CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE GROUP

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of California Water Service Group

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of California Water Service Group and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities - Regulated Utility Accounting— Refer to Notes 2 and 4 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company provides regulated utility services under the rules and regulations of the California Public Utilities Commission (the “Commission”) in California. The Commission establishes rates that are designed to permit the recovery of the cost of service and a return on investment. The Company’s rates are subject to regulatory rate-setting processes including a General Rate Case proceeding. Because the Company operates almost exclusively in a regulated business, the Company is subject to the accounting standards for regulated entities.

The Company capitalizes and records regulatory assets for costs that would otherwise be charged to expense if it is probable that the incurred costs will be recovered in future rates. If costs expected to be incurred in the future are currently being recovered through rates, the Company records those expected future costs as regulatory liabilities. In addition, the Company records regulatory liabilities when it is probable the Commission will require a refund to be made to the Company’s customers over future periods. Determining probability requires significant judgment by management and includes, but is not limited to, consideration of testimony presented in regulatory hearings, proposed regulatory decisions, final regulatory orders, and the strength or status of applications for rehearing or state court appeals. If the Company determines that a portion of the Company’s assets used in utility operations is not recoverable in customer rates, the Company would be required to recognize the loss of the disallowed assets.

We identified regulated utility accounting as a critical audit matter due to the significant judgments made by management in (1) determining the probability that incurred costs will be recovered in future rates and (2) determining the probability the Commission will require a refund to be made to the Company’s customers over future periods. Given that management considers regulatory hearings, proposed decisions, and final orders in making significant regulatory utility accounting judgments, auditing these judgments required specialized knowledge of regulatory utility accounting.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the significant regulatory utility accounting judgments in determining the probability that incurred cost will be recovered in future rates and in determining the probability the Commission will require a refund to be made to the Company’s customers over future periods included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of management’s controls over the determination of regulatory assets or liabilities and the evaluation of (1) the probability determination of recovery in future rates of costs incurred as regulatory assets, and (2) the probability of a refund over future periods that should be reported as regulatory liabilities.

•We read relevant regulatory orders issued by the Commission for the Company, procedural filings, and other publicly available information, if applicable, to evaluate management’s judgments in determining the probability that incurred cost will be recovered in future rates and in determining the probability the Commission will require a refund to be made to the Company’s customers over future periods in accounting for regulatory assets and liabilities.

•For regulatory matters in process, we inspected the Company’s filings with the Commission, if applicable, that may impact the Company’s future rates, to evaluate whether information in such filings was consistent with the significant judgments made by management.

•We evaluated the Company’s disclosures related to regulated utility accounting, including the balances recorded and regulatory developments.

/s/DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP )

San Francisco, California

February 27, 2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except par value)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In thousands)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS

California Water Service Group (Company) is a holding company that provides water utility and other related services in California, Washington, New Mexico, Hawaii and Texas through its wholly-owned and non-wholly owned subsidiaries. California Water Service Company (Cal Water), Washington Water Service Company (Washington Water), New Mexico Water Service Company (New Mexico Water), and Hawaii Water Service Company, Inc. (Hawaii Water) provide regulated utility services under the rules and regulations of their respective state’s regulatory commissions (jointly referred to as the Commissions). CWS Utility Services and HWS Utility Services LLC provide non-regulated water utility and utility-related services. TWSC, Inc. (Texas Water) indirectly holds regulated and contracted wastewater utilities. Regulated wastewater utilities held by Texas Water’s investment in a joint venture with BVRT Utility Holding Company (BVRT) provide services under the rules and regulation of the Texas Public Utilities Commission.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and include the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly and non-wholly owned subsidiaries. The non-wholly owned subsidiary refers to BVRT, a 94.7% owned subsidiary of Texas Water that is consolidated using the voting interest model as the Company owns a majority of the voting interests in the non-wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated from the consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that are necessary to provide a fair presentation of the results for the periods covered.

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the consolidated balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the periods presented. These include, but are not limited to, estimates and assumptions used in determining the Company’s regulatory asset and liability balances based upon probability assessments of regulatory recovery, utility plant useful lives, revenues earned but not yet billed, asset retirement obligations, allowance for credit losses, pension and other employee benefit plan liabilities, and income tax-related assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Noncontrolling Interest

Noncontrolling interest in the Company’s consolidated financial statements represents the 5.3% interest not owned by Texas Water in BVRT. Texas Water obtained control over BVRT on May 1, 2021. Since the Company controls BVRT, its financial statements are consolidated with those of the Company, and the noncontrolling owner’s 5.3% share of BVRT’s net assets and results of operations is deducted and reported as noncontrolling interest on the consolidated balance sheets and as net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company reports noncontrolling interest in consolidated entities as a component of equity separate from the Company’s equity. The Company’s net income attributable to California Water Service Group excludes the net loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest. The Company’s comprehensive income attributable to California Water Service Group excludes the comprehensive loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Operating Revenue

The following table disaggregates the Company’s operating revenue by source for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

Revenue from contracts with customers

The Company principally generates operating revenue from contracts with customers by providing regulated water and wastewater services at tariff-rates authorized by the Commissions in the states in which they operate and non-regulated water and wastewater services at rates authorized by contracts with government agencies and other third parties. Revenue from contracts with customers reflects amounts billed for the volume of consumption at authorized per unit rates, for a service charge, and for other authorized charges.

The Company satisfies its performance obligation to provide water and wastewater services over time as services are rendered. The Company applies the invoice practical expedient and recognizes revenue from contracts with customers in the amount for which the Company has a right to invoice. The Company has a right to invoice for the volume of consumption, for the service charge, and for other authorized charges.

The measurement of sales to customers is generally based on the reading of their meters, which occurs on a systematic basis throughout the month. At the end of each month, the Company estimates consumption since the date of the last meter reading and a corresponding accrued and unbilled revenue is recognized. The estimate is based upon the number of unbilled days that month and the average daily customer billing rate from the previous month (which fluctuates based upon customer usage).

Contract terms are generally short-term and at will by customers and, as a result, no separate financing component is recognized for the Company’s collections from customers, which generally require payment within 30 days of billing. The Company applies judgment, based principally on historical payment experience, in estimating its customers’ ability to pay.

Certain customers are not billed for volumetric consumption, but are instead billed a flat rate at the beginning of each monthly service period. The amount billed is initially deferred and subsequently recognized over the monthly service period, as the performance obligation is satisfied. The deferred revenue balance or contract liability, which is included in “other accrued liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, is inconsequential.

In the following table, revenue from contracts with customers is disaggregated by class of customers for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

• Other includes accrued and unbilled revenue

Regulatory balancing account revenue

Regulatory balancing account revenue is revenue related to revenue mechanisms authorized in California by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). For certain revenue mechanisms, the Company recognizes revenue when it is objectively determinable, probable of recovery and expected to be collected within 24 months following the end of the accounting period. To the extent that revenue is estimated to be collectible beyond 24 months, recognition is deferred. These mechanisms include the Monterey-Style Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (MWRAM), which was approved in Cal Water’s 2021 General Rate Case (GRC) filing (2021 GRC) in March of 2024. The MWRAM tracks the difference between the revenue received for actual metered sales through the tiered volumetric rate and the revenue that would have been received with the same actual metered sales if a uniform rate had been in effect. The MWRAM is effective retroactive to January 1, 2023. The MWRAM fluctuates with the seasonality of the water business. During the warm, dry summer months when water use is typically highest, the MWRAM will reflect an overcollection of revenue compared to the cool, wet winter months when less water is typically used, the MWRAM will reflect an undercollection of revenue. In 2024, the Company recorded $35.3 million of MWRAM revenue.

These mechanisms also include the Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (WRAM), which decoupled revenue from the volume of sales and allowed the Company to recognize the adopted level of volumetric revenues. The variance between adopted volumetric revenues and actual billed volumetric revenues for metered accounts was recorded as regulatory balancing account revenue. The WRAM concluded on December 31, 2022; however, the Company has a net WRAM receivable balance for which the Company continues to defer revenue recognition for amounts estimated to be collected beyond 24 months following the end of the accounting period. The Company applied a portion of the proceeds from the California Extended Water and Wastewater Arrearages Payment Program (Extended Program) to eligible customer WRAM balances as discussed below under Allowance for Credit Losses.

Regulatory balancing accounts also include revenue that is recognized for balancing and memorandum accounts when it is probable that future recovery of previously incurred costs or future refunds that are to be credited to customers will occur through the ratemaking process. As a result of the delay in the approval of the 2021 GRC, the CPUC authorized Cal Water to track the effect of the delay on customer billings in an Interim Rates Memorandum Account (IRMA) effective January 1, 2023. Variances between actual customer billings and those that would have been billed assuming the 2021 GRC had been implemented on January 1, 2023 were recorded as regulatory balancing account revenue. The 2021 GRC was approved in March of 2024 and final authorized rates were implemented effective May 31, 2024; as a result, Cal Water calculated and recorded this difference for all of 2023 and the first five months of 2024. Cal Water determined that the IRMA met regulatory asset recognition criteria under accounting standards for regulated utilities. In 2024, the Company recorded $88.6 million of revenue for the IRMA. No IRMA revenue was recorded in 2023.

The Modified Cost Balancing Account (MCBA), Conservation Expense Balancing Account (CEBA), Pension Cost Balancing Account (PCBA), and Health Cost Balancing Account (HCBA), generally provide for recovery of the adopted levels of expenses for purchased water, purchased power, pump taxes, water conservation program costs, pension, and health care. Variances between adopted and actual costs were recorded as regulatory balancing account revenue in 2022. In 2023, in connection with the CPUC’s decision to discontinue the use of the WRAM, the variances for CEBA, HCBA, and PCBA are recorded against the originating expense. The MCBA concluded on December 31, 2022.

Non-Regulated Revenue

The following tables disaggregate the Company’s non-regulated revenue by source for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

Operating and maintenance services are provided for non-regulated water and wastewater systems owned by private companies and municipalities. The Company negotiates formal agreements with the customers under which they provide operating, maintenance and customer billing services related to the customers’ water systems. The formal agreements outline the fee schedule for the services provided. The agreements typically call for a fee-per-service or a flat-rate amount per month.

The Company satisfies its performance obligation of providing operating and maintenance services over time as services are rendered; as a result, the Company employs the invoice practical expedient and recognizes revenue in the amount that it has the right to invoice. Contract terms are generally short-term and, as a result, no separate financing component is recognized for its collections from customers, which generally require payment within 30 days of billing.

Other non-regulated revenue primarily relates to services for the design and installation of water mains and other water infrastructure for customers outside the regulated service areas and insurance program administration.

Lease revenue is not considered revenue from contracts with customers and is recognized following operating lease standards. The Company is the lessor in operating lease agreements with telecommunications companies under which cellular phone antennas are placed on the Company’s property. The Company provides the lessee the right to ingress and egress across lessor property to access the antennas. The minimum rents are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, which may span multiple years. The excess rents are recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases and is included in a deferred receivable account in the accompanying balance sheet. The leases generally have terms of 5 to 10 years, with lessee options to extend the lease for up to 15 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the lessee’s sole discretion. Most of the Company’s lease agreements contain mutual termination options that require prior written notice by either lessee or lessor. A subset of the Company’s leases contains variable lease payments that depend on changes in the consumer price index (CPI).

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Generally, a lease agreement exists if the Company determines that the arrangement gives the lessee control over the use of an identified asset and obtains substantially all of the benefits from the identified asset.

Maturities of lease payments to be received are as follows:

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company measures expected credit losses for Customer Receivables, Other Receivables, and Accrued and Unbilled Revenue on an aggregated level. These receivables are generally trade receivables due in one year or less or expected to be billed and collected in one year or less. The expected credit losses for Other Receivables and Accrued and Unbilled Revenue are inconsequential. Customer Receivables include receivables for water and wastewater services provided to residential customers, business, industrial, public authorities, and other customers. The expected credit losses for business, industrial, public authorities, and other customers are inconsequential. The overall risks related to the Company’s receivables are low as water and wastewater services are seen as essential services. The estimate for the allowance for credit losses is based on a historical loss ratio, in conjunction with a qualitative assessment of elements that impact the collectability of receivables to determine if the allowance for credit losses should be further adjusted in accordance with the accounting guidance for credit losses. Management contemplates available current information such as changes in economic factors, regulatory matters, industry trends, payment options and programs available to customers, and methods that the Company is able to use to ensure payment.

The Company reviews its allowance for credit losses using a quantitative assessment, which includes a trend analysis of customer billings and collections, agings by customer class, and unemployment rates. The Company also uses a qualitative assessment, which considers the future collectability on customer outstanding balances, management’s estimate of the cash recovery, and a general assessment of the economic conditions in the locations the Company serves. Based on these assessments, the Company adjusts its allowance for credit losses. The Company has also taken into account $82.0 million of funds that the Company received in April of 2024 from the Extended Program for eligible customers in California of which $57.5 million was applied to eligible past due customer balances during the second quarter of 2024. The remaining balance was returned to the State Water Resources Control Board (Water Board) in the third quarter of 2024 as required by the Extended

Program terms. The Extended Program was created by the California Legislature and is administered by the Water Board to provide relief to community water and wastewater systems for unpaid bills – arrearages – related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the above assessments, the Company determines its allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

Other Receivables

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, other receivables were:

Utility Plant

Utility plant is carried at original cost when first constructed or purchased, or at fair value when acquired through acquisition. When depreciable plant is retired, the cost is eliminated from utility plant accounts and such costs are charged against accumulated depreciation. Maintenance of utility plant is charged to operating expenses as incurred. Maintenance projects are not accrued for in advance.

Intangible assets acquired as part of water systems purchased are recorded at fair value. All other intangibles have been recorded at cost and are amortized over their useful life.

The following table represents depreciable plant and equipment as of December 31:

Depreciation of utility plant is computed on a straight-line basis over the assets’ estimated useful lives including cost of removal of certain assets as follows:

The provision for depreciation expressed as a percentage of the aggregate depreciable asset balances was 2.81% in 2024,2.81% in 2023, and 2.90% in 2022.

Allowance for Funds Used During Construction (AFUDC)

AFUDC represents the capitalized cost of funds used to finance the construction of the utility plant. In general, AFUDC is applied to Cal Water construction projects requiring more than one month to complete. No AFUDC is applied to projects funded by customer advances for construction, contributions in aid of construction, or state-revolving fund loans. AFUDC includes the cost of the authorized return on equity and long-term debt, and is recovered through water rates as the utility plant is depreciated.

The amount of AFUDC related to equity funds and to borrowed funds for 2024, 2023, and 2022 are shown in the table below:

Asset Retirement Obligation

The Company has a legal obligation to retire wells in accordance with Water Board regulations. In addition, upon decommission of a wastewater plant or lift station, certain wastewater infrastructure would need to be retired in accordance with Water Board regulations. An asset retirement cost and corresponding retirement obligation is recorded when a well or waste water infrastructure is placed into service. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the retirement obligation is estimated to be $42.5 million and $39.0 million, respectively. The retirement obligation is recorded as part of “Other long-term liabilities” within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the retirement obligation only impact the Consolidated Balance Sheets as the Company recognizes a regulatory asset or liability for the timing differences between the recognition of expenses and costs recovered through the ratemaking process.

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending aggregate carrying amount of asset retirement obligations, which are included in other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with remaining maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition. In 2024 and 2023, restricted cash included $0.4 million of proceeds collected through a surcharge on certain customers’ bills plus interest earned on the proceeds and is used to service California Safe Drinking Water Bond obligations. In 2024 and 2023, restricted cash also included $43.8 million of committed cash in Texas Water for a pipeline project (see Note 15).

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that total to the amounts shown on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of December 31:

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

Because the Company operates almost exclusively in a regulated business, the Company is subject to the accounting standards for regulated utilities. The Commissions in the states in which the Company operates establish rates that are designed to permit the recovery of the cost of service and a return on investment. The Company capitalizes and records regulatory assets for costs that would otherwise be charged to expense if it is probable that the incurred costs will be recovered in future rates. Regulatory assets are amortized over the future periods that the costs are expected to be recovered. If costs expected to be incurred in the future are currently being recovered through rates, the Company records those expected future costs as regulatory liabilities. In general, the Company does not earn a return on regulatory assets if the related costs do not accrue interest. Accordingly, the Company earns a return only on its regulatory assets for MWRAM, net WRAM and MCBA, and IRMA receivables. In addition, the Company records regulatory liabilities when it is probable the Commissions will require a refund to be made to the Company’s customers over future periods.

Determining probability requires significant judgment by management and includes, but is not limited to, consideration of testimony presented in regulatory hearings, proposed regulatory decisions, final regulatory orders, and the strength or status of applications for rehearing or state court appeals.

If the Company determines that a portion of the Company’s assets used in utility operations is not recoverable in customer rates, the Company would be required to recognize the loss of the assets disallowed.

See Note 4 - “Regulatory Assets and Liabilities” for details of the Company’s regulatory assets and liabilities.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Intangibles and Goodwill

The Company’s long-lived assets include transmission and distribution plant, equipment, land, buildings, and intangible assets. Long-lived assets, other than land, are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful lives, and are reviewed for impairment whenever changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Such circumstances would include items such as a significant decrease in the market value of a long-lived asset, a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset is being used or is planned to be used or in its physical condition, or a history of operating or cash flow losses associated with the uses of the asset. In addition, changes in the expected useful life of these long-lived assets may also be an impairment indicator. When such events or changes occur, the Company estimates the fair value of the asset from future cash flows expected to result from the use and, if applicable, the eventual disposition of the assets, and compares that to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value is greater than the fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized equal to the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its fair value. The key variables that must be estimated include assumptions regarding sales volume, rates, operating costs, labor and other benefit costs, capital additions, assumed discount rates and other economic factors. These variables require significant management judgment and include inherent uncertainties since they are forecasting future events. A variation in the assumptions used could lead to a different conclusion regarding the realizability of an asset and, thus could have a significant effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the sum of the amounts assigned to identifiable assets acquired less liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized but instead is reviewed annually in the fourth quarter for impairment or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. The impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level using fair-value based approach in which the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to the reporting unit’s carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then an impairment loss is recognized equal to the difference. The Company recordedno goodwill impairments in 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Long-Term Debt Premium, Discount and Expense

The premiums, discounts, and issuance expenses on long-term debt are amortized over the original lives of the related debt on a straight-line basis which approximates the effective interest method. Premiums paid on the early redemption of certain debt and the unamortized original issuance discount and expense are amortized over the life of new debt issued in conjunction with the early redemption. Amortization expense included in interest expense was $0.2 million, $0.3 million and $0.4 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Advances for Construction

Advances for construction consist of payments received from developers for installation of water production and distribution facilities to serve new developments. Advances are excluded from rate base for rate setting purposes. Annual refunds are made to developers without interest. Advances of $202.6 million and $199.4 million, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, will be refunded primarily over a 40-year period from the date the advance was received in equal annual amounts.

Estimated refunds of advances are shown in the table below.

Contributions in Aid of Construction

Contributions in aid of construction represent payments received from developers, primarily for fire protection purposes, which are not subject to refunds. Facilities funded by contributions are included in utility plant, but excluded from rate base. Depreciation related to assets acquired from contributions is charged to the Contributions in Aid of Construction liability account.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Measurement of the deferred tax assets and liabilities is at enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company evaluates the need for a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets based on historical taxable income and projected taxable income for future tax years.

Historically the Commissions have reduced revenue requirements for the tax effects of certain originating temporary differences and have allowed recovery of these tax costs as the related temporary differences reverse. The Commissions have granted the Company rate increases to reflect the normalization of the tax benefits of the federal accelerated methods and available Investment Tax Credits (ITC) for all assets placed in service after 1980. ITCs are deferred and amortized over the lives of the related properties for book purposes. The CPUC sets rates utilizing the flow through method of accounting for state income taxes.

With the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), contributions in aid of construction received from developers after December 22, 2017 became fully taxable for federal income tax purposes. On November 15, 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was signed into law, which reverses the TCJA treatment of CIAC. Effective January 1, 2021, only the service portion of CIAC is taxable for federal income tax purpose.

The accounting standards for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes allows the inclusion of interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income taxes (see Note 10 - Income Taxes).

Workers’ Compensation

For workers’ compensation, the Company estimates the liability associated with claims submitted and claims not yet submitted based on historical data. Expenses for workers compensation insurance are included in rates on a pay-as-you-go basis. Therefore, a corresponding regulatory asset has been recorded.

Earnings per Share

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are noted below. Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income attributable to California Water Service Group by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts were exercised or converted into common stock. Restricted Stock Awards (RSAs) are included in the common shares outstanding because the shares have all the same voting and dividend rights as issued and unrestricted common stock.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period.

New Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The guidance requires retrospective presentation of all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted the standard retrospectively on January 1, 2024. See Note 16 - “Segment Information” for expanded disclosures required by this ASU.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The guidance is applied prospectively with the option of retrospective application for each period presented. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on its financial statement disclosures and does not expect to adopt early.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disaggregation of certain Consolidated Statement of Operations’ expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The guidance is applied prospectively with the option of retrospective application for each period presented. The Company is evaluating the requirements of the guidance to determine the impact on the Company’s financial statement disclosures upon adoption.

NOTE 3. OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSES

The Company conducts various non-regulated activities as reflected in the table below:

Operating and maintenance services and meter reading and billing services are provided for water and wastewater systems owned by private companies and municipalities. The agreements typically call for a fee-per-service or a flat-rate amount per month. Leases have been entered into with telecommunications companies for cellular phone antennas placed on the Company’s property. Design and construction services are for the design and installation of water mains and other water infrastructure for others outside the Company’s regulated service areas. Third-party insurance program gains and losses are included in other non-regulated income and expenses.

NOTE 4. REGULATORY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Regulatory assets and liabilities were comprised of the following as of December 31:

The property-related temporary differences are primarily due to: (i) the difference between book and federal income tax depreciation on utility plant that was placed in service before the regulatory Commissions adopted normalization for rate making purposes; and (ii) certain (state) deferred taxes for which flow through accounting continues to be applied to originating deferred taxes. The regulatory asset will be recovered in rates in future periods as the tax effects of the temporary differences previously flowed-through to customers reverse.

The IRMA regulatory asset increase was for the additional amount the Company would have billed customers in 2023 and the first five months of 2024 had the 2021 GRC been approved on time.

The asset retirement obligation regulatory asset represents the difference between costs associated with asset retirement obligations and amounts collected in rates. Tank coating represents the maintenance costs for tank coating projects that are recoverable from customers.

NOTE 4. REGULATORY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (Continued)

Other accrued benefits are accrued benefits for vacation, self-insured workers’ compensation, and directors’ retirement benefits.

The MWRAM regulatory asset represents the difference between the revenue received for actual metered sales through the tiered volumetric rate and the revenue that would have been received with the same actual metered sales if a uniform rate had been in effect.

The CAP and RSF are two programs offered by Cal Water that assist qualifying customers with their monthly water bill. The programs are funded by the customers who do not qualify for the assistance. The CAP and RSF regulatory assets represent the amounts due from customers to fund the CAP and RSF credits that were provided to assist qualifying customers. The RSF regulatory liability represents RSF credits that will be provided to assist qualifying customers. The liability was funded by customers.

The general district balancing account represents the residual balances from memorandum and balancing accounts that have been aggregated into one balancing account for future recovery.

The ICBA tracks differences between the authorized prices of water production costs and actual prices of water production costs by ratemaking area.

The net WRAM and MCBA long-term accounts receivable is the under-collected portion of recorded revenues that are not expected to be collected from customers within 12 months.

Cost of removal represents the cumulative differences between the recorded costs to remove assets and amounts collected in rates for expected costs to remove assets at the end of their estimated useful life.

The pension and retiree group health regulatory liability represents the over funded obligation of the Company’s postretirement benefit plans which the Company expects to refund to customers in the future. These plans are discussed in further detail in Note 11. The other components of net periodic benefit cost regulatory liabilities are authorized by the Commissions and are probable for customer refund through the capital program.

The future tax benefits due to customers primarily resulted from federal tax law changes enacted by the TCJA on December 22, 2017. The TCJA reduced the federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent beginning on January 1, 2018, and GAAP requires the Company to re-measure all existing deferred income tax assets and liabilities to reflect the reduction in the federal tax rate on the enactment date.

The PCBA regulatory asset/liability and the HCBA regulatory liability represent incurred pension and healthcare costs that exceeded/were below the cost recovery in rates and is recoverable/refundable from/to customers.

The CEBA regulatory liability is for incurred conservation costs that were below the cost recovery in rates and is refundable to customers.

Short-term regulatory assets and liabilities are excluded from the above table. The short-term regulatory assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $55.9 million and $64.2 million, respectively. The short-term regulatory assets, as of December 31, 2024 primarily consisted of IRMA and MWRAM receivables. As of December 31, 2023, the short-term regulatory assets primarily consisted of net WRAM and MCBA, and PCBA receivables.

The short-term portion of regulatory liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $22.6 million and $21.5 million, respectively. The short-term regulatory liabilities as of December 31, 2024 primarily consisted of TCJA regulatory liabilities, ICBA regulatory liabilities, and IRMA regulatory liabilities. As of December 31, 2023, the short-term regulatory liabilities primarily consisted of TCJA regulatory liabilities and HCBA liabilities.

NOTE 5. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

Intangible assets

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, intangible assets that will continue to be amortized and those not amortized were:

Water pumping rights usage is the amount of water pumped from aquifers to be treated and distributed to customers.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 amortization of intangible assets was $2.1 million, $1.5 million, and $1.5 million, respectively.

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets are shown in the table below:

Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

NOTE 6. EQUITY

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, common stock issued and outstanding were 59,484,145 and 57,723,738 shares, respectively.

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company implemented an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). Under the ESPP, qualified employees are permitted to purchase the Company’s common stock at 90% of the market value of the common stock on the specified stock purchase date. The ESPP is deemed compensatory and compensation costs will be accounted for under ASC 718, Stock Compensation. Employees’ payroll deductions for common stock purchases may not exceed 10% of their salaries. Employees may purchase up to 2,000 shares per period provided that the value of the shares purchased in any calendar year may not exceed $25,000, as calculated pursuant to the ESPP. The Company recorded expense of $0.3 million, $0.3 million, and $0.2 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The Company issued 56,825,50,319, and 40,095 shares of common stock related to the ESPP in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

On April 29, 2022, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement to sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $350.0 million from time to time depending on market conditions through an at-the-market equity program over the following three years. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from these sales, after deducting commissions and offering expenses, for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, construction and acquisition expenditures, investments and repurchases, and redemptions of securities. In 2024, the Company sold 1,638,977 shares of common stock through its at-the-market equity program and raised proceeds of $86.5 million, net of $0.9 million in commissions paid under the equity distribution agreement. In 2023, the Company sold 2,025,891 shares of common stock through its at-the-market equity program and raised proceeds of $112.7 million, net of $1.1 million in commissions paid. The Company also incurred $0.3 million and $0.2 million of equity issuance costs in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 7. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS

On March 31, 2023, the Company and Cal Water entered into syndicated credit agreements, which provide for unsecured revolving credit facilities of up to an initial aggregate amount of $600.0 million for a term offive years. The Company and subsidiaries that it designates may borrow up to $200.0 million under the Company’s revolving credit facility (the Company facility). Cal Water may borrow up to $400.0 million under its revolving credit facility (the Cal Water facility). Additionally, the credit facilities may be increased by up to an incremental $150.0 million under the Cal Water facility and $50.0 million under the Company facility, subject in each case to certain conditions. At the Company’s or Cal Water’s option, as applicable, borrowings under the Company and Cal Water facilities, as applicable, will bear interest annually at a rate equal to (i) the base rate, plus an applicable margin of 0.00% to 0.25%, depending on the Company and its subsidiaries’ consolidated total capitalization ratio, or (ii) Term SOFR, plus an applicable margin of 0.80% to 1.25%, depending on the Company and its subsidiaries’ consolidated total capitalization ratio.

The Company and Cal Water facilities contain affirmative and negative covenants and events of default customary for credit facilities of this type including, among other things, limitations and prohibitions relating to additional indebtedness, liens, mergers, and asset sales. Also, the Company and Cal Water facilities contain financial covenants governing the Company and its subsidiaries’ consolidated total capitalization ratio and interest coverage ratio. As of December 31, 2024, the Company and Cal Water are in compliance with all of the covenant requirements and are eligible to use the full amount of the undrawn portion of the Company and Cal Water facilities, as applicable.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding borrowings on the Company lines of credit were $40.0 million and $50.0 million, respectively. Outstanding borrowings on the Cal Water lines of credit as of December 31, 2024 were $165.0 million and $130.0 million as of December 31, 2023. The average borrowing rate for borrowings on the Company and Cal Water lines of credit during 2024 was 6.27% compared to 6.09% for the same period during the prior year.

NOTE 8. LONG-TERM DEBT

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, long-term debt outstanding was:

NOTE 8. LONG-TERM DEBT (Continued)

Maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

• Excludes maturities for finance lease obligations. See Note 15 for maturities for finance lease obligations.

On October 22, 2024, Cal Water completed the sale and issuance of $125.0 million in First Mortgage Bonds (the Bonds) in a private placement. The Bonds, relating to Series 2, bear an interest rate of 5.22% per annum payable quarterly, and mature on October 22, 2054. The Bonds rank equally with all of Cal Water’s other First Mortgage Bonds and are secured by liens on Cal Water’s properties, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens. Cal Water used the net proceeds from the sale of the Bonds to refinance existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes. The Bonds were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements.

On October 4, 2011, Cal Water entered into a finance lease arrangement with the City of Hawthorne to operate the City’s water system for a 15-year period. The $1.6 million and $2.4 million finance lease liability as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is included in other long-term debt and current maturities set forth above.

NOTE 9. OTHER ACCRUED LIABILITIES

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, other accrued liabilities were:

NOTE 10. INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense (benefit) consisted of the following:

The Company’s December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 qualified tax repairs and maintenance deductions totaled $193.5 million, $169.7 million, and $128.0 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had U.S. federal and U.S. state tax net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $30.5 million and $187.8 million respectively. The U.S. federal and U.S. state net operating loss carry-forwards will both expire at various dates beginning in tax year 2028.

On June 27, 2024, California Senate Bill 167 (SB 167) was enacted into law. SB 167 provides for a three-year suspension of net operating losses under the California Corporation tax. Among other things, this new law temporarily disallows the use of state net operating losses for years beginning in 2024 through 2026.

The difference between the recorded and the statutory income tax expense is reconciled in the table below:

The effect of regulatory treatment of fixed asset differences includes estimated repair and maintenance deductions and asset related flow through items.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted expansive tax legislation commonly referred to as the TCJA. Among other provisions, the TCJA reduces the federal income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent beginning on January 1,

NOTE 10. INCOME TAXES (Continued)

2018 and eliminated bonus depreciation for utilities. The TCJA required the Company to re-measure all existing deferred income tax assets and liabilities to reflect the reduction in the federal tax rate.

As of December 31, 2024, the TCJA tax liability was $76.5 million. The Company continues working with state regulators to finalize the TCJA tax liability to confirm compliance with the federal normalization rules.

The deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are presented in the following table:

Based on historical taxable income and future taxable income projections over the period in which the deferred assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of the deductible differences.

The following table reconciles the changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

The Company does not expect a material change in its unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months. The component of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate as of December 31, 2024, was $5.6 million, with the remaining balance representing the potential deferral of taxes to later years.

The Company’s federal income tax years subject to an examination are from 2017 to 2024 and the state income tax years subject to an examination are from 2013 to 2024.

NOTE 11. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Savings Plan

The Company sponsors a 401(k) qualified defined contribution savings plan that allows participants to contribute up to 50% of pre-tax compensation. Effective January 1, 2010, the Company matches 75 cents for each dollar contributed by the employee up to a maximum Company match of 6.0% of eligible earnings. Company contributions were $8.5 million, $8.2 million, and $7.1 million for the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Pension Plans

The Company provides a qualified, defined-benefit, non-contributory pension plan for substantially all employees. The accumulated benefit obligations of the pension plan were $524.0 million and $534.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The fair value of pension plan assets was $750.0 million and $716.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company also maintains an unfunded, non-qualified, supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP). The unfunded SERP accumulated benefit obligations were $71.9 million and $74.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Benefit payments under the SERP are paid currently. As a non-qualified plan, the SERP has no plan assets, however, the Company has a Rabbi trust designated to provide funding for SERP obligations. The Rabbi trust holds investments in marketable securities and corporate-owned life insurance. The recorded value of these investments was approximately $73.1 million and $66.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in other noncurrent assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Expected payments to be made for the pension and SERP plans are shown in the table below:

The expected benefit payments are based upon the same assumptions used to measure the Company’s benefit obligation at December 31, 2024, and include estimated future employee service.

The costs of the pension and retirement plans are charged to expense and utility plant. The Company makes annual contributions to fund the amounts accrued for pension cost.

Other Postretirement Plan

The Company provides substantially all active, permanent employees with medical, dental, and vision benefits through a self-insured plan. Employees retiring at or after age 58, along with their spouses and dependents, continue participation in the plan by payment of a premium. Plan assets are invested in mutual funds, short-term money market instruments and commercial paper based upon a similar asset mix to the pension plan. Retired employees are also provided with a $10,000 dollar life insurance benefit.

The Company records the costs of postretirement benefits other than pensions (PBOP) during the employees’ years of active service. In 2024 and 2022, the Company recorded postretirement benefit expense of $0.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively. In 2023, postretirement benefit income of $2.9 million was recorded.

The expected benefit payments, net of retiree premiums and Medicare Part D subsidies, are shown in the table below.

Benefit Plan Assets

The Company actively manages pension and PBOP trust (Plan) assets. The Company’s investment objectives are:

•Maximize the return on the assets, commensurate with the risk that the Company deems appropriate to meet the obligations of the Plan, minimize the volatility of the pension expense, and account for contingencies;

•Generate a rate of return for the total portfolio that equals or exceeds the actuarial investment rate assumption.

Additionally, the rate of return of the total fund is measured periodically against an index comprised of 60% MSCI AC World Investable Market Index and 40% Custom Fixed Income Benchmark that is a mix of U.S. Government and Corporate Bonds (50% Bloomberg Long Corporate/10% Long Treasury Index, 25% Bloomberg U.S. Government Long Term Bond Index, and 25% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury STRIPs 20+ Year Index). The index is consistent with the Company’s rate of return objective and indicates the Company’s long-term asset allocation objective.

The Company applies a risk management framework for managing the risks associated with employee benefit plan trust assets. The guiding principles of this risk management framework are the clear articulation of roles and responsibilities, appropriate delegation of authority, and proper accountability and documentation. Trust investment policies and investment manager guidelines include provisions to ensure prudent diversification, manage risk through appropriate use of physical direct asset holdings and derivative securities, and identify permitted and prohibited investments. The Company retains an investment manager to be the Company’s Outsourced Chief Investment Officer (OCIO) and the OCIO was required to make investment decisions for Plan assets within the parameters of the Company’s investment policies and guidelines.

The Company’s target asset allocation percentages for major categories of the Plan assets are reflected in the table below:

The fixed income category includes money market funds, short-term bond funds, and cash. The majority of fixed income investments range in maturities from less than 1 to 5 years.

The Company’s target allocation percentages for the PBOP trust is similar to the pension plan.

The Company uses the following criteria to select investment funds:

•Fund past performance;

•Fund meets criteria of Employee Retirements Income Security Act (ERISA);

•Timeliness and completeness of fund communications and reporting to investors;

•Stability of fund management company;

•Fund management fees; and

•Administrative costs incurred by the Plan.

Plan Fair Value Measurements

The fair value measurements standard establishes a framework for measuring fair value. That framework provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under the standard are described below:

Level 1—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Plan has the ability to access.

Level 2—Inputs to the valuation methodology include:

•Quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

•Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

•Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and

•Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following tables present the fair value of plan assets by major asset category at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The pension benefits fixed income category includes $0.3 million and $0.4 million of money market fund investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The other benefits fixed income category includes $0.5 million and $0.3 million of money market fund investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Assets measured at NAV include investments in commingled funds that are comprised of fixed income and equity securities. These commingled funds are not publicly traded, and therefore no publicly quoted market price is readily available. The values of the commingled funds are measured at estimated fair value, which is determined based on the unit value of the funds and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy tables above. There are no restrictions on the terms and conditions upon which the investments may be redeemed.

Changes in Plan Assets, Benefits Obligations, and Funded Status

The following table reconciles the funded status of the plans with the accrued pension liability and the net postretirement benefit liability as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

1. The short-term portion of the pension benefits was $3.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and $2.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and was recorded as part of other accrued liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Amounts recognized on the balance sheet consist of:

1. Noncurrent assets represent the overfunded status of the employee pension plan and PBOP plan in 2024 and 2023. The amounts are included in other noncurrent assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

2. Accrued benefit liability represents the underfunded status of the SERP plan in 2024 and 2023. The amounts are included in pension on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

3. Changes in the funded status of the plans that would be recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income for an unregulated entity are recorded as regulatory assets and liabilities as the Company believes it is probable that an amount equal to the regulatory asset or liability will be collected or refunded through the setting of future rates.

4. As a result of Cal Water’s 2021 GRC decision that was issued in March of 2024, SERP expenses were disallowed to be recovered from Cal Water’s customers. At this time, the Company believes it is not probable that SERP costs will be recovered in rates for the three-year period in which the 2021 GRC is in effect. As a result, the Company has reclassified its SERP regulatory asset for Cal Water to accumulated other comprehensive loss in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Valuation Assumptions

Below are the actuarial assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation for the benefit plans:

The long-term rate of return assumption is the expected rate of return on a balanced portfolio invested roughly 60% in equities and 40% in fixed income securities. Returns on equity investments were estimated based on estimates of dividend yield and real earnings added to a 2.20% long-term inflation rate. For the pension plans and other benefits, the assumed long-term rate of return was 8.31% for domestic equities and 9.08% for foreign equities. Returns on fixed income investments were projected based on investment maturities and credit spreads added to a 2.20% long-term inflation rate. For the pension and other benefit plans, the assumed long-term rate of return was 5.42% and 5.10%, respectively, for fixed income investments. The Company is using a long-term rate of return of 7.59% for the pension plan and 7.43% for the other benefit plan.

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost

Net periodic benefit costs for the pension and other postretirement plans for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, included the following components:

Service cost portion of the pension plan and other postretirement benefits is recognized in administrative and general within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Other components of net periodic benefit costs include interest costs, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs, and recognized net actuarial loss and are reported together as other components of net periodic benefit cost within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Below are the actuarial assumptions used in determining the net periodic benefit costs for the benefit plans, which uses the end of the prior year as the measurement date:

The health care cost trend rate assumption has a significant effect on the amounts reported. For 2024 measurement purposes, the Company assumed a 7.0% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits with the rate decreasing to 6.8% by 2025, then gradually grading down to 4.0% by 2062.

The Company intends to make annual contributions that meet the funding requirements of ERISA. The Company estimates in 2025 that the annual contribution to the pension plans will be $5.2 million andno annual contribution to the other postretirement plan.

NOTE 12. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

In Cal Water’s 2021 GRC decision that was issued in March of 2024, supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) expenses were not approved to be recovered from customers for the years 2023, 2024 and 2025. Without regulatory recovery, Cal Water no longer meets the regulatory asset recognition criteria to record the unrecognized prior service costs and actuarial gain and loss amounts related to the SERP as a regulatory asset. Beginning in 2024, the Company has applied compensation recognition guidance and recorded the unrecognized prior service costs and actuarial gains and losses to other comprehensive loss.

NOTE 12. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Continued)

The table below presents changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL), net of tax, by component:

The table below presents amounts reclassified out of AOCL by component and the Consolidated Statements of Operations location of those amounts reclassified as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1) Amortization of these items is included in other components of net periodic benefit cost in other income and expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(2) The tax benefit is included within income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

NOTE 13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company’s 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (2024 Plan) was adopted by the Board of Directors and approved by stockholders on May 29, 2024. The Company reserved 1,600,000 shares of common stock for awards the Company is authorized to issue pursuant to the 2024 Plan. In addition, the Company has 158,950 shares available for issuance from the legacy equity incentive plan.

In 2024, the Company granted RSAs to Officers and members of the Board of Directors (Directors). Generally, an RSA represents the right to receive a share of the Company’s common stock and is valued based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. The 2024 RSAs granted to Officers vest over 33 months with the first 9 months cliff vesting. RSAs granted to the Directors in 2024 vest at the end of 9 months. The 2024 RSAs are recognized as expense evenly over 33 months for the shares granted to Officers and 9 months for the shares granted to the Directors. As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $2.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to RSAs. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years.

A summary of the status of the outstanding RSAs as of December 31, 2024 is presented below:

In 2024, the Company granted performance-based Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) to Officers. Generally, an RSU represents the right to receive a share of the Company’s common stock, cash or a combination of both. The 2024 RSU awards

NOTE 13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Continued)

may be earned upon the completion of a 33 months performance period. Whether RSUs are earned at the end of the performance period will be determined based on the achievement of certain performance objectives set by the Organization and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors in connection with the issuance of the RSUs. The performance objectives are based on the Company’s business plan covering the performance period. The performance objectives include achieving the budgeted return on equity, growth in stockholders’ equity, and application submission targets of grant funding. Depending on the results achieved during the 33 months performance period, the actual number of shares that a grant recipient receives at the end of the performance period may range from 0% to 200% of the target RSUs granted, provided that the grantee is continuously employed by the Company through the vesting date. If prior to the vesting date employment is terminated by reason of death, disability or normal retirement, then a pro rata portion of this award will vest. The RSUs are recognized as expense ratably over the 33 months performance period using a fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant and an estimated number of RSUs earned during the performance period. As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $3.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years.

A summary of the status of the outstanding RSUs as of December 31, 2024 is presented below:

The Company has recorded compensation costs for the RSAs and RSUs which are included in administrative and general operating expenses in the amount of $3.5 million for 2024 and $2.7 million for 2023.

NOTE 14. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures provides a single definition of fair value and requires certain disclosures about assets and liabilities measured at fair value. A hierarchical framework for disclosing the observability of the inputs utilized in measuring assets and liabilities at fair value is established by this guidance. The three levels in the hierarchy are described in Note 11 - Employee Benefit Plans.

Specific valuation methods include the following:

Cash, Accounts receivable, short-term borrowings, and accounts payable carrying amounts approximated the fair value because of the short-term maturity of the instruments.

Long-term debt fair values were estimated using the published quoted market price, if available, or the discounted cash flow analysis, based on the current rates available using a risk-free rate (a U.S. Treasury securities yield curve) plus a risk premium of 0.7%.

NOTE 15. CONTINGENCIES AND COMMITMENTS

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is involved in various disputes and litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. The status of each significant matter is reviewed and assessed for potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount of the range of loss can be estimated, a liability is accrued for the estimated loss in accordance with the accounting standards for contingencies. Legal proceedings are subject to uncertainties, and the outcomes are difficult to predict. Because of such uncertainties, accruals are based on the best information available at the time.

Groundwater Contamination

The Company has undertaken litigation against third parties to recover past and future costs related to ground-water contamination in its service areas. The cost of litigation is generally expensed as incurred and any settlement is first offset against such costs. The CPUC’s general policy requires all proceeds from contamination litigation to be used first to pay transactional expenses, then to make customers whole for water treatment costs to comply with the CPUC’s water quality standards. The CPUC allows for a risk-based consideration of contamination proceeds which exceed the costs of the remediation described above and may result in some sharing of proceeds with the shareholder, determined on a case-by-case basis. The CPUC has authorized various memorandum accounts that allow the Company to track significant litigation costs to request recovery of these costs in future filings.

Other Legal Matters

While the probable outcome of disputes and litigation matters, including those concerning groundwater contamination, cannot be predicted with any certainty, management does not believe when taking into account existing reserves the ultimate resolution of these matters will materially affect the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. The Company has recognized a liability of $2.4 million for all known legal matters as of December 31, 2024 primarily due to potable water main leaks and other work related legal matters. The cost of litigation is expensed as incurred and any settlement is first offset against such costs. Any settlement in excess of the cost to litigate is accounted for on a case-by-case basis, dependent on the nature of the settlement.

Commitments

Water Supply Contracts

The Company has long-term commitments to purchase water from water wholesalers. The commitments are noted in the table below.

• Estimated annual contractual obligations are based on the same payment levels as 2024.

The Company has a long-term contract with Valley Water that requires the Company to purchase minimum annual water quantities. Purchases are priced at the districts then-current wholesale water rate. The Company operates to purchase sufficient water to equal or exceed the minimum quantities under the contract. The total paid to Valley Water was $15.2 million in 2024, $12.6 million in 2023, and $11.3 million in 2022.

The Company also has a water supply contract with Stockton East Water District (SEWD) that requires a fixed monthly payment. Each year, the fixed monthly payment is adjusted for changes to SEWD’s costs. The total paid under the contract was $14.3 million in 2024, $11.5 million in 2023, and $15.3 million in 2022.

On September 21, 2005, the Company entered into an agreement with Kern County Water Agency (Agency) to obtain treated water for the Company’s operations. The term of the agreement is to January 1, 2035, or until the repayment of the Agency’s bonds (described hereafter) occurs. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company is obligated to purchase approximately 20,500 acre feet of treated water per year. The Company is obligated to pay the capital facilities charge and the treated water charge regardless of whether it can use the water in its operation, and is obligated for these charges even if the Agency cannot produce an adequate amount to supply the 20,500 acre feet in the year. This agreement supersedes a prior agreement with the Agency for the supply of 11,500 acre feet of water per year.

Three other parties, including the City of Bakersfield, are also obligated to purchase a total of 32,500 acre feet per year under separate agreements with the Agency. Further, the Agency has the right to proportionally reduce the water supply provided to all of the participants if it cannot produce adequate supplies. If any of the other parties does not use its allocation, that party is obligated to pay its contracted amount.

If any of the parties were to default on making payments of the capital facilities charge, then the other parties are obligated to pay for the defaulting party’s share on a pro-rata basis. If there is a payment default by a party and the remaining parties have to make payments, they are also entitled to a pro-rata share of the defaulting party’s water allocation.

The Company expects to use all its annual entitled water in its operations. In addition, if the Company were to pay for and receive additional amounts of water due to a default of another participating party; the Company believes it could use this additional water in its operations without incurring substantial incremental cost increases. If additional treated water is available, all parties have an option to purchase this additional treated water, subject to the Agency’s right to allocate the water among the parties.

The total obligation of all parties, excluding the Company, is approximately $82.4 million to the Agency. Based on the credit worthiness of the other participants, which are government entities, it is believed to be highly unlikely that the Company would be required to assume any other parties’ obligations under the contract due to their default.

The Company pays a capital facilities charge and charges related to treated water that together total $12.8 million annually, which equates to $624.27 dollars per acre foot. Total treated water charge for 2024 was $4.4 million. As treated water is being delivered, the Company will also be obligated for the Company’s portion of the operating costs; that portion is currently estimated to be $105.49 dollars per acre foot. The actual amount will vary due to variations from estimates, inflation, and other changes in the cost structure. Our overall estimated cost of $624.27 dollars per acre foot is less than the estimated cost of procuring untreated water (assuming water rights could be obtained) and then providing treatment.

On August 16, 2022, BVRT Utility Holding Company (BVRT), a majority owned subsidiary of Texas Water, entered into a long-term water supply agreement with the Guadalupe Blanco River Authority (GBRA) through its wholly owned subsidiary, Camino Real Utility (Camino Real). The Company has provided a limited guarantee to GBRA for the agreed upon obligations. GBRA is a water conservation and reclamation district established by the Texas Legislature that oversees water resources for 10 counties. Under the terms of the agreement with GBRA, Camino Real is contracted to receive up to 2,419 acre-feet of potable water annually. The GBRA agreement involves four off-takers, including Camino Real, and GBRA plans to extend a potable water pipeline from the City of Lockhart to the City of Mustang Ridge and surrounding areas. Camino Real is contracted to be the utility service provider in this area of the Austin metropolitan region and to provide potable water, recycled water, and wastewater services to portions of the City of Mustang Ridge and surrounding areas. In 2022, Camino Real committed $21.5 million for its share of the cost of the pipeline project. In 2023, Camino Real committed an additional $22.3 million for its share of the cost of the pipeline project. As of December 31, 2024, this committed cash has not been transferred to GBRA and is classified as part of restricted cash on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company currently expects this committed cash to be transferred to GBRA in the first half of 2025.

Leases

The Company has operating and finance leases for water systems, offices, land easements, licenses, equipment, and other facilities. The leases generally have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 50 years, some of which include options to extend the lease for up to 25 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. Most of the Company’s lease agreements contain mutual termination options that require prior written notice by either lessee or lessor. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Certain leases include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of the assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option that is reasonably certain of exercise. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as the Company applied the short-term lease exception allowed by FASB guidance. Lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. A subset of the Company’s leases contains variable lease payments that depend on changes in the CPI.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Generally, a lease agreement exists if the Company determines that the arrangement gives the Company control over the use of an identified asset and obtains substantially all of the benefits from the identified asset.

The right-of-use (ROU) assets that are recorded represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s operating leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU asset and lease liability may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Variable lease payments that are based on changes in CPI are included in the measurement of ROU asset and lease liability on the basis of the rate at lease commencement. Subsequent changes to the payments as a result of changes to the CPI rate are recognized in the period in which the obligation of these payments is incurred.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

The components of lease expense were as follows:

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

NOTE 16. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company principally provides water and water-related utility services in California, Washington, New Mexico, Hawaii, and Texas. The Company’s operating segments were aggregated intoone reportable segment as the operating segments provide similar services and operate in similar regulatory environments. The Company defines its segments on the basis of the way in which internally reported financial information is regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (CODM) to analyze financial performance, make decisions, and allocate resources.

The Company’s CODM is the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer. The CODM assesses performance of the segment and decides how to allocate resources on a consolidated basis based on consolidated net income. The CODM uses consolidated net income to evaluate income generated from the segment in making operating, capital, and business decisions.

The CODM is regularly provided with only the consolidated operating expenses at the same level of detail as noted on the face of the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total assets are also provided as noted on the face of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

No single customer comprised 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated operating revenue from billings in 2024, 2023, or 2022. In addition, the receivables balance attributable to any single customer did not comprise 10% or more of the Company’s total customer accounts receivables as of December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.