FORMFACTOR INC

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1—Formation and Nature of Business

FormFactor, Inc. is a leading provider of electrical and optical test and measurement technologies along the full semiconductor product lifecycle - from characterization, modeling, reliability, and design de-bug, to qualification and production test. We provide a broad range of high-performance probe cards, analytical probes, probe stations, thermal systems, and cryogenic systems to both semiconductor companies and scientific institutions. Our products provide electrical and optical information from a variety of semiconductor and electro-optical devices and integrated circuits from early research, through development, to high-volume production. Customers use our products and services to accelerate profitability by optimizing device performance, reducing scrap, and improving yields.

Design, development and manufacturing operations are located in Livermore, Carlsbad, and Baldwin Park, California; Beaverton, Oregon; Boulder, Colorado; and Woburn, Massachusetts, all in the United States; Munich and Thiendorf, Germany, and sales, service and support operations are located in the United States, Germany, France, Italy, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore. We also have smaller manufacturing operations in Yokohama, Japan.

Fiscal Year

Our fiscal year ends on the last Saturday in December. The fiscal years ended on December 28, 2024, December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of 52 weeks, 52 weeks, and 53 weeks, respectively. The first three fiscal quarters in our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 contained 13 weeks, and the fourth fiscal quarter contained 14 weeks.

Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Consolidation and Foreign Currency Translation

The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

The functional currencies of certain of our foreign subsidiaries are the local currencies and, accordingly, all assets and liabilities of these foreign operations are translated to U.S. Dollars at current period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated to U.S. Dollars using average exchange rates in effect during the period. The gains and losses from the foreign currency translation of these subsidiaries' financial statements are included as a separate component of stockholders' equity on our Consolidated Balance Sheets within Accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Certain other of our foreign subsidiaries use the U.S. Dollar as their functional currency. Accordingly, monetary assets and liabilities in non-functional currencies of these subsidiaries are remeasured using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period. Revenues and costs in local currency are remeasured using average exchange rates for the period, except for costs related to those balance sheet items that are remeasured using historical exchange rates. The resulting remeasurement gains and losses are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of Other income (expense), net as incurred.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates may change as new information is obtained. We believe that the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in revenue recognition, fair value of marketable securities, fair value of derivative financial instruments used to hedge both foreign currency and interest rate exposures, allowance for credit losses, reserves for product warranty, valuation of obsolete and slow moving inventory, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, legal contingencies, valuation of goodwill, the assessment of recoverability of long-lived assets, valuation and recognition of stock-based compensation, loss contingencies, provision for income taxes and valuation of deferred tax assets have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Business Acquisitions

Our consolidated financial statements include the operations of acquired businesses after the completion of their respective acquisitions. We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, and that the fair value of acquired intangibles be recorded on the balance sheet. Transaction costs are expensed as incurred. Any excess of the purchase price over the assigned fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits and financial instruments which are readily convertible into cash and have original maturities of 90 days or less at the time of acquisition. Marketable securities consist primarily of highly liquid investments with maturities of greater than 90 days when purchased. We classify our available-for-sale marketable securities as current assets because they represent investments of cash available for current operations. As a result, the Company recorded all its marketable securities in short-term investments regardless of the contractual maturity date of the securities. Furthermore, we report them at fair value with the related unrealized gains and losses included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any unrealized losses which are considered to be other-than-temporary are recorded in Other income (expense), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable securities are determined using the specific-identification method and recorded in Other income (expense), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

All of our available-for-sale investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. If an available-for-sale debt security’s fair value is less than its amortized cost basis, then we evaluate whether the decline is the result of a credit loss, in which case an impairment is recorded through an allowance for credit losses. Unrealized gains and losses not attributable to credit losses are included, net of tax, in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We did not record an allowance for credit losses related to our available-for-sale investments during fiscal 2024.

Foreign Exchange Management

We transact business in various foreign currencies. We enter into forward foreign exchange contracts in an effort to mitigate the risks associated with currency fluctuations on certain foreign currency balance sheet exposures and certain operational costs denominated in local currency impacting our statement of income. For accounting purposes, certain of our foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recorded within Other income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statements of Income for both realized and unrealized gains and losses. Certain of our foreign currency forward contracts are designated as cash flow hedges, and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss and reclassified into earnings in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings, and in the same line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income as the impact of the hedge transaction. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The majority of our accounts receivable are derived from sales to large multinational semiconductor manufacturers throughout the world, are recorded at their invoiced amount, and do not bear interest.

In order to monitor potential credit losses, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers' financial condition. An allowance for credit losses is maintained based upon our assessment of the expected collectability of all accounts receivable. The allowance for credit losses is reviewed and assessed for adequacy on a quarterly basis. We take into consideration (1) any circumstances of which we are aware of a customer's inability to meet its financial obligations and (2) our judgments as to prevailing economic conditions in the industry and their impact on our customers. If circumstances change, and the financial condition of our customers is adversely affected and they are unable to meet their financial obligations, we may need to take additional allowances, which would result in an increase in our operating expense.

Activity related to our allowance for credit losses was as follows (in thousands):

Inventories

We state our inventories at the lower of cost (principally standard cost which approximates actual cost on a first in, first out basis) or net realizable value. We regularly assess the value of our inventory and will periodically write down its value for estimated excess inventory and product obsolescence based upon an analysis of existing inventory quantities compared to estimated future consumption. Future consumption is estimated based upon assumptions about how past consumption, recent purchases, backlog and other factors may indicate future consumption. On a quarterly basis, we review existing inventory quantities in comparison to our past consumption, recent purchases, backlog and other factors to determine what inventory quantities, if any, may not be sellable. Based on this analysis, we record an adjustment to the cost basis of inventory when evidence exists that the net realizable value of inventory is lower than its cost, which occurs when we have excess and/or obsolete inventory. Once the value is adjusted, the original cost of our inventory, less the related inventory write-down, represents the new cost basis. Reversal of these write downs is recognized only when the related inventory has been scrapped or sold. Shipping and handling costs are classified as a component of Cost of revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

We design, manufacture and sell a custom product into a market that has been subject to cyclicality and significant demand fluctuations. Many of our products are complex, custom to a specific chip design and have to be delivered on short lead-times. Probe cards are manufactured in low volumes, but, for certain materials, the purchases are often subject to minimum order quantities in excess of the actual underlying probe card demand. It is not uncommon for us to acquire production materials and commence production activities based on estimated production yields and forecasted demand prior to, or in excess of, actual demand for our probe cards. These factors result in normal recurring inventory valuation charges to Cost of revenues.

Inventory write downs totaled $12.3 million, $15.0 million and $24.6 million for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash is comprised primarily of funds held in escrow as required by the divestiture of our China Operations and funds held by our foreign subsidiaries for employee obligations, office leases, environmental remediation, temporary customs import permits, and customer deposits.

Property, Plant, and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line method. Machinery and equipment, computer equipment and software, and furniture and fixtures are depreciated over 3 to 5 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over 7 years. Building and building improvements are depreciated over 30 years. Construction-in-progress assets are not depreciated until the assets are placed in service. Upon sale or retirement of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is reflected in Operating income in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use our estimated incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments considering the term of the lease, which is derived from information available at the lease commencement date. The lease term includes renewal options when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised and excludes termination options. To the extent that the Company’s agreements have variable lease payments, the Company includes variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate and excludes those that depend on facts or circumstances occurring after the commencement date, other than the passage of time.

Lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term leases for any class of underlying asset. Operating leases are included in Operating lease, right-of-use-assets, Operating lease liabilities, and Long-term operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, rather assessed, at least annually, for impairment at a reporting unit level. Impairment of goodwill exists when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. A goodwill impairment loss is recognized for the amount that the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired.

We evaluate impairment by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. If we determine, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative impairment test is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required.

We perform our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of each year by assessing qualitative factors, including, but not limited to, an assessment of our market capitalization, which was significantly higher than our book value. Based on these tests, we determined that the quantitative impairment test was not required and no impairment charges were recorded in fiscal 2024, 2023 or 2022.

The evaluation of goodwill for impairment requires the exercise of judgment. In the event of future changes in business conditions, we will be required to reassess and update our forecasts and estimates used in future impairment analysis. If the results of these analysis are lower than current estimates, a material impairment charge may result at that time.

See Note 10, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of acquisition related intangible assets and intellectual property. The intangible assets are being amortized over periods of 1 to 10 years, which reflect the pattern in which economic benefits of the assets are expected to be realized. We perform a review of intangible assets when facts and circumstances indicate that the useful life is shorter than originally estimated or that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. Such facts and circumstances include significant adverse changes in the business climate or legal factors; current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the intangible assets; and current expectation that the intangible assets will more likely than not be sold or disposed of before the end of their estimated useful lives. We assess the recoverability of identified intangible assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their remaining lives against their respective carrying amounts. Impairments, if any, are based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets.

See Note 10, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We test long-lived assets or asset groups, such as property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, for recoverability when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Circumstances which could trigger a review include, but are not limited to: significant decreases in the market price of the asset; significant adverse changes in the business climate or legal factors; accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of the asset; current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset; and current expectation that the asset will more likely than not be sold or disposed of before the end of its estimated useful life.

Recoverability is assessed based on the carrying amounts of the asset or asset group and the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and the eventual disposal of the asset. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds fair value.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. Our cash equivalents and marketable securities are held in safekeeping by large, credit-worthy financial institutions. We invest our excess cash primarily in U.S. banks, government and agency bonds, money market funds and corporate obligations. We have established guidelines relative to credit ratings, diversification and maturities that seek to maintain safety and liquidity. Deposits in these banks may exceed the amounts of insurance provided on such deposits. To date, we have not experienced any losses on our deposits of cash and cash equivalents. We market and sell our products to a relatively narrow base of customers and generally do not require collateral.

The following customers represented 10% or more of our revenues:

• Less than 10% of revenues.

At December 28, 2024, one customer accounted for 22.0% of gross accounts receivable. At December 30, 2023, two customers accounted for 17.8% and 11.0% of gross accounts receivable. No other customers accounted for 10% or more of gross accounts receivable for these fiscal period ends.

We are exposed to non-performance risk by counterparties on our derivative instruments used in hedging activities. We seek to minimize risk by diversifying our hedging program across multiple financial institutions. These counterparties are large international financial institutions, and, to date, no such counterparty has failed to meet its financial obligations to us.

Government Assistance

California Competes Grant: In January 2023, we received $18.0 million in cash from a California Competes Grant (the “Grant”) awarded from the California Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development. The Grant requires us to create and maintain full-time jobs and make significant infrastructure investments within California over a 5-year term. If we do not meet the requirements of the Grant, we will be required to repay all or a portion of the Grant.

The Grant is included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets within Deferred grant and we will recognize the Grant over time when earned as an offset to Cost of revenues and Operating expenses within our Consolidated Statements of Income. We have presented the proceeds from the Grant as cash provided by operating activities within our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as the Grant is to offset operations. No amounts were recognized as an offset to expenses in fiscal 2024 and 2023 and the full grant remains deferred.

Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit: The Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors and Science Act of 2022 (the “CHIPS Act”) was signed into law on August 9, 2022. The CHIPS Act provides for various incentives and tax credits, among other items, including the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit (“AMIC”), which equals 25% of qualified investments in an advanced manufacturing facility that is placed in service after December 31, 2022. The Company expects to receive refundable federal investment tax credits through the CHIPS Act in connection with ongoing expansion projects. At least a portion of our capital expenditures qualify for this credit, which benefits us by allowing us to net the credit received against our costs. The AMIC credit is accounted as a reduction to the depreciable basis of the assets used in operations. The Company has offset the cost ofproperty, plant, and equipment by the amount of the estimated credit of $7.3 million and $3.7 million for fiscal December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, respectively. The receivable recorded is an estimate based on the Company's interpretation of the Section 48D Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit under the CHIPS Act, which may be refunded to us in cash to the extent it exceeds our outstanding income tax liabilities.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized upon transferring control of products and services, and the amounts recognized reflect the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. An arrangement may include some or all of the following products and services: probe cards, systems, accessories, engineering services, installation services, service contracts and extended warranty contracts. We sell our products and services direct to customers and to partners intwo distribution channels: global direct sales force and through a combination of manufacturers’ representatives and distributors.

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. In contracts with multiple performance obligations, we identify each performance obligation and evaluate whether the performance obligation is distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Performance obligations that are not distinct at contract inception are combined and accounted for as one unit of account. Generally, the performance obligations in a contract are considered distinct within the context of the contract and are accounted for as separate units of account.

Our products may be customized to our customers’ specifications; however, control of our product is typically transferred to the customer at the point in time the product is either shipped or delivered, depending on the terms of the arrangement, as the criteria for over time recognition is not met. In limited circumstances, substantive acceptance by the customer exists which results in the deferral of revenue until acceptance is formally received from the customer. Judgment may be required in determining if the acceptance clause is substantive. In certain instances control of products is transferred to the customer over time based on performance and in those instances we utilize an appropriate input or output measure to determine to what extent control has transferred to the customer. Judgment may be required in determining an appropriate measure of performance.

Installation services are routinely provided to customers purchasing our systems. Installation services are a distinct performance obligation apart from the systems and are recognized in the period they are performed. Service contracts, which include repair and maintenance service contracts, and extended warranty contracts are also distinct performance obligations and are recognized over the contractual service period, which ranges fromone tothree years. For these service contracts recognized over time, we use the input measure of days elapsed to measure progress.

A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. In determining the transaction price, we evaluate whether the price is subject to refund or adjustment to determine the net consideration to which we expect to be entitled. We generally do not grant return privileges, except for defective products during the warranty period. Sales incentives and other programs that we may make available to our customers are considered to be a form of variable consideration, which is estimated in determining the contract’s transaction price to be allocated to the performance obligations.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative stand-alone selling price. The stand-alone selling prices are determined based on observable prices, which are the prices at which we separately sell these products. For items which do not have observable prices, we use our best estimate of the stand-alone selling prices.

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations: On December 28, 2024, we had $20.7 million of remaining performance obligations, which were comprised of deferred service contracts, extended warranty contracts, and contracts with over time revenue recognition that are not yet delivered. We expect to recognize approximately 69.0% of our remaining performance obligations as revenue in fiscal 2025, approximately 26.3% in fiscal 2026, and approximately 4.7% in fiscal 2027 and thereafter. The foregoing excludes the value of remaining performance obligations that have original durations of one year or less, and also excludes information about variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation.

Contract balances: The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable is recorded at the invoiced amount, net of an allowance for credit losses. A receivable is recognized in the period we deliver goods or provide services or when our right to consideration is unconditional. A contract asset is recorded when we have performed under the contract but our right to consideration is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Contract assets as of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023 were $6.9 million and $3.8 million, respectively, and are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of Prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Contract liabilities include payments received and payments due in advance of performance under a contract and are satisfied as the associated revenue is recognized. Contract liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period as a component of Deferred revenue and Other liabilities. Contract liabilities totaled $16.9 million and $18.0 million at December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, respectively. During fiscal 2024, we recognized $14.1 million of revenue that was included in contract liabilities as of December 30, 2023.

Costs to obtain a contract: We generally expense sales commissions when incurred as a component of Selling, general and administrative expense as the amortization period is typically less than one year.

Revenue by Category: Refer to Note 16, Segments and Geographic Information, for further details.

Warranty Obligations

We offer warranties on certain products and record a liability for the estimated future costs associated with warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty liability is based upon historical experience and our estimate of the level of future costs. While we engage in product quality programs and processes, our warranty obligation is affected by product failure rates, material usage and service delivery costs incurred in correcting a product failure. We continuously monitor product returns for warranty and maintain a reserve for the related expenses based upon our historical experience and any specifically identified field failures. As we sell new products to our customers, we must exercise considerable judgment in estimating the expected failure rates. This estimating process is based on historical experience of similar products, as well as various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances.

We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized. Warranty costs are reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Income as a Cost of revenues.

A reconciliation of the changes in our warranty liability is as follows (in thousands):

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include expenses related to product development, engineering and material costs. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

We utilize the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, under which deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. We estimate our provision for income taxes and amounts ultimately payable or recoverable in numerous tax jurisdictions around the world. Estimates involve interpretations of regulations and are inherently complex. Resolution of income tax treatments in individual jurisdictions may not be known for many years after completion of any fiscal year. We are required to evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets on an ongoing basis to determine whether there is a need for a valuation allowance with respect to such deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating the ability to recover deferred tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence giving greater weight to our recent cumulative income, our historical ability to utilize net operating losses in recent years, and our forecast of future taxable income, including the reversal of temporary differences and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax planning strategies.

We recognize and measure uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We report a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves, as well as the related net interest. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax provision. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We file annual income tax returns in multiple taxing jurisdictions around the world. A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and finally resolved. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular uncertain tax position, we believe that our related liability reflects the most likely outcome. We adjust the liability, as well as the related interest, in light of changing facts and circumstances. Settlement of any particular position could require the use of cash.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date estimated fair values. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service periods in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is measured based on the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of Performance RSUs (“PRSU”) is based on certain market performance criteria and is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model.

See Note 12, Stockholders' Equity, and Note 13, Stock-Based Compensation, for additional information.

Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share is computed giving effect to all potentially dilutive common stock and common stock equivalents, including stock options, RSUs and common stock subject to repurchase.

The following table reconciles the shares used in calculating basic net income per share and diluted net income per share (in thousands):

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) includes the following items, the impact of which has been excluded from earnings and reflected as components of stockholders' equity as shown below (in thousands):

Note 3—Balance Sheet Components

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consisted of the following (in thousands):

We typically invest in highly-rated securities with low probabilities of default. Our investment policy requires investments to be rated single A or better, limits the types of acceptable investments, concentration as to security holder and duration of the investment. The gross unrealized gains and losses in fiscal 2024 and 2023 were caused primarily by changes in interest rates.

The longer the duration of marketable securities, the more susceptible they are to changes in market interest rates and bond yields. As yields increase, those securities with a lower yield-at-cost show a mark-to-market unrealized loss. We anticipate recovering the full cost of the securities either as market conditions improve or as the securities mature. Accordingly, we believe that the unrealized losses are not as a result of a credit loss.

The contractual maturities of marketable securities were as follows (in thousands):

See also Note 9, Fair Value.

Inventories, net

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

Property, Plant and Equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

Note 4—Acquisition

On June 9, 2022 we acquired the assets of the dilution refrigerator product line of American ULT Cryogenics, formerly d/b/a JanisULT (“Woburn”), for total consideration of $3.4 million. This acquisition added cryogen-free dilution refrigerators capable of cooling to sub-10 millikelvin to our product portfolio, which is required for operation of superconducting quantum computers.

The acquisition price was allocated to the tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the closing date of the acquisition based upon their respective fair values. The fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on management’s assumptions as of the reporting date. Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and is allocated to the HPD reporting unit within the Systems reportable segment. The identified intangible asset, developed technology, has a useful life ofthree years.

The fair value of assets acquired, including goodwill and intangibles, and liabilities assumed for the purchase are as follows (in thousands):

Note 5—Divestitures

China Operations Divestiture

On February 7, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell its China operations to Grand Junction Semiconductor Pte. Ltd. (“Grand Junction”) for $25.0 million in cash, subject to customary purchase price adjustments, and establish an exclusive distribution and partnership agreement to continue sales and support of our products in the region. The following subsidiaries were included as part of the divestiture: Microprobe Hong Kong Limited, FormFactor Technology (Suzhou) Co. Ltd., Cascade Microtech Singapore Pte, Ltd, and FormFactor International (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. These entities supported both the Probe Cards and Systems segments.

On February 26, 2024, we closed on the sale of the operations in China to Grand Junction and received total consideration of $21.4 million, net of cash transferred and transaction expenses, and after customary adjustments for indebtedness and changes in net working capital. The disposition of the China operations did not meet the criteria to be classified as a discontinued operation in the Company’s financial statements because the disposition did not represent a strategic shift that had, or will have, a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the sale proceeds received in connection with the divestiture (in thousands):

The carrying amount of net assets associated with the China operations was approximately $1.2 million. The major classes of assets and liabilities sold consisted of the following (in thousands):

As a result of the divestiture, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $20.3 million. The Company recorded income tax expense associated with the divestiture of approximately $3.3 million.

FRT Divestiture

On September 18, 2023, the Company announced entry into a definitive agreement to sell its FRT Metrology (“FRT”) business to Camtek Ltd. (“Camtek”) for $100 million in cash, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. The Company acquired FRT GmbH in fiscal 2019 for total consideration of $24.4 million, net of cash acquired. Headquartered in Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, the FRT business was part of the Company's Systems segment.

On November 1, 2023, we closed on the sale of the FRT business to Camtek and received net cash proceeds of $100.1 million, net of cash transferred and transaction expenses, and after customary adjustments for indebtedness and changes in net working capital.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the sale proceeds received in connection with the divestiture (in thousands):

The carrying amount of net assets associated with the FRT business was approximately $26.8 million. The major classes of assets and liabilities sold consisted of the following (in thousands):

As a result of the divestiture, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $73.3 million. The Company recorded income tax expense associated with the divestiture of approximately $6.0 million.

Note 6—Debt

Our debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

On June 22, 2020, we entered into an $18.0 million 15-year credit facility loan agreement (the “Building Term Loan”) with MUFG Union Bank, National Association (“Union Bank”). The proceeds of the Building Term Loan were used to purchase a building adjacent to our leased facilities in Livermore, California. On May 19, 2023, we amended the Building Term Loan, replacing the benchmark reference rate LIBOR with SOFR, with no change to the amount or timing of contractual cash flows.

The Building Term Loan bears interest at a rate equal to the applicable SOFR rate, plus 0.1145%, plus 1.75% per annum. Interest payments are payable in monthly installments over afifteen-year period. The interest rate at December 28, 2024 was 6.42% before consideration of the interest rate swap.

On March 17, 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement with Union Bank to hedge the interest payments on the Building Term Loan for the notional amount of $18.0 million. As future levels of LIBOR over the life of the loan were uncertain, we entered into this interest-rate swap agreement to hedge the exposure in interest rate risks associated with movement in LIBOR rates. This agreement was amended on May 19, 2023 to replace the benchmark reference rate LIBOR with SOFR to match the Building Term Loan agreement (as amended). After the amendment, the interest rate swap continues to convert our floating-rate interest into a fixed-rate of 2.75%. As of December 28, 2024, the notional amount of the loan that is subject to this interest rate swap was $13.4 million. See Note 9, Fair Value, for additional information.

The obligations under the Building Term Loan are guaranteed by a deed of trust covering certain real property and improvements and certain personal property used in connection therewith. The deed of trust creates a first priority lien or encumbrance on the property with only such exceptions as may be approved by Union Bank in writing.

The Building Term Loan contains covenants customary for financing of this type. As of December 28, 2024, the balance outstanding pursuant to the Building Term Loan was $13.4 million.

Future principal and interest payments on our term loans as of December 28, 2024, based on the interest rate in effect at that date were as follows (in thousands):

(1) Represents our minimum interest payment commitment at 6.42% per annum, excluding the interest rate swap described above.

Note 7—Leases

Our operating lease, right-of-use assets relate to real estate space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements for commercial and industrial space, as well as for our corporate headquarters located in Livermore, California. Our leases have remaining terms ofone toten, and some leases include options to extend up totwenty years. We did not include any of our renewal options in our lease terms for calculating our lease liability as the renewal options allow us to maintain operational flexibility and we are not reasonably certain we will exercise these options at this time. The weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases wasfour years at December 28, 2024 and the weighted-average discount rate was 4.72%.

The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

Future minimum payments under our non-cancelable operating leases were as follows as of December 28, 2024 (in thousands):

Note 8—Derivative Financial Instruments

Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts

We operate and sell our products in various global markets. As a result, we are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We utilize foreign currency forward contracts to hedge against future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect certain existing foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities and forecasted foreign currency revenue and expense transactions. Under this program, our strategy is to have increases or decreases in our foreign currency exposures mitigated by gains or losses on the foreign currency forward contracts in order to mitigate the risks and volatility associated with foreign currency transaction gains or losses.

We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. For accounting purposes, certain of our foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recorded within Other income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statements of Income for both realized and unrealized gains and losses. Certain of our foreign currency forward contracts are designated as cash flow hedges, and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss and reclassified into earnings in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings, and in the same line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income as the impact of the hedge transaction. At December 28, 2024, we expect to reclassify $1.1 million of the amount accumulated in other comprehensive loss to earnings during the next 12 months, due to the recognition in earnings of the hedged forecasted transactions.

The fair value of our foreign exchange derivative contracts was determined based on current foreign currency exchange rates and forward points. All of our foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding at December 28, 2024 will mature by the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025.

The following table provides information about our foreign currency forward contracts outstanding as of December 28, 2024 (in thousands):

Our foreign currency contracts are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as they are valued using pricing models that utilize observable market inputs.

The location and amount of gains related to non-designated derivative instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Income were as follows (in thousands):

The location and amount of gains (losses) related to foreign currency derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges on our Consolidated Statements of Income was as follows (in thousands):

Interest Rate Swaps

During fiscal 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement with Union Bank to hedge the interest payments on the Building Term Loan for the notional amount of $18.0 million. As future levels of LIBOR over the life of the loan are uncertain, we entered into this interest-rate swap agreement to hedge the exposure in interest rate risks associated with movement in LIBOR rates. By entering into the agreement, we convert a floating rate interest at one-month LIBOR plus 1.75% into a fixed rate interest at 2.75%. This agreement was amended in fiscal 2023 to replace the benchmark reference rate LIBOR with SOFR to match the Building Term Loan agreement (as amended). After the amendment, the interest rate swap continues to convert our floating-rate interest into a fixed-rate at 2.75%. As of December 28, 2024, the notional amount of the loan that is subject to this interest rate swap was $13.4 million. See Note 6, Debt, for additional information.

For accounting purposes, the interest-rate swap contracts qualify for and are designated as cash flow hedges. All hedging relationships are formally documented, and the hedges are designed to offset changes to future cash flows on hedged transactions. We evaluate hedge effectiveness at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis.

The fair value of our interest rate swap contracts are determined at the end of each reporting period based on valuation models that use interest rate yield curves as inputs. The cash flows associated with the interest rate swaps are reported in Net cash provided by operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and the fair value of the interest rate swap contracts are recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets.

The impact of the interest rate swaps on the Consolidated Statements of Income was as follows (in thousands):

See also Note 9, Fair Value.

Note 9—Fair Value

Whenever possible, the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities are determined using quoted market prices of identical securities or quoted market prices of similar securities from active markets. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

•Level 1 valuations are obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets involving identical securities;

•Level 2 valuations utilize significant observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices near the reporting date in markets that are less active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

•Level 3 valuations utilize unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology and include our own data about assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances.

We did not have any transfers of assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis to or from Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during fiscal 2024, 2023 or 2022.

The carrying values of Cash, Accounts receivable, net, Restricted cash, Prepaid expenses and other current assets, Accounts payable, and Accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities.

No changes were made to our valuation techniques during fiscal 2024.

Cash Equivalents

The fair value of our cash equivalents is determined based on quoted market prices for similar or identical securities.

Marketable Securities

We classify our marketable securities as available-for-sale and value them utilizing a market approach. Our investments are priced by pricing vendors who provide observable inputs for their pricing without applying significant judgment. Broker pricing is used mainly when a quoted price is not available, the investment is not priced by our pricing vendors or when a broker price is more reflective of fair value. Our broker-priced investments are categorized as Level 2 investments because fair value is based on similar assets without applying significant judgments. In addition, all of our investments have a sufficient level of trading volume to demonstrate that the fair value is appropriate.

Assets and liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

We measure and report our non-financial assets such as Property, plant and equipment, Goodwill and Intangible assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis if we determine these assets to be impaired or in the period when we make a business acquisition. Other than as discussed in Note 4, Acquisition, there wereno assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during fiscal 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Note 10—Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill by reportable segment was as follows (in thousands):

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

During fiscal 2024, $0.4 million of in-process research and development assets were transferred to definite-lived intangible assets.

Amortization expense was included in our Consolidated Statements of Income as follows (in thousands):

The estimated future amortization of definite-lived intangible assets, is as follows (in thousands):

We didnot record any impairment of intangible assets in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Note 11—Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

See Note 7, Leases.

Government Assistance

In January 2023, we received a $18.0 million Grant from the California Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development. The Grant requires us to create and maintain full-time jobs and make significant infrastructure investments within California over a 5-year term. If we do not meet the requirements of the Grant, we will be required to repay all or a portion of the Grant. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies under the caption “Government Assistance,” for additional information.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign governmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the clean-up of contaminated sites and the maintenance of a safe workplace. We believe that we comply in all material respects with the environmental laws and regulations that apply to us as of December 28, 2024. There are no matters pending that we currently believe are reasonably possible of having a material impact to our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In the future, we may receive notices of violations of environmental regulations, or otherwise learn of such violations. Environmental contamination or violations may negatively impact our business.

Indemnification Arrangements

We have entered, and may from time to time in the ordinary course of our business enter, into contractual arrangements with third parties that include indemnification obligations. Under these contractual arrangements, we have agreed to defend, indemnify and/or hold the third party harmless from and against certain liabilities. These arrangements include indemnities in favor of customers in the event that our products or services infringe a third party's intellectual property, or cause property damage or other indemnities in favor of our lessors in connection with facility leasehold liabilities that we may cause. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and certain of our officers, and our bylaws contain indemnification obligations in favor of our directors, officers and agents. These indemnity arrangements may limit the type of the claim, the total amount that we can be required to pay in connection with the indemnification obligation and the time within which an indemnification claim can be made. The duration of the indemnification obligation may vary, and for most arrangements, survives the agreement term and is indefinite. We believe that substantially all of our indemnity arrangements provide either for limitations on the maximum potential future payments we could be obligated to make, or for limitations on the types of claims and damages we could be obligated to indemnify, or both. However, it is not possible to determine or reasonably estimate the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnification obligations due to the varying terms of such obligations, a lack of history of prior indemnification claims, the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular contractual arrangement and in each potential future claim for indemnification, and the contingency of any potential liabilities upon the occurrence of events that are not reasonably determinable. We have not had any material requests for indemnification under these arrangements. We have not recorded any liabilities for these indemnification arrangements on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 28, 2024 or December 30, 2023.

Legal Matters

From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business, the outcomes of which cannot be estimated with certainty. Our ability to estimate the outcomes may change in the near term and the effect of any such change could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 12—Stockholders' Equity

Preferred Stock

We have authorized 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par value, none of which is issued and outstanding. Our Board of Directors shall determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of the preferred stock, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of any series.

Common Stock

Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the Board of Directors, subject to the prior rights of holders, if any, of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights as to dividends. No dividends have been declared or paid as of December 28, 2024.

Common Stock Repurchase Programs

On October 26, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to $50 million of outstanding common stock to offset potential dilution from issuances of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. During fiscal 2022, we repurchased and retired 676,408 shares of common stock for $26.0 million, utilizing the remaining shares available for repurchase under the program.

On May 20, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to $75 million of outstanding common stock to offset potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. During fiscal 2022 and 2023, we repurchased and retired 1,700,893 shares of common stock for $56.4 million and 504,352 shares of common stock for $18.6 million, respectively, utilizing the remaining shares available for repurchase under the program.

On October 30, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized an additional program to repurchase up to $75 million of outstanding common stock, also with the primary purpose of offsetting potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. This share repurchase program will expire on October 30, 2025. During fiscal 2023 and 2024, we repurchased and retired 32,020 shares of common stock for $1.2 million and 1,309,635 shares of common stock for $53.3 million, respectively, and as of December 28, 2024 $20.5 million remained available for future repurchases.

Equity Incentive Plan

We currently grant equity-based awards under our Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2012 Plan”) which was approved by our stockholders. As amended, the 2012 Plan has authorized for issuance a total of 27.4 million shares,3.7 million of which were available for grant as of December 28, 2024.

Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted under the 2012 Plan generally vest over three years. RSUs, including Performance Restricted Stock Units (“PRSUs”) are converted into shares of our common stock upon vesting on a one-for-one basis. The vesting of RSUs is subject to the employee's continuing service.

RSU activity was as follows:

The PRSUs granted in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022 listed below vest based on us achieving certain market performance criteria. The performance criteria are based on a metric called Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) for the performance period ofthree years, relative to the TSR of the companies identified as being part of the S&P Semiconductor Select Industry Index (FormFactor peer companies) as of a specific date.

Of the 197,128 PRSUs granted in fiscal 2021,56,685 shares were forfeited during the requisite service period, resulting in 140,443 shares vesting in 2024. These shares achieved 146% TSR performance, which resulted in an additional 64,525 shares issued in fiscal 2024 in excess of the target number of units related to the fiscal 2021 PRSU grant.

PRSU grant activity was as follows:

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Our 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), as amended, allows for the issuance of a total of 12,137,559 shares. The offering periods under the ESPP are 12 months commencing on February 1 of each calendar year and ending on January 31 of the subsequent calendar year, and asix-month fixed offering period commencing on August 1 of each calendar year and ending on January 31 of the subsequent calendar year. The 12-month offering period consists oftwo six-month purchase periods and thesix-month offering period consists ofone six-month purchase period. The price of the common stock purchased is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on the first day of the applicable offering period or the last day of each purchase period. We have treated the 2012 ESPP as a compensatory plan.

During fiscal 2024, employees purchased 340,989 shares under this program at a weighted average exercise price of $28.59 per share, which represented a weighted average discount of $16.43 per share from the fair value of the stock purchased. As of December 28, 2024,3,272,032 shares remained available for issuance.

Note 13—Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Certain information regarding our stock-based compensation was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Pre-tax stock-based compensation expense by financial statement line and related tax benefit in the Consolidated Statements of Income are as follows (in thousands):

Unrecognized Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense at December 28, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

Valuation Assumptions

The following assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of PRSUs:

The following assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of shares under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan:

Note 14—Income Taxes

Components of Income Before Income Taxes

The components of income before income taxes were as follows (in thousands):

Provision for Income Taxes

The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

Tax Rate Reconciliation

The following is a reconciliation of the difference between income taxes computed by applying the federal statutory rate of 21% and the provision from income taxes (in thousands):

(1) The rate reconciliation includes an exclusion of a portion of the gain on the sale of the FRT business under German tax law.

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be reversed.

Significant deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

We are required to evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets in both our U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions on an ongoing basis to determine whether there is a need for a valuation allowance with respect to such deferred tax assets. As of December 28, 2024, we maintained a valuation allowance of $47.9 million, primarily related to California deferred tax assets and foreign tax credit carryovers, due to uncertainty about the future realization of these assets. We believe that future reversals of taxable temporary differences, and our forecast of continued earnings in both our U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions, support our decision to not record a valuation allowance on other deferred tax assets.

Tax Credits and Carryforwards

Tax credits and carryforwards available to us at December 28, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

Undistributed Earnings

As of December 28, 2024, unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries was estimated at $43.1 million. We intend to permanently invest $12.0 million of undistributed earnings indefinitely outside of the U.S. To the extent we repatriate the remaining $31.1 million of undistributed foreign earnings to the U.S., we have not established a deferred tax liability for foreign withholding taxes. Foreign earnings that can be remitted back to the U.S. are from jurisdictions with current tax treaties, which exempt us from withholding taxes. Our estimates are provisional and subject to change because of the complexity and variety of assumptions necessary to compute the tax.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

We recognize the benefits of tax return positions if we determine that the positions are “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained by the taxing authority. Interest and penalties accrued on unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as tax expense in the period incurred.

The following table reflects changes in the unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

Of the unrecognized tax benefits at December 28, 2024, $25.3 million would impact the effective tax rate if recognized.

The amount of income taxes we pay is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities which might result in proposed assessments. Our estimate for the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is judgmental in nature. However, we believe we have adequately provided for any reasonably foreseeable outcome related to those matters. Our future results may include favorable or unfavorable adjustments to our estimated tax liabilities in the period the assessments are made or resolved or when statutes of limitation on potential assessments expire. As of December 28, 2024, changes to our uncertain tax positions in the next 12 months that are reasonably possible are not expected to have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations.

At December 28, 2024, our tax years 2021 through 2024, 2020 through 2024 and 2019 through 2024 remain open for examination in the federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, respectively. However, to the extent allowed by law, the taxing authorities may have the right to examine prior periods where net operating losses and credits were generated and carried forward, and make adjustments up to the net operating loss and credit carryforward amounts.

Note 15—Employee Benefit Plans

We have an employee savings plan that qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The plan is designed to provide employees with an accumulation of funds for retirement on a tax-deferred basis and provide for annual discretionary employer contributions. The total charge to net income under the 401(k) plan for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022 aggregated to $2.6 million, $2.3 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

Note 16—Segments and Geographic Information

We operate intwo reportable segments consisting of the Probe Cards Segment and the Systems Segment.

Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is our President and Chief Executive Officer, who assesses the reportable segments' performance by using each reportable segment's net contribution to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire company. The CODM uses net contribution for each reportable segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process, as well as consideration of budget-to-actual variances on a quarterly basis when making decisions for assessment of our performance and results of operations. Certain components of net contribution are utilized to determine executive compensation along with other measures.

The following table provides net contribution by reportable segment and includes a reconciliation to income before income taxes (dollars in thousands):

Corporate and Other includes unallocated expenses relating to amortization of stock-based compensation expense, intangible assets, acquisition-related costs, including charges related to inventory and fixed assets stepped up to fair value, restructuring charges, and other costs, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments. Acquisition-related costs include transaction costs and any costs directly related to the acquisition and integration of acquired businesses.

Net Contribution represents Operating income excluding general and administrative expenses and gains on sale of business, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments.

The following table summarizes revenue, by geographic region, as a percentage of total revenues based upon ship-to location:

The following table summarizes revenue by market (in thousands):

The following table summarizes revenue by timing of revenue recognition (in thousands):

Long-lived assets, comprised of Operating lease, Right-of-use assets, Property, plant and equipment, net, Goodwill and Intangibles, net, reported based on the location of the asset was as follows (in thousands):

Note 17—Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

ASU 2023-07

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The ASU includes requirements that an entity disclose the title of the CODM and on an interim and annual basis, significant segment expenses and the composition of other segment items for each segment's reported profit. The standard also permits disclosure of additional measures of segment profit. The ASU does not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates them, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, on a retrospective basis. We adopted the new standard effective December 28, 2024. As a result, we have enhanced our segment disclosures to include the presentation of cost of revenues, Research and development, Selling, and Marketing expenses by segment. The adoption of this ASU affects only our disclosures, with no impacts to our financial condition and results of operations. See Note 16, Segments and Geographic Information, for the additional information.

Pending Adoption

ASU 2024-03

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This ASU requires an entity to disclose the amounts of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption. It also requires an entity to include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure. Additionally, it requires an entity to disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, and to disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. The amendments in the ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments prospectively for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. While this ASU will impact only our disclosures and not our financial condition and results of operations, we are currently evaluating when we will adopt the ASU.

ASU 2023-09

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The ASU includes requirements that an entity disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that are greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income by the applicable statutory income tax rate. The standard also requires that entities disclose income before income taxes and provision for income taxes disaggregated between domestic and foreign. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 27, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all periods presented. We will adopt this ASU retrospectively for the period ending December 27, 2025, and it will impact only our disclosures with no impacts to our financial condition and results of operations.

Note 18—Subsequent Events

Advantest Private Placement

On January 10, 2025, Advantest America, Inc., a Delaware corporation, acquired 334,971 shares of FormFactor's common stock in a private placement for $44.78 per share, representing the 5-day trailing volume-weighted average price prior to signing the related private placement agreement.

FICT Equity Investment

On February 21, 2025, we, together with MBK Partners, a private equity firm, acquired FICT Limited (“FICT”) from Advantage Partners Inc. In connection with the acquisition, we obtained a 20% equity interest in FICT, in exchange for funding $59.6 million of the purchase price. Headquartered in Nagano, Japan, FICT is a provider of semiconductor test and high-performance computing industries with complex multi-layer organic substrates, printed circuit boards, and related leading-edge technologies and services. Under the equity method, upon closing this investment, the investment will be included as a separate item in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and we will record our proportionate share of FICT’s net income or loss as a separate item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.