Big Digital Energy, Inc.

Overview

General

Mawson Infrastructure Group Inc. (“Mawson,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is a technology company focused on digital infrastructure platforms, headquartered in the United States of America.

On March 9, 2021, the Company acquired the shares of Cosmos Capital Limited (now known as Mawson Infrastructure Group Pty Ltd and referred to herein as “Mawson PL”) in a stock for stock exchange. This transaction has been accounted for as a reverse asset acquisition. Shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”) have been listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market since September 29, 2021.

Mawson is a technology company focused on digital infrastructure platforms. The Company develops and operates digital infrastructure platforms for enterprise customers and for its own purposes. The Company’s digital infrastructure platforms can be used to operate computing resources for a number of applications, and are offered across artificial intelligence (“AI”), high-performance computing (“HPC”), digital assets, and other computing applications. The Company also has an energy management business, which utilizes software and analysis, to generate revenue when the Company participates in energy management program related to the real-time needs of the grid. The Company also periodically transacts in digital computational machines, data center infrastructure, and related equipment, subject to business and commercial opportunities.

The Company manages and operates digital infrastructure platforms and data centers delivering a total current capacity of approximately 129 megawatts (“MW”) with its current operational sites with an additional 24 MW of future capacity that is under development, all strategically located in locations served by the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (“PJM”) Energy Market in the United States of America (the “PJM Energy Market”). The PJM Energy Market is the largest wholesale power market in North America.

Our Products and Services

Mawson’s business

Mawson has four main businesses:

Digital Colocation Business

Mawson offers other businesses and customers the opportunity to colocate their specialized computers used in mining digital assets (“Miners”) and other equipment within our facilities. Mawson generates revenue from these customers for their use of our digital colocation services and facilities. The customer typically keeps all digital assets such as Bitcoin mined in this manner, while paying Mawson fees for providing digital colocation services. This kind of arrangement is known as “colocation” and can be customized and tailored for each customer’s situation and their and Mawson’s strategy and allows us to supplement or diversify our income streams, while adjusting our risk profile. For example, customers may agree to be charged upfront digital infrastructure fees, minimum fees, and maintenance fees. Such fees can provide upfront benefits, which helps decrease risk in the business, and potentially enables Mawson to have different types of revenue streams. Minimum fees can help generate revenue during more challenging periods in the digital infrastructure markets or when our own digital mining may not be as profitable (for example, due to high energy prices, high network difficulty, and volatility in digital assets prices). Counter-party risk is a key issue when entering into colocation arrangements with customers. Mawson employs a number of mitigation strategies to decrease the risks arising from counter-parties depending on the customer agreement, including requiring security deposits and charging upfront fees.

The main factors affecting Mawson’s digital colocation profitability are (in no particular order):

The Company currently has numerous colocation services customer contracts. Additionally, Mawson has service agreements in place with its customers that it believes provide the terms and protections to drive the profitability of the Digital Colocation business. Mawson also has power agreements in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (“PJM”) markets that are expected to provide it the competitive pricing needed for its customers. The PJM Energy Market procures electricity to meet consumers’ demands both in real time and in the near term. Mawson works with the communities in which it is involved to attract and retain the talent and employees needed to run this business.

AI and HPC Colocation business

Mawson offers other businesses and customers in the AI/HPC markets the opportunity to colocate their specialized computers and GPUs used for computation and processing purposes and other equipment within our facilities. Mawson expects to generate revenue from these customers for their use of our colocation services and facilities. Customers expect to pay Mawson a fee for the Company providing its digital infrastructure to operate and optimize their compute processing and performance of their GPUs. Counter-party risk is a key issue when entering into digital colocation arrangements with customers.

The main factors affecting Mawson’s AI and HPC colocation profitability are (in no particular order):

Energy Management Business

Mawson has developed several energy management program capabilities. To power all the compute at its facilities, Mawson uses substantial amounts of energy. This means that energy is a material input cost for Mawson’s operations. If energy prices are higher, then the cost of running the compute may impact our business. Mawson uses proprietary financial models and analysis, which it is constantly refining, that Mawson utilizes to optimize its participation in the energy management programs and how to adapt its energy usage in line with the needs of the grid.

If Mawson decides to curtail its energy use, then during these periods Mawson’s other revenue may be reduced but should be supplemented by the payments provided by its energy management programs revenue. In addition to energy hedges and derivatives that Mawson may be able to purchase, Mawson participates in demand response programs. Demand response programs leverage the timely reduction of energy use by our facilities to benefit other power customers. These demand response programs may compensate Mawson for periods of curtailment and can generate additional revenues for Mawson during times of higher energy prices.

Further, because Mawson can be flexible in the way it operates its digital infrastructure and how it uses energy, Mawson can contribute to electricity grid stability by providing demand for energy producers when aggregate power demand is low, and then lowering its own usage when aggregate power demand is high.

The main factors affecting Mawson’s energy management profitability are (in no particular order):

Mawson works closely with PJM market participants and others to help ensure they stay up to date with the latest power provider programs. Mawson closely monitors the power markets and pricing in order to identify ways to maintain or enhance its profitability from potential opportunities. Mawson tracks various stakeholders in the market to monitor changes in the market and environment that could potentially impact the energy management business.

Digital Assets Mining

Digital asset mining involves the use of Miners to solve algorithmic problems, for example in order to update the distributed or decentralized ledger of Bitcoin transactions securely. In return for providing this security to the Bitcoin ledger, Bitcoin miners are rewarded with Bitcoin. The decentralized ledger is the key innovation of the Bitcoin protocol. It is a public ledger that can be viewed by anyone with specialist knowledge and is typically kept by more than one entity. An example of a centralized ledger would be a ledger of bank account transactions kept by a financial institution.

As of the date of this Annual Report, Mawson operates its own digital asset miners in data center facilities located in Pennsylvania.

Miners perform computational operations to solve specific computing problems in support of the Bitcoin network. The computing power is called “hash rate” and is measured in “hashes per second.” A “hash” is the computation run by the mining hardware in support of the blockchain security; therefore, a Miner’s “hash rate” refers to the rate at which it is capable of solving such computations. The original equipment used for mining Bitcoin utilized the Central Processing Unit (“CPU”) of a computer to mine various forms of digital assets. Due to performance limitations and growing competition to mine Bitcoin, CPU mining was rapidly replaced by the Graphics Processing Unit (“GPU”), which was in turn replaced by Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (“ASIC”) Miners. These ASIC Miners are designed specifically for the task of solving computing problems in support of the Bitcoin network, which maximizes the rate of hashing operations. Hash rate is a measure of the processing speed of a Miner. Mawson’s hash rate is the total sum of its Miners’ hash rates. Similarly, the sum total of all Miners actively trying to solve a block in the Bitcoin network is known as the “Network Hash Rate.” If more competitors add hash rate to the Network Hash Rate, then Mawson must also increase its own hash rate if it wants to ensure that the amount of rewards it receives over time remains the same or similar. Mawson can increase its hash rate in a number of ways, including by acquiring and operating more Miners, ensuring that as many of its Miners are online and operational at all times, and by increasing the hashing capability of its Miners (for example, by providing optimal operating conditions and maintenance).By operating more Miners, Mawson will also most likely increase the amount of power it requires to operate the Miners, thus increasing its costs. The Network Hash Rate can also decline from time to time, which means that Mawson’s hash rate relative to the Network Hash Rate would increase (if Mawson continued to deploy the same amount of hash rate), increasing the chance that Mawson will be rewarded with Bitcoin. As Mawson increases its hash rate, it increases its chance of solving a particular problem and earning the right to place a block on the blockchain at the same time as earning a Bitcoin reward, as well as earning any potential transaction fee. As the global network has modernized and become more efficient, the hash rate required to regularly solve for a block (that is, the “network difficulty”) has increased significantly, leading to Bitcoin miners acquiring larger fleets of more efficient Miners. The expanding fleets of Miners generally require more electrical power. Increased use of electrical power increases the cost of solving a block and, therefore, the relative cost of mining Bitcoin. This increase in network difficulty also means that it can become harder for individual mining operations to find a block and earn any reward or transaction fees for their mining efforts. Individual Bitcoin Miners risk going for extended periods of time without earning any Bitcoin rewards.

To facilitate the earning of Bitcoin rewards, most miners, including Mawson, will join a “mining pool” (that is a group of other miners). A large group of miners with greater hashing power is more likely to earn a digital assets reward. The members of the mining pool then receive Bitcoin rewards on a pro rata basis based on total hashing capacity they contributed to the mining pool. This is intended to reduce the variance of our Bitcoin rewards, and therefore revenue, generation.

At this time, Mawson typically liquidates any mined Bitcoin within a reasonable time after receipt. Mawson does not hold any material amount of Bitcoin on its balance sheet. Mawson’s strategy is to operate as a mining operation, rather than a digital assets investment company. This means that Mawson regularly liquidates its Bitcoin holdings for traditional fiat currency. Mawson has established relationships with several digital assets mining exchanges through which Mawson sells Bitcoin on a regular basis.

The main factors affecting Mawson’s self-mining profitability are (in no particular order):

There is a risk that a change in any of these factors could have a detrimental effect on Mawson’s business. While Mawson takes steps to mitigate these risks, they cannot be avoided altogether. In particular, the market price of Bitcoin can be volatile, sometimes being subject to major changes in value in short time periods. In addition, the reward for Bitcoin mining is scheduled to halve approximately every 4 years. This phenomenon, which is a feature of the Bitcoin protocol, is known as “halving.” The Bitcoin blockchain has undergone halving three times since its inception, on November 28, 2012, July 9, 2016, May 11, 2020, and April 19, 2024. The original reward was 50 Bitcoin per block, but after the last halving the reward was reduced to its current level of 3.125 Bitcoin per block. The next halving for the Bitcoin blockchain is anticipated to occur in 2028. This process will re-occur until the total amount of Bitcoin currency rewards issued reaches 21 million and the theoretical supply of new Bitcoin is exhausted, which is expected to occur in or around 2140. The value of Bitcoin has historically risen after each halving event, due to the reduced supply of Bitcoin, however, there can be no guarantee that this will occur again in the future, or the timing known if such an event were to happen.

Strategy

Part of Mawson’s strategy is to identify and secure new development sites for future digital infrastructure facilities which meet our investment criteria. Before committing to a site, Mawson considers a range of investment criteria, including factors such as climate, community acceptance of digital mining operations, secure tenure through long term leases, or the ability to acquire sites, the existence of energy demand response programs which Mawson can participate in, the ability to secure low cost, stable, low carbon or carbon-neutral sustainable power, labor and skills availability, local taxation regimes, and proximity to Mawson’s existing supply chains and operations.

Environment and Sustainability

Digital asset mining requires a large amount of computing power, which in turn requires a large amount of electricity. At Mawson, we recognize the important role digital asset mining can play in supporting the energy grid and we seek to utilize and support renewable or sustainable energy sources. We hope to support the growth of further renewable or sustainable power into the grid. We also enter into arrangements where we may be compensated in certain circumstances if we curtail, reduce or cease our energy usage. Typically, this will occur when energy prices spike, and the mining of Bitcoin may become unprofitable. In this way we can provide stability to the energy grid by reducing our demand on renewable or sustainable energy at times of peak usage, or low supply, potentially reducing prices for other users.

Equipment Sales products and services

Mawson will from time to time opportunistically sell hardware that it has acquired, whether used or unused, which is surplus to its requirements, or in order to fund newer and better equipment. Hardware that Mawson would typically sell includes Miners, transformers and/or modular data centers (“MDCs”).

Suppliers

Mawson engages a range of suppliers for access to hardware and software required to mine Bitcoin, provide colocation services and for its energy management program. This includes the manufacturers of the Miners, MDCs, and transformers. Mawson enters into Power Purchase Agreements (“PPA”) with its power suppliers that set out the terms and duration of the supply or power.

Government Regulation

Government regulation of AI/HPC and digital assets is being actively considered by the US government (both at the federal and state levels) and by non-US governments, and their agencies and regulatory bodies.

Regulations may substantially change in the future, and it is presently not possible to know how regulations will apply to our businesses, or when they will be effective. As the regulatory and legal environments evolve, we may become subject to new laws and further regulation by the SEC and other agencies, which may affect our mining and other activities. For additional discussion regarding the potential risks existing and future regulation pose to our business, see Item 1A “Risk Factors” herein.

Competition

The AI/HPC and digital assets industry and market is dynamic and global. In addition, the Bitcoin mining network is made up of a variety of competitors, from individual “sub-scale” hobbyists to large, publicly listed mining operations. We compete with other digital asset mining companies directly for the acquisition of new Miners and raising capital. Bitcoin miners, including Mawson, also compete with more traditional industries, for example when obtaining the lowest cost, sustainable electricity or access to sites with reliable sources of power. Many Bitcoin mining operations are not publicly operated, and therefore data is not readily available.

Publicly Listed companies operating comparable businesses include:

Human Capital

Our employees and talent are critical to our success. As of March 3, 2025, we had 33 full-time employees while utilizing software and technology to run and optimize our operations and digital infrastructure. We also use contractors where practical and further rely on the expertise of our external contractors, including legal, audit, financial, IT and compliance consultants, who may be engaged on a time basis, or on a project basis.

Our future success has significant dependence on the performance and continued service of our management team and key employees. Our success and growth may be influenced by our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. We compete for scarce qualified management and other personnel in a highly competitive industry and market. Our competitors may offer higher compensation or better opportunities than we can. We may need to hire additional qualified personnel and any failure to attract, retain or motivate key personnel could adversely affect our business and operating results. Currently we have limited personnel in our organization to meet our organizational, operating and administrative demands.

ESG

Governments around the world have been introducing new energy policies and legislation in response to climate change and energy security.

Any legislative changes regarding climate change or energy security could add significant burden and costs to our business, including taxes, or other costs related to making our energy consumption more efficient and lower impact on the environment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such changes. Further, there could be reputational damage to our business caused by increased negative publicity surrounding digital assets and the apparent effects on the environment. If power costs rise so high as to put certain industries at risk, legislators may intervene in energy markets to direct energy to certain industries. Price caps could be introduced which may have long-term effects on power prices. If fossil fuel projects are not allowed to proceed, then this may have an effect on power prices if sustainable or renewable energy is insufficient or unreliable.

Corporate Information

We are a corporation incorporated in Delaware in 2012. Shares of Mawson’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”) have been listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market since September 29, 2021. Our principal place of business is 950 Railroad Avenue, Midland, Pennsylvania 15059. Our contact email is info@mawsoninc.com, and our website is www.mawsoninc.com.

Shares of our Common Stock are listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market.

Available Information

Our investor relations website and corporate information is available at www.mawsoninc.com. The information on, or that may be accessed from, our website is not a part of this Annual Report. Available on this website, free of charge, are the reports that we file or furnish with the SEC, corporate governance information (including our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics) and select press releases and other relevant information.