and $2,057, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Component

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to their 2024 presentation in the consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) – Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” The guidance in ASU 2020-04 provides temporary optional expedient and exceptions to the guidance in U.S. GAAP on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) (also known as the “reference rate reform”). The guidance allows companies to elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by the reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The guidance also allows companies to elect various optional expedients which would allow them to continue to apply hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by the reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The new standard was effective upon issuance and generally could have been applied to applicable contract modifications through December 31, 2023.

In February 2022, the Company amended its credit facility to incorporate hardwired mechanics to permit a future replacement of LIBOR as the interest reference rate without lender consent. The Company has applied the guidance to impacted transactions during the transition period. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures", which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard is effective for annual periods beginning in fiscal 2025 and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2026. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted this ASU retrospectively on December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 13, Segment Reporting for the inclusion of the new required disclosures.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2024

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," which requires companies to disclose, on an annual basis, specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, companies are required to disclose additional information about income taxes paid. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The standard is to be adopted on a prospective basis; however, retrospective application is permitted. This ASU will modify the Company's financial statement disclosures, but will not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, "Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures," which requires companies to disclose certain costs and expenses within the notes to the financial statements. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact on our annual consolidated financial statement disclosures.

3. Revenue

Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of our products and services, which is usually when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer’s premises. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The transaction price will include estimates of variable consideration to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. Incidental items that are not significant in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The expected costs associated with our base warranties are recognized as expense when the products are sold. Customer returns only occur if products do not meet the specifications of the contract and are not connected to any repurchase obligations of the Company.

The Company does not have any financing components or significant payment terms as payment occurs shortly after the point of sale. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction that are collected by the Company from a customer are excluded from revenue. Amounts billed to customers related to shipping and handling costs are included in net sales in the consolidated statements of operations. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product is transferred to the customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales.

Revenue by Reportable Segment

Control Devices. Our Control Devices segment designs and manufactures products that monitor, measure or activate specific functions within a vehicle. This segment includes product lines such as actuators, sensors, switches and connectors. We sell these products principally to the automotive market in the North American and Asia Pacific regions. To a lesser extent, we also sell these products to the commercial vehicle and agricultural markets in the North American and Asia Pacific regions. Our customers included in these markets primarily consist of original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and companies supplying components directly to the OEMs (“Tier 1 supplier”).

Electronics. Our Electronics segment designs and manufactures advanced driver information solutions, vision systems, connectivity and compliance solutions and control modules. These products are sold principally to the commercial and off-highway vehicle markets primarily through our OEM and aftermarket channels in the European, North American and Asia Pacific regions.

Stoneridge Brazil. Our Stoneridge Brazil segment primarily serves the South American region and specializes in the design, manufacture and sale of vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, driver information systems, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, telematics solutions and multimedia devices. Stoneridge Brazil sells its products through the aftermarket distribution channel, to factory authorized dealer installers, also referred to as original equipment services and directly to OEMs. In addition, monitoring services and tracking devices are sold directly to corporate customers and individual consumers.

The following tables disaggregate our revenue by reportable segment and geographical location(1) for the periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

(1)Company sales based on geographic location are where the sale originates not where the customer is located.

Performance Obligations

For OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers, the Company typically enters into contracts to provide serial production parts that consist of a set of documents including, but not limited to, an award letter, master purchase agreement and master terms and conditions. For each production product, the Company enters into separate purchase orders that contain the product specifications and an agreed-upon price. The performance obligation does not exist until a customer release is received for a specific number of parts. The majority of the parts sold to OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers are customized to the specific customer, with the exception of MirrorEye camera monitor systems (“CMS”) sold through our aftermarket channel that are mostly common across all customers. The transaction price is equal to the contracted price per part and there is no expectation of material variable consideration in the transaction price. For most customer contracts, the Company does not have an enforceable right to payment at any time prior to when the parts are shipped or delivered to the customer; therefore, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a part to the customer. Certain customer contracts contain an enforceable right to payment if the customer terminates the contract for convenience and therefore are recognized over time using the cost to complete input method.

Our aftermarket products are focused on meeting the demand for safety and compliance parts and accessories as well as repair and replacement parts and are sold primarily to aftermarket distributors and direct to consumers in our South American, European and North American markets. Aftermarket products have one type of performance obligation which is the delivery of aftermarket parts and spare parts. For aftermarket customers, the Company typically has standard terms and conditions for all customers. In addition, aftermarket products have alternative use as they can be sold to multiple customers. Revenue for aftermarket part production contracts is recognized at a point in time when the control of the parts transfer to the customer which is based on the shipping terms. Aftermarket contracts may include variable consideration related to discounts, rebates and extended warranties which are included in the transaction price upon recognizing the product revenue.

A small portion of the Company’s sales are comprised of monitoring services that include both monitoring devices and fees to individual, corporate, fleet and cargo customers in our Stoneridge Brazil segment. These monitoring service contracts are generally not capable of being distinct and are accounted for as a single performance obligation. We recognize revenue for our monitoring products and services contracts over the life of the contract. There is no variable consideration associated with these contracts. The Company has the right to consideration from a customer in the amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance to date. Therefore, the Company recognizes revenue over time using the practical expedient ASC 606-10-55-18 in the amount the Company has a “right to invoice” rather than selecting an output or input method.

Contract Balances

The Company had no material contract assets, contract liabilities or capitalized contract acquisition costs as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

4. Investments

PST Eletrônica Ltda.

The Company had a 74% controlling interest in Stoneridge Brazil from December 31, 2011 through May 15, 2017. On May 16, 2017, the Company acquired the remaining 26% noncontrolling interest in Stoneridge Brazil. As part of the acquisition agreement, the Company was required to pay additional earn-out consideration based on Stoneridge Brazil’s financial performance in 2021. The final earn-out consideration of $8,272 was paid in the second quarter of 2022. See Note 10 for the fair value and foreign currency adjustments of the earn-out consideration for the current and prior periods.

Other Investments

In December 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to make a $10,000 investment in a fund (“Autotech Fund II”) managed by Autotech Ventures (“Autotech”), a venture capital firm focused on ground transportation technology which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company’s $10,000 investment in the Autotech Fund II will be contributed over the expectedten-year life of the fund. The Company has contributed $8,950 to the Autotech Fund II as of December 31, 2024. The Company contributed $550, $350 and $950 to the Autotech Fund II during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company has a 6.7% interest in Autotech Fund II. The Company recognized losses of $1,292, $522 and $823 during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Autotech Fund II investment recorded in investments and other long-term assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets was $7,730 and $8,472 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

5. Debt

Revolving Credit Facility

On June 5, 2019, the Company entered into the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended, (the “Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement”). The Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement provided for a $300,000 senior secured revolving credit facility. As a result of entering into the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and related amendments, the Company capitalized $332 and $484 of deferred financing costs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company wrote off a portion of the previously recorded deferred financing costs of$365 in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2022.

On November 2, 2023, the Company entered into the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility provides for a $275,000 senior secured revolving credit facility and it replaced and superseded the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The Credit Facility has an accordion feature which allows the Company to increase the availability by up to $150,000 upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, including the consent of lenders providing the increase in commitments and also includes a letter of credit subfacility, swing line subfacility and multicurrency subfacility. The Credit Facility has a termination date of November 2, 2026. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at either the Base Rate or the SOFR rate, at the Company’s option, plus the applicable margin as set forth in the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility contains certain financial covenants that require the Company to maintain less than a maximum leverage ratio and more than a minimum interest coverage ratio.

As a result of entering into the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the Company capitalized $1,915 of deferred financing costs and wrote off $309 of previously recorded deferred financing costs during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Credit Facility contains customary affirmative covenants and representations. The Credit Facility also contains customary negative covenants, which, among other things, are subject to certain exceptions, including restrictions on (i) indebtedness, (ii) liens, (iii) liquidations, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, (iv) disposition of assets or subsidiaries, (v) affiliate transactions, (vi) continuation of or change in business, (vii) restricted payments, (viii) restrictions in agreements on dividends, intercompany loans and granting liens on the collateral, (ix) loans and investments and (x) changes in organizational documents and fiscal year. The Credit Facility contains customary events of default, subject to customary thresholds and exceptions, including, among other things, (i) non-payment of principal and non-payment of interest and fees, (ii) a material inaccuracy of a representation or warranty at the time made, (iii) a failure to comply with any covenant, subject to customary grace periods in the case of certain affirmative covenants, (iv) cross default of other debt, final judgments and other adverse orders in excess of $30,000, (v) any loan document shall cease to be a legal, valid and binding agreement, (vi) certain uninsured losses or proceedings against assets with a value in excess of $30,000, (vii) ERISA events, (viii) a change of control, or (ix) bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings.

On February 26, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Waiver (“Amendment No. 1”). Amendment No. 1 provides for certain covenant relief and restrictions during the “Covenant Relief Period” (the period ending on the date that the Company delivers a compliance certificate for the quarter ending December 31, 2025). During the Covenant Relief Period:

•the maximum leverage ratio of 3.50 was increased to 6.00 for the quarter ended March 31, 2025,5.50 for the quarter ended June 30, 2025,4.50 for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 and 3.50 for the quarter ended December 31, 2025;

•the minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.50 was waived for the quarter ended December 31, 2024 and was reduced to 2.00 for the quarters ended March 31 and June 30, 2025, and 2.50 and 3.50 for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2025, respectively;

•the Company’s aggregate amount of cash and cash equivalents (as defined) cannot exceed $70,000;

•the sale of significant assets (as defined) will require repayment in the amount of any net cash proceeds received and result in the reduction of the Credit Facility commitment, at the lesser of $100,000 or the net cash proceeds;

Borrowings outstanding on credit facilities were $201,577 and $189,346 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As a result of Amendment No. 1, the Company was in compliance with all credit facility covenants at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company also had outstanding letters of credit of $1,571 and $1,586 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Debt

The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary located in Stockholm, Sweden (the "Stockholm subsidiary"), has an overdraft credit line which allows overdrafts on the subsidiary’s bank account up to a daily maximum level of 20,000 Swedish krona, or $1,809 and $1,987 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 there wereno borrowings outstanding on this overdraft credit line. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the subsidiary borrowed and repaid 334,515 Swedish krona, or $30,259. The Stockholm subsidiary has pledged certain of its assets as collateral in order to obtain a guarantee of certain of the Stockholm subsidiary’s obligations to third parties.

The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary located in Suzhou, China (the "Suzhou subsidiary"), had lines of credit (the “Suzhou credit line”) that allowed up to a maximum borrowing level of 20,000 Chinese yuan, or $2,740 and $2,818 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023 there was $0 and $2,113, respectively, in borrowings outstanding on the Suzhou credit line. The Suzhou credit line was included on the consolidated balance sheet within current portion of debt. In addition, the Suzhou subsidiary had a bank acceptance draft line of credit that expired in October 2024 which facilitated the extension of trade payable payment terms by 180 days. The bank acceptance draft line of credit allowed up to a maximum borrowing level of 60,000 Chinese yuan, or $8,453 at December 31, 2023. There was $2,387 utilized on the Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit at December 31, 2023. The Suzhou bank acceptance draft line of credit was included on the consolidated balance sheet within accounts payable.

At December 31, 2024, the future maturities of the Credit Facility were as follows:

6. Income Taxes

The income tax expense included in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations represents federal, state and foreign income taxes. The components of (loss) income before income taxes and the provision (benefit) for income taxes consist of the following:

A summary of the differences between the statutory federal income tax rate of 21.0% and the consolidated provision for income taxes is shown below.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

The balance sheet classification of our net deferred tax asset is shown below:

The Company has recognized deferred taxes related to the expected foreign currency impact upon repatriation from foreign subsidiaries not considered indefinitely reinvested. At December 31, 2024, the aggregate undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries amounted to $35,670.

Based on the Company’s review of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024, a valuation allowance is recorded against certain deferred tax assets based upon the conclusion that it was more likely than not they would not be realized. Certain deferred tax assets are dependent on future taxable income to be realized.

The Company has net operating loss carry forwards of $50,495 and $53,487 for state and foreign tax jurisdictions, respectively. The state net operating losses expire from 2025-2044 or have indefinite lives and the foreign net operating losses expire from 2025-2029 or have indefinite lives. The Company has general business and foreign tax credit carry forwards of $22,111, $1,020 and $790 for U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, respectively. The U.S. federal general business credits, if unused, begin to expire in 2025, and the state and foreign tax credits expire at various times.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has consolidated deferred tax assets of $63,216 with a valuation allowance of $17,632 principally related to tax credit carryforwards, tax loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets in Sweden, Brazil, and the US. The Company has considered historical pre-tax income or loss and the four sources of income in determining the need for a valuation allowance when the realization of its deferred tax assets are not more likely than not. The four sources of income considered are 1.) taxable income in prior carryback years where carryback is allowable, 2.) future reversals of existing temporary differences, 3.) consideration of reasonable and prudent tax planning strategies, and 4.) forecasts of future taxable income, exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards. In the cases where a valuation allowance has been recorded, the evidence described above did not result in a conclusion that the deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realizable. Current and future provision for income taxes is significantly impacted by the initial recognition of and changes in valuation allowances. The Company intends to maintain these allowances until it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. The Company is significantly impacted by the GILTI tax provisions of the US tax code, and should those provisions change, it could have a material impact on our assessment of the realizability of general business credits in the US for which we currently believe are more likely than not to be realized based on the considerations noted above.

The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s total gross unrecognized tax benefits:

The Company has classified its uncertain tax positions as a reduction to non-current deferred income tax assets. If the Company’s tax positions are sustained by the taxing authorities in favor of the Company, the amount that would affect the Company’s effective tax rate is approximately $4,746 and $2,545 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company classifies interest expense and, if applicable, penalties which could be assessed related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of provision for income taxes. The Company recognized interest and penalties of $34, $0 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA"), which, among other things, implemented a 15% minimum tax on financial statement income of certain large corporations, a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the IRA did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The Company conducts business globally and, as a result, files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the world. The following table summarizes the open tax years for each jurisdiction:

7. Leases

Lessee

The Company has various cancelable and noncancelable leased assets within all of our segments, which include certain properties, vehicles and equipment of which are all classified as operating leases. Payments for these leases are generally fixed; however, several of our leases are composed of variable lease payments including index-based payments or inflation-based payments based on a Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) or other escalators. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Under Leases (Topic 842), the Company determines an arrangement is a lease when we have the right to control the use of identified property, vehicle or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Other than the leases that we have already identified, we are not aware of any material leases that have not yet commenced. For leases that have a calculated lease term of 12 months or less and do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset which we are reasonably certain to exercise, the Company has made the policy election to not apply the recognition requirements in Leases (Topic 842). For these short-term leases, the Company recognizes the lease as a period expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

For the leases identified, right of use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company used the calculated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the implementation date, and going forward at the commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company will use the implicit rate when readily determinable. The ROU asset includes the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease and such options are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease expenses are recognized within COGS, SG&A and D&D costs in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company has made the policy election to account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all of its leases.

The components of lease expense are as follows:

Balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

Maturities of operating lease liabilities are as follows:

Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for operating leases is as follows:

Other information:

8. Share-Based Compensation Plans

In May 2016, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) and reserved 1,800,000 Common Shares (of which the maximum number of Common Shares which may be issued). In May 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the 2016 Plan to increase by 1,100,000 the number of Common Shares authorized for issuance. The amendment to the 2016 Plan brought the total Common Shares available for issuance to 2,900,000. Under the 2016 Plan, as of December 31, 2024, the Company has granted 3,787,892 share units, of which 1,513,927 were time-based with cliff vesting using the straight-line method and 2,273,965 were performance-based. As of December 31, 2024,1,751,371 of the shares granted have been forfeited. There are 863,479 shares available to be granted under the 2016 Plan at December 31, 2024.

In 2024, 2023 and 2022, pursuant to the 2016 Plan, the Company granted time-based share units and performance-based performance share units. The majority of the time-based share units cliff vest three years after the date of grant. The performance-based performance share units vest and are no longer subject to forfeiture upon the recipient remaining an employee of the Company forthree years from the date of grant and, for a portion of the annual awards, upon the Company attaining certain targets of performance measured against a peer group’sthree year performance in terms of total shareholder return and, for the remaining portion of the annual awards, upon achieving certain earnings per share targets and return on invested capital targets established by the Company during the performance period of the award.

The allocation of performance shares granted between total shareholder return, earnings per share and return on invested capital were as follows for the years ended December 31:

In 2023, the Company granted retention-based phantom shares to certain employees that vest in June 2025 provided the employee remains employed with the Company. The phantom shares will settle in cash based on the volume-weighted average closing price of the Company's stock for a 30 day period prior to the vesting date. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has recorded a liability of $897 for the phantom shares which was included on the consolidated balance sheet as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

In April 2005, the Company adopted the Directors’ Restricted Shares Plan (the “Director Share Plan”) and reserved 500,000 Common Shares for issuance under the Director Share Plan. In May 2013, shareholders approved an amendment to the Director Share Plan to increase the number of shares for issuance by 200,000 to 700,000. In May 2018, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2018 Amended and Restated Director’s Restricted Shares Plan (the "2018 Director Share Plan") to increase the number of shares for issuance by 150,000 to 850,000. In May 2022, the Company's shareholders approved Amendment No. 1 to the 2018 Director Share Plan to increase the number of shares for issuance by 100,000 to 950,000. In May 2024, the Company's shareholders approved Amendment No. 2 to the 2018 Director Share Plan to increase the number of shares for issuance by 200,000 to 1,150,000. Under the 2018 Director Share Plan, the Company has cumulatively issued 931,692 restricted Common Shares. As such, there are 218,308 restricted Common Shares available to be issued on December 31, 2024. Shares issued annually under the 2018 Director Share Plan are no longer subject to forfeitureone year after the date of grant.

Share Units and Performance Shares

The fair value of the non-vested time-based share unit awards was calculated using the market value of the Common Shares on the date of issuance. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of time-based share units granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $16.35, $18.48, and $18.71, respectively.

The fair value of the non-vested performance-based performance share awards with a performance condition requiring the Company to obtain certain earnings per share and return on invested capital targets were estimated using the market value of the shares on the date of grant. The fair value of non-vested performance-based performance share awards with a market condition requiring the Company to obtain a total shareholder return target relative to a group of peer companies was estimated using a Monte Carlo valuation model taking into consideration the probability of achievement using multiple simulations. The awards that use earnings per share and return on invested capital as the performance target are expensed beginning when it is probable that the Company will meet the underlying performance condition.

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested share units and performance shares as of December 31, 2024 and the changes during the year then ended, are presented below:

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested share units and performance shares as of December 31, 2023 and the changes during the year then ended, are presented below:

As of December 31, 2024 total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested time-based share units granted was$1,930. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.08 years.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the total fair value of awards vested was $3,146, $5,623 and $3,334, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, there wasno unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested performance shares granted that are probable to vest. As noted above, the Company has issued and outstanding performance-based share units that use different performance targets (total shareholder return, earnings per share and return on invested capital).

The excess tax deficiency (benefit) realized from the vesting of share units and performance shares of the share-based payment arrangements was $248, $230 and $543 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

9. Employee Benefit Plans

The Company has certain defined contribution profit sharing and 401(k) plans covering substantially all of its employees in the United States and Europe. The Company provides matching contributions to the Company’s 401(k) plan. Company contributions are generally discretionary. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, expenses related to these plans amounted to $5,808, $5,536 and $4,883, respectively.

10. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Financial Instruments

A financial instrument is cash or a contract that imposes an obligation to deliver or conveys a right to receive cash or another financial instrument. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are considered to be representative of fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. The fair value of debt approximates the carrying value of debt, due to the variable interest rate on the Credit Facility and the maturity of outstanding debt.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

On December 31, 2024, the Company had open Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts. The Company used foreign currency forward contracts solely for hedging and not for speculative purposes during 2024 and 2023. Management believes that its use of these instruments to reduce risk is in the Company’s best interest. The counterparties to these financial instruments are financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

The Company conducts business internationally and, therefore, is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. The Company uses derivative financial instruments as cash flow hedges and used net investment hedges to manage its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates by reducing the effect of such fluctuations on foreign currency denominated intercompany transactions, inventory purchases and other foreign currency exposures.

Net Investment Hedges

During 2021, the Company entered intotwo cross-currency swaps, designated as net investment hedges, with notional values of $25,000 each that were scheduled to mature in August 2026 and August 2028. These swaps hedged a portion of the net investment in a certain euro-denominated subsidiary. As a result of favorable market conditions during 2022 the Company unwound thetwo net investment hedges and recognized a net gain of $3,716, which was recorded on the Company’sconsolidated balance sheet in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The cash received from the settlement of these swaps of $3,820 was classified in investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

The Company elected to assess hedge effectiveness of the net investment hedges under the spot method. Accordingly, periodic changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments attributable to factors other than spot exchange rate variability were excluded from the measurement of hedge ineffectiveness and reported directly in earnings each reporting period. The change in fair value of these derivative instruments was recorded in cumulative translation adjustment, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company had no outstanding net investment hedges as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Cash Flow Hedges

The Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the Mexican peso currency in 2024 and 2023. These forward contracts were executed to hedge forecasted transactions and have been accounted for as cash flow hedges. As such, gains and losses on derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, to the extent that hedges are effective, until the underlying transactions are recognized in earnings. Unrealized amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss will fluctuate based on changes in the fair value of hedge derivative contracts at each reporting period. The cash flow hedges were highly effective. The effectiveness of the transactions has been and will be measured on an ongoing basis using regression analysis and forecasted future purchases of the currency.

In certain instances, the foreign currency forward contracts may not qualify for hedge accounting or are not designated as hedges and, therefore, are marked-to-market with gains and losses recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a component of other (income) expense, net. During 2024 and 2023, all of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts were designated as cash flow hedges.

The Company’s foreign currency forward contracts offset a portion of the gains and losses on the underlying foreign currency denominated transactions as follows:

Mexican peso-denominated Foreign Currency Forward Contracts – Cash Flow Hedges

The Company holds Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts which expire ratably on a monthly basis from January 2025 to December 2025. The notional amounts at December 31, 2024 and 2023 related to Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts were $32,339 and $26,613, respectively.

The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the Mexican peso-denominated foreign currency forward contracts held as of December 31, 2024 and the year then ended, and concluded that the hedges were highly effective.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest Rate Risk – Cash Flow Hedge

On February 18, 2020, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement (the “Swap”) with a notional amount of $50,000 to hedge its exposure to interest payment fluctuations on a portion of its Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement borrowings. The Swap matured on March 10, 2023. The Swap was designated as a cash flow hedge of the variable interest rate obligation under the Company's Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. Accordingly, the change in fair value of the Swap was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Swap agreement required monthly settlements on the same days that the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement interest payments were due and had a maturity date of March 10, 2023, which was prior to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement maturity date of June 4, 2024. Under the Swap terms, the Company paid a fixed interest rate and received a floating interest rate based on the one-month LIBOR, with a floor. The critical terms of the Swap were aligned with the terms of the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, resulting in no hedge ineffectiveness. The difference between amounts to be received and paid under the Swap were recognized as a component of interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations. The swap settlements reduced interest expense, net by $290 and $156 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The notional amounts and fair values of derivative instruments in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

(A)Notional amounts represent the gross contract of the derivatives outstanding in U.S. dollars.

Gross amounts recorded for the cash flow hedges in other comprehensive (loss) income and in net loss for the years ended December 31 were as follows:

(A)(Losses) gains reclassified from comprehensive (loss) income into net loss recognized in COGS in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $(350), $337 and $1,572, respectively. (Losses) gains reclassified from other comprehensive (loss) income into net loss recognized in SG&A in the consolidated statements of operations were $(47), $109 and $504 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains reclassified from other comprehensive (loss) income into net loss recognized in interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations were$0, $290 and $156 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cash flows from derivatives used to manage foreign exchange and interest rate risks are classified as operating activities within the consolidated statements of cash flows.

The Company has measured the ineffectiveness of the forward currency contracts and any amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Fair Value Measurements

Certain assets and liabilities held by the Company are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs used. Fair values estimated using Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Fair values estimated using Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices, are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly and include among other things, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are active or inactive as well as inputs other than quoted prices that are observable. For forward currency and cross-currency contracts, inputs include forward foreign currency exchange rates. For the interest rate swap, inputs included LIBOR. Fair values estimated using Level 3 inputs consist of significant unobservable inputs.

The following table presents our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of inputs used.

The following table sets forth a summary of the change in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities related to earn-out consideration that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The Company was required to pay the Stoneridge Brazil earn-out consideration based on Stoneridge Brazil’s financial performance in 2021. The earn-out consideration obligation of $8,272 was paid in April 2022 and recorded in the consolidated statement of cash flows within operating and financing activities in the amounts of $1,996 and $6,276, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 from other levels in the fair value hierarchy for the year ended December 31, 2024.

No non-recurring fair value adjustments were required for nonfinancial assets for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets or Finite-Lived Assets

The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors the Company considers important that could trigger testing of the related asset groups for an impairment include current period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses, a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses, significant adverse changes in the business climate within a particular business or current expectations that a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its estimated useful life. To test for impairment, the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use and disposal of the asset or asset group is compared to its carrying value. An asset group is established by identifying the lowest level of cash flows generated by the group of assets that are largely independent of cash flows of other assets. If cash flows cannot be separately and independently identified for a single asset, we will determine whether an impairment has occurred for the group of assets for which we can identify projected cash flows. If these undiscounted cash flows are less than their respective carrying values, an impairment charge would be recognized to the extent that the carrying values exceed estimated fair values. The estimation of undiscounted cash flows and fair value requires us to make assumptions regarding future operating results over the life of the asset or the life of the primary asset in the asset group. The results of the impairment testing are dependent on these estimates which require judgment. The occurrence of certain events, including changes in economic and competitive conditions, could impact cash flows eventually realized and management’s ability to accurately assess whether an asset is impaired.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time, we are subject to various legal actions and claims incidental to our business, including those arising out of breach of contracts, product warranties, product liability, patent infringement, regulatory matters and employment-related matters. The Company establishes accruals for matters which it believes that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, the Company is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In 2023, the Company received a demand for arbitration from one of our customers seeking recovery of warranty claims in the amount of 29,340 euro ($32,669), related to past sales of PM sensor products, a product line we exited in 2019. The Company denies responsibility for these claims. Based on our review of the technical and legal merits, we believe these warranty claims lack substantive merit and are significantly overstated. The Company continues to vigorously defend this matter in private arbitration. While no assurances can be made as to the ultimate outcome of this matter, or any other future claims, we do not currently believe a material loss is probable.

As a result of environmental studies performed at the Company’s former facility located in Sarasota, Florida, the Company became aware of soil and groundwater contamination at the site. The Company engaged an environmental engineering consultant to assess the level of contamination and to develop a remediation and monitoring plan for the site. Soil remediation at the site was completed during the year ended December 31, 2010. A remedial action plan was approved by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and groundwater remediation began in the fourth quarter of 2015. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized expense of $157, $125 and $0, respectively, related to ground water remediation. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accruals of $244 and $143 respectively, related to future remediation costs. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, $144 and $136, respectively, were recorded as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets while the remaining amounts as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were recorded as a component of other long-term liabilities. Costs associated with the recorded liability will be incurred to complete the groundwater remediation and monitoring. The recorded liability is based on assumptions in the remedial action plan as well as estimates for future remediation activities. Although the Company sold the Sarasota facility and related property in December 2011, the liability to remediate the site contamination remains the responsibility of the Company. Due to the ongoing site remediation, the Company is currently required to maintain a $1,489 letter of credit for the benefit of the buyer.

The Company’s Stoneridge Brazil subsidiary has civil, labor, environmental and other tax contingencies (excluding income tax) for which the likelihood of loss is deemed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, by the Company which is supported by legal advisors in Brazil. As a result, no provision has been recorded with respect to these contingencies, which amounted to R$42,834 ($6,918) and R$41,681 ($8,609) at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. An unfavorable outcome on these contingencies could result in significant cost to the Company and adversely affect its results of operations and cash flows.

On August 12, 2020, the Brazilian Administrative Counsel for Economic Defense (“CADE”) issued a ruling against Stoneridge Brazil for abuse of dominance and market foreclosure through its prior use of exclusivity provisions in agreements with its distributors. The CADE tribunal imposed a R$7,995 ($1,291) fine which is included in the reasonably possible contingencies noted above. The Company continues to challenge this ruling in Brazilian federal courts to reverse this decision by the CADE tribunal.

12. Business Realignment

The Company regularly evaluates the performance of its businesses and cost structures, including personnel, and makes necessary changes thereto in order to optimize its results. The Company also evaluates the required skill sets of its personnel and periodically makes strategic changes. As a consequence of these actions, the Company incurs severance related costs which are referred to as business realignment charges. The Company does not expect future charges related to the previously incurred termination actions noted below.

Business realignment charges by reportable segment were as follows:

(A)Severance costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to COGS were $250. Severance costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to COGS and SG&A were $369 and $142, respectively.

(B)Severance costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to COGS, SG&A and D&D were $327, $458 and $1,548, respectively. Severance costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to COGS, SG&A and D&D were $423, $2,057 and $382 respectively.

(C)Severance costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to SG&A were $98.

(D)Severance related costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to SG&A were $59. Severance related costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to SG&A and D&D were $1,122 and 15, respectively. Severance related costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to SG&A were $190.

Business realignment charges classified by statement of operations line item were as follows:

Reconciliations of the beginning and ending liability balances related to business realignment were as follows:

13. Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that are evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is the chief executive officer.

The Company hasthree reportable segments, Control Devices, Electronics and Stoneridge Brazil, which also represent its operating segments. The Control Devices reportable segment produces actuators, sensors, switches and connectors. The Electronics reportable segment produces advanced driver information solutions, vision systems, connectivity and compliance solutions and control modules. The Stoneridge Brazil reportable segment designs and manufactures vehicle tracking devices and monitoring services, driver information systems, vehicle security alarms and convenience accessories, telematics solutions and multimedia devices.

The accounting policies of the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 2. The Company’s management evaluates the performance of its reportable segments based primarily on revenues from external customers, capital expenditures and operating income. Inter-segment sales are eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company's management, including the CODM, utilizes operating income as the key performance measure of segment profitability to evaluate segment performance, and for planning and forecasting purposes to allocate resources to the segments, as management believes this measure is most reflective of the financial performance of the Company's operating segments. The CODM regularly evaluates budget-to-actual and period-over-period variances for this metric when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources to each segment. The CODM also uses operating income in evaluating the operating performance of each segment and as part of determining the compensation of the segment managers and certain other employees. COGS and D&D are the significant expenses regularly reviewed by the CODM. Other segment costs primarily include SG&A items.

The financial information presented below is for ourthree reportable operating segments and includes adjustments for unallocated corporate costs and intercompany eliminations, where applicable. Such costs and eliminations do not meet the requirements for being classified as an operating segment. Corporate costs include various support functions, such as accounting/finance, executive administration, human resources, information technology and legal.

A summary of financial information by reportable segment is as follows:

The following tables present net sales and long-term assets for the geographic areas in which the Company operates:

(A)Unallocated Corporate expenses include, among other items, accounting/finance, human resources, information technology and legal costs as well as share-based compensation.

(B)These amounts represent depreciation and amortization on property, plant and equipment and certain intangible assets.

(C)Assets located at Corporate consist primarily of cash, intercompany receivables, fixed and leased assets for the headquarter building, information technology assets, equity investments and investments in subsidiaries.

14. Subsequent Events

Credit Facility Amendment

On February 26, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Facility. Refer to Note 5 of the consolidated financial statements for details regarding this amendment.