WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORP

September 30, 2025

Unless the context requires otherwise, references to the “Company,” “WLFC,” “we,” “us” or “our” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q refer to Willis Lease Finance Corporation and its subsidiaries.

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies of the Company were described in Note 1 to the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(a)Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), consistent in all material respects with those applied in the 2024 Form 10-K, for interim financial information and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. Therefore, they do not include all information and footnotes normally included in annual consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2024 Form 10-K. In the opinion of management, the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contain all adjustments (consisting principally of normal recurring accruals) necessary for a fair presentation of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Income, Statements of Comprehensive Income, Statements of Redeemable Preferred Stock and Shareholders’ Equity, and Statements of Cash Flows for such interim periods presented. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that can be expected for a full year.

In accordance with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. In preparing these financial statements, management has made its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. These estimates and judgments are based on historical experience and other assumptions that management believes are reasonable and take into account the economic implications of the potential impact of changes in interest rates or inflation, as well as the impact of new or increased tariffs, on the Company’s critical and significant accounting estimates. However, application of these accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. The significant estimates made in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include certain assumptions related to intangible assets, long-lived assets, equipment held for sale, allowances for doubtful accounts and credit losses, inventory, deferred in-substance fixed payment use fees included in Unearned revenue on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and estimated income taxes. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Given the uncertainty in the future changes in interest rates or inflation, as well as the impact of new or increased tariffs, the Company will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to its business, results of operations and financial condition.

(b)Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including VIEs, where the Company is the primary beneficiary in accordance with consolidation guidance. The Company first evaluates all entities in which it has an economic interest to determine whether for accounting purposes the entity is either a VIE or a voting interest entity. If the entity is a VIE, the Company consolidates the financial statements of that entity if it is the primary beneficiary of such entity’s activities. If the entity is a voting interest entity, the Company consolidates the financial statements of that entity when it has a majority of voting interests in such entity. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

(c)Risks and Uncertainties

Given the uncertainty in the rapidly changing market and economic conditions related to the potential impact of changes in interest rates or inflation, as well as the impact of new or increased tariffs, we will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact on the Company’s business and financial position. The ultimate extent of the effects on the Company will depend on future developments, and such effects could exist for an extended period of time.

(d)Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements To Be Adopted by the Company

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” Under the ASU, public business entities must annually (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this accounting standard update for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-04) Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” The ASU requires public entities, on both an interim and annual basis, to disclose additional disaggregated information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this accounting standard update for the year ended December 31, 2027 and is currently evaluating the potential effects on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, “Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets.” The ASU provides public entities with a practical expedient when estimating expected credit losses for accounts receivable and contract assets. The practical expedient assumes that current conditions of the balance sheet do not change for the remaining life of the asset. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this accounting standard update for the year ended December 31, 2026, and the Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

(e)Government Grant Income

There is no specific guidance in GAAP that addresses the recognition and measurement of government assistance received by a business entity. In the absence of authoritative GAAP guidance, the Company considered the application of other authoritative accounting guidance by analogy and concluded that the guidance outlined in International Accounting Standard 20 – Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosures of Government Assistance (“IAS 20”) was the most appropriate. Under IAS 20, grant income is recognized to the extent that there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to the grant, and the grant will be received.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company didnot receive government grant receipts. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company received approximately $6.3 million in government grant receipts for its sustainable aviation fuel project, related to a grant that was awarded to the Company in October 2023. As of September 30, 2025, the Company believes it has complied and will continue to comply with all of the grant conditions, which primarily relate to providing evidence of completion of the funded activities. The grant income was recorded as a deduction to related fees included in general and administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

2. Equipment Held for Operating Lease and Notes Receivable

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $2,700.4 million of equipment held in our operating lease portfolio, $144.8 million of notes receivable, $27.0 million of maintenance rights, and $16.3 million of investments in sales-type leases, which represented 354 engines,20 aircraft, one marine vessel, and other leased parts and equipment. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $2,635.9 million of equipment held in our operating lease portfolio, $183.6 million of notes receivable, $31.1 million of maintenance rights, and $21.6 million of investments in sales-type leases, which represented 354 engines,16 aircraft, one marine vessel and other leased parts and equipment.

The following table disaggregates equipment held for operating lease by asset class (in thousands):

Notes Receivable and Investments in Sales-Type Leases

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded interest revenue related to the notes receivable and investments in sales-type leases of $3.4 million and $3.4 million, respectively, and $10.9 million and $8.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effective interest rates on our notes receivable and investments in sales-type leases ranged from 6.0% to 12.2% as of September 30, 2025 and 6.0% to 12.2% as of September 30, 2024.

3. Investments

In 2011, the Company entered into an agreement with Mitsui & Co., Ltd. to participate in a joint venture formed as a Dublin-based Irish limited company, Willis Mitsui & Company Engine Support Limited (“WMES”), for the purpose of acquiring and leasing jet engines. Each partner holds a 50% interest in the joint venture, and the Company uses the equity method in recording investment activity. As of September 30, 2025, WMES owned a lease portfolio of 53 engines andone aircraft with a net book value of $364.1 million.

In 2014, the Company entered into an agreement with China Aviation Supplies Import & Export Corporation (“CASC”) to participate in a joint venture named CASC Willis Engine Lease Company Limited (“CASC Willis”), a joint venture based in Shanghai, China. Each partner holds a 50% interest in the joint venture, and the Company uses the equity method in recording investment activity. CASC Willis acquires and leases jet engines to Chinese airlines and concentrates on the demand for leased commercial aircraft engines and aviation assets in the People’s Republic of China. As of September 30, 2025, CASC Willis owned a lease portfolio ofsix engines with a net book value of $50.0 million.

In March 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with independent MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul) provider Global Engine Maintenance to create a joint venture named Willis Global Engine Testing (“WGET”) to build an engine test facility in West Palm Beach, Florida. The Company has a 70% membership interest, and Global Engine Maintenance has a 30% membership interest. WGET is a VIE that the Company is not the primary beneficiary of since the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact WGET’s economic performance is shared between the Company and Global Engine Maintenance. The Company’s considerations in determining the VIE’s most significant activities and whether the Company has the power to direct those activities include, but are not limited to, the VIE’s purpose and design and the matters that require unanimous approval from both parties. Accordingly, the Company does not consolidate WGET, and the Company uses the equity method in recording investment activity. The Company made an initial capital contribution of $1.6 million, which represents 70% of the cost of the land that the engine test facility is being built on. WGET signed a contract related to the design of an engine test facility. The Company anticipates its portion of the remaining committed amount, which will be funded through future contributions, to be approximately $27.2 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Willis Asset Management Limited (“WAML”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”), by and between WAML and WMES. Pursuant to the SPA, WAML sold the entire issued share capital of Bridgend Asset Management Limited (“BAML”), a United Kingdom-based aviation consultancy business, to WMES for a total purchase price of $45.0 million subject to certain working capital adjustments. The transaction closed on June 30, 2025, resulting in a gain on sale of business of approximately $43.0 million for the Company.

“Other revenue” on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income includes management fees earned of $1.0 million and $1.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $4.0 million and $4.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to the servicing of engines for the WMES lease portfolio.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company didnot sell an engine to WMES. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company sold three engines andone airframe to WMES for a total of $32.2 million, which resulted in a total gain of $1.6 million for the Company. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company soldone engine to WMES for $21.1 million, which resulted in a trading profit of $1.4 million for the Company. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company didnot sell an engine to WMES. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold three engines to WMES for $44.7 million, which resulted in a total gain of $12.0 million for the Company.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company didnot purchase an engine from WMES. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company purchased an engine from WMES for $7.2 million.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company soldone engine to CASC Willis for $7.5 million, which resulted in a total gain of $1.5 million for the Company. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company soldtwo engines to CASC Willis for $13.6 million, which resulted in a total gain of $1.5 million for the Company. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company didnot sell an engine to CASC Willis.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company subleasedtwo WMES engines to a third party, with WMES as the head lessor. As of September 30, 2025, the total right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability balances under these leases were $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company subleasedone WMES engine to a third party, with WMES as the head lessor. As of December 31, 2024, the ROU asset and lease liability balances under this lease were $1.6 million, each. The ROU asset and lease liability balances are included in Other assets and Accounts payable and accrued expenses, respectively, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company paid WMES $0.5 million for fleet management services, which WMES provided through its recent purchase of BAML.

Unaudited summarized financial information for 100% of WMES is presented in the following tables:

The difference between the Company’s investment in WMES and 50% of total WMES net equity, as well as the difference between the Company’s income or loss from WMES and 50% of total WMES net income, is primarily attributable to the recognition of deferred gains, which are related to engines sold by WMES to the Company, and prior to the adoption of ASU 2017-05, related to engines both sold by WMES to the Company or sold by the Company to WMES.

The following table presents information about our nonconsolidated VIE in which we hold a variable interest:

Our maximum exposure to loss is limited to our investment.

4. Debt Obligations

Debt obligations consisted of the following:

One-month term SOFR was 4.24% and 4.37% as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

As it relates to the $20.6 million, $21.7 million, $17.6 million, $23.7 million, $20.9 million, and $19.7 million notes payable resulting from failed sale-leaseback transactions that are secured by engines, the Company has options to repurchase the engines in March 2032 for $18.4 million, January 2032 for $17.7 million, July 2031 for $17.0 million, March 2032 for $19.3 million, March 2033 for $16.9 million, and April 2033 for $17.9 million, respectively.

In June 2025, the Company and its direct, wholly-owned subsidiary Willis Engine Structured Trust VIII (“WEST VIII”), closed WEST VIII’s offering of $596.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed rate notes (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued intwo series, with the Series A Notes issued in an aggregate principal amount of $524.0 million and the Series B Notes issued in an aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million. The Notes are secured by, among other things, WEST VIII’s direct and indirect ownership interests in a portfolio of aircraft engines and airframes. The Series A Notes and Series B Notes have a fixed coupon of 5.582% and 6.070%, respectively, an expected maturity of approximatelysix years and a final maturity of 25 years. The Series A Notes and Series B Notes were issued at a price of 99.99721% and 99.99711% of par, respectively.

In July 2025, Willis Warehouse Facility LLC (the “Borrower”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Secured Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”). The Amended Credit Agreement primarily includes the following changes, among other things, (i) an extension of the availability period of the commitments from May 3, 2026, to May 3, 2027, (ii) an extension of the final repayment date from May 3, 2029 to May 3, 2030, (iii) more favorable asset advance rates available to the Borrower, and (iv) reduced fees.

Principal outstanding at September 30, 2025 is expected to be repayable as follows:

Virtually all of the above debt requires ongoing compliance with certain financial covenants, including debt and tangible net worth ratios, minimum interest coverage ratios, and other eligibility criteria including asset type, customer and geographic concentration restrictions. The Company also has certain negative financial covenant obligations that relate to such items as liens, advances, changes in business, sales of assets, dividends and stock repurchases. Compliance with these covenants is tested either monthly, quarterly or annually, as required, and the Company was in full compliance with all financial covenant requirements at September 30, 2025.

5. Derivative Instruments

The Company periodically holds interest rate derivative instruments to mitigate exposure to changes in interest rates, predominantly one-month term SOFR, with $581.8 million and $914.9 million of variable rate borrowings at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. As a matter of policy, management does not use derivatives for speculative purposes. As of September 30, 2025, the Company hadfive interest rate swap agreements, with a total notional amount of $334.5 million. During 2021, the Company entered into four fixed-rate interest swap agreements, each having notional amounts of $100.0 million, two of which matured during the year ended December 31, 2024 andtwo of which had remaining terms offour months as of September 30, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into three fixed-rate interest swap agreements, each having notional amounts of $50.0 million, two of which were terminated during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 andone of which had a remaining term of 44 months as of September 30, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company also entered intoone fixed-rate interest swap agreement, which had a notional amount of $75.0 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, this fixed-rate interest swap agreement was partially terminated, reducing its notional amount to $34.5 million. It had a remaining term of 44 months as of September 30, 2025. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company entered intoone fixed-rate interest swap agreement, having a notional amount of $50.0 million, and with a remaining term of 49 months as of September 30, 2025. The derivative instruments were each designated as cash flow hedges at inception and recorded at fair value.

The following table displays the total notional amount of the Company’s outstanding fixed-rate interest swap agreements:

The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the swap agreements to hedge the interest rate risk associated with its variable rate debt and concluded at the swap inception dates that each swap was highly effective in hedging that risk. The Company evaluates the effectiveness of the hedging relationships on an ongoing basis and concluded there was no ineffectiveness in the hedges for the period ended September 30, 2025.

The Company estimates the fair value of derivative instruments using a discounted cash flow technique. Valuation of the derivative instruments requires certain assumptions for underlying variables and the use of different assumptions would result in a different valuation. Management believes it has applied assumptions consistently during the period. The Company applies hedge accounting and accounts for the change in fair value of its cash flow hedges through other comprehensive income for all derivative instruments that are effective and for which the related forecasted transaction is probable of occurring.

The following table displays the total pre-tax loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to earnings as a result of the terminations of the interest rate derivative instruments described above, as these forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring:

The following table displays the total fair value of the Company’s outstanding fixed-rate interest swap agreements in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

The Company recorded an adjustment to interest expense of $0.5 million and $(3.0) million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, from derivative instruments. The Company recorded an adjustment to interest expense of $(4.4) million and $(9.2) million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, from derivative instruments.

Effect of Derivative Instruments on Earnings on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income

The following table provides additional information about the financial statement effects related to the cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

The effective portion of the change in fair value on a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the period during which the transaction being hedged affects earnings when it is determined to be improbable that the forecasted transaction will occur. The ineffective portion of the hedges, if any, is recorded in earnings in the current period.

Counterparty Credit Risk

The Company evaluates the creditworthiness of the counterparties under its hedging agreements. The counterparties for the interest rate swaps are large financial institutions that possess investment grade credit ratings. Based on these ratings, the Company believes that the counterparties are credit-worthy and that their continuing performance under the hedging agreements is probable and does not require the counterparties to provide collateral or other security to the Company.

6. Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnities

Other obligations

Other obligations, such as certain purchase obligations are not recognized as liabilities in the consolidated financial statements but are required to be disclosed in the footnotes to the financial statements. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $1.0 billion in purchase commitments of equipment that are expected to be satisfied within five fiscal years. The purchase obligations are subject to escalation based on the closing date of each transaction. Our purchase agreements generally contain terms that allow the Company to defer or cancel purchase commitments in certain situations. These deferrals or cancellations would not result in penalties or increased costs other than any potential increase due to the normal year-over-year change in engine list prices, which is akin to ordinary inflation.

In December 2020, we entered into definitive agreements for the purchase of 25 Pratt & Whitney aircraft engines. As part of the purchase, we have committed to certain future overhaul and maintenance services which are anticipated to range between $97.1 million and $126.8 million by 2030.

7. Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $18.9 million and $41.2 million, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 43.7% and 28.9%, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $10.4 million and $34.7 million, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 30.1% and 28.4% respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to executive compensation exceeding $1.0 million as defined in Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), as well as the sale of the Company’s entire issued share capital of BAML, a discrete item per ASC 270, “Interim Reporting,” due to the unusual and infrequent nature of the sale. H.R. 1., also known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), was enacted on July 4, 2025. The provisions of the OBBBA impacted certain tax deductions, including bonus depreciation, limiting the Company’s ability to benefit from the Section 250 deduction. This disallowance caused the Company’s third quarter effective tax rate to be higher than that of the previous quarter.

The Company records tax expense or benefit for unusual or infrequent items discretely in the period in which they occur. The Company’s tax rate is subject to change based on changes in the mix of assets leased to domestic and foreign lessees, the proportion of revenue generated within and outside of California, the amount of executive compensation exceeding $1.0 million as defined in Section 162(m) of the Code, and numerous other factors, including changes in tax law.

8. Fair Value Measurements

The fair value of a financial instrument represents the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties in contrast to a forced sale or liquidation. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of judgment, and therefore cannot be determined with precision.

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and also establishes the following three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating fair value disclosures for financial instruments:

•Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, and accounts payable: The amounts reported in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

•Notes receivable: The carrying amount of the Company’s outstanding balance on its Notes receivable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was estimated to have a fair value of approximately $143.3 million and $176.7 million, respectively, based on the fair value of estimated future payments calculated using interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates at each period end (Level 2 inputs).

•Investments in sales-type leases: The carrying amount of the Company’s outstanding balance on its Investments in sales-type leases as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was estimated to have a fair value of approximately $16.5 million and $21.5 million, respectively, based on the fair value of estimated future payments calculated using interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates at each period end (Level 2 inputs).

•Debt obligations: The carrying amount of the Company’s outstanding balance on its Debt obligations as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was estimated to have a fair value of approximately $1,986.5 million and $1,928.3 million, respectively, based on the fair value of estimated future payments calculated using interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates at each period end (Level 2 inputs).

Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis and a Nonrecurring Basis

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company measured the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements based on Level 2 inputs, due to the usage of inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data. The Company estimates the fair value of derivative instruments using a discounted cash flow technique. The net fair value of the interest rate swaps as of September 30, 2025 was $1.9 million, representing an asset of $2.2 million and a liability of $0.3 million, and reflected within Other assets and Accounts payable and accrued expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. The net fair value of the interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2024 was $11.0 million, representing an asset and reflected within Other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded an adjustment to interest expense of $0.5 million and $(3.0) million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, from derivative instruments. The Company recorded an adjustment to interest expense of $(4.4) million and $(9.2) million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, from derivative instruments.

Goodwill is assessed for impairment annually, at each year end by comparing the fair values of the reporting units to their carrying amounts. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test.

The Company determines fair value of long-lived assets held and used, such as Equipment held for operating lease and Equipment held for sale, by reference to independent appraisals, quoted market prices (e.g. an offer to purchase) and other factors. An impairment charge is recorded when the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. The Company uses Level 2 inputs to measure write-downs of equipment held for lease and equipment held for sale.

Write-downs of equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $10.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, reflecting the adjustments of the carrying values ofeight engines. Write-downs of equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $23.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, reflecting the adjustment of the carrying value of 19 engines. Write-downs of equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $0.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the adjustments of the carrying values ofthree engines. Write-downs of equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the adjustment of the carrying value ofone airframe andthree engines.

9. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income, less preferred stock dividends and accretion of preferred stock issuance costs, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Treasury stock is excluded from the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock and dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Dilutive securities are common stock equivalents that are freely exercisable into common stock at less than market prices or otherwise dilute earnings if converted. The net effect of common stock equivalents is based on the incremental common stock that would be issued upon the vesting of restricted stock using the treasury stock method. Common stock equivalents are not included in diluted earnings per share when their inclusion is antidilutive. Additionally, redeemable preferred stock is not convertible and does not affect dilutive shares.

There were approximately 136,000 and 266,000 anti-dilutive weighted shares excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average income per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. There wereno anti-dilutive shares for the three months ended September 30, 2024. There were approximately 900 anti-dilutive weighted shares excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average income per common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share data):

10. Equity

Common Stock Repurchase

In December 2024, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved the renewal of the existing common stock repurchase plan which allows for repurchases of up to $60.0 million of the Company’s common stock, extending the plan through December 31, 2026. Repurchased shares are immediately retired. No shares were repurchased during each of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and we maintain authority to repurchase up to $60.0 million of common stock under the plan.

Redeemable Preferred Stock

In September 2024, the Company entered into a Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with Development Bank of Japan Inc. (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”), which refinanced and expanded the Company’s Series A-1 and Series A-2 Preferred Stock into one $65.0 million Series A Preferred Stock series (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), which accrues quarterly dividends at the rate per annum of 8.35% per share. The net proceeds after deducting issuance costs were $13.1 million.

The rights and privileges of the Series A Preferred Stock are described below:

Voting Rights: Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock do not have general voting rights.

Dividends: Prior to the Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company’s Series A-1 Preferred Stock accrued quarterly dividends at the rate per annum of 8.5% per share, and the Series A-2 Preferred Stock accrued quarterly dividends at the rate per annum of 6.5% per share. During each of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company paid total preferred stock dividends of $4.3 million and $3.4 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately $1.1 million in preferred stock dividends accrued but not paid, or approximately $0.35 per share of the Series A Preferred Stock.

Liquidation Preference: The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have preference in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the corporation, including a merger or consolidation. Upon such liquidation event, the Preferred Stockholders are entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders after payment of all the Company’s indebtedness and other obligations and before any payment shall be made to the holders of common stock or any other class or series of stock ranking on liquidation junior to the Preferred Stock an amount equal to $20.00 per share, plus any declared but unpaid dividends.

Redemption: The Series A Preferred Stock has no stated maturity date. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have the option to require the Company to redeem all or any portion of the Series A Preferred Stock for cash upon occurrence of any of the following: (i) a material breach of the Stock Purchase Agreement, (ii) changes in the ownership structure of the Company, including by means of a change of control transaction, (iii) incurrence of operating loss or ordinary loss by the Company for two consecutive fiscal years, (iv) the Company’s surplus is less than its liquidation value at certain specified measurement dates, (v) occurrence of a merger, consolidation, or sale of greater than 50% of the Company’s assets, or (vi) the occurrence of liquidity events as set forth in the Stock Purchase Agreement. The redemption price is $20.00 per share plus dividends accrued but not paid. The Company is accreting the Series A Preferred Stock to redemption value over the period from the date of issuance to the date first callable by the Series A Preferred stockholders (September 27, 2031), such that the carrying amount of the security will equal the redemption amount at the earliest redemption date.

11. Stock-Based Compensation Plans

The components of stock-based compensation expense were as follows:

Under the 2023 Incentive Stock Plan (the “2023 Plan”), stock-based compensation is in the form of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”). The RSAs are subject to either service-based vesting, which is typically betweenone andfour years, in which a specific period of continued employment must pass before an award vests, or performance-based vesting, which is typically betweenone andthree years. The expense associated with these awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective vesting period, with forfeitures accounted for as they occur. As it relates to performance-based awards, accrual of compensation expense is based on the probable outcome of the performance condition. For any vesting tranche of an award, the cumulative amount of compensation cost recognized is equal to the portion of the grant‑date fair value of the award tranche that is actually vested at that date.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had granted 2,658,196 RSAs under the 2023 Plan and had 991,264 shares available for future issuance. The fair value of the RSAs equaled the stock price at the grant date.

The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), as amended and restated effective November 2021,425,000 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance. Eligible employees may designate no more than 10% of their base cash compensation to be deducted each pay period for the purchase of common stock under the ESPP. Participants may purchase the lesser of 1,000 shares or $25,000 of common stock in any one calendar year. Each January 31 and July 31, shares of common stock are purchased with the employees’ payroll deductions from the immediately precedingsix months at a price per share of 85% of the lesser of the market price of the common stock on the purchase date or the market price of the common stock on the date of entry into an offering period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024,3,194 and 9,843 shares of common stock, respectively, were issued under the ESPP. The Company issues new shares through its transfer agent upon an employee stock purchase.

12. Reportable Segments

The Company hastwo reportable segments: (i) Leasing and Related Operations, which involves acquiring and leasing, primarily pursuant to operating leases, commercial aircraft, aircraft engines, and other aircraft equipment, the selective purchase and resale of commercial aircraft engines and other aircraft equipment, and service and maintenance related businesses and (ii) Spare Parts Sales, which involves the purchase and resale of after-market engine parts, whole engines, engine modules, and portable aircraft components.

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is Austin Willis, Chief Executive Officer. The CODM evaluates the performance and allocation of resources to each of the segments based on income or loss from operations. While the Company believes there are synergies between thetwo business segments, the segments are managed separately because each requires different business strategies.

Prior period segment information is presented on a comparable basis to the basis on which current period segment information is presented and reviewed by the CODM.

The following tables present a summary of the reportable segments (in thousands):

13. Related Party Transactions

Joint Ventures

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, WAML entered into an SPA, by and between WAML and WMES. Pursuant to the SPA, WAML sold the entire issued share capital of BAML, a United Kingdom-based aviation consultancy business, to WMES for a total purchase price of $45.0 million subject to certain working capital adjustments. The transaction closed on June 30, 2025, resulting in a gain on sale of business of approximately $43.0 million for the Company.

“Other revenue” on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income includes management fees earned of $1.0 million and $1.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $4.0 million and $4.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to the servicing of engines for the WMES lease portfolio.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company didnot sell an engine to WMES. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company sold three engines andone airframe to WMES for a total of $32.2 million, which resulted in a total gain of $1.6 million for the Company. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company soldone engine to WMES for $21.1 million, which resulted in a trading profit of $1.4 million for the Company. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company didnot sell an engine to WMES. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold three engines to WMES for $44.7 million, which resulted in a total gain of $12.0 million for the Company.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company didnot purchase an engine from WMES. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company purchased an engine from WMES for $7.2 million.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company soldone engine to CASC Willis for $7.5 million, which resulted in a total gain of $1.5 million for the Company. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company soldtwo engines to CASC Willis for $13.6 million, which resulted in a total gain of $1.5 million for the Company. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company didnot sell an engine to CASC Willis.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company subleasedtwo WMES engines to a third party, with WMES as the head lessor. As of September 30, 2025, the total right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability balances under these leases were $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company subleasedone WMES engine to a third party, with WMES as the head lessor. As of December 31, 2024, the ROU asset and lease liability balances under this lease were $1.6 million, each.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company paid WMES $0.5 million for fleet management services, which WMES provided through its recent purchase of BAML.

Other

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30 2024, the Company accrued General and administrative expense of approximately $0.1 million, each, to Mikchalk Lake, LLC, an entity in which our Executive Chairman retains an ownership interest. These expenses were for lodging and other business-related services and were approved by the Board’s Independent Directors.

14. Subsequent Events

During October 2025, the Company paid off both its WEST IV Series A and Series B 2018 term notes payable.

On October 28, 2025, the Board declared the Company’s quarterly dividend of $0.40 per share, an increase to the Company’s recurring quarterly dividend of $0.25 per share, of common stock outstanding. The dividend is expected to be paid on November 26, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 17, 2025.

On October 31, 2025, WMES entered into a new $750.0 million, five-year, revolving credit facility.