NOVAVAX INC

Note 1 –Organization & Business

Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a biotechnology company that promotes improved health by discovering, developing, and commercializing innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. Novavax offers a differentiated vaccine platform that combines a recombinant protein approach, innovative nanoparticle technology and patented Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response. Novavax currently has one commercial program, for vaccines to prevent COVID-19, which includes Nuvaxovid™ prototype COVID-19 vaccine ("NVX-CoV2373,” or “prototype vaccine”) and Nuvaxovid™ updated COVID-19 vaccine (“NVX-CoV2601,” or “updated vaccine”) (collectively, “COVID-19 Vaccine”). Local regulatory authorities have also specified nomenclature for the prototype and updated vaccines within their territories (e.g., “Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted” and “Novavax COVID-19, Adjuvanted (2023-2024 Formula)”, respectively, for the U.S.). The Company’s partner, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. (“SIIPL”), markets NVX-CoV2373 as “Covovax™.”

Beginning in 2022, the Company received approval, interim authorization, provisional approval, conditional marketing authorization, and emergency use authorization (“EUA”) from multiple regulatory authorities globally for its prototype vaccine for both adult and adolescent populations as a primary series and for both homologous and heterologous booster indications in select territories. In October 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“U.S. FDA”) amended the EUA for its prototype vaccine to include its updated vaccine. The amended EUA authorizes use of the Company’s updated vaccine in individuals 12 years and older. In October 2023, the European Commission (“EC”) granted approval for the Company’s updated vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals aged 12 and older. Currently, the Company significantly depends on its supply agreement with SIIPL and its subsidiary, Serum Life Sciences Limited (“SLS”), for co-formulation, filling and finishing (other than in Europe) and on its service agreement with PCI Pharma Services for finishing in Europe.

Novavax is advancing development of other vaccine candidates, including its COVID19-Influenza Combination (“CIC”) vaccine candidate and additional vaccine candidates. The Company’s COVID-19 Vaccine and its other vaccine candidates incorporate the Company’s proprietary Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate higher levels of functional antibodies and induce a cellular immune response.

Note 2 –Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued and contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of the uncertainty described below.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $568.5 million in cash and cash equivalents and had a working capital deficiency. In January 2024, pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment to the advance purchase agreement between the Company and the Canadian government (the “Canada APA”), the Company received the second installment of $174.8 million from the Canadian government that was contingent and payable upon the Company’s delivery of vaccine doses (see Note 3). During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $545.1 million and had net cash flows used in operating activities of $714.0 million.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these consolidated financial

F- 10 statements are issued. While the Company’s current cash flow forecast for the one-year going concern look forward period estimates that there will be sufficient capital available to fund operations, this forecast is subject to significant uncertainty, including as it relates to revenue for the next 12 months and the Company’s ability to execute on certain cost-reduction initiatives. The Company’s revenue projections depend on its ability to successfully develop, manufacture, distribute and market its updated vaccine for the 2024-2025 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the Company’s ability to obtain regulatory authorizations, introduce a single-dose vial or pre-filled syringe product presentation for the U.S. commercial and certain other markets, the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2024-2025 vaccination season, the Company’s ability to timely deliver doses and achieve commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine.

Failure to meet regulatory milestones or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s advance purchase agreements (“APAs”) may require the Company to refund portions of upfront and other payments or result in reduced future payments which would adversely affect the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Management believes that, given the history of recurring losses, negative working capital and accumulated deficit, conditions or events exist that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that these financial statements are issued. Management’s plans to alleviate the conditions that exist include restructuring and cost reduction measures and successful execution of its commercial plans.

In May 2023, the Company announced a global restructuring and cost reduction plan (the “Restructuring Plan”), which includes a more focused investment in its COVID-19 Vaccine, reduction to its pipeline spending, the continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, a reduction to the Company’s global workforce, as well as the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure. In January 2024, as part of reducing combined research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses, the Company announced further reductions in its global workforce (the “2024 Cost Reduction Plan”) (see Note 18). The Company intends to prioritize improvements to its long-term supply chain efficiency. The Company expects the full annual impact of the Restructuring Plan to be realized in 2024 and the full annual impact of the 2024 Cost Reduction Plan to be realized in 2025 and approximately 85% of the annual impact, excluding one-time charges, to be realized in 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a charge of $4.5 million related to one-time employee severance and benefit costs and recorded an impairment charge of $10.1 million related to the consolidation of facilities and infrastructure (see Note 17) and expects to record an additional charge of approximately $4 million to $7 million related to one-time employee severance and benefit costs, the majority of which is expected to be incurred in the first quarter of 2024.

Management’s plans may also include raising additional capital through a combination of equity and debt financing, collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales, and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements may require the Company to give up some or all of its rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, or further downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going concern.

Due to the uncertainties associated with management’s plans, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the date that these financial statements are issued.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

At contract inception, the Company analyzes its revenue arrangements to determine the appropriate accounting under U.S. GAAP. Currently, the Company’s revenue arrangements represent customer contracts within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers(“ASC 606”), or are contributions subject to the guidance in ASC Topic 958-605, Not-for-Profit Entities – Revenue Recognition(“ASC 958-605”). The Company recognizes revenue from arrangements within the

F- 11 scope of ASC 606 following the five-step model: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only recognizes revenue under the five-step model when it is probable that it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to its customer. The Company recognizes contribution revenue within the scope of ASC 958-605 when the funder-imposed conditions have been substantially met. Contributions are recorded as deferred revenue until the period in which research and development activities are performed that satisfy the funder-imposed conditions.

Product Sales - Advance Purchase Agreements

Product sales include sales associated with COVID-19 Vaccine supply agreements, sometimes referred to as APAs, with various international governments. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales related to these APA’s based on the transaction price per dose calculated in accordance with ASC 606 at the point in time when control of the product transfers to the customer and customer acceptance has occurred, unless such acceptance provisions are deemed perfunctory. The APAs typically contain terms that include upfront payments which are reflected in Deferred revenue. The Company constrains the transaction price for APA’s until it is probable that a significant reversal in revenue recognized will not occur. Specifically, if an APA includes a provision whereby the customer may request a discount, return, or refund, or includes a term that may have the effect of decreasing the price per dose of previously delivered shipments, revenue is constrained based on an estimate of the impact of the transaction price until it is probable that a significant reversal in revenue recognized will not occur.

Product Sales - U.S. Commercial

In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company commenced sales of COVID-19 Vaccine to the U.S. commercial market. Product sales in the U.S. are primarily made through large pharmaceutical wholesale distributors at the wholesale acquisition cost (“WAC”). The Company recognizes revenue upon title transfer (which is typically at time of delivery), provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. The transaction price includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established that primarily result from invoice discounts for prompt payment, wholesale distributor fees, chargebacks, and product returns (collectively, “gross-to-net deductions”). These estimates are based on the amounts earned or to be claimed for related sales and are classified as either reductions of gross accounts receivable or a current liability based on the nature of the estimate, the expected settlement method, and net position by individual customer. Where appropriate, these estimates are based on factors such as industry data and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns, the Company’s experience, current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events, and trends. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. If actual results vary from estimates, the Company will adjust the estimates, which would affect product sales in the period such variances become known.

Gross-to-net deductions include the following:

•Wholesale distributor fees, discounts, and chargebacks: The Company has arrangements under which indirect customers such as retailers, healthcare providers, and others receive discounts to the WAC. The chargeback represents the difference between the WAC and this negotiated discounted price. For distribution and related services, the Company incurs service fees to its wholesale distributors. In addition, the Company typically offers wholesale distributor customers invoice discounts on product sales for prompt payments. The Company estimates chargebacks, discounts, and fees it will owe and deducts these amounts from gross product sales at the time the revenue is recognized based on the contractual terms and the Company’s expectations regarding future customer behaviors.

•Product returns: The Company offers U.S. customers the right to return COVID-19 Vaccine. These return rights include the right of wholesale distributors to return unsold and expired doses and the right of indirect customers to return any partial or unused vials upon expiry. Estimated returns for COVID-19 Vaccine are determined considering levels of inventory in the distribution channel, projected market demand, utilization data, returns claims received, and product shelf life. The estimated amount for product returns is deducted from gross product sales in the period the related product sales are recognized.

•Other: Fees payable to retailers, healthcare providers, and buying groups, including certain patient assistance programs, are deducted from gross product sales in the period the related product sales are recognized.

F- 12

Grants

Grant revenue includes both revenue from government contracts and grants from organizations such as the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”). The Company performs research and development under government funding, grant, license, and clinical development agreements. The revenue primarily consists of funding under U.S. government contracts and other arrangements to advance the clinical development and manufacturing of COVID-19 Vaccine.

Under U.S. government contracts, the Company is entitled to receive funding on a cost-reimbursable or cost-reimbursable-plus-fixed-fee basis, to support certain activities related to the development, manufacture, and delivery of COVID-19 Vaccine to the U.S. government. The Company analyzed these contracts and determined that they are within the scope of ASC 606. The obligations under each of the contracts are not distinct in the context of the contract as they are highly interdependent or interrelated and, as such, they are accounted for as a single performance obligation. The transaction price under these arrangements is the consideration the Company is expecting to receive and consists of the funded contract amount and the unfunded variable amount to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur. The Company recognizes revenue for these contracts over time as the Company transfers control over the goods and services and satisfies the performance obligation. The Company measures progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation using an Estimate-at-Completion (“EAC”) process, which is a cost-based input method that reviews and monitors the progress towards the completion of the Company’s performance obligation. Under this process, management considers the costs that have been incurred to-date, as well as projections to completion using various inputs and assumptions, including, but not limited to, progress towards completion, labor costs and level of effort, material and subcontractor costs, indirect administrative costs, and other identified risks. Estimating the total allowable cost at completion of the performance obligation under a contract is subjective and requires the Company to make assumptions about future activity and cost drivers. Changes in these estimates can occur for a variety of reasons and, if significant, may impact the timing of revenue and fee recognition on the Company’s contracts. Allowable contract costs include direct costs incurred on the contract and indirect costs that are applied in the form of rates to the direct costs. Progress billings under the contracts are initially based on provisional indirect billing rates, agreed upon between the Company and the U.S. government. These indirect rates are subject to review on an annual basis. The Company records the impact of changes in the indirect billing rates in the period when such changes are identified. These changes reflect the difference between actual indirect costs incurred compared to the estimated amounts used to determine the provisional indirect billing rates agreed upon with the U.S. government. The Company recognizes revenue on the U.S. government contracts based on reimbursable allowable contract costs incurred in the period up to the transaction price. For cost-reimbursable-plus-fixed-fee contracts, the Company recognizes the fixed-fee based on the proportion of reimbursable contract costs incurred to total estimated allowable contract costs expected to be incurred on completion of the underlying performance obligation as determined under the EAC process. The Company recognizes changes in estimates related to the EAC process in the period when such changes are made on a cumulative catch-up basis. The Company includes the transaction price comprising both funded and unfunded portions of customer contracts in this estimate.

The Company’s other funding agreements currently include funding from CEPI in the form of a grant (“CEPI Grant Funding”) and one or more forgivable no interest term loans (“CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding”). Under the Company’s grant funding arrangements, including the CEPI arrangement, the Company is primarily entitled to reimbursement for costs that support development related activities of COVID-19 Vaccine. The Company analyzed these other funding arrangements and determined that they are not within the scope of ASC 606 as they do not provide a direct economic benefit to the grantor. Payments received under the grant funding arrangements are considered conditional contributions under the scope of ASC 958-605 and are recorded as deferred revenue until the period in which such research and development activities are actually performed in a manner that satisfies the funder-imposed conditions. Payments received under the CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding are only repayable if project vaccine, as defined under the CEPI funding agreement, manufactured by the contract manufacturing organization (“CMO”) network funded by CEPI is sold to one or more third parties (which could include sales credited under the Gavi Settlement Agreement), and such sales cover the Company’s costs of manufacturing such vaccine, not including manufacturing costs funded by CEPI. As the financial risk remains with CEPI, the Company determined that the use of the funds from the CEPI agreement is outside the scope of ASC Topic 470, Debt. The research and development risk was considered substantive, such that it was not probable that the development would be successful at the inception of the contract. Therefore, the Company concluded that ASC Topic 730, Research and Development (“ASC 730”) was considered applicable and most appropriate. Given the financial risk associated with the research and development activities lies with CEPI because repayment of any funds provided by CEPI depends solely on the results of the research and development activities having future economic benefit, the Company has accounted for the obligation under the CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding as a contract to perform research and development for others. The Company has determined that payments received under these agreements should be recorded as revenue under ASC 958-605 rather than a reduction to research and development expenses. This is consistent with the Company’s policy of presenting such amounts as revenue. In reaching this determination, the Company

F- 13 considered a number of factors, including whether it is principal under the arrangement, and whether the arrangement is significant to, and part of, the Company’s core operations. The Company will record revenue as it performs the contractual research and development services.

Payments received in advance related to arrangements where revenue is recognized under ASC 958-605 that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as revenue when the research and development activities are performed. Such cash payments are restricted as to their use and are reflected in Restricted cash until expenditures contemplated in the funding agreements are incurred.

The Company also has various arrangements that include a right for a customer to use the Company's intellectual property as a functional license, where the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time at which the license is granted. These licensing arrangements include sales-based royalties, certain development and commercial milestone payments, and the sale of proprietary Matrix-MTM adjuvant. Because development milestone payments are contingent on the achievement of milestones, such as regulatory approvals, that are not within the Company or licensee's control, the payments are not considered probable of being achieved and are excluded from the transaction price until the milestone is achieved, at which point the Company recognizes revenue. For arrangements that include sales-based royalties related to a previously granted license, including milestone payments based upon the achievement of a certain level of product sales, the license is deemed to be the sole or predominant item to which the royalties relate and the Company recognizes revenue when the related sales occur.

The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis. It develops assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation in consideration of applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales includes cost of raw materials, production, and manufacturing overhead costs associated with the Company’s product sales during the period. Cost of sales also includes adjustments for excess, obsolete, or expired inventory; idle capacity; and losses on firm purchase commitments to the extent the cost cannot be recovered based on estimates about future demand. Cost of sales does not include certain expenses related to raw materials, production, and manufacturing overhead costs that were expensed prior to regulatory authorization as described under the caption “Inventory.”

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include salaries; stock-based compensation; laboratory supplies; consultants and subcontractors, including external contract research organizations (“CROs”), CMOs, and contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMOs”); and other expenses associated with the Company’s process development, manufacturing, clinical, regulatory, and quality assurance activities for its clinical development programs. In addition, related indirect costs such as fringe benefits and overhead expenses are also included in research and development expenses.

The Company estimates its research and development expense related to services performed under its contracts with external service providers based on an estimate of the level of service performed in the period. Research and development activities are expensed as incurred.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

The Company accrues research and development expenses, including clinical trial-related expenses, as the services are performed, which may include estimates of those expenses incurred, but not invoiced. The Company uses information provided by third-party service providers and CRO, CMO, and CDMO invoices and internal estimates to determine the progress of work performed on the Company’s behalf. Assumptions based on clinical trial protocols, contracts, and participant enrollment data are also used to estimate these accruals.

F- 14

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. The Company had advertising costs of $91.5 million, $84.0 million and $8.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation related to grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), and restricted stock awards (“RSUs”), and purchases under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), at fair value. The Company recognizes compensation expense related to such awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period) of the equity awards, based on the award's fair value at the grant date. The requisite service period is typicallyone tofour years. Forfeitures for all awards are recognized as incurred. The Company generally settles stock-based awards with newly issued shares.

The fair value of stock options and SARs is measured on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The expected term of stock options and SARs is based on the Company’s historical option exercise experience and post-vesting forfeiture experience using the historical expected term from the vesting date, and the expected term for purchases under the ESPP is based on the purchase periods included in the offering. The expected volatility is determined using historical volatilities based on stock prices over a look-back period corresponding to the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is determined using the yield available for zero-coupon U.S. government issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term. The Company has never paid a dividend and the Company does not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, and as such, the expected dividend yield is zero.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), for financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. ASC 820 discusses valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow), and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). The statement utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:

•Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

•Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

Restricted Cash

The Company’s current and non-current restricted cash includes payments received under grant agreements and cash collateral accounts under letters of credit that serve as security deposits for certain facility leases. Payments received under grant agreements become unrestricted as the Company incurs expenses for services performed under these agreements. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, restricted cash balances (both current and non-current) consisted primarily of payments under the CEPI funding agreements and letter of credits.

Accounts Receivable

The Company recognizes amounts due from customers as accounts receivable when its right to payment is unconditional. Gross-to-net deductions are classified as reductions of gross accounts receivable if settlement is expected to occur through a reduction in the amount paid to Novavax by its customer. Account receivables are recorded net of any

F- 15 allowance for credit losses. The Company’s estimate for the allowance for credit losses, which has not been significant to date, is determined based on the credit risk of its customers based on historical loss experience, economic conditions, the aging of receivables, and customer-specific risks.

Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments expose the Company to concentration of credit risk and consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain types of instruments, including asset-backed securities, high-grade corporate debt securities, and money market funds; places restrictions on maturities and concentrations in certain industries; and requires the Company to maintain a certain level of liquidity. At times, the Company maintains cash balances in financial institutions that may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses relating to such accounts and believes it is not exposed to a significant credit risk on its cash and cash equivalents.

The Company's accounts receivable arise from revenue arrangements with customers in different countries. The Company's revenue is primarily due to product sales, grants made by government-sponsored and private organizations, and royalties from its collaboration and license partners. The following customers accounted for more than 10% of total revenue or accounts receivable for the periods presented:

*Amounts represent less than 10%

(1) Including the USG Agreement (as defined in Note 3) and the U.S. Department of Defense.

The Company currently depends significantly on one supplier for co-formulation, filling, and finishing of COVID-19 Vaccine. The loss of this supplier could prevent or delay the Company’s delivery of customer orders.

Inventory

Inventory is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value under the First In, First Out methodology, taking into consideration the expiration of the inventory item. The Company determines the cost of raw materials using moving average costs and the cost of semi-finished and finished goods using a standard cost method adjusted on a periodic basis to reflect the deviation in the actual cost from the standard cost estimate. Standard costs consist primarily of the cost of manufacturing goods, including direct materials, direct labor, and the services and products of third-party suppliers. Manufacturing overhead costs are applied to semi-finished and finished goods based on expected production levels. The Company utilizes third-party CMOs, CDMOs, and other suppliers and service organizations to support the procurement and processing of raw materials, management of inventory, packaging, and the delivery process. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to its net realizable value, if required, are made for estimated excess, obsolete, or expired inventory through cost of sales. At each reporting period, the Company assesses whether there are excess firm, non-cancelable, purchase commitment liabilities, resulting from supply agreements with third-party CMOs and CDMOs. The determination of net realizable value of inventory and firm purchase commitment liabilities requires judgment, including consideration of many factors, such as estimates of future product demand, current and future market conditions, potential product obsolescence, expiration and utilization of raw materials under firm purchase commitments, and contractual minimums.

Prior to initial regulatory authorization for its product candidates, the Company expenses costs relating to raw materials, production, and manufacturing overhead costs as research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, in the period incurred. Subsequent to initial regulatory authorization for a product candidate, the Company

F- 16 capitalizes the costs of production for a particular supply chain as inventory when the Company determines that it has a present right to the economic benefit associated with the product.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are described below:

Lease Accounting

The Company enters into manufacturing supply agreements with CMOs and CDMOs to manufacture its vaccine candidates. Certain of these manufacturing supply agreements include the use of identified manufacturing facilities and equipment that are controlled by the Company and for which the Company obtains substantially all the output and may qualify as an embedded lease. The Company treats manufacturing supply agreements that contain an embedded lease as lease arrangements in their entirety. The evaluation of leases that are embedded in the Company’s CMO and CDMO agreements is complex and requires judgment in determining whether the contract, either explicitly or implicitly, is for the use of an identified asset and the Company has the right to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefit from, the identified asset which generally is the use of a portion of the manufacturing facility of the CMO or CDMO, the term of the lease, and the fixed lease payments under the contract. Depending on the contract, the lease commencement date, defined as the date on which the lessor makes the underlying asset available for use by the lessee and on which the Company is required to accrue lease expenses, may be different than the inception date of the contract. The Company determines the non-cancellable lease term of its embedded leases based on the impact of certain expected milestones on its option to terminate the lease where it is reasonably certain to not exercise that option. The Company evaluates changes to the terms and conditions of a lease contract to determine if they result in a new lease or a modification of an existing lease. For lease modifications, the Company remeasures and reallocates the remaining consideration in the contract and reassesses the lease classification at the effective date of the modification. Leases are classified as either operating or finance leases based on the economic substance of the agreement. The Company also enters into non-cancelable lease agreements for facilities and certain equipment.

For leases that have a lease term of more than 12 months at the lease commencement date, the Company recognizes lease liabilities, which represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, and corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, which represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, based on the present value of the fixed future payments over the lease term. The Company calculates the present value of future payments using the discount rate implicit in the lease, if available, or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. For all leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less at the commencement date (referred to as “short-term” leases), the Company has elected to apply the practical expedient in ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), to not recognize a lease liability or ROU asset but, instead, recognize lease payments as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate as an expense in the period in which the variable lease costs are incurred based on performance or usage in accordance with contractual agreements. In determining the lease period, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances that could affect the period over which it is reasonably certain to use the underlying asset while taking into consideration the non-cancelable period over which it has the right to use the underlying asset and any option period to extend or terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain to exercise the option. The Company re-evaluates short-term leases that are modified and if they no longer meet the requirements to be treated as a short-term lease, recognizes and measures the lease liability and ROU asset as if the date of the modification is the lease commencement date. For short-term leases that are modified and continue to meet the requirements to be treated as a short-term lease, the Company remeasures the fixed lease payments under the modified lease and recognize lease payments as an expense on a straight-line basis over the modified lease term.

F- 17

For operating leases, the Company recognizes lease expense related to fixed payments on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date through the end of the lease term and lease expense related to variable payments as incurred based on performance or usage in accordance with the contractual agreements. For finance leases, the Company recognizes the amortization of the ROU asset over the shorter of the lease term or useful life of the underlying asset. The Company expenses ROU assets acquired for research and development activities under ASC 730 if they do not have an alternative future use, in research and development projects or otherwise.

The Company uses significant assumptions and judgment in evaluating its lease contracts and other agreements under ASC 842, including the determination of whether an agreement is or contains a lease; whether a change in the terms and conditions of a lease contract represent a new or modified lease; whether a lease represents an operating or finance lease; the discount rate used to determine the present value of lease obligations; the term of a lease embedded in its manufacturing supply agreements; and the Company’s incremental borrowing rate, which is determined using estimates such as the estimated value of the underlying leased asset and financial profile of comparable companies.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment, internal-use software, and ROU assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (or asset group) may not be recoverable based on the criteria for accounting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets under ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. If such events or changes in circumstances occur, the Company assesses the recoverability of the long-lived assets (or asset group) by comparing their projected future undiscounted net cash flows over their remaining lives against their respective carrying amounts. If the cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the assets (or asset group), they are written down to their estimated fair values.

Restructuring

The Company recognizes restructuring charges when such costs are incurred. The Company’s restructuring charges consist of employee severance and other termination benefits related to the reduction of its workforce, the consolidation of facilities and infrastructure and other costs. Termination benefits are expensed on the date the Company notifies the employee, unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Ongoing benefits are expensed when restructuring activities are probable and the benefit estimable.

See Note 17 for additional information on the severance and employee benefit costs for terminated employees and impairment of long-lived assets in connection with the Company’s Restructuring Plan and Note 18 for information on the expected severance and employee benefit costs as a result of the Company’s workforce reduction announced on January 31, 2024.

Goodwill

Goodwill is subject to impairment tests annually or more frequently should indicators of impairment arise. The Company has determined that, because its only business is the development and commercialization of innovative vaccines, it operates as a single operating segment and hasone reporting unit. The one-step impairment test, which requires a comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill, is required to be applied to all reporting units including reporting units with zero or negative carrying value. A reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying value likely will not have an impairment. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, step two of the impairment analysis is performed. In step two of the analysis, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill over its implied fair value, should such a circumstance arise.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had a negative carrying value and didnot have any impairment of goodwill.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Under the liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred tax assets and

F- 18 liabilities is recognized in income in the period such changes are enacted. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 impose U.S. tax on certain foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. The Company has elected to treat any potential GILTI inclusions as period costs.

Tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions are recognized in the period in which one of the following conditions is satisfied: (1) the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is satisfied; (2) the position is ultimately settled through negotiation or litigation; or (3) the statute of limitations for the taxing authority to examine and challenge the position has expired. Tax benefits associated with an uncertain tax position are reversed in the period in which the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is no longer satisfied.

The Company has historically generated significant federal, state, and foreign tax net operating losses, which may be subject to limitation in future periods. Management has fully reserved the related deferred tax assets with a valuation allowance in the current reporting period as it is more likely than not that the related benefit will not be realized. The Company is currently subject to examination in all open tax years.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period and excludes the effects of any potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the treasury stock method by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding after giving consideration to the dilutive effect of certain securities outstanding during the period. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's 2027 Notes (see Note 10) would have been convertible into approximately 14 million shares of the Company's common stock assuming the common stock price is equal to or greater than $12.50. These shares, after giving effect to the add back of interest expense and unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs on the Notes and any shares due to the Company upon settlement of its capped call transactions, are excluded from the computation, as their effect is antidilutive under the if-converted method. In addition, all stock options, SARs, and unvested RSUs are excluded from the computation as their effect is antidilutive.

Foreign Currency

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company’s international subsidiaries is generally the local currency. The financial statements of international subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date for assets and liabilities, historical rates for equity accounts, and average exchange rates for the consolidated statement of operations. Cash flows from operations are translated at the average exchange rate in effect for the period, while cash flows from investing and financing activities are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the date of the underlying transaction. Translation gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The foreign currency translation adjustment balance included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was $2.7 million of income and $6.4 million losses at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The aggregate foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from the conversion of the transaction currency to functional currency were $7.9 million of gains, $2.5 million of losses, and $5.3 million of losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which are reflected in Other income (expense).

Segment Information

The Company manages its business asone operating segment, the development and commercialization of innovative vaccines. The Company does not operate separate lines of business with respect to its vaccine or vaccine candidates. Accordingly, the Company does not have separately reportable segments as defined by ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting.

F- 19

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Not Yet Adopted

In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements (“ASU 2023-06”), to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of topics and align the requirements in the FASB ASC with the SEC's regulations. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2023-06 to determine its impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). The standard enhances transparency in income tax disclosures by requiring, on an annual basis, certain disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The ASU also requires disaggregated disclosure related to pre-tax income (or loss) and income tax expense (or benefit) and eliminates certain disclosures related to the balance of an entity’s unrecognized tax benefit and the cumulative amount of certain temporary differences. The ASU is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2023-09 to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures.

Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), with amendments in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022. The ASU sets forth a “current expected credit loss” model that requires companies to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 applies to financial instruments that are not measured at fair value, including receivables that result from revenue transactions. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2023, using a modified retrospective approach, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 –Revenue

The Company's accounts receivable, net, included $286.4 million and $53.8 million related to amounts that were billed to customers and $10.8 million and $28.6 million related to amounts which had not yet been billed to customers as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, changes in the Company's accounts receivables, deferred revenue, and allowance for doubtful accounts balances were as follows (in thousands):

(1) Bad debt expense was $13.8 million in the year ended 2022. There was no bad debt expense in the year ended December 31, 2023 or 2021. There was a $6.2 million reversal of a bad debt expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the collection of a previously recognized allowance for doubtful accounts. To estimate the allowance for doubtful accounts, the Company evaluates the credit risk related to its customers based on historical loss experience, economic conditions, the aging of receivables, and customer-specific risks.

(2) Deductions from Deferred revenue generally related to the recognition of revenue once performance obligations on a contract with a customer are met. Amount is comprised of $241.3 million, $0.4 billion, and $1.4 billion current Deferred

F- 20 revenue and $622.2 million, $179.4 million, and $172.5 million non-current Deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.

(3) In 2023, deductions from Deferred revenue included $151.1 million that was realized in Revenue and $112.5 million related to the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement (as described below), that was reclassified to Other current liabilities, as described below. In 2022, deduction from Deferred revenue included $273.8 million that was realized in Revenue and $819.0 million, including $697.4 million related to the Advance Payment Amount (as described below) related to the Gavi arbitration and $112.5 million related to the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement, that was reclassified to Other current liabilities, as described below.

As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied), excluding amounts related to sales-based royalties, the Gavi APA, and the reduction in doses related to the Amended and Restated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2022 (as amended on September 26, 2022, the “Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement”) between the Company and The Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (as assigned to the UK Health Security Agency), acting on behalf of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the “Authority”), which amended and restated the Original UK Supply Agreement, was approximately $2 billion of which $863.5 million was included in Deferred revenue. Failure to meet regulatory milestones, obtain timely supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s APAs may require the Company to refund portions of upfront payments or result in reduced future payments, which could adversely impact the Company’s ability to realize revenue from its unsatisfied performance obligations. The timing to fulfill performance obligations related to APAs will depend on timing of product manufacturing, receipt of marketing authorizations for additional indications, delivery of doses based on customer demand, and the ability of the customer to request variant vaccine in place of the prototype vaccine under certain of the Company’s APAs. The remaining unfilled performance obligations not related to APAs are expected to be fulfilled in less thanone year.

Under the terms of the Gavi APA and a separate purchase agreement between Gavi and SIIPL,1.1 billion doses of the prototype vaccine were to be made available to countries participating in the COVAX Facility. The Company expected to manufacture and distribute 350 million doses of the prototype vaccine to countries participating under the COVAX Facility. Under a separate purchase agreement with Gavi, SIIPL was expected to manufacture and deliver the balance of the 1.1 billion doses of prototype vaccine for low- and middle-income countries participating in the COVAX Facility. The Company expected to deliver doses with antigen and adjuvant manufactured at facilities directly funded under the Company's funding agreement with CEPI, with initial doses supplied by SIIPL and SLS under a supply agreement. The Company expected to supply significant doses that Gavi would allocate to low-, middle- and high-income countries, subject to certain limitations, utilizing a tiered pricing schedule and Gavi could prioritize such doses to low- and middle- income countries, at lower prices. Additionally, the Company could provide additional doses of prototype vaccine, to the extent available from CEPI-funded manufacturing facilities, in the event that SIIPL could not materially deliver expected vaccine doses to the COVAX Facility. Under the agreement, the Company received an upfront payment of $350.0 million from Gavi in 2021 and an additional payment of $350.0 million in 2022 related to the Company’s achieving an emergency use license for the Company’s prototype vaccine by the World Health Organization (“WHO”) (the “Advance Payment Amount”).

On November 18, 2022, the Company delivered written notice to Gavi to terminate the Gavi APA on the basis of Gavi’s failure to procure the purchase of 350 million doses of the Company’s prototype vaccine from the Company as required by the Gavi APA. As of November 18, 2022, the Company had only received orders under the Gavi APA for approximately 2 million doses. On December 2, 2022, Gavi issued a written notice purporting to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s contention that the Company repudiated the agreement and, therefore, materially breached the Gavi APA. Gavi also contended that, based on its purported termination of the Gavi APA, it was entitled to a refund of the Advance Payment Amount less any amounts that have been credited against the purchase price for binding orders placed by a buyer participating in the COVAX Facility. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the remaining Gavi Advance Payment was $696.4 million and $697.4 million, respectively, pending resolution of the dispute with Gavi related to the return of the remaining Advance Payment Amount, and was classified within Other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration based on the claims described above. The Company filed its Answer and Counterclaims on March 2, 2023. On April 5, 2023, Gavi filed its Reply to the Company’s Counterclaims. On February 16, 2024, the Company and Gavi entered into a Termination and Settlement Agreement (the “Gavi Settlement Agreement”) terminating the Gavi APA, settling the arbitration proceedings and releasing both parties of all claims arising from, under or otherwise in connection with the Gavi APA. Pursuant to the Gavi Settlement Agreement, the Company is responsible for payment to Gavi of (i) an initial settlement payment of $75 million, which the Company paid on February 20,

F- 21

2024, and (ii) deferred payments, in equal annual amounts of $80 million payable each calendar year through a deferred payment term ending December 31, 2028. The deferred payments are due in variable quarterly installments beginning in the first quarter of 2024 and total $400 million during the deferred payment term. Such deferred payments may be reduced through Gavi’s use of an annual vaccine credit equivalent to the unpaid balance of such deferred payments each year, which may be applied to qualifying sales of any of the Company’s vaccines for supply to certain low-income and lower-middle income countries. The Company has the right to price the vaccines offered to such low-income and lower-middle income countries in its discretion, and, when utilized by Gavi, the Company will credit the actual price per vaccine paid against the applicable credit. The Company intends to price vaccines offered via the tender process, consistent with its shared goal with Gavi to provide equitable access to those countries. Also, pursuant to the Gavi Settlement Agreement, the Company granted Gavi an additional credit of up to $225 million that may be applied against qualifying sales of any of the Company’s vaccines for supply to such low-income and lower-middle income countries that exceed the $80 million deferred payment amount in any calendar year during the deferred payment term. In addition, the Company and Gavi entered into a security agreement pursuant to which Novavax granted Gavi a security interest in accounts receivable from SIIPL under the SIIPL R21 Agreement (see Note 4), which will continue for the deferred payment term of the Gavi Settlement Agreement. On February 22, 2024, the claims and counterclaims were dismissed with prejudice.

Product Revenue

Product revenue by the Company’s customer’s geographic location was as follows (in thousands):

In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company commenced sales of COVID-19 Vaccine to the U.S. commercial market, in addition to continuing sales to various international governments. Product sales in the U.S. are primarily made through large pharmaceutical wholesale distributors at the WAC. Product sales in the U.S. are recorded net of gross-to-net deductions, as described in Note 2.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, changes in the Company’s gross-to-net deductions balances were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023, $103.1 million of gross-to-net deductions were included in Accrued expenses and $2.6 million were included in Accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheet.

The Company has an APA with the Commonwealth of Australia for the purchase of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (the “Australia APA”). In May 2023, the Company extended a credit for certain doses delivered and recognized within product revenue in 2022 that qualified for replacement under the Australia APA. This credit is the result of a single lot sold to the Australian government that upon pre-planned 6-month stability testing was found to have fallen below the defined specifications and the lot therefore was removed from the market. The credit will be applied against the future sale of doses to Australia and, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a reduction of $64.7 million in product sales, with a corresponding increase to Deferred revenue, non-current. In July 2023, the Company amended the Australia APA to provide for replacement doses and to extend the delivery schedule through 2025. As of February 2024, the Company had not yet received Therapeutic Goods Administration (“TGA”) authorization or delivered doses as contemplated in the July 2023

F- 22 amendment and is in active discussions with the Australian government on both the TGA authorization and delivery of the doses previously scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2023. In February 2024, the Company received notice from the Australian government purporting to cancel its order for such prototype vaccine doses. The Company believes the cancellation was not proper under the amended Australia APA. However, if such a cancellation were determined to be allowable, $6.0 million of the deferred revenue would become a credit towards future deliveries of doses and approximately $48 million of the contract value related to future deliverables would no longer be available.

The Company has an APA with the European Commission (“EC”) acting on behalf of various European Union member states to supply a minimum of 20 million and up to 100 million initial doses of prototype vaccine, with the option for the EC to purchase an additional 100 million doses up to a maximum aggregate of 200 million doses in one or more tranches, through 2023. Under the terms of the APA, the Company agreed to manufacture the vaccine in facilities located in the European Union and ensure continued efficacy of the vaccine against variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Pursuant to the terms of the APA, the Company is prohibited from supplying prototype vaccine to any third party if such delivery would impede or limit the fulfillment of the Company’s obligations to the EC under the APA, except with respect to the Company’s obligations under the Gavi APA. In 2022, the Company was notified by the EC that it was cancelling approximately 7 million doses of its prior commitment originally scheduled for delivery in the first and second quarters of 2022, in accordance with the APA, and reducing the order to approximately 63 million doses. In January 2023, the Company finalized a revised delivery schedule for the remaining 20 million committed doses under the APA that were originally scheduled for delivery during the first and second quarters of 2022. The APA expired in August 2023 and required that any open and outstanding orders from European Union member states be satisfied by February 2024. Since August 2023, any additional doses have been managed by amending outstanding orders with deliveries made by February 2024.

The Company has an APA with His Majesty the King in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, as successor in interest to Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services (the “Canadian government”), for the purchase of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (the “Canada APA”). In April 2023, the Company amended the “Canada APA”, pursuant to which the Canadian government forfeited certain doses originally scheduled for delivery in 2022 for a payment of $100.4 million, which the Company received in the second quarter of 2023. In June 2023, the Company entered into an additional amendment (the “June 2023 Amendment”) to the Canada APA. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment, (i) the Canadian government forfeited certain doses of COVID-19 Vaccine previously scheduled for delivery and agreed to pay a total amount of $349.6 million to the Company in two equal installments, which total amount equaled the remaining balance owed by the Canadian government with respect to such forfeited vaccine doses, (ii) the amount of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine due for delivery was reduced, (iii) the delivery schedule for the remaining doses of COVID-19 Vaccine to be delivered was revised, and (iv) the parties agreed Novavax would use the Biologics Manufacturing Centre (“BMC”) Inc. to produce bulk antigen for doses in 2024 and 2025. The June 2023 Amendment maintained the total contract value of the original Canada APA. The first Installment of $174.8 million was payable upon execution of the June 2023 Amendment and received by Novavax in July 2023, and the second installment of $174.8 million was contingent and payable upon the delivery of vaccine doses in the second half of 2023 and received by Novavax in January 2024. The Canadian government may terminate the Canada APA, as amended, if the Company fails to receive regulatory approval for its COVID-19 Vaccine using bulk antigen produced at BMC on or before December 31, 2024. The Company’s 2024 plans do not currently anticipate the submission for regulatory approval of its COVID-19 Vaccine using bulk antigen produced at BMC, and it plans to work with the Canadian government on an amendment that addresses possible alternatives, which may not be achievable. As of December 31, 2023, $102.8 millionwas classified as short-term Deferred revenue and $485.3 million was classified as long-term Deferred revenue with respect to the Canadian APA in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. If the Canadian government terminates the Canada APA, $28.0 million of the deferred revenue would become refundable and approximately $224 million of the contract value related to future deliverables would no longer be available. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment, Novavax and the Canadian government will endeavor to expand the previously agreed in-country commitment to Canada and to further partner to provide health, economic, and future pandemic preparedness benefits to Canada, which value may be provided through a number of activities, including without limitation, capital investments, the performance of activities or services, or the provision of technology or intellectual property licenses. Further, the parties will endeavor to enter into a memorandum of understanding (the “MOU”) to illustrate the Company’s ability to deliver such benefits over a 15-year period with an aggregate value of not less than 100% of the amount remaining to be paid under the June 2023 Amendment and ultimately received by the Company. As of December 31, 2023, discussions regarding the MOU were ongoing. The Company agreed to hold, when received, $20.0 million of the second installment payment in escrow for the benefit of the Canadian government, which amount is the sole recourse available to the Canadian government in the event of non-performance under the MOU.

In July 2022, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement (as amended on September 26, 2022, the “Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement”) with The Secretary of State for

F- 23

Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (as assigned to the UK Health Security Agency), acting on behalf of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the “Authority”), which amended and restated in its entirety the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement, dated October 22, 2020, between the parties (the “Original UK Supply Agreement”). Under the Original UK Supply Agreement, the Authority agreed to purchase 60 million doses of prototype vaccine and made an upfront payment to the Company. Under the terms of the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement, the Authority agreed to purchase a minimum of 1 million doses and up to an additional 15 million doses (the “Conditional Doses”) of prototype vaccine, with the number of Conditional Doses contingent on, and subject to reduction based on, the Company’s timely achievement of supportive recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (the “JCVI”) that is approved by the UK Secretary of State for Health, with respect to use of the vaccine for (a) the general adult population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or (b) the general adolescent population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or as a primary series SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, excluding where that recommendation relates only to one or more population groups comprising less than one million members in the United Kingdom. If the Authority did not purchase the Conditional Doses or the number of such Conditional Doses was reduced below 15 million doses of prototype vaccine, the Company would have to repay up to $225.0 million related to the upfront payment previously received from the Authority under the Original UK Supply Agreement. Under the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement, the Authority also has the option to purchase up to an additional 44 million doses, in one or more tranches, through 2024.

As of November 30, 2022, the JCVI had not made a supportive recommendation with respect to prototype vaccine, thereby triggering, under the terms of the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement, (i) a reduction of the number of Conditional Doses from 15 million doses to 7.5 million doses, which reduced number of Conditional Doses are contingent on, and subject to further reduction based on, the Company’s timely achievement by November 30, 2023 of a supportive recommendation from JCVI that is approved by the UK Secretary of State for Health as described in the paragraph above, and (ii) an obligation for the Company to repay $112.5 million related to the upfront payment previously received from the Authority under the Original UK Supply Agreement. In April 2023, the Company repaid the $112.5 million related to the November 30, 2022 triggering event. As of November 30, 2023, the JCVI had not made a supportive recommendation with respect to the prototype vaccine, thereby triggering a reduction in the number of Conditional Doses from 7.5 million doses tozero. As of February 2024, the Company is in discussions with the Authority regarding the treatment of the remaining upfront payment previously received of $112.5 million, which is reflected in Other current liabilities.

Grants

The Company recognized grant revenue as follows (in thousands):

U.S. Government

The Company’s U.S. government agreement consists of a Project Agreement (the “Project Agreement”) and a Base Agreement with Advanced Technology International, the Consortium Management Firm acting on behalf of the Medical CBRN Defense Consortium in connection with the partnership formerly known as Operation Warp Speed (the Base Agreement together with the Project Agreement the “USG Agreement”).

The original USG Agreement required the Company to conduct certain clinical, regulatory, and other activities, including a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial to determine the safety and efficacy of prototype vaccine, and to manufacture and deliver to the U.S. government 100 million doses of the vaccine candidate. Funding under the USG Agreement is payable to the Company for various development, clinical trial, manufacturing, regulatory, and other activities. The USG Agreement contains terms and conditions that are customary for U.S. government agreements of this nature, including provisions giving the U.S. government the right to terminate the Base Agreement or the Project Agreement based on a reasonable determination that the funded project will not produce beneficial results commensurate with the expenditure of resources and that termination would

F- 24 be in the U.S. government’s interest. If the Project Agreement is terminated prior to completion, the Company is entitled to be paid for work performed and costs or obligations incurred prior to termination and consistent with the terms of the USG Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized the full $1.8 billion funding under the USG Agreement in revenue.

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

In May 2020, the Company entered into a restated funding agreement which was amended in November 2020 with CEPI, under which CEPI agreed to provide funding of up to $399.5 million to the Company to support the development of prototype vaccine. The agreement provided up to $257.0 million in CEPI Grant Funding and up to $142.5 million in CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding, which are loans in the form of one or more forgivable no-interest term loans to fund certain manufacturing activities and are not subject to restrictive or financial covenants. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had recognized total revenue related to CEPI of $358.6 million, with the unused amounts primarily related to CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding. Payments received under the CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding are only repayable if project vaccine, as defined under the CEPI funding agreement, manufactured by the CMO network funded by CEPI is sold to one or more third parties (which could include sales credited under the Gavi Settlement Agreement), and such sales cover the Company’s costs of manufacturing such vaccine, not including manufacturing costs funded by CEPI. The timing and amount of any loan repayments is currently uncertain.

Royalties and other includes royalty milestone payments, sales-based royalties, and Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $8.5 million in revenue related to license fees, and $16.5 million in revenue related to a Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company didnot recognize revenue related to milestone payments.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $9.0 million in revenue related to sales-based royalties, $20.0 million related to milestone payments, and $15.0 million in revenue related to a Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $178.6 million in revenue related to sales-based royalties and $20.0 million related to milestone payments.

Note 4 –Collaboration, License, and Supply Agreements

SIIPL

The Company previously granted SIIPL exclusive and non-exclusive licenses for the development, co-formulation, filling and finishing, registration, and commercialization of its prototype vaccine, its proprietary COVID-19 variant antigen candidate(s), and its CIC vaccine candidate. SIIPL agreed to purchase the Company's Matrix-M™ adjuvant and the Company granted SIIPL a non-exclusive license to manufacture the antigen drug substance component of the Company’s COVID-19 Vaccine in SIIPL’s licensed territory solely for use in the manufacture of COVID-19 Vaccine. The Company and SIIPL equally split the revenue from SIIPL’s sale of COVID-19 Vaccine in its licensed territory, net of agreed costs. The Company also has a supply agreement with SIIPL and SLS under which SIIPL and SLS supply the Company with prototype vaccine, its proprietary COVID-19 variant antigen candidate(s), and its CIC vaccine candidate for commercialization and sale in certain territories, as well as a contract development manufacture agreement with SLS, under which SLS manufactures and supplies finished vaccine product to the Company using antigen drug substance and Matrix-M™ adjuvant supplied by the Company. In March 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with SIIPL that granted SIIPL a non-exclusive license for the use of Matrix-M™ adjuvant supplied by the Company to develop, manufacture, and commercialize R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant (“SIIPL R21 Agreement”), a malaria vaccine created by the Jenner Institute, University of Oxford (“R21/Matrix-M™”). In December 2023 received prequalification by the WHO. Under the SIIPL R21 Agreement, SIIPL purchases the Company's Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in development activities at cost and for commercial purposes at a tiered commercial supply price, and pays a royalty in the single-to low- double-digit range based on vaccine sales for a period of 15 years after the first commercial sale of the vaccine in each country.

F- 25

Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

The Company has a collaboration and license agreement with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”) under which the Company granted Takeda an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize the Company’s COVID-19 Vaccine in Japan. Under the agreement, Takeda purchases Matrix-M™ adjuvant from the Company to manufacture doses of COVID-19 Vaccine, and the Company is entitled to receive milestone and sales-based royalty payments from Takeda based on the achievement of certain development and commercial milestones, as well as a portion of net profits from the sale of COVID-19 Vaccine. In September 2021, Takeda finalized an agreement with the Government of Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ("MHLW") for the purchase of 150 million doses of its prototype vaccine. In February 2023, MHLW canceled the remainder of doses under its agreement with Takeda. As a result, it is uncertain whether the Company will receive future sales-based royalty payments from Takeda under the terms and conditions of their current collaboration and licensing agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $6.0 million of revenue as consideration for changes to certain terms of the license agreement which is included in Royalties and other revenue on the consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $20.0 million, upon the sale of prototype vaccine in Japan, which is included in Royalties and other revenue on the consolidated statements of operations.

Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

In May 2023, the Company entered into a 3-year agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute to provide the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in preclinical vaccine research.

SK bioscience, Co., Ltd.

In February 2021, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (“CLA”) with SK bioscience, Co., Ltd. (“SK”) to manufacture and commercialize its prototype vaccine for sale to the government of South Korea. The CLA was amended in December 2021 and July 2022 to include the sale of its prototype vaccine to Thailand and Vietnam and to supply the Company with the antigen component of prototype vaccine for use in the final drug product globally, including product to be distributed by the COVAX Facility. Under the CLA, as amended, SK agreed to pay the Company a royalty on the sale of its prototype vaccine in the low to middle double-digit range. The CLA was in addition to the Company's existing manufacturing arrangement with SK under a Development and Supply Agreement (“DSA”) entered into in August 2020. In July 2022, the Company signed an additional agreement with SK for the technology transfer of the Company’s proprietary COVID-19 variant antigen materials so that SK can manufacture the drug substance targeting COVID-19 variants, including the Omicron subvariants. The companies also signed an agreement to manufacture and supply its prototype vaccine in a prefilled syringe.

In June 2023, the Company entered into a material transfer agreement with SK for the use by SK of the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant in preclinical vaccine experiments for shingles, influenza, and pan-sarbecovirus vaccine.

In August 2023, the Company and SK entered into a Settlement Agreement and General Release (the “Settlement Agreement”) regarding mutual release by the parties of all claims arising from or in relation to statements of work (“SOWs”) canceled by the Company under the DSA and the CLA (collectively the “Business Agreements”), and other SOWs under the Business Agreements (collectively, the “Subject SOWs”), in each case, in connection with the cessation of all drug substance and drug product manufacturing activity at SK for supply to the Company. Subject SOWs canceled by the Company under the Settlement Agreement included (i) Statement of Work No. 1 dated as of December 23, 2021 as amended to date under the CLA; (ii) Statement of Work No. 5 dated as of July 18, 2022 under the DSA; and (iii) Statement of Work No. 6 dated as of July 18, 2022, and as amended as of December 28, 2022 under the DSA.

Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Company is responsible for payment of $149.8 million to SK in connection with the cancellation of manufacturing activity for the SOWs under the Business Agreements, of which (i) $130.4 million was paid in August 2023 and (ii) the remaining balance was paid in November 2023. Under the Settlement Agreement, the Company and SK agreed to a wind down plan with respect to the remaining products, materials and equipment under the SOWs.

Under the Settlement Agreement, the Company and SK agreed to remove certain restrictions under the CLA that have been triggered by the launch of SK’s competing vaccine SKYCovione™ in the Republic of Korea. In addition, the Company agreed to extend the term of an exclusive license to SK under the CLA for the exploitation of antigen and vaccine products

F- 26 utilizing Company’s proprietary coronavirus vaccine antigens and Matrix-M adjuvant in certain territories. The Company recorded $4.0 million to Deferred revenue related to the extended licenses granted to SK under the Settlement Agreement.

In August 2023, the Company also entered into a Securities Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with SK, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to SK, in a private placement (the “Private Placement”),6.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Shares”) at a price of $13.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $84.5 million. The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023. The fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of closing, based on the quoted market price, was $46.5 million, which results in a premium paid by SK of approximately $38 million.

The Settlement Agreement and the Subscription Agreement were negotiated concurrently between the parties, and therefore were combined for accounting purposes and analyzed as a single arrangement. As a result, the Company recorded the $46.5 million fair value of common stock issued to SK, based on the quoted market price on the date of close, as an equity transaction. The remaining elements of the arrangement were deemed to relate to the settlement of the Company’s outstanding liabilities due to SK. These elements consist primarily of the cash payable to SK of $149.8 million, offset by the premium paid on the common stock purchase by SK of $38.0 million, which resulted in a net gain upon derecognition of the liabilities due to SK of $79.2 million in connection with the settlement. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded this net gain of $79.2 million between research and development expense, for $57.7 million, and cost of sales, for $21.5 million, proportionally based on the where the underlying costs were originally recorded.

Other Supply Agreements

On September 30, 2022, the Company, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies UK Limited (“FDBK”), FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies Texas, LLC (“FDBT”), and FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies USA, Inc. (“FDBU” and together with FDBK and FDBT, “Fujifilm”) entered into a Confidential Settlement Agreement and Release (the “Fujifilm Settlement Agreement”) regarding amounts due to Fujifilm in connection with the termination of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the Commercial Supply Agreement (the “Fujifilm CSA”) dated August 20, 2021 and Master Services Agreement dated June 30, 2020 and associated statements of work (the “Fujifilm MSA”) by and between the Company and Fujifilm. The Fujifilm MSA and Fujifilm CSA established the general terms and conditions applicable to Fujifilm’s manufacturing and supply activities related to prototype vaccine under the associated statements of work.

Pursuant to the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the Company agreed to pay up to $185.0 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to Fujifilm in connection with cancellation of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the CSA, of which (i) $47.8 million, constituting the initial reservation fee under the CSA, was credited against the Settlement Payment on September 30, 2022 and (ii) the remaining balance was to be paid infour equal quarterly installments of $34.3 million each, which began on March 31, 2023. Under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the finaltwo quarterly installments due to Fujifilm were subject to Fujifilm’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses associated with the vacant manufacturing capacity caused by the termination of manufacturing activities at FDBT under the CSA. Any replacement revenue achieved by Fujifilm’s mitigation efforts between July 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023 would offset the finaltwo settlement payments owed by the Company. On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheldtwo installments of $34.3 million due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023, pending resolution of the issues identified in the notice of breach. On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (“JAMS”) seeking payment of the third quarter installment of the Settlement Payment. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining payment of $68.6 million was reflected in Accrued expenses.

The Company continues to assess its manufacturing needs and intends to modify its global manufacturing footprint consistent with its contractual obligations to supply, and anticipated demand for, its COVID-19 Vaccine, and in doing so, recognizes that significant costs may be incurred.

F- 27

Note 5 –Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):

(1) Classified as Other non-current assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 6 –Fair Value Measurements

The following table represents the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities (in thousands):

(1)All investments are classified as Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fixed-income investments categorized as Level 2 are valued at the custodian bank by a third-party pricing vendor’s valuation models that use verifiable observable market data, such as interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals and credit spreads, bids provided by brokers or dealers, or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Pricing of the Company’s convertible notes has been estimated using observable inputs, including the price of the Company’s common stock, implied volatility, interest rates, and credit spreads.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any transfers between Levels.

The amount in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

F- 28

Note 7 –Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):

Inventory write-downs as a result of excess, obsolescence, expiry, or other reasons, and losses on firm purchase commitments are recorded as a component of Cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2023, inventory write-downs were $72.4 million and losses on firm purchase commitments were $73.5 million. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded recoveries on firm purchase commitments of $40.2 million related primarily to negotiated reductions to previously recognized firm purchase commitments. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.1 million in Cost of sales related to an embedded lease agreement with a CMO for production capacity in excess of production needs. For the year ended December 31, 2022, inventory write-downs and losses on firm purchase commitments were $447.6 million and $155.9 million respectively. There wereno inventory write-downs or losses on firm purchase commitments during 2021. Inventory reserves for write-downs are relieved when the inventory is disposed of through scrap or sale. Activity in the reserve for excess and obsolete inventory was as follows (in thousands):

Other additions include receipts of inventory previously recorded as losses on firm purchase commitments.

Note 8 –Goodwill

The Company hasone reporting unit, which has a negative carrying amount as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill was as follows (in thousands):

Note 9 –Leases

The Company has embedded leases related to multiple manufacturing supply agreements with CMOs and CMOS to manufacture COVID-19 Vaccine, as well as operating and finance leases for its research and development and manufacturing facilities, corporate headquarters and offices. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company continued to align its global manufacturing footprint as a result of its ongoing assessment of manufacturing needs consistent with its contractual obligations related to the supply, and anticipated demand for, its COVID-19 Vaccine.

F- 29

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company modified certain of its CMO and CDMO agreements that had previously been determined to represent embedded leases and, in accordance with its policy, the Company remeasured and reallocated the remaining consideration under the contracts and reassessed the lease classification as of the effective dates of the respective modifications. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as a result of new or modified leases, the Company recognized ROU assets, net of credits on modifications, and a corresponding lease liability of $6.8 million and $18.6 million, respectively, for its long-term finance and operating leases embedded in CMO and CDMO manufacturing supply agreements. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.1 million in Cost of sales related to an embedded lease agreement with a CMO for production capacity in excess of production needs.

During 2020, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the premises located at 700 Quince Orchard Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland ("700QO"). The lease is for approximately 170,000 square feet of space that the Company is using for manufacturing, research and development, and offices. The term of the lease expires in 2035 with options to extend the lease. The lease provides for an annual base rent of $5.8 million that is subject to future rent increases and obligates the Company to pay building operating costs. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company obtained the right to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefit from, certain floors located at the premises and recognized an ROU asset and related lease obligation of $73.2 million as lease commencement for accounting purposes occurred in 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company obtained the right to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefit from, the remaining floors located at the premises and recognized a ROU asset and related lease obligation of $96.5 million as the lease commencement dates for accounting purposes had occurred for such remaining floors. The lease obligation was reduced by $73.4 million for prepaid rent and prior costs incurred on behalf of the landlord during 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, facility leases, including the 700QO lease, have expirations that range from approximatelytwo tothirteen years, some of which include options to extend the lease term. The facility leases contain provisions for future rent increases and obligate the Company to pay building operating costs.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $5.9 million related to ROU facility leases used for research and development, manufacturing and offices space that are impacted by the Restructuring Plan (see Note 17).

F- 30

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate):

Lease expense for the operating and short-term leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

(1) During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a short-term lease benefit of $48.0 million due to gains on the settlement of manufacturing supply agreements with CMOs and CDMOs that included embedded leases.

F- 31

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023, maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

Note 10 –Long-Term Debt

The Company’s long-term debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

Interest expense incurred in connection with the convertible notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):

F- 32

2027 Convertible Notes

In December 2022, the Company issued $175.3 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior unsecured notes that will mature on December 15, 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. The 2027 Notes were issued in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and pursuant to an indenture dated December 20, 2022 (the “2027 Indenture”) between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. Concurrently with the issuance of the 2027 Notes, the Company completed a public offering of shares of its common stock (see Note 11). The Company received $166.4 million in net proceeds from the issuance of the 2027 Notes after deducting the initial purchasers’ fees and the Company’s offering expenses. The 2027 Notes bear cash interest at a rate of 5.00% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on June 15, 2023.

The 2027 Notes are convertible at the option of the holders at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 15, 2027, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2023 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2027 Notes on each applicable trading day; (2) during thefive business day period after anyten consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price (as defined in the 2027 Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of the 2027 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the 2027 Notes on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls such 2027 Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date, but only with respect to the 2027 Notes called (or deemed called) for redemption; and (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events as set forth in the 2027 Indenture. On or after September 15, 2027, until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date (December 15, 2027), holders of the 2027 Notes may convert all or any portion of their 2027 Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing conditions. Upon conversion, the Company may satisfy its conversion obligation by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the 2027 Indenture.

The conversion rate for the 2027 Notes will initially be 80.0000 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2027 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of $12.50 per share of common stock. The initial conversion price of the 2027 Notes represents a conversion premium of 25% of the public offering price in the Company’s concurrent common stock offering that closed on December 20, 2022 (see Note 11). The conversion rate for the 2027 Notes is subject to adjustment under certain circumstances in accordance with the terms of the 2027 Indenture. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date of the 2027 Notes or if the Company delivers a notice of redemption in respect of the 2027 Notes, the Company will, under certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate of the 2027 Notes for a holder who elects to convert its 2027 Notes (or any portion thereof) in connection with such a corporate event or convert its 2027 Notes called (or deemed called) for redemption during the related redemption period (as defined in the 2027 Indenture), as the case may be.

The Company may not redeem the 2027 Notes prior to December 22, 2025. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2027 Notes, at its option, on or after December 22, 2025, if the last reported sale price of the common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price for the 2027 Notes then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, to, but excluding, the redemption date. If the Company redeems less than all the outstanding 2027 Notes, at least $50 million aggregate principal amount of 2027 Notes must be outstanding and not subject to redemption as of the date of the relevant notice of redemption. No sinking fund is provided for the 2027 Notes.

If the Company undergoes a Fundamental Change (as defined in the 2027 Indenture), holders may require, subject to certain conditions and exceptions as set forth in the 2027 Indenture, the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2027 Notes at a Fundamental Change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, to, but excluding, the Fundamental Change repurchase date. If a holder of the 2027 Notes converted upon a Make-Whole Fundamental Change (as described in the 2027 Indenture), they may be eligible to

F- 33 receive a make-whole premium through an increase to the conversion rate up to a maximum of 20.0000 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2027 Notes (subject to other adjustments as described in the 2027 Indenture).

In accounting for the issuance of the 2027 Notes, the Company determined that the scope exceptions provided under ASC Topic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (“ASC 815-40”) apply to all but one of the conversion features embedded in the 2027 Notes. This remaining conversion feature, which is associated with a Fundamental Change of the Company, was determined to have a de minimis value as of December 31, 2023, and 2022.

The initial purchasers’ fees and the Company’s issuance costs related to the 2027 Notes totaled $8.8 million, which were recorded as a reduction to the 2027 Notes on the consolidated balance sheet. The $8.8 million of debt issuance costs is being amortized and recognized as additional interest expense over thefive-year contractual term of the 2027 Notes using an effective interest rate of 6.2%.

2023 Convertible Notes

In 2016, the Company issued $325 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior unsecured notes that matured on February 1, 2023 (the “2023 Notes”). The 2023 Notes were senior unsecured debt obligations and were issued at par. On January 31, 2023, the Company funded the outstanding principal amount of $325 million on the 2023 Notes, due February 1, 2023 and the indenture governing the 2023 Notes was subsequently satisfied and discharged in accordance with its terms. The Company’s related “capped call transactions” expired by their terms on January 27, 2023. The Company repaid the outstanding principal amount of $325 million together with accrued but unpaid interest on the maturity date. The repayment was funded by the issuance of the 2027 Notes and the concurrent common stock offering, as well as cash on hand.

The 2023 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated January 29, 2016 (the “2023 Indenture”) between the Company and the trustee. The Company received $315.0 million in net proceeds from the offering after deducting underwriting fees and offering expenses. The 2023 Notes bore cash interest at a rate of 3.75%, payable on February 1 and August 1 of each year. The 2023 Notes were not redeemable prior to maturity and were convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock. As a result of the Company’s one-for-twenty reverse stock split in 2019 and pursuant to Section 14.04(a) of the 2023 Indenture, the 2023 Notes were initially convertible into approximately 2,385,800 shares of the Company’s common stock based on the initial conversion rate of 7.3411 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2023 Notes. This represents an initial conversion price of approximately $136.20 per share of the Company’s common stock, representing an approximate 22.5% conversion premium based on the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock of $111.20 per share on January 25, 2016. In addition, the holders of the 2023 Notes may have required the Company to repurchase the 2023 Notes at par value plus accrued and unpaid interest following the occurrence of a Fundamental Change (as described in the 2023 Indenture). If a holder of the 2023 Notes converted upon a Make-Whole Adjustment Event (as described in the 2023 Indenture), they may have been eligible to receive a make-whole premium through an increase to the conversion rate up to a maximum of 8.9928 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2023 Notes (subject to other adjustments as described in the 2023 Indenture).

The 2023 Notes are accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“ASC 470-20”) and ASC 815-40. Under ASC 815-40, to qualify for equity classification (or non-bifurcation, if embedded) the instrument (or embedded feature) must be both (1) indexed to the issuer’s stock and (2) meet the requirements of the equity classification guidance. Based upon the Company’s analysis, it was determined the 2023 Notes did contain embedded features indexed to its own stock, but did not meet the requirements for bifurcation, and therefore do not need to be separately accounted for as an equity component. Since the embedded conversion feature met the equity scope exception from derivative accounting, and also since the embedded conversion option did not need to be separately accounted for as an equity component under ASC 470-20, the proceeds received from the issuance of the convertible debt were recorded as a liability on the consolidated balance sheets.

In connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company also paid $38.5 million, including expenses, to enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain financial institutions (the “capped call transactions”). The capped call transactions expired by their terms on January 27, 2023. The capped call transactions were generally expected to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the 2023 Notes in the event that the market price per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the terms of the capped call transactions, was greater than the strike price of the capped call transactions, which initially corresponded to the conversion price of the 2023 Notes, and was subject to anti-dilution adjustments generally similar to those applicable to the conversion rate of the 2023 Notes. The cap price of the capped call transactions was initially $194.60 per share, which represented a premium of approximately 75% based on the last reported sale

F- 34 price of the Company’s common stock of $111.20 per share on January 25, 2016, and was subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. If, however, the market price per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the terms of the capped call transactions, exceeded the cap price, there would nevertheless have been dilution upon conversion of the 2023 Notes to the extent that such market price exceeded the cap price. The Company evaluated the capped call transactions under ASC Topic 815-10, Derivatives and Hedging – Overall and determined that they should be accounted for as a separate transaction and that the capped call transactions would be classified as an equity instrument.

The Company incurred approximately $10 million of debt issuance costs in 2016 relating to the issuance of the 2023 Notes, which were recorded as a reduction to the 2023 Notes on the consolidated balance sheet. The $10.0 million of debt issuance costs was amortized and recognized as additional interest expense over theseven-year contractual term of the 2023 Notes on a straight-line basis, which approximated the effective interest rate method. The Company also incurred $0.9 million of expenses related to the capped call transactions, which were recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in-capital.

Note 11 –Stockholders’ Deficit

In August 2023, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the "August 2023 Sales Agreement"), which allows it to issue and sell up to $500 million in gross proceeds of shares of its common stock, and terminated its then-existing At Market Issuance Sales agreement entered in June 2021 (the “June 2021 Sales Agreement”). During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 38.3 million shares of its common stock under its August 2023 Sales Agreement and 7.9 million shares of its common stock under its June 2021 Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $321 million, of which $6.9 million was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2023 and received in cash in January 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining balance available under the August 2023 Sales Agreement was approximately $242 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 2.2 million shares of its common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately$179 million, under its June 2021 Sales Agreement.

In August 2023, pursuant to the Securities Subscription Agreement with SK, the Company agreed to sell and issue to SK 6.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $13.00 per share (the “Shares”) in a Private Placement for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $84.5 million. The Company recognized the Shares at the settlement date fair value of $46.5 million (see Note 4 for additional discussion of the Securities Subscription Agreement with SK). The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023.

In December 2022, the Company completed a public offering of 7,475,000 shares of its common stock, including 975,000 shares of common stock that were issued upon the exercise in full of the option to purchase additional shares granted to the underwriters, at a price of $10.00 per share resulting in net proceeds, net of offering costs of $4.9 million, of approximately $70 million. The Company completed this public offering concurrent with the issuance of the 2027 Notes (see Note 10).

Note 12 –Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Plans

In January 2023, the Company established the 2023 Inducement Plan (the “2023 Inducement Plan”), which provides for the granting of share-based awards to individuals who were not previously employees, or following a bona fide period of non-employment, as an inducement material to such individuals entering into employment with the Company. The Company reserved 1.0 million shares of common stock for grants under the 2023 Inducement Plan. As of December 31, 2023, there were 0.2 million shares available for issuance under the 2023 Inducement Plan.

The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (“2015 Plan”), was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2015. Under the 2015 Plan, equity awards may be granted to officers, directors, employees, and consultants of and advisors to the Company and any present or future subsidiary.

The 2015 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 21.0 million shares of common stock under equity awards granted under the 2015 Plan, which includes an increase of 6.2 million shares approved for issuance under the 2015 Plan at the Company’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders. All such shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan have been reserved. The 2015 Plan will expire on March 30, 2033. As of December 31, 2023, there were 6.9 million shares available for issuance under the 2015 Plan.

F- 35

The Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (“2005 Plan”) expired in February 2015 and no new awards may be made under such plan, although awards will continue to be outstanding in accordance with their terms.

The 2015 Plan permits and the 2005 Plan permitted the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options), restricted stock, SARs, and RSUs. In addition, under the 2015 Plan, unrestricted stock, stock units, and performance awards may be granted. Stock options and SARs generally have a maximum term often years and may be or were granted with an exercise price that is no less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. Grants of stock options are generally subject to vesting over periods ranging fromone tofour years.

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, total stock-based compensation capitalized in inventory was $0.5 million and $1.7 million, respectively. No stock-based compensation was capitalized in inventory during the year ended December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2023, there was approximately $81.4 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, SARs, RSUs, and the ESPP. This unrecognized non-cash compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.0 year and will be allocated between cost of sales, research and development, and general and administrative expenses accordingly. This estimate does not include the impact of other possible stock-based awards that may be made during future periods.

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options and SARs) that would have been received by the holders had all stock option and SARs holders exercised their stock options and SARs on December 31, 2023. This amount is subject to change based on changes to the closing price of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and SARs exercises and vesting of RSUs for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was approximately $5 million, $21 million, and $454 million, respectively.

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following is a summary of stock options and SARs activity under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan and the 2005 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:

F- 36

The fair value of stock options granted under the 2023 Inducement Plan and the 2015 Plan was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and SARs outstanding under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of December 31, 2023 was less than $0.1 million and 6.9 years, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and SARs exercisable under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of December 31, 2023 was less than $0.1 million and 5.9 years, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The ESPP was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2013. The ESPP currently authorizes an aggregate of 1.2 million shares of common stock to be purchased, and the aggregate amount of shares will continue to increase 5% on each anniversary of its adoption up to a maximum of 1.65 million shares. The ESPP allows employees to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at each purchase date through payroll deductions of up to a maximum of 15% of their compensation, at 85% of the lesser of the market price of the shares at the time of purchase or the market price on the beginning date of an option period (or, if later, the date during the option period when the employee was first eligible to participate). At December 31, 2023, there were 0.5 million shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

Note 13 –Employee Benefits

The Company maintains a defined contribution 401(k) retirement plan, pursuant to which employees may elect to contribute up to 100% of their compensation on a tax deferred basis up to the maximum amount permitted by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The Company matches 100% of the first 3% of the participants’ deferral, and 50% on the next 2% of the participants’ deferral, up to a potential 4% Company match. The Company’s matching contributions to the 401(k) plan vest immediately. Under its 401(k) plan, the Company has recorded expense of $7.0 million, $6.0 million, and $3.4 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

F- 37

The Company’s foreign subsidiaries have pension plans under local tax and labor laws and are obligated to make contributions to the plan. Contributions and other expenses related to this plan were $3.0 million, $2.4 million, and $1.7 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Note 14 –Other Financial Information

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following as of (in thousands):

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment is comprised of the following as of (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately $155 million and $170 million, respectively, of net assets used in operations were located in the Czech Republic. Depreciation expense was approximately $41 million, $29 million, and $13 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following as of (in thousands):

F- 38

Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consist of the following as of (in thousands):

Note 15 –Income Taxes

The Company’s loss before income tax expense by jurisdiction is as follows (in thousands):

Significant components of the current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) are as follows (in thousands):

F- 39

A reconciliation of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has available federal and state net operating losses of $2.4 billion, $877.6 million, respectively, that may be applied against future taxable income in the respective jurisdiction. The federal net operating losses of $2.4 billion can be carried forward indefinitely, with all but $11.3 million, which expires in 2037, limited to 80% of annual taxable income. State net operating losses of $457.4 million have various expiration dates between 2028 and 2042. The remaining state net operating losses of $420.2 million can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company also has research tax credits of $51.9 million that will begin to expire in 2024 through 2043 and a foreign tax credit carryforward of $18.7 million that will expire in 2030. Utilization of the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and research tax credits may be subject to an annual limitation due to potential ownership changes of the Company. As of December 31, 2023, the Company does not expect such limitation, if any, to impact the use of its net operating losses and research tax credits.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various states, as well as in multiple foreign jurisdictions including Sweden and the Czech Republic. The Company has U.S. federal and state net operating losses and credit carryforwards that are subject to examination from 2003 through 2023. The returns in Sweden are subject to examination from 2016 through 2023 and the returns for the Czech Republic are subject to examination from 2019 through 2023.

F- 40

The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realization of its deferred tax assets, including its history of significant losses in every year since inception and, in accordance with U.S GAAP, has fully reserved the net deferred tax asset. The Company concluded that realization of its net deferred tax assets is not more-likely-than-not to be realized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The valuation allowance increased by $108.8 million and $4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The net deferred tax liability of $2.0 million at December 31, 2023 is included within other non-current liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

The Company recognizes the effect of an income tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the income tax position will be sustained upon examination. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits in the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is as follows (in thousands):

F- 41

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no accruals for interest or penalties. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, could affect the effective tax rate was $4.2 million and $5.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. However, the Company maintains a full valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the recognition of any unrecognized tax benefits would be offset with a change in the valuation allowance and therefore there would be no income statement impact. As of December 31, 2023, the Company does not expect a significant change in the recorded unrecognized tax benefits liability balance during the next twelve months. The unrecognized tax benefits are presented in the financial statements as a reduction to the deferred tax assets for all periods.

In 2021 the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) developed guidance on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) Pillar Two Model Rules (“Pillar Two”), which addresses corporate tax planning strategies used by some large multinational corporations to shift profits from higher-tax jurisdictions to lower-tax jurisdictions or zero-tax locations. This guidance imposes a 15% minimum tax on the earnings of large multinational corporations. Pillar Two is expected to be effective in 2024 for the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. The Company is currently evaluating the application of Pillar Two and does not expect these rules to have a significant impact on its effective tax rate or its consolidated financial statements.

Note 16 –Commitment and Contingencies

Legal Matters

Stockholder Litigation

On November 12, 2021, Sothinathan Sinnathurai filed a purported securities class action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland (the “Maryland Court”) against the Company and certain members of senior management, captioned Sothinathan Sinnathurai v. Novavax, Inc., et al., No. 8:21-cv-02910-TDC (the “Sinnathurai Action”). On January 26, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order designating David Truong, Nuggehalli Balmukund Nandkumar, and Jeffrey Gabbert as co-lead plaintiffs in the Sinnathurai Action. The co-lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on March 11, 2022, alleging that the defendants made certain purportedly false and misleading statements concerning the Company’s ability to manufacture prototype vaccine on a commercial scale and to secure the prototype vaccine’s regulatory approval. The amended complaint defines the purported class as those stockholders who purchased the Company’s securities between February 24, 2021 and October 19, 2021. On April 25, 2022, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint. On December 12, 2022, the Maryland Court issued a ruling granting in part and denying in part defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Maryland Court dismissed all claims againsttwo individual defendants and claims based on certain public statements challenged in the consolidated amended complaint. The Maryland Court denied the motion to dismiss as to the remaining claims and defendants, and directed the Company and other remaining defendants to answer within fourteen days. On December 27, 2022, the Company filed its answer and affirmative defenses. On March 16, 2023, the plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification and to appoint class representatives and counsel. Due to the Maryland Court’s ruling on the dismissal motion, the motion sought to certify a class of stockholders who purchased the Company’s securities between May 11, 2021, and October 19, 2021. The Company filed its opposition to the plaintiffs’ motion on September 22, 2023. On December 4, 2023, the parties agreed to a binding settlement in principle (the “Proposed Settlement”) to fully resolve the surviving claims in the Sinnathurai Action. Under the Proposed Settlement’s terms, the Company agreed to pay $47 million into a settlement fund, which will be funded by the Company’s directors and officers’ liability insurance and paid to members of a putative settlement class. On January 12, 2024, after the parties negotiated and executed a written agreement governing the Proposed Settlement, plaintiffs filed an unopposed motion for the Proposed Settlement’s preliminary approval. On January 23, 2024, the Maryland Court granted the motion for preliminary approval and, as requested by the parties, preliminarily certified, for the purposes of settlement only, the settlement class. The court also scheduled a settlement hearing to consider final approval of the settlement for May 23, 2024.

After the Sinnathurai Action was filed, eight derivative lawsuits were filed: (i) Robert E. Meyer v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:21-cv-02996-TDC (the “Meyer Action”), (ii) Shui Shing Yung v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:21-cv-03248-TDC (the “Yung Action”), (iii) William Kirst, et al. v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. C-15-CV-21-000618 (the “Kirst Action”), (iv) Amy Snyder v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:22-cv-01415-TDC (the “Snyder Action”), (v) Charles R. Blackburn, et al. v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 1:22-cv-01417-TDC (the “Blackburn Action”), (vi) Diego J. Mesa v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 2022-0770-NAC (the “Mesa Action”), (vii) Sean Acosta v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 2022-1133-NAC (the “Acosta Action”), and (viii) Jared Needelman v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. C-15-CV-23-001550 (the “Needelman Action”). The Meyer, Yung, Snyder, and Blackburn Actions were filed in the Maryland Court. The Kirst and Needelman Actions were filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, Maryland. The Mesa and Acosta Actions were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Delaware Court”). The derivative lawsuits name members of the Company’s board of directors and certain members of senior management as defendants. The Company is deemed a nominal defendant. The plaintiffs assert derivative claims arising out of

F- 42 substantially the same alleged facts and circumstances as the Sinnathurai Action. Collectively, the derivative complaints assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, insider selling, unjust enrichment, violation of federal securities law, abuse of control, waste, and mismanagement. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as an award of monetary damages and attorneys’ fees.

On February 7, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order consolidating the Meyer and Yung Actions (the “First Consolidated Derivative Action”). The plaintiffs in the First Consolidated Derivative Action filed their consolidated derivative complaint on April 25, 2022. On May 10, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay all proceedings and deadlines pending the earlier of dismissal or the filing of an answer in the Sinnathurai Action. On June 10, 2022, the Snyder and Blackburn Actions were filed. On October 5, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order granting a request by the plaintiffs in the First Consolidated Derivative Action and the Snyder and Blackburn Actions to consolidate all three actions and appoint co-lead plaintiffs and co-lead and liaison counsel (the “Second Consolidated Derivative Action”). The co-lead plaintiffs in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action filed a consolidated amended complaint on November 21, 2022. On February 10, 2023, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The plaintiffs filed their opposition to the motion to dismiss on April 11, 2023. Defendants filed their reply brief in further support of their motion to dismiss on May 11, 2023. On August 21, 2023, the court entered an order granting in part and denying in part the motion to dismiss; the court allowed claims for alleged insider selling under Brophy v. Cities Service Co., et al., 70 A.2d 5 (Del. Ch. 1949) and unjust enrichment claims to proceed, but dismissed the remaining claims in the second consolidated amended complaint. On September 5, 2023, the Company filed an Answer to the consolidated amended complaint. On September 6, 2023, the court entered an order granting the individual defendants an extension of time to file their answer until November 6, 2023. On October 6, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company formed a Special Litigation Committee (“SLC”) with full and exclusive power and authority of the Board to, among other things, investigate, review, and analyze the facts and circumstances surrounding the claims asserted in the pending derivative actions, including the claims that remain following the court’s order on the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On November 7, 2023, the court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay the Second Consolidated Derivative Action for up to six months from the date of entry of the order. This includes staying the deadline for the individual defendants to respond to the consolidated amended complaint.

The Kirst Action was filed on December 28, 2021, and the defendants immediately removed the case to the Maryland Court. On July 21, 2022, the Maryland Court issued a memorandum opinion and order remanding the Kirst Action to state court. The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on December 30, 2022. On January 23, 2023, defendants filed a motion to stay the Kirst action. On February 22, 2023, the parties in the Kirst Action filed for the Court’s approval of a stipulation staying the Kirst Action pending the resolution of defendants’ motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On March 22, 2023, the Court entered the parties’ stipulated stay of the Kirst Action pending resolution of the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action.

On August 30, 2022, the Mesa Action was filed. On October 3, 2022, the Delaware Court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay all proceedings and deadlines in the Mesa Action pending the earlier of dismissal of the Sinnathurai Action or the filing of an answer to the operative complaint in the Sinnathurai Action. On January 18, 2023, defendants filed a motion to stay the Mesa Action pending a final judgment in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The plaintiff filed his opposition on February 8, 2023. Defendants filed their reply on February 22, 2023. On February 28, 2023, the court granted the defendants’ motion to stay. On August 31, 2023, the plaintiff filed a motion to lift the stay. On October 6, 2023, the Company filed an opposition to plaintiff’s motion to lift the stay. Plaintiff filed his reply on October 17, 2023. On December 27, 2023, the parties filed a letter informing the Court that the Second Consolidated Derivative Action had been stayed for a period of six months and asked the Court to stay further proceedings in the Mesa Action until expiration of that stay.

On December 7, 2022, the Acosta Action was filed. On February 6, 2023, defendants accepted service of the complaint and summons in the Acosta Action. On March 9, 2023, the court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay the Acosta Action pending the entry of a final, non-appealable judgment in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On October 13, 2023, the parties filed, and the Delaware Court entered, a stipulated order providing that (i) if the Delaware Court declines to lift the stay in the Mesa Action, the Acosta Action will also remain stayed, and (ii) if the Delaware Court lifts the stay in the Mesa Action, the stay in the Acosta Action will also be lifted.

On April 17, 2023, the Needelman Action was filed. On July 12, 2023, the parties filed a stipulation and proposed order to stay the Needelman Action pending the Maryland Court’s decision on the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The court entered that order on July 17, 2023. The parties continue to discuss next steps in the litigation following the Maryland Court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The court entered that order on July 17, 2023.

F- 43

On November 30, 2023, the court entered an order consolidating the Kirst and Needelman Actions. On December 14, 2023, the parties filed a stipulation (i) extending the plaintiffs’ deadline to file a consolidated complaint until January 29, 2024, and (ii) otherwise staying all other proceedings in the case (including the defendants’ deadline to respond to the consolidated complaint) until February 12, 2024. The stipulation entered by the court instructs the parties to discuss whether the stay should be further extended in light of the then-current status of the SLC’s investigation. The financial impact of the derivative claims is not estimable.

On November 18, 2022, the Company delivered written notice to Gavi to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s failure to procure the purchase of 350 million doses of prototype vaccine from the Company as required by the Gavi APA. As of November 18, 2022, the Company had only received orders under the Gavi APA for approximately 2 million doses. On December 2, 2022, Gavi issued a written notice purporting to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s contention that the Company repudiated the agreement and, therefore, materially breached the Gavi APA. Gavi also contended that, based on its purported termination of the Gavi APA, it was entitled to a refund of the Advance Payment Amount less any amounts that have been credited against the purchase price for binding orders placed by a buyer participating in the COVAX Facility. Since December 31, 2022, the remaining Gavi Advance Payment Amount, which is $696.4 million as of December 31, 2023, pending resolution of the dispute with Gavi related to a return of the remaining Advance Payment Amount, has been classified within Other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration based on the claims described above. The Company filed its Answer and Counterclaims on March 2, 2023. On April 5, 2023, Gavi filed its Reply to the Company’s Counterclaims. On February 16, 2024, the Company and Gavi entered into a Termination and Settlement Agreement (the “Gavi Settlement Agreement”) terminating the Gavi APA, settling the arbitration proceedings and releasing both parties of all claims arising from, under or otherwise in connection with the Gavi APA. Pursuant to the Gavi Settlement Agreement, the Company is responsible for payment to Gavi of (i) an initial settlement payment of $75 million, which the Company paid on February 20, 2024, and (ii) deferred payments, in equal annual amounts of $80 million payable each calendar year through a deferred payment term ending December 31, 2028. The deferred payments are due in variable quarterly installments beginning in the first quarter of 2024 and total $400 million during the deferred payment term. Such deferred payments may be reduced through Gavi’s use of an annual vaccine credit equivalent to the unpaid balance of such deferred payments each year, which may be applied to qualifying sales of any of the Company’s vaccines funded by Gavi for supply to certain low-income and lower-middle income countries. The Company has the right to price the vaccines offered to such low-income and lower-middle income countries at its discretion, and, when utilized by Gavi, the Company will credit the actual price per vaccine paid against the applicable credit. The Company intends to price vaccines offered via the tender process, consistent with its shared goal with Gavi to provide equitable access to those countries. On February 22, 2024, the claims and counterclaims were dismissed with prejudice.

On September 30, 2022, the Company and Fujifilm entered into the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement regarding amounts due to Fujifilm in connection with the termination of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the CSA dated August 20, 2021 and the MSA by and between the Company and Fujifilm. The MSA and CSA established the general terms and conditions applicable to Fujifilm’s manufacturing and supply activities related to the Company’s prototype vaccine under the associated statements of work. Pursuant to the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the Company agreed to pay up to $185.0 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to Fujifilm in connection with cancellation of manufacturing activity at FDBT. Under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the finaltwo quarterly installments due to Fujifilm were subject to Fujifilm’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses associated with the vacant manufacturing capacity caused by the termination of manufacturing activities at FDBT under the CSA. Any replacement revenue achieved by Fujifilm’s mitigation efforts between July 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023 would offset the finaltwo settlement payments owed by the Company. On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheldtwo installments of $34.3 million due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023, pending resolution of the issues identified in the notice of breach. On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (“JAMS”) seeking payment of the third quarter installment of the Settlement Payment. An arbitration hearing has been scheduled for May 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining payment of $68.6 million was reflected in Accrued expenses.

The Company is also involved in various other legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these other legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, the Company does not expect the resolution of these other legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

F- 44

Purchase Commitments

The Company has entered into agreements in the normal course of business with CMOs and CDMOs supplying the Company with production capabilities, and with vendors for preclinical studies, clinical trials, and other goods or services. A number of these arrangements are within the scope of lease accounting (see Note 9). Certain agreements provide for termination rights subject to termination fees. Under such agreements, the Company is contractually obligated to make payments to vendors, mainly to reimburse them for their estimated unrecoverable expenses. The exact amount of such obligations are dependent on the timing of termination and the terms of the relevant agreement, and cannot be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2023, most of these agreements were active ongoing arrangements and the Company expects to receive value from these arrangements in the future. The Company recognizes fees related to obligations for terminated contracts where such fees are reasonably estimable. The Company did not accrue obligations that were not reasonably estimable. As of December 31, 2023, the Company hadno non-cancelable purchase commitments with a remaining term of more than one year.

Note 17 –Restructuring

As of December 31, 2023, the restructuring charge recorded by the Company comprised (in thousands):

(1) Restructuring charges of $0.5 million, $2.3 million and $11.5 million are included in Cost of sales, Research and development and Selling, general, and administrative expenses, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the period ended December 31, 2023. These charges reflect substantially all expected restructuring charges under the Restructuring Plan.

Severance and employee benefit costs

Employees affected by the reduction in force under the Restructuring Plan are entitled to receive severance payments and certain termination benefits. The Company recorded a severance and termination benefit cost in full for employees who were notified of their termination during the year ended December 31, 2023 and had no requirements for future service. The Company fully paid $4.5 million for severance and employee benefit costs during the year ended December 31, 2023 and no remaining liability for the severance and employee benefit costs is included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. There wereno severance and employee benefit costs during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Impairment of long-lived assets

In connection with the Restructuring Plan, the Company evaluated its long-lived assets for impairment including certain leased laboratory and office spaces located in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The evaluation is subject to judgment and actual results may vary from the estimates, resulting in potential future adjustments to amounts recorded. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $10.1 million related to the impairment of long-lived assets, including $5.9 million related to ROU assets for facility leases. There were no impairment charges recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Note 18 –Subsequent Events

On January 31, 2024, the Company announced that the Board of Directors of the Company approved an approximately 12% reduction of its global workforce, comprised of an approximately 9% reduction in the Company’s full-time employees and the remainder comprised of contractors and consultants.

On February 16, 2024, the Company and Gavi entered into the Gavi Settlement Agreement terminating the Gavi APA, settling the arbitration proceedings and releasing both parties of all claims arising from, under or otherwise in connection with the Gavi APA. The terms of the Gavi Settlement Agreement are outlined in Note 3 and Note 16.

F- 45