CVB FINANCIAL CORP

Financial Performance

Return on Average Tangible Common Equity Reconciliation (Non-GAAP)

The return on average tangible common equity is a non-GAAP disclosure. The Company uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to provide supplemental information regarding the Company's performance. The following is a reconciliation of net income, adjusted for tax-effected amortization of intangibles, to net income computed in accordance with GAAP, a reconciliation of average tangible common equity to the Company's average stockholders' equity computed in accordance with GAAP, as well as a calculation of return on average tangible common equity.

(1)

Tax effected at respective statutory rates.

(2)

Annualized where applicable.

Net Interest Income

The principal component of our earnings is net interest income, which is the difference between the interest and fees earned on loans and investments (interest-earning assets) and the interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds (interest-bearing liabilities). Net interest margin is net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets for the period. The level of interest rates and the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities impact net interest income and net interest margin. The net interest spread is the yield on average interest-earning assets minus the cost of average interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin and net interest spread are included on a tax equivalent (TE) basis by adjusting interest income utilizing the federal statutory tax rates of 21% in effect for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Our net interest income, interest spread, and net interest margin are sensitive to general business and economic conditions. These conditions include short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation, monetary supply, and the strength of the international, national and state economies, in general, and more specifically, the local economies in which we conduct business. Our ability to manage net interest income during changing interest rate environments will have a significant impact on our overall performance. We manage net interest income through affecting changes in the mix of interest-earning assets as well as the mix of interest-bearing liabilities, changes in the level of interest-bearing liabilities in proportion to interest-earning assets, and in the growth and maturity of earning assets. See Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Asset/Liability and Market Risk Management – Interest Rate Sensitivity Management included herein.

The tables below present the interest rate spread, net interest margin and the composition of average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities by category for the periods indicated, including the changes in average balance, composition, and average yield/rate between these respective periods.

(1)

Includes tax equivalent (TE) adjustments utilizing federal statutory rates of 21% in effect for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024. The non TE rates for total investment securities were 2.57% and 2.71% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

(2)

Includes loan fees of $615,000 and $721,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. Prepayment penalty fees of $680,000 and $440,000 are included in interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

(3)

Includes interest-bearing demand and money market accounts.

(1)

Includes tax equivalent (TE) adjustments utilizing federal statutory rates of 21% in effect for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024. The non TE rates for total investment securities were 2.58% and 2.63% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

(2)

Includes loan fees of $1.3 million and $1.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. Prepayment penalty fees of $1.6 million and $1.1 million are included in interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

(3)

Includes interest-bearing demand and money market accounts.

The following table presents a comparison of interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in the volumes and rates on average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated. Changes in interest income or expense attributable to volume changes are calculated by multiplying the change in volume by the initial average interest rate. The change in interest income or expense attributable to changes in interest rates is calculated by multiplying the change in interest rate by the initial volume. The changes attributable to interest rate and volume changes are calculated by multiplying the change in rate times the change in volume and reflect an adjustment for the number of days as appropriate.

Rate and Volume Analysis for Changes in Interest Income, Interest Expense and Net Interest Income

Net interest income, before provision for credit losses, of $111.6 million for the second quarter of 2025 increased by $759,000, or 0.7%, from the second quarter of 2024. The increase in net interest income compared to the second quarter of 2024 was due primarily to a decrease in interest expense from borrowings offset partially by lower interest income in the second quarter of 2025.

Total interest income of $144.2 million declined by $14.9 million, or 9.34%, when compared to the second quarter of 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a $1.12 billion decline in average interest-earning assets and a nine basis point decrease of the yield on earning assets. Average loan balances declined by $376.7 million from the second quarter of 2024. Compared to the second quarter of 2024, the average balance of investment securities decreased by $359.5 million, while the average amount of funds held at the Federal Reserve decreased by $371.9 million.

Total interest income and fees on loans for the second quarter of 2025 was $108.8 million, a decrease of $5.4 million, or 4.69%, from the second quarter of 2024. This decrease in income was primarily due to a decline in loan yields from 5.26% for the second quarter of 2024, to 5.22% for the second quarter of 2025. Loan yields decreased as declining short term interest rates such as the Prime rate impacted variable indexed loans, as well as lower utilization of higher yielding lines of credit.

Interest income from investment securities was $31.2 million, a decrease of $3.5 million, or 10.05%, from the second quarter of 2024. The decrease was driven primarily by a $2.8 million decrease in the positive carry on pay-fixed swaps that are available for sale investment fair value hedges. The spread between daily SOFR and fixed rate paid on these swaps decreased from 1.65% in the second quarter of 2024 to .72% in the second quarter of 2025. Excluding the impact of the fair value hedges, investment security yields increased by 12 basis points, partially offsetting the $360 million decrease in average investment balances.

Interest expense was $32.6 million for the second quarter of 2025, a decrease of $15.6 million, compared to the second quarter of 2024. Total cost of funds of 1.03% for the second quarter of 2025 decreased from 1.38% for the year ago quarter. This 35 basis point decrease in cost of funds was primarily the result of a $1.3 billion decrease in borrowings, as well as the 18 basis point decrease in average borrowing costs, when compared to the second quarter of 2024. The redemption of $1.3 billion of Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding Program borrowings in the third quarter of 2024 resulted in the year over year decline in the level of borrowings. A 12 basis point decrease in the cost of total interest-bearing deposits was primarily due to a $160.6 million decrease in average time deposits and a 59 basis point decrease in the cost of time deposits. The cost of customer repurchase agreements increased from .47% in the second quarter of 2024 to 1.66% in the second quarter of 2025. Average noninterest-bearing deposits were 59.7% of total deposits for the second quarter of 2025, compared to 60.2% for the second quarter of 2024.

Net interest income, before provision for credit losses, was $222.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $1.3 million, or 0.56%, compared to $223.3 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in net interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 was due to a decrease in the balance and yield on average interest-earning assets, partially offset by a decrease in the balance and cost in interest-bearing liabilities. The average balance on interest-bearing liabilities decreased by $1.1 billion, or 7.51%, to $5.71 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $6.81 billion for the same period in the prior year. Our net interest margin (TE) was 3.31% for the first six months of 2025, compared to 3.07% for the same period of 2024.

Total interest income was $287.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, which was $29.6 million, or 9.33%, lower than the same period of 2024. The decline was due to the decrease in the average balance on interest-earning assets which decreased by $1.1 billion, or 7.51%, to $13.56 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025 from $14.66 billion for the same period in 2024, and an eight basis point decrease in the yield on earning assets, to 4.28% for the first six months of 2025, compared to 4.36% for 2024. The year-over-year decrease in average earning assets resulted from a decline of $404.4 million in average investment securities, a $367.2 million decrease in our average loan balances, and a $321.4 million decrease in the average amount of funds held at the Federal Reserve. The eight basis point decrease in the average earning asset yield compared to the first six months of 2024 resulted from a six basis point decrease in loan yields, from 5.28% for the first six months of 2024 to 5.22% for the same period of 2025, and a five basis point decrease in the non tax-equivalent yield on investment securities. Loan yields declined from 5.28% for the second quarter of 2024 to 5.22% for the second quarter of 2025, as the Federal Reserve decreased the fed funds rate by 100 basis points during the second half of 2024. Including the impact of fair value hedges, the yield on investment securities decreased from 2.67% for the first six months of 2024 to 2.62% for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The decrease in yield includes the positive carry on the fair value hedges, which resulted in $2.3 million of interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $7.8 million in the first six months of 2024.

Interest expense of $65.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, decreased by $28.3 million from the same period of 2024. Total cost of funds for the first six months of 2025 was 1.03%, compared with 1.34% for the same period of 2024. Average noninterest-bearing deposits for the six months ending June 30, 2025 decreased by $138.9 million, compared to the first six months of 2024. Average noninterest-bearing deposits represented 59.37% of our total average deposits for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to 60.96% for the same period of 2024. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities decreased by 46 basis points, to 2.30% for the first six months of 2025, from 2.76% for the same period of 2024. The average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits for the first six months of 2025 increased by three basis points from the same period in 2024. The average balance of time deposits decreased by $22.2 million to $567.8 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to $589.9 million in the same period in 2024, while the cost of time deposits decreased to 2.79%, from 3.04% in the same period in 2024. The average balance on non-maturity interest-bearing deposits increased from the prior year period by $241.4 million, with the cost of these deposits increasing by eight basis points. Average borrowings for the first six months of 2025 were $510.6 million at a cost of 4.61%, compared with a cost of 4.76% on $1.92 billion of average borrowings for the same period of 2024. The decrease in rates on deposits and borrowings was due to declining market rates and the redemption of Bank Term Funding Program borrowings.

Provision for (Recapture of) Credit Losses

The provision for (recapture of) credit losses is a charge to earnings to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level consistent with management’s assessment of expected lifetime losses in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date.

There was no provision for credit losses in the second quarter of 2025, compared to no provision in the second quarter of 2024. Net charge-offs for the second quarter of 2025 were $249,000, compared to $31,000 in the second quarter of 2024. Projected loss rates were 0.93% at June 30, 2025, compared to 0.95% at June 30, 2024.

There was a $2 million recapture of credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to no provision or recapture for credit losses for the same period of 2024. We experienced credit charge-offs of $469,000 and total recoveries of $350,000, resulting in net charge-offs of $119,000 for 2025 year-to-date. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we experienced credit charge-offs of $4.3 million and total recoveries of $262,000, resulting in net charge-offs of $4.1 million. Refer to the discussion of “Allowance for Credit Losses” in Item 2 –Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained herein for discussion concerning observed changes in the credit quality of various components of our loan portfolio as well as changes and refinements to our methodology.

No assurance can be given that economic conditions which affect the Company’s service areas or other circumstances will or will not be reflected in future changes in the level of our allowance for credit losses and the resulting provision or recapture of provision for credit losses. The process to estimate the allowance for credit losses requires considerable judgment and our economic forecasts may continue to vary due to the uncertainty of the future impact from the recent rise in interest rates, geopolitical events in Europe, and global inflation will have on future interest rates, unemployment, the overall economy and resulting impact on our customers. See “Allowance for Credit Losses” under Analysis of Financial Condition herein.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income includes income derived from financial services offered to our customers, such as CitizensTrust, merchant processing and card services, international banking, and other business services. Also included in noninterest income are service charges and fees, primarily from deposit accounts, gains (net of losses) from the disposition of investment securities, loans, other real estate owned, and fixed assets, and other revenues not included as interest on earning assets.

The following table sets forth the various components of noninterest income for the periods presented.

The $320,000 increase in noninterest income included a $286,000 increase in BOLI, primarily due to higher death benefits received during the second quarter of 2025. The decrease in other income included the impact in the second quarter of 2024 from income of approximately $500,000 related to previously acquired and charged-off loans, as well as income from a building sale originally consummated in 2013. The $158,000 decrease in deposit service charges was offset by $277,000 increase in bankcard service fees, primarily due to increased merchant processing fees.

Trust and Investment Services represents our CitizensTrust group. The CitizensTrust group is made up of wealth management and investment services. They provide a variety of services, which include asset management, financial planning, estate planning, retirement planning, private and corporate trustee services, and probate services. Investment Services provides self-directed brokerage, 401(k) plans, mutual funds, insurance and other non-insured investment products. At June 30, 2025, CitizensTrust had approximately $5 billion in assets under management and administration, including $3.54 billion in assets under management. CitizensTrust generated fees of $3.7 million for the second quarter of 2025, compared to $3.4 million for the same period of 2024.

The $2.4 million year-over-year increase in noninterest income included a $2.2 million gain on sale of OREO during the first quarter of 2025. Trust and investment fees grew by $475,000 or 7.14% due to increased assets under management. The $286,000 decrease in deposit service charges was offset by $522,000 increase in bankcard service fees, primarily due to $530,000 increase in merchant processing fees. CRA investment income increased by approximately $475,000, due to changes in the net asset value of certain equity investments, but BOLI income decreased by $476,000 due to lower death benefits and changes in net asset value of policies related to deferred compensation.

Noninterest Expense

The following table summarizes the various components of noninterest expense for the periods presented.

(1)

Noninterest expense divided by net interest income before provision for credit losses plus noninterest income.

Our ability to control noninterest expenses in relation to asset growth can be measured in terms of total noninterest expenses as a percentage of average assets. Noninterest expense as a percentage of average assets was 1.52% for the second quarter of 2025, compared to 1.40% for the second quarter of 2024.

Our ability to control noninterest expenses in relation to the level of total revenue (net interest income before provision for credit losses plus noninterest income) can be measured by the efficiency ratio and indicates the percentage of net revenue that is used to cover expenses. The efficiency ratio was 45.55% for the second quarter of 2025, compared to 45.10% for the second quarter of 2024.

Noninterest expense of $57.6 million for the second quarter of 2025, was $1.1 million, or 1.88% higher than the second quarter of 2024. The $1.1 million increase in noninterest expense year-over-year included the impact of a $500,000 recapture of unfunded commitments reserve in the second quarter of 2024 and a $700,000 reduction of the FDIC special assessment accrual recorded in the second quarter of 2024.

Noninterest expense of $116.7 million for the first six months of 2025 was $433,000 higher than the prior year period. Year-over-year expense increases included $1.2 billion, or a 15.5% increase in data processing costs from continued investments in technology and automation, which coincides with a $351,000 decrease in salary and benefit expense. Regulatory assessment expense declined by $1.8 million as there was additional accruals in the first half of 2024 for the FDIC special assessment fee from initial estimates of losses from bank failures in 2023. This was offset by the impact of the change in unfunded commitment reserve. The first six months of 2025 included $500,000 in provision for unfunded loan commitments, compared to $500,000 recapture of for the same period of 2024, resulting in a $1 million increase in expense. Legal expenses also decreased by $896,000 in the first half of 2025, primarily due to legal expenses incurred in the first half of 2024 related to the lawsuit the Company pursued related to allegations of trade secrets misappropriation that was settled subsequent to the end of the second quarter of 2025. As a percentage of average assets, noninterest expense was 1.55% for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to 1.44% for the same period of 2024. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the efficiency ratio was 46.12%, compared to 46.17% for the same period of 2024.

Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was 26.50%, compared to 27.25% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Our estimated annual effective tax rate also varies depending upon the level of tax-advantaged income from municipal securities and BOLI, as well as available tax credits. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily driven by increased investments in solar tax credits.

The Company’s effective tax rates are below the nominal combined Federal and State tax rate primarily as a result of tax-advantaged income from certain municipal security investments, municipal loans and leases and BOLI, as well as available tax credits for each period.