Axsome Therapeutics Inc

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share amounts)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(In thousands)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. (“Axsome” or the “Company”), based in New York, New York, is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the development and commercialization of innovative medicines for people living with central nervous system (“CNS”) conditions. Axsome has a diverse portfolio of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments for major depressive disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea, and migraine, and an expansive pipeline comprising of multiple late-stage development programs addressing a broad range of serious neurological and psychiatric conditions that impact over 150 million people in the United States.

In August 2022, the Company acquired the U.S. rights to Sunosi® (solriamfetol) from Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (“Jazz”), and in November 2022, the Company acquired worldwide ex-U.S. rights (excluding certain Asian markets) from Jazz (collectively, the “Acquisition”). Sunosi was approved for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in adult patients with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea by the FDA in March 2019 and by the European Commission in January 2020. In February 2023, the Company announced a licensing transaction with Atnahs Pharma UK Limited (“Pharmanovia”) to market Sunosi in Europe and certain countries in the Middle East / North Africa.

In August 2022, Auvelity® (dextromethorphan-bupropion) was approved by the FDA for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. The Company announced the commercial availability of Auvelity in the U.S. in October 2022.

In January 2025, Symbravo® (MoSEICTM meloxicam-rizatriptan) was approved by the FDA for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. The Company refers herein to Auvelity, Sunosi, Symbravo, AXS-12, AXS-14, and its programs to develop additional indications for AXS-05 and solriamfetol as the Company’s products.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 18, 2025.

In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information for the interim periods. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or any future period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has incurred operating losses since its inception and expects to continue to incur operating losses and may never become profitable. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $1,182.2 million.

The Company’s primary sources of cash have been proceeds from the sales of Auvelity and Sunosi, the issuance and sale of its common stock in public offerings, and the issuance of debt. The Company’s ability to achieve profitability depends on a number of factors, including its ability to obtain regulatory approval for its product candidates, successfully complete any post-approval regulatory obligations and successfully commercialize its product candidates alone or in partnership with third parties. The Company may continue to incur substantial operating losses even as it continues to generate revenues from its products.

The Company believes its existing cash will be sufficient to fund its anticipated operating cash requirements for at least twelve months following the date of this filing. During that time, the Company expects that its expenses will increase primarily due to the commercialization of Auvelity, Sunosi, and Symbravo while continuing to further develop the Company’s pipeline assets. The Company may use a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, other third-party funding, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements or marketing and distribution arrangements if market conditions are favorable or as a result of other strategic considerations to finance its future cash needs.

The Company’s common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market and trades under the symbol “AXSM.”

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s operations are subject to a number of factors that can affect its operating results and financial condition. Such factors include, but are not limited to: the results of clinical testing and trial activities of the Company’s product candidates; the Company’s ability to obtain regulatory approval to market its products; competition from products manufactured and sold or being developed by other companies; the price of, and demand for, the Company’s products; the Company’s ability to negotiate favorable licensing or other manufacturing and marketing agreements for its products; and the Company’s ability to raise additional capital. If the Company’s commercialization of its products is not financially successful, it will be unable to generate sufficient recurring product revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

The Company currently has three commercial products, Auvelity and Sunosi, and its recently FDA-approved product, Symbravo. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development efforts will result in additional successfully commercialized products. Developing and commercializing a product requires significant time and capital and is subject to regulatory review and approval as well as competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change and is dependent upon the continued services of its employees and consultants and obtaining and protecting intellectual property.

Use of Estimates

Management considers many factors in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of these financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. This process may result in actual results differing materially from those estimated amounts used in the preparation of the financial statements if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. In preparing these financial statements, management used significant estimates in the following areas, among others: stock-based compensation expense; determination of fair value of warrants; accounting for research and development costs; accounting for acquisitions; impairments of goodwill and the intangible asset; determination of fair value of contingent consideration; chargebacks, cash discounts, sales rebates, returns and other adjustments; and the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) the Company recognizes revenue when the customer obtains control of a promised good or service, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for the good or service. Transfer of control is based on contractual performance obligations, which occurs upon transfer of the title along with the physical transfer of the Company’s goods to the customer, as that is when the customer has obtained control of significantly all of the economic benefits and the Company obtains a right of payment.

To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to arrangements that meet the definition of a contract under ASC 606, including when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. For a complete discussion of accounting for product sales, see Product Sales, net and Note 13. Revenues.

License Agreements

The Company generates revenue from license or similar agreements with pharmaceutical companies for the development and commercialization of certain products. Such agreements may include the transfer of intellectual property rights in the form of licenses. Payments made by the customer may include non-refundable upfront fees, payments based upon the achievement of defined milestones and royalties on sales of products.

If a license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes the transaction price allocated to the license as revenue upon transfer of control of the license. All other promised goods or services in the agreement are evaluated to determine if they are distinct. If they are not distinct, they are combined with other promised goods or services to create a bundle of promised goods or services that is distinct. Optional future services where any additional consideration paid to the Company reflects their standalone selling prices do not provide the customer with a material right, and, therefore, are not considered performance obligations. If optional future services are priced in a manner which provides the customer with a significant or incremental discount, they are material rights and are accounted for as separate performance obligations.

Contingent milestones at contract inception are estimated to the extent that it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur and are included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received, and, therefore, the variable consideration is constrained. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achieving development or sales-based milestone payments that a significant revenue reversal would not occur and, if necessary, adjusts the estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect license and other revenue, as well as earnings, in the period of adjustment.

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including sales-based milestone payments, and a license of intellectual property that is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, revenue is recognized at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalties have been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Product Sales, net

Revenues from product sales are recorded net of reserves for variable consideration. These reserves reflect the Company’s best estimate of the amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled based on the terms of the contracts. The Company sells Auvelity and Sunosi in the United States to wholesale distributors with whom the Company has entered into formal agreements (collectively, the “Distributors”). These Distributors subsequently resell the Company’s products to retail pharmacies. The Company also sells Sunosi to Distributors in Canada and on a product supply basis to Pharmanovia. Sunosi is subsequently sold by Pharmanovia in certain ex-U.S. markets. The Company does not sell products under consignment arrangements, and the collection of proceeds from product sales is not contingent upon customers’ sale of the goods to third parties. The Company received FDA approval for Symbravo in January 2025 and did not record any product sales with respect to Symbravo for the periods covered by this report. See Note 13. Revenues for a further breakout of product sales, net.

Reserves for Variable Consideration

The Company’s estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of its anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. These reserves reflect the Company’s best estimate of the amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled based on the terms of the contracts and are classified as reductions to accounts receivable, net if payable to a customer or accrued expenses and other current liabilities if payable to a third-party. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that is considered probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the estimates. If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, the Company will adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known.

The provision for rebates, discounts, and other incentives is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for rebates, discounts, and other incentives and returns, which are established at the time of sale. The Company uses customer segment utilization mix data, changes to product price, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the variable consideration. Amounts accrued for rebates, discounts, and other incentives are adjusted when trends indicate that adjustment is appropriate and to reflect actual experience.

Trade Discounts and Allowances - The Company generally provides discounts which include incentive fees that are explicitly stated in the Company’s contracts and are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. In addition, the Company compensates (through trade discounts and allowances) its distributors for distribution services and data. These payments have been recorded as a reduction to product sales as well as a reduction to accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

Product Returns - The Company generally offers a limited right of return for product that has been purchased from the Company based on the product’s expiration date. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product sale is recognized, as well as a component of accrued expense and other current liabilities. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using available industry data, historical product sales information, and actual returns experience.

Chargebacks and Discounts - Chargebacks for fees and discounts to providers represent the estimated obligations resulting from contractual commitments to sell products at prices lower than the list prices charged to distributors. Distributors charge the Company for the difference between what they pay for the product and the ultimate selling price. These reserves are established in the same period that the related product sales are recognized, resulting in a reduction to product sales and accounts receivable, net.

Rebates - Rebates apply to: Medicaid, managed care, and supplemental rebates to all applicable states as defined by the statutory government pricing calculation requirements under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Tricare rebates to the TRICARE third-party administrator are based on the statutory calculation defined in the agreement with the Defense Health Agency. Part D and Commercial Managed Care rebates are paid based on the contracts with Pharmacy Benefit Managers (“PBMs”) and Managed Care Organizations. Rebates are paid to these entities upon receipt of an invoice from the contracted entity which is based on the utilization of the product by the members of the contracted entity. Allowances for rebates also include amounts due for Medicare Inflation Based Rebates resulting from the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which includes measures requiring manufacturers to pay rebates where price increases exceed the rate of inflation. The Company estimates these rebates and records such estimates in the same period the related product sales are recognized, resulting in a reduction to product sales as well as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Coverage Gap - The Medicare Part D coverage gap is a period of consumer payment for prescription medication costs which lies between the initial coverage limit and the catastrophic-coverage threshold, when the patient is a member of a Medicare Part D prescription-drug program administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The Company estimates the percentage of goods sold to patients in the Coverage Gap and adjusts the transaction price for such discount at the time of sale resulting in a reduction to product sales as well as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Medicare Part D Program Redesign - Effective January 1, 2025, the Medicare Part D coverage gap program was replaced with a redesigned program under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The standard Part D benefit now comprises three phases: the deductible phase, the initial coverage phase and the catastrophic coverage phase. Applicable dispensed drugs will be subject to manufacturer discounts of 10% during the initial coverage phase and 20% during the catastrophic coverage phase. The Company estimates the percentage of goods sold to patients in the initial coverage and catastrophic coverage phases and adjusts the transaction price for such discount at the time of sale resulting in a reduction to product sales as well as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Other Incentives - Other incentives which the Company offers include voluntary patient assistance programs, such as the co-pay assistance program, which are intended to provide financial assistance to qualified commercially-insured patients with prescription drug co-payments required by payers. The calculation of the accrual for co-pay assistance is based on an estimate of claims and the cost per claim that the Company expects to receive associated with product that has been recognized as revenue. The reserves are recorded in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product sales as well as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

The Company makes significant estimates and judgments that materially affect its recognition of net product revenue. Claims by third-party payors for rebates, chargebacks and discounts frequently are submitted to the Company significantly after the related sales, potentially resulting in adjustments in the period in which the new information becomes known. The Company will adjust its estimates based on new information, including information regarding actual rebates, chargebacks and discounts for its products, as it becomes available.

Cost of Revenue

The Company’s cost of revenue consists of cost of product sales. Cost of product sales primarily include direct costs (inclusive of material, shipping, handling, and manufacturing costs), overhead and product royalties. Cost of product sales excludes depreciation and amortization.

The Company assumed royalty and sales-based milestone commitments of Jazz to SK Biopharmaceuticals Co. Ltd. (“SK”) and Aerial Biopharma, LLC (“Aerial”). SK is the originator of Sunosi and retains rights in 12 Asian markets, including China, Korea and Japan. In 2014, Jazz acquired from Aerial worldwide rights to Sunosi excluding those Asian markets stated previously. The assumed commitments to SK and Aerial include single-digit tiered royalties based on the Company’s sales of Sunosi, and the Company is committed to pay up to $165.0 million based on revenue milestones and $1.0 million based on development milestones. Additionally, the Company pays a royalty to Antecip Bioventures II LLC (“Antecip”), an entity owned by Axsome’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (the “Board”), Herriot Tabuteau, M.D., equal to 3.0% of Auvelity net sales.

Foreign Currency Translation

Revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the date they are incurred. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated at period-end exchange rates. The effect of exchange rate fluctuations on translating foreign currency into U.S. dollars is included in the statements of operations and is not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker or decision-making group in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business asone operating and reporting segment, which is the business of developing and delivering novel therapies for the management of CNS disorders. See Note 18. Segment Information below for further information.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments that have maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents includes holdings in checking and overnight sweep accounts. The Company’s cash equivalents, which are money market funds held in a sweep account, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. As of March 31, 2025, the balance of cash and cash equivalents was $300.9 million, which approximates fair value and was determined based upon Level 1 inputs. The sweep account is valued using quoted market prices with no valuation adjustments applied. Accordingly, these securities are categorized as Level 1 on the fair value hierarchy.

Concentration of Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk - Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash deposits at financial institutions, which cash deposits exceed insured limits. At March 31, 2025, the majority of the Company’s cash was held bytwo financial institutions, and amounts on deposit were in excess of government-provided insurance limits. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in what it believes to be high credit quality banks and money market funds and has not recognized any losses from credit risks on such accounts since inception. See Accounts Receivable, net below for further information.

Concentration of Risk, Other-The Company has a limited number of contract manufacturers for its products. At times, the Company may have only one manufacturer or supplier for its products.

Business Combination

The Company accounted for the Acquisition as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that all identifiable assets acquired, and liabilities assumed be recorded at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions. Critical estimates in valuing the intangible asset include but are not limited to future expected cash flows from acquired patented technology. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.

As a result of the Acquisition, the Company recorded goodwill and an intangible asset.

Goodwill

Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite life and therefore not amortized. The Company tests the carrying amounts of goodwill for recoverability on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. When reviewing goodwill for impairment, the Company first evaluates the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative factors determine it is necessary to complete a goodwill impairment test, the fair value of the relevant reporting unit is determined and compared to its carrying value. If the fair value is greater than the carrying value, then the carrying value is deemed to be recoverable, and no further action is required. If the fair value estimate is less than the carrying value, goodwill is considered impaired for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, and a charge is reported in impairment of goodwill in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company completes its annual goodwill assessment as of December 31. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has determined that it hasone reporting unit. The Company has not identified any events or changes in circumstances that indicate the existence of potential impairment of goodwill during thethree months ended March 31, 2025. The balance of goodwill was $12.0 million at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Intangible Asset

The Company’s intangible asset is amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated period of benefit of ten years. The Company evaluates recoverability of the intangible asset periodically by considering events or changes in circumstances that may warrant revised estimates of useful lives or that indicate the asset may be impaired. The Company has not identified any events or changes in circumstances that indicate the existence of potential impairment of the intangible asset during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Contingent Consideration

Consideration paid in a business combination may include potential future payments that are contingent upon the acquired business achieving certain milestones in the future (“contingent consideration”). The royalty payments due to Jazz are a high single-digit royalty on the Company’s U.S. net sales of Sunosi in the current indication and a mid-single-digit royalty on the Company’s U.S. net sales of Sunosi for future indications. Contingent consideration liabilities are measured at their estimated fair value as of the date of acquisition, with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during such period a change is recognized. The Company estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration as of the Acquisition date and reporting periods thereafter using the probability weighted income approach and makes significant assumptions, including estimated future sales of Sunosi in current and future indications, timing of regulatory and commercial milestone achievements, probability of technical and regulatory success rates, and discount rates. Contingent consideration liabilities expected to be settled within 12 months after the balance sheet date are presented in current liabilities, with the non-current portion recorded within total liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three‑level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s financial instruments are cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, contingent warrant liability, current and long-term debt, and current and non-current contingent consideration. The Company’s Level 1 financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other liabilities. They are considered Level 1 as the carrying values reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term maturities. The carrying value of debt on the Company’s balance sheet is estimated to approximate its fair value. The Company’s Level 3 financial instruments include contingent warrant liability and current and non-current contingent consideration due to the significant unobservable inputs required in determining their respective fair values.

The Company categorized the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy as the estimate is based on significant unobservable inputs requiring management judgment. The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is estimated by using the probability weighted income approach using significant assumptions, including estimated future sales of Sunosi in current and future indications, timing of regulatory and commercial milestone achievements, probability of technical and regulatory success and discount rates. Contingent consideration liabilities are subject to remeasurement at each prospective balance sheet date, with any changes in the fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments for further detail.

The Company estimated the fair value of the warrant liabilities using the Black-Scholes model based on key assumption and inputs. The Company utilizes a probability assessment to estimate the likelihood of vesting for the remaining Loan Agreement (as defined below) warrants and allocated the probability of occurrence percentage to the fair values calculated, and, therefore, is considered Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company accounts for warrants anticipated to be issued in the future under the Loan Agreement as liabilities and measures them at fair value using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The warrants are subject to remeasurement at each prospective balance sheet date, with any changes in the fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments for further detail.

Accounts Receivable, net

The Company’s accounts receivable, net arise from product sales and represent amounts due from its customers. They are generally stated at the gross sales amount, less reserves resulting from trade discounts and allowances and chargebacks. Accounts receivable typically has a standard payment term of 60 days or less anddoes not bear interest.

The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in the customers’ credit profiles. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company began distributing products through wholesale customers. The Company estimates expected credit losses of its accounts receivable by assessing the risk of loss and available relevant information about collectability, including historical credit losses, existing contractual payment terms, actual payment patterns of its customers, individual customer circumstances, and reasonable and supportable forecast of economic conditions expected to exist throughout the contractual life of the receivable. The Company has not historically experienced significant credit losses. Based on its assessment, as of March 31, 2025, the Company hasnot recorded any allowances for doubtful accounts receivable. For further information about accounts receivable, see Note 3. Accounts Receivable, net.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs consist of costs incurred in obtaining long-term financing. These costs are classified on the consolidated balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability and subsequently amortized as interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations using the effective interest rate method.

The Company evaluates amendments to its debt instruments in accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments (“ASC 470”) to determine whether the amendment should be accounted for as a modification or an extinguishment. An amendment may be considered modified when the terms of the new debt and original instrument are not “substantially different” (as defined in the debt modification guidance in ASC 470). Amendments that are considered modifications are accounted for prospectively as yield adjustments, based on the revised terms, and lender fees and costs directly incurred with third parties, to the extent material, are recorded as debt discount and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method.

Inventory

The Company values its inventories at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. The remaining inventory associated with the Acquisition is stated at fair value due to purchase accounting. The Company performs an assessment of the recoverability of capitalized inventory during each reporting period, and it writes down any excess and obsolete inventories to their estimated net realizable value in the period in which the impairment is first identified. Such impairment charges, if they occur, are recorded within the cost of revenue.

The Company capitalizes inventory costs associated with the Company’s products after regulatory approval when, based on management’s judgment, future commercialization is considered probable and the future economic benefit is expected to be realized. Inventory acquired and manufactured prior to receipt of regulatory approval of a product candidate is expensed as research and development expense as incurred. Inventory that can be used in either the production of clinical or commercial product is expensed as research and development expense when selected for use in a clinical manufacturing campaign.

Inventory levels are evaluated for amounts that would be sold within one year. If the level of inventory exceeds the estimated amount that would be sold after the next 12 months, the Company classifies the estimate of such inventory as non-current.

Equipment, net

Equipment consists primarily of computer equipment and is recorded at cost. Equipment is depreciated on a straight‑line basis over its estimated useful life, which the Company estimates to bethree years. When equipment is sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is included in operating expenses.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense, contract services, costs incurred to third-party service providers for conducting research, preclinical and clinical studies, laboratory supplies, product license fees, consulting and other related expenses. Research, preclinical and clinical study expenses are estimated based on services performed, pursuant to contracts with third-party research and development organizations that conduct and manage research, preclinical and clinical activities on the Company’s behalf, including discussions with internal management personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of services and the contracted fees to be paid for such services. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, accruals are adjusted accordingly. Payments associated with licensing agreements to acquire licenses to develop, use, manufacture and commercialize products that have not reached technological feasibility and do not have alternative future use are expensed as incurred.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses, and are expensed as incurred. The Company considers advertising costs as expenses related to the promotion of the Company’s commercial products. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, advertising costs were $27.7 million and $24.0 million, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, operating losses, and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are provided if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company estimates an annual effective tax rate of 0% for the year ending December 31, 2025 and hasnot recorded an income tax benefit for thethree months ended March 31, 2025 since it is projecting losses and has incurred year to date losses in all jurisdictions from which the Company does not benefit due to the full valuation allowance position against the Company’s deferred tax assets.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit will more likely than not be realized. As of March 31, 2025, the Company does not believe any material uncertain tax positions are present. In the event the Company determines that accrual of interest or penalties are necessary in the future, the amount will be presented as a component of income tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation

For stock options issued, the Company estimates the grant date fair value of each option using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes model takes into account the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock, the risk-free interest rate, the estimated life of the option, the closing market price of the Company’s common stock and the exercise price. The estimates utilized in the Black-Scholes calculation involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

For restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance stock units (“PSUs”), the Company issues them in the form of Company common stock. The fair market value of these awards is based on the market closing price per share on the grant date and for certain awards that are subject to a post-vesting holding period, an illiquidity discount is also applied.

The Company recognizes the grant date fair value of the stock options and RSUs over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term. For awards only subject to service-based vesting conditions, the Company elected to recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis. For PSUs, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense when the achievement of the performance condition becomes probable. Stock-based compensation expense for PSUs with cliff-vesting terms is recognized on a straight-line basis. At the end of each reporting period, the Company reassesses the probability of achieving the performance condition and adjusts the stock-based compensation expense accordingly.

The expense related to the stock-based compensation is recorded within the same financial statement line item as the grantee’s cash compensation. The Company’s policy upon exercise of stock options, vesting of RSUs and PSUs is that shares will be issued as new shares drawing on the Company’s 2015 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan share pool that was adopted by the stockholders in November 2015. In addition, the Company accounts for equity award forfeitures as they occur.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Common Share

Basic net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share of common stock includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as warrants, stock options, RSUs and/or common stock pursuant to the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. As the impact of these items is anti-dilutive during periods of net loss, there was no difference between basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. When evaluating whether a contract contains a lease, the Company considers whether (1) the contract explicitly or implicitly identifies assets that are contractually defined and (2) the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of that underlying asset and directs how and for what purpose the asset is used during the term of the contract.

The Company’s lease agreements contain lease and non-lease components. Non-lease components primarily include payments for maintenance and utilities. The Company has applied the practical expedient to combine fixed payments for non-lease components with lease payments and account for them together as a single lease component, which increases the amount of lease assets and corresponding liabilities. Payments under the Company’s lease arrangements are primarily fixed, however, variable payments are expensed as incurred and not included in the operating lease asset and liability.

Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company uses the interest rate implicit in the contract when such rate is readily determinable and uses the Company’s incremental borrowing rate when the rate implicit in the contract is not readily determinable based upon the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments.

Leases are accounted for under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). The Company made an accounting policy election not to apply the recognition requirements to short-term leases. The Company recognizes the lease payments for short-term leases in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Therefore, the Company is not recognizing a lease liability or right-of-use asset for any lease that, at the commencement date, has a lease term of 12 months or less and does not include an option toextend the term or purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company evaluates amendments to its lease arrangements in accordance with ASC 842.

The Company’s operating leases are reflected in the right-of-use operating asset; operating lease liability, current portion; and operating lease liability, long-term portion in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Finance leases are included in the non-current inventory and other assets; accrued expenses and other current liabilities; and finance lease liability, long-term in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Assets under the finance leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Short-term leases, defined as leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less at the commencement date, and do not include an option to extend the term or purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, are excluded from this treatment and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid by jurisdiction, enhances disclosures in the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires additional disaggregated disclosures in the notes to financial statements for certain categories of expenses that are included on the face of the income statement. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 3. Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following:

Note 4. Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following:

There wereno material inventory reserves or write downs of any excess and obsolete inventory as of March 31, 2025. Non-current inventory, which consists of raw materials and work in progress inventory, is included in non-current inventory and other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Non-current inventory is estimated to be consumed beyond the next 12 months.

The following table summarizes the balance sheet classification of the Company’s inventory for each of the periods indicated:

Note 5. Intangible Asset

The following table provides the Company’s carrying amount of the intangible asset for each of the periods indicated.

Based on the finite-lived intangible asset recorded as of March 31, 2025, and assuming the underlying asset will not be impaired and that the Company will not change the expected life of the asset, future amortization expense over the next five years and periods thereafter are estimated to be as follows:

Note 6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

In connection with the Acquisition, the Company pays royalty on U.S. net sales of Sunosi to Jazz. The discounted cash flow method used to value this contingent consideration includes inputs of not readily observable market data, which are Level 3 inputs. The fair value of the contingent consideration is reflected as current accrued contingent consideration of $8.6 million and non-current contingent consideration liability of $90.6 million in the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2025.

The fair value of financial instruments measured on a recurring basis is as follows:

Contingent Consideration Liabilities

The fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities is marked-to-market at each reporting period and was remeasured at March 31, 2025. Changes in fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities as of March 31, 2025 are as follows:

The recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of contingent consideration for which a liability is recorded include the following significant unobservable inputs:

The Company’s fair value measurement of contingent consideration liabilities has been classified as Level 3 as its valuation requires substantial judgment and estimation of factors which requires use of unobservable inputs. The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities are estimated by using the probability weighted income approach using significant assumptions including estimated future sales of Sunosi in current and future indications, timing of regulatory and commercial milestone achievements, probability of technical and regulatory success rates, and discount rates. If significant changes are made to one or more of these assumptions, the estimated fair value of contingent consideration liabilities may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

Note 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

Note 8. Loan and Security Agreement

Hercules Capital, Inc.

For the purposes of this Note 8, capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings assigned to them in the Loan Agreement (as defined below).

Fifth Amendment to the Loan Agreement

On September 30, 2024, the Company entered into a Fifth Amendment (the “Fifth Amendment”) to its Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2020 (as amended by that certain First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of October 14, 2021, as further amended by the Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2022, as further amended by the Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2023, and as further amended by the Waiver and Fourth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2023) (the “Loan Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc., a Maryland corporation (“Hercules”), in its capacity as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the other financial institutions or entities party thereto as lenders (collectively, the “Lenders”), with respect to the term loan thereunder (the “2020 Term Loan”).

The Fifth Amendment amended the terms of the Loan Agreement to, among other things: (i) increase the Tranche 3 Commitment from $75.0 to $80.0 million; (ii) extend the availability periods of Tranche 1D to June 15, 2025 and that of Tranche 1E to December 15, 2025, as set forth in greater detail in the Fifth Amendment; (iii) alter the terms of Performance Covenant A, Performance Covenant B, and Performance Covenant C and also add a Performance Covenant D, as set forth in greater detail in the Fifth Amendment; (iv) conditionally waive the requirement that the Company maintain Qualified Cash in an amount greater than or equal to the sum of $30.0 million plus the Qualified Cash A/P Amount at all times during such periods of time that the Company’s Market Capitalization exceeds $1.5 billion; and (v) permit Axsome Malta Ltd. (“Axsome Malta”) to request an Advance from the Lenders up to a certain amount to the extent that the Company may request an Advance in such amount and to increase the amount of Cash that Axsome Malta may hold outside of the United States, as set forth in greater detail in the Fifth Amendment.

The Waiver and Fourth Amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement with Hercules and the Third Amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement with Hercules incorporate the following amendments:

•

The increase of cash held by Axsome Malta outside of the United States from $3.0 million to $15.0 million for a 45-day period after the closing of the Fourth Amendment and to $10.0 million thereafter;

•

The waiver of any purported default with respect to the amount of cash held by Axsome Malta prior to the date of the Fourth Amendment;

•

In August 2023, Hercules granted the Company a waiver to the Fourth Amendment, permitting Axsome Malta to hold up to $12.5 million in Cash outside of the United States until December 31, 2023;

•

Extend the maturity date to January 1, 2028, unless the Company meets certain revenue targets as described in the Loan Agreement, in which case the Company can extend the maturity date to January 1, 2029;

•

Increase the aggregate principal amount under the Loan Agreement from $300.0 million to $350.0 million;

•

Subject to the terms and conditions in the Loan Agreement, change the term loan advance amounts and availability dates under the Tranche 1 Advance through Tranche 5 Advance, including increasing the Tranche 1 Advance from one tranche of $95.0 million to five sub-tranches of $95.0 million, $55.0 million, $30.0 million, $35.0 million, and $35.0 million, respectively, changing the Tranche 2 Advance from three sub-tranches of $35.0 million, $35.0 million, and $30.0 million, respectively, to one tranche of $25.0 million, changing the Tranche 3 Advance from two sub-tranches of $15.0 million and $5.0 million, respectively, to one tranche of $75.0 million, and removing the Tranche 4 Advance and Tranche 5 Advance entirely;

•

Revise the interest rate applicable to extensions of credit under the Loan Agreement to equal (a) if the prime rate is greater than or equal to 7.00%, the greater of either (i) theprime rate plus 2.20%, and (ii)9.95%, but in no event greater than 10.70%, and (b) if theprime rate is less than 7.00%,9.70%;

•

Increase the minimum cash requirement of the Company to the sum of $30.0 million plus the Qualified Cash A/P Amount; and

•

Require the Company to pay a facility fee equal to 0.75% of the amount of principal actually funded pursuant to the Tranche 1B Advance, Tranche 1C Advance, Tranche 1D Advance, Tranche 1E Advance, Tranche 2 Advance, and Tranche 3 Advance.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had allowed Tranche 2, which totaled $25.0 million, to expire undrawn.

On October 14, 2021, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules. On March 27, 2022, in connection with the Acquisition (as described above), the Company entered into a Second Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) with Hercules. The Second Amendment closed on May 9, 2022, concurrently with the closing of the Acquisition.

As collateral for the obligations, the Company has granted to Hercules a senior security interest in all of the Company’s right, title, and interest in, to and under all of the Company’s property, inclusive of intellectual property, which includes one of the Company’s existing license agreements (the “License Agreement”) with Antecip, an entity owned by Axsome’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Herriot Tabuteau, M.D., subject to limited exceptions. Antecip consented to the collateral assignment of the License Agreement, among other things, under a direct agreement (the “Direct Agreement”) with the Company, Antecip and Hercules.

The Loan Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including covenants by the Company limiting additional indebtedness, liens (including a negative pledge on intellectual property and other assets), guaranties, mergers and consolidations, substantial asset sales, investments and loans, certain corporate changes, transactions with affiliates and fundamental changes. At the initial closing, there were no applicable financial covenants contained in the Loan Agreement. Effective upon closing of the Fifth Amendment in September 2024, the following limited financial covenants apply:

•

The Company at all times must maintain Qualified Cash in an aggregate amount greater than or equal to $30.0 million plus the Qualified Cash A/P Amount; provided that compliance with such covenant shall be conditionally waived during such periods of time that the Company’s Market Capitalization exceeds $1.5 billion.

•

The Company must meet, beginning June 30, 2023, any of the following conditions: (A) ensure that at all times its market capitalization exceeds $1.0 billion and that it maintains Qualified Cash in an amount not less than 30% of the sum of the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Advances plus the Qualified Cash A/P Amount, (B) ensure that at all times that it maintains Qualified Cash in an amount not less than 50% of the sum of the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Advances plus the Qualified Cash A/P Amount, or (C) ensure that at all times its market capitalization exceeds $1.5 billion. Alternatively, the Company must, beginning with fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2024, and for each quarter thereafter, achieve T6M Net Product Revenue in an amount equal to at least the amount set forth on Schedule 7.20(b) of the Loan Agreement opposite the last day of each fiscal quarter identified in the table therein, tested on a quarterly basis.

•

Axsome Malta, a company organized under the laws of the Republic of Malta, may request an Advance from the Lenders up to a certain amount to the extent that the Company may request an Advance in such amount, and Axsome Malta may not hold Cash outside of the United States in excess of the sum of $10.0 million and the aggregate outstanding principal amount of Advances drawn by Axsome Malta.

•

Restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, encumber its intellectual property, or engage in certain fundamental business transactions, such as mergers or acquisitions of other businesses, with certain exceptions.

The Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreement are subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of specified events of default, including payment default, insolvency and a material adverse change in the Borrower’s business, operations or financial or other condition.

In addition, the Company is required to pay certain end of term charges, including (A) an initial end of term charge of $4.45 million and (B) a subsequent end of term charge of (i)1.10% of the aggregate amount of all Tranche 1A Advances plus (ii)4.95% of the aggregate amount of all term loan advances (other than Tranche 1A Advances) funded minus (iii) any charges paid by the Borrower to the Lenders related to partial prepayments of the outstanding Secured Obligations. The end of term charges are being accreted into interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the loan.

If certain maturity extension conditions are satisfied, the Company must pay an extension end of term charge equal to 1.00% of the aggregate amount of all Term Loan Advances outstanding as of the date on which the maturity extension conditions are satisfied, in addition to the end of term charges described above.

The Company may, at its option prepay the term loans in full or in part, subject to a prepayment penalty equal to (i)2.0% of the Advance amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs prior to February 1, 2024, (ii)1.5% of the Advance amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs on or after February 1, 2024 but prior to February 1, 2025, and (iii)1.0% of the Advance amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs on or after February 1, 2025 but prior to February 1, 2026.

The Company evaluated whether the Third Amendment entered into in January 2023 represented a debt modification or extinguishment in accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments. As the present value of the cash flows under the terms of the Third Amendment is less than 10% different from the remaining cash flows under the terms of the Second Amendment, the Third Amendment was accounted for as a debt modification. The unamortized balance of debt discount costs incurred in connection with those loans and additional debt discount costs incurred in connection with entry into the Third Amendment are being amortized through maturity in January 2028 utilizing the effective interest rate method.

The Company also evaluated whether the Fifth Amendment entered into September 2024 represented a debt modification or extinguishment in accordance with ASC 470. As the terms of the Fifth Amendment are not substantially different as compared to that of the Fourth Amendment, the Company treated the amendment as a debt modification.

Loan Interest Expense and Amortization

Long-term debt and unamortized debt discount balances are as follows:

The book value of debt approximates its fair value given its variable interest rate.

Interest expense, amortization of the final payment fee, and amortization of the debt discount related to the issuance costs and warrants for the Company’s debt are as follows:

Scheduled principal payments on outstanding debt, as of March 31, 2025, are as follows:

Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

In February 2023, the Company entered into a sublease agreement (“Initial Sublease”) for the previous office space located at One World Trade Center.

In January 2025, the Company entered into an amended sublease agreement (the “First Amendment”) to terminate the existing space in its corporate office and commence occupancy of different space within the same building. The First Amendment was treated as a lease modification to the Initial Sublease which resulted in the recognition of a gain on modification of $2.3 million which is included in selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company also recorded a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability of $23.9 million during thethree months ended March 31, 2025. Based on the Company’s past experience and current expectations for administrative office needs, the Company determined the lease term to be approximatelysix years. As of March 31, 2025, the remaining lease term for the Company’s operating lease was 6.0 years with the discount rate of 7.12%. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable and as such, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date, which represents an internally developed rate that would be incurred to borrow, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

The Company entered into a fleet lease program beginning the first quarter of 2024. The lease agreement includes an initial 12-month noncancelable period with monthly renewal options thereafter. Lease terms range from approximately 40 to 50 months and are classified as finance leases. During thethree months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and lease liability, both, of $1.5 million in connection to this lease. As of March 31, 2025, right-of-use asset and lease liability related to the finance lease were $5.4 million and $5.5 million, respectively, and the weighted average remaining lease term was 3.1 years, with a weighted average discount rate of 9.5%.

Lease expenses recognized were as follows:

Future minimum lease payments of the Company’s leases as of March 31, 2025 were as follows:

Note 10. Stockholders’ Equity

Public Offerings

At-the-Market Offerings

In December 2019, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the “December 2019 Sales Agreement”) with SVB Securities LLC (now known as Leerink Partners LLC) (“Leerink”), pursuant to which the Company may sell up to $80 million in shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time through Leerink, acting as the Company’s sales agent, in one or more at-the-market offerings utilizing an automatic shelf registration statement (the “2019 Shelf Registration Statement”) the Company filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on December 5, 2019 for the issuance of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, rights, debt securities and units. Leerink is entitled to receive a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds for any shares sold under the December 2019 Sales Agreement. The December 2019 Sales Agreement was replaced by the March 2022 Sales Agreement (as defined below).

In March 2022, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the “March 2022 Sales Agreement”) with Leerink and filed a prospectus supplement, pursuant to which the Company could sell up to $200 million in shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time through Leerink, acting as the Company’s sales agent, in one or more at-the-market offerings utilizing the 2019 Shelf Registration Statement. Leerink is entitled to receive a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds for any shares sold under the March 2022 Sales Agreement. The March 2022 Sales Agreement supersedes the December 2019 Sales Agreement, dated December 5, 2019, by and between the Company and Leerink. The Company exhausted sales of shares of the Company’s common stock under its prior at-the-market offering program.

In August 2022, the Company filed a prospectus supplement to the 2019 Shelf Registration Statement for the issuance and sale, if any, of up to an additional $250 million in shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company will pay Leerink a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any shares sold through Leerink, acting as sales agent, under the March 2022 Sales Agreement.

In December 2022, in connection with the 2022 Shelf Registration Statement (as defined below), the Company filed a new sales agreement prospectus to replace the prior prospectus supplement filed in August 2022 associated with the expired 2019 Shelf Registration Statement. The new sales agreement prospectus covered the issuance and sale by the Company of up to the same $250 million of the Company’s common stock that may be issued and sold from time to time through Leerink, as the Company’s sales agent, under the March 2022 Sales Agreement.

Under the March 2022 Sales Agreement, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company received approximately $19.7 million in gross proceeds through the sale of 156,484 shares, of which net proceeds were approximately $19.3 million. The Company didnot utilize the March 2022 Sales Agreement with Leerink during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Upon the closing of the Second Amendment, which occurred in March 2022, Hercules also purchased 152,487 of the Company’s unregistered common stock for a total consideration of $5.0 million at a share price equal to $32.79 per share, pursuant to a share transfer agreement.

The holders of shares of common stock are entitled toone vote for each share of common stock held at all meetings of stockholders and written actions in lieu of meetings. The holders of shares of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if and when declared by the Board.

June 2023 Public Offering

In June 2023, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of its common stock (the “June 2023 Public Offering”). The Company sold 3.0 million shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $75.00 per share. The net proceeds were $211.3 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions of $13.5 million and other offering costs of $0.2 million. Additionally, in connection with this public offering, in July 2023, the underwriters fully exercised their option to purchase 450,000 additional shares of the Company’s common stock at a public offering price of $75.00 per share. The net proceeds from the exercise of the option were $31.7 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions of $2.0 million and other minimal offering costs.

Shelf Registration Statement

On December 2, 2022, the Company filed an automatic shelf registration statement (the “2022 Shelf Registration Statement”) with the SEC for the issuance of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, rights, debt securities and units. It became effective upon filing with the SEC and is currently the Company’s only active shelf registration.

Under SEC rules, the 2022 Shelf Registration Statement allows for the potential future offer and sale by the Company, from time to time, in one or more public offerings of an indeterminate amount of the Company’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, and units at indeterminate prices. At the time any of the securities covered by the 2022 Shelf Registration Statement are offered for sale, a prospectus supplement will be prepared and filed with the SEC containing specific information about the terms of any such offering.

Equity Incentive Plan

In November 2015, the 2015 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2015 Plan”) was adopted by the Company’s stockholders. As of March 31, 2025, there were 2,419,922 shares available for future grant under the 2015 Plan.

Stock Options

The following table sets forth stock option activity as of March 31, 2025:

The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified method” as described in the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107 relating to stock-based compensation. The simplified method was chosen because the Company has limited historical option exercise experience due to its short operating history. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for a period approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and doesnot expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. In prior years, expected volatility was based on historical volatilities of similar entities within the Company’s industry which were commensurate with the Company’s expected term assumption. Currently, expected volatility is based on historical volatility information of the Company’s common stock since the Company’s initial public offering in 2015.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted was $92.48 per option for thethree months ended March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, there was $148.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The fair value of the RSUs is recognized as an expense ratably over the vesting period offour years. As of March 31, 2025, total compensation cost not yet recognized related to unvested RSUs was $79.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years. The intrinsic value of RSUs lapsed during thethree months ended March 31, 2025 was $12.1 million.

The following table sets forth the RSU activity for thethree months ended March 31, 2025:

Performance Stock Units

In February 2025, the Company granted PSUs to the executive officers. Vesting of the PSUs is subject to achievement of specified performance goals, which include achieving revenue, clinical, and regulatory targets. The actual number of common shares that would ultimately be issued is calculated by multiplying the number of PSUs granted by a payout multiplier ranging from 0 to 2. Achievement of the performance goals will ultimately be determined by the Compensation Committee or the Board at the end of the vesting term, which is approximately 3 years from the grant date. As of March 31, 2025, total compensation cost not yet recognized related to unvested PSUs was $5.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years.

The following table sets forth the PSU activity for thethree months ended March 31, 2025:

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The purchase price is equal to 85% of the lower of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on (1) the first day of the offering period or (2) the last day of the offering period. The ESPP has consecutive offering periods that begin on or about June 1st of each year with a duration of 12 months. The Company commenced the first offering period pursuant to the ESPP on June 1, 2023, and such offering ended on May 31, 2024.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, no shares of common stock have been purchased or issued pursuant to the ESPP, and $0.3 million of expense was recorded for the same period.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized was as follows:

Stock-based compensation expense capitalized into inventory totaled $0.3 million for both thethree months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Capitalized stock-based compensation is recognized as an expense in cost of product sales when the related product is sold or in selling, general and administrative expense when the related product is dispensed as a physician sample.

Note 11. Warrants

The following table summarizes warrant activity for thethree months ended March 31, 2025:

Outstanding Warrants

In connection with the entry into the Third Amendment, Hercules received warrants to purchase an aggregate of 18,724 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $55.01 per share, and in connection with the draw down of the Tranche 1C Advance, Hercules received warrants to purchase 9,700 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $77.31 per share (collectively, the “2023 warrants”). In connection with the entry into the Second Amendment, Hercules received warrants to purchase an aggregate of 35,255 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $31.91 per share (the “2022 warrants”), and in connection with the first advance of the 2020 Term Loan, Hercules received warrants to purchase an aggregate of 15,541 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $80.43 per share (the “2020 warrants”).

The 2023 warrants, 2022 warrants and 2020 warrants were priced using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock over theten-day trading period immediately preceding the initial closing, subject to certain limited adjustments as specified in the warrant. The warrants are exercisable for seven years from the date of issuance. The warrants were classified as a component of stockholders’ equity. The relative fair value of the warrants of approximately $1.6 million for the 2023 warrants, $0.8 million for the 2022 warrants and $0.9 million for the 2020 warrants at the time of issuance, which was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, was recorded as additional paid-in capital and reduced the carrying value of the debt. The discount on the debt is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt utilizing the effective interest rate method.

Note 12. Net Loss per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per common share:

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive:

Note 13. Revenues

The Company sells Auvelity and Sunosi in the United States through the Distributors. The Company also sells Sunosi to Distributors in Canada and on a product supply basis to Pharmanovia. Sunosi is subsequently sold by Pharmanovia in certain ex-U.S. markets. For thethree months ended March 31, 2025, the Company’s three largest customers represented approximately 32%,30%, and 27% of the Company’s gross product sales.

Royalty revenue is related to sales of Sunosi by Pharmanovia in certain ex-U.S. markets.

The following table presents a summary of total revenues by product:

The following table presents a summary of total revenues by geographic location:

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, product sales, net includes adjustments for provisions for product sales made in 2024 resulting from changes in estimates of $1.1 million for Auvelity and $0.9 million for Sunosi. For thethree months ended March 31, 2024, product sales, net includes adjustments for provisions for product sales made in 2023 resulting from changes in estimates of $1.2 million for Auvelity and $0.6 million for Sunosi.

Note 14. License Agreements

License Agreement with Pharmanovia

In February 2023, Axsome Malta, a Malta limited company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an exclusive license agreement with Pharmanovia (the “Pharmanovia License Agreement”) to commercialize and further develop Sunosi in Europe and certain countries in the Middle East and North Africa (the “Territory”). Under the terms of the Pharmanovia License Agreement, the Company retains its existing interest in Sunosi intellectual property and licenses those rights in the Territory to Pharmanovia. Pharmanovia is solely responsible for the clinical development and commercialization of Sunosi in the Territory. The Company will continue to manufacture Sunosi and provide product supply to Pharmanovia for an indefinite period of time, and the Company will recognize revenue as a component of product sales, net when product is supplied to Pharmanovia.

In consideration for entering the Pharmanovia License Agreement, the Company received a non-refundable upfront payment of €62.0 million ($65.7 million). The Company also will receive a royalty percentage in the mid-twenties on Sunosi net sales in the Territory and is eligible to receive sales-based milestone payments totaling up to €94.5 million.

The Company evaluated the Pharmanovia License Agreement under ASC 606 and concluded that Pharmanovia represents a customer in the transaction. The initial transaction price consisted of the non-refundable upfront payment, which was recognized as License Revenue in the first quarter of 2023 upon transfer of the license to Pharmanovia, as the requirement for revenue recognition under ASC 606 were met. The remaining forms of consideration are variable because they are dependent on the achievement of sales-based or other milestones. The Company evaluated the constraint on variable consideration and concluded that the milestone payments are dependent on regulatory approvals and actions of third parties, and thus are highly susceptible to factors outside the Company’s influence. Therefore, at contract inception, the milestones are not included in the transaction price as it is not probable that a significant reversal of revenue would not occur. Sales-based milestones will be recognized as revenue in the period when the related sales threshold is met. All other development or regulatory milestones will be recognized as revenue immediately in the period the underlying milestone is achieved. Any consideration related to sales-based royalties will be recognized when the related sales occur. The Company recognized royalty revenue of $1.1 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to Pharmanovia’s sales of Sunosi. No other development or sales-based milestones were recognized during thethree months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Exclusive License Agreement with Pfizer

In January 2020, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”) for Pfizer’s clinical and nonclinical data, and intellectual property for reboxetine, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in AXS-12 which the Company is developing for the treatment of narcolepsy. The agreement also provides the Company exclusive rights to develop and commercialize esreboxetine, a new late-stage product candidate referred to as AXS-14, in the U.S. for the treatment of fibromyalgia.

Under the terms of the agreement, Pfizer received 82,019 shares of the Company’s common stock having a stated value of $8.0 million, based on the average closing price of the Company’s common stock for theten prior trading days of $97.54, in consideration for the license and rights and also received an upfront cash payment of $3.0 million. The Company determined that the fair value of each share of common stock granted to Pfizer on the closing date of January 9, 2020 was $87.24, based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on that date. As a result, the fair value of the stock issued was $7.2 million and, therefore, the total research and development expense recognized was $10.2 million related to the Pfizer license agreement during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Pfizer can also receive up to $323 million in regulatory and sales milestones, and tiered mid-single to low double-digit royalties on future sales related to the licensed products. Pfizer will also have a right of first negotiation on any potential future strategic transactions involving AXS-12 and AXS-14. During thethree months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, no milestone payments or royalties were paid to Pfizer by the Company.

Exclusive License Agreements with Antecip

In 2012, the Company entered into three exclusive license agreements with Antecip, an entity owned by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Herriot Tabuteau, M.D., in which the Company was granted exclusive licenses to develop, manufacture and commercialize Antecip’s patents and applications related to the development of AXS-05 (now marketed as Auvelity) and two product candidates no longer under active development, anywhere in the world for human therapeutic, veterinary, and diagnostic use. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize these product candidates. Under the terms of the agreements, the Company is required to pay to Antecip a royalty equal to 3.0% for AXS-05 (and 1.5% or 4.5% for the other two product candidates no longer under active development), of net sales of products containing the licensed technology by the Company, its affiliates, or permitted sublicensees. These royalty payments are subject to reduction by an amount up to 50.0% of any required payments to third parties. Unless earlier terminated by a party for cause or by the Company for convenience, the agreements shall remain in effect on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until the later to occur of (i) the applicable product is no longer covered by a valid claim in that country or (ii)10 years from the first commercial sale of the applicable product in that country. Upon expiration of the agreements with respect to a product in a country, the Company’s license grant for that product in that country will become a fully paid-up, royalty-free, perpetual non-exclusive license. If Antecip terminates any of the agreements for cause, or if the Company exercises its right to terminate any of the agreements for convenience, the rights granted to the Company under such terminated agreement will revert to Antecip. The Company began recording royalty payments to Antecip along with the initiation of sales of Auvelity (the components of which are referred to as “AXS-05”) in the fourth quarter of 2022. For thethree months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded royalty expense of $2.9 million and $1.6 million, respectively, for royalty due to Antecip, which is equal to 3.0% of net sales of Auvelity. This is considered to be a related party transaction.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company entered into the Direct Agreement with Antecip and Hercules, pursuant to which Antecip consented to the collateral assignment of the License Agreement under the Loan Agreement, among other things.

Note 15. Royalty Agreements

On March 25, 2022, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Jazz, pursuant to which the Company was to acquire commercial and development rights with respect to Sunosi from Jazz in certain U.S. and ex-U.S. markets. The Acquisition occurred in two separate closings. The sale and purchase of specified initial assets contemplated by the Purchase Agreement occurred on May 9, 2022 (the “Initial Closing”), following the satisfaction or waiver of the closing conditions under the Purchase Agreement. The sale and purchase of specified ex-U.S. assets contemplated by the Purchase Agreement occurred on November 14, 2022, following the satisfaction or waiver of the closing conditions under the Purchase Agreement (the “Final Closing”). The Company accounted for the Initial Closing as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, and the Company accounted for the Final Closing as an asset acquisition.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to make non-refundable, non-creditable royalty payments to Jazz equal to a (A) high single-digit royalty for any current indication, or (B) mid-single-digit royalty for any future indication of net sales in the U.S. Territory made during the applicable royalty term. There are no royalty payments due to Jazz for net sales outside of the U.S. Territory.

At the Initial Closing, the Company assumed all of the commitments of Jazz to SK and Aerial. SK is the originator of Sunosi and retains rights in 12 Asian markets, including China, Korea and Japan. In 2014, Jazz acquired from Aerial worldwide rights to Sunosi excluding those Asian markets stated previously. The assumed commitments to SK and Aerial include single-digit tiered royalties based on the Company’s sales of Sunosi, and additionally, the Company is committed to pay up to $165.0 million based on revenue milestones and $1.0 million based on development milestones.

Note 16. Income Taxes

The table below presents the Company’s loss before income taxes and effective tax rates for all periods presented:

The Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which the Company does business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, the Company’s effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards, changes in geographic mix of income and expense, and changes in management’s assessment of matters such as the ability to realize deferred tax assets and changes in tax laws. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from the examination of the Company’s tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and other tax authorities to determine the adequacy of its income tax reserves and expense. Should actual events or results differ from the Company’s current expectations, charges or credits to its income tax expense may become necessary.

The Company didnot record a tax expense for thethree months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The Company didnot have any unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2025 related to uncertain tax positions that would impact the effective income tax rate if recognized.

The Company is currently under examination by the IRS for the Company’s 2021 U.S. income tax return. The Company is not currently under examination at the state level. The Company’s U.S. federal and state net operating losses have occurred since its inception in 2012 and as such, tax years subject to potential tax examination could apply from that date because the utilization of net operating losses from prior years opens the relevant year to audit by the IRS and/or state taxing authorities.

Note 17. Related Party Transactions

From the Company’s inception, Herriot Tabuteau, M.D. has been the Company’s founder, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Company’s Board, and the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. In connection with the formation of the Company, in January 2012, the Company issued to Antecip Bioventures II LLC, an entity controlled by Dr. Tabuteau, an aggregate of 7,344,500 shares of the Company’s common stock for nominal consideration. Additionally, since the launch of Auvelity in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company recorded royalty expense of $2.9 million and $1.6 million for thethree months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which equal 3.0% of net sales for those respective periods.

The Company is a party tothree exclusive license agreements with Antecip Bioventures II LLC, an entity owned by Dr. Tabuteau. See Note 14. License Agreements for further information regarding the license agreements.

Note 18. Segment Information

The Company views its operations and manages its business asone operating and reportable segment, which is the business of developing and delivering novel therapies for the management of CNS disorders. The Company’s focus centers around the CNS disorders market as its primary operating environment. Consistent with the operational structure, the Chief Executive Officer, as the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), manages and allocates resources on a consolidated basis. This decision making process reflects the way in which the financial information is regularly reviewed and used by the CODM to evaluate performance, set operational targets, forecast future financial results, and allocate resources.

The Company’s CODM assesses financial performance and allocates resources based on consolidated net loss that also is reported on the consolidated statements of operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The CODM utilizes consolidated net loss by comparing actual results against budgeted amounts on a quarterly basis. As part of this process, consolidated net loss is a critical performance measure used to evaluate the Company’s operating performance and guide strategic decisions and resource allocations, including additional investments in research and development and commercialization activities.

The following table provides information about the Company’s one reportable segment and includes the reconciliation to consolidated net loss.

(a)

Other research and development expenses primarily consist of facilities charges, third party consultant costs, costs related to other product candidates, and other unallocated costs.

(b)

Interest expense, net of $2,431 for thethree months ended March 31, 2025 comprises (i) consolidated interest expense of $5,258 and (ii) consolidated interest income of $2,827. Interest expense, net of $1,082 for thethree months ended March 31, 2024 comprises (i) consolidated interest expense of $5,406 and (ii) consolidated interest income of $4,324.

(c)

Other segment items included in Segment net loss include intangible asset amortization and other miscellaneous items.

See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further details on the products from which the Company derives its revenues.

See Note 13. Revenues for details of revenue from external customers by geography.