SPRUCE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

1. Organization and Principal Activities

Description of Business

Spruce Biosciences, Inc. (the “Company”) is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing novel therapies for neurological disorders with significant unmet medical need. The Company is located in South San Francisco, California and was incorporated in the state of Delaware in April 2016.

Private Placement of Common Stock and Warrants

In February 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue (i)16,116,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Common Stock”), (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 800,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to a Purchaser and (iii)12,687,000 warrants to purchase Common Stock (the “Standard Warrants” and together with the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Warrants”) in a private placement transaction (the “Private Placement”). The total gross proceeds to the Company were approximately $53.6 million, which does not include any proceeds that may be received upon exercise of the Standard Warrants.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company incurred a net loss of$53.0 million and used$56.0 million of cash in operations. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of$250.3 million and does not expect positive cash flows from operations in the foreseeable future. The Company has funded its operations primarily through the issuance and sale of equity securities, debt and collaboration revenue.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which assumes the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. Without alternative financing or proceeds from other strategic alternatives, the Company believes that based on its current operating plan, its cash and cash equivalents of$38.8 million as of December 31, 2024 will be insufficient to fund its planned operations and debt obligations for at least 12 months following the issuance date of these financial statements. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern will require the Company to raise additional capital to fund the Company's operations and there can be no assurance that additional financing will be available to the Company or that such financing, if available, will be available on terms acceptable to the Company. Accordingly, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months following the issuance date of these financial statements.

In order to meet these additional cash requirements, the Company may seek to out-license rights to develop and commercialize its investigational product candidates or sell additional equity or issue debt, convertible debt or other securities that may result in dilution to its stockholders. If the Company raises additional funds through the issuance of debt or convertible debt securities, these securities could have rights senior to those of its shares of Common Stock and could contain covenants that restrict its operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to it, if at all. Additional debt financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting the Company’s ability to take specific actions such as incurring debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. The Company’s failure to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, and financial condition.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position for the periods presented. Certain prior period amounts in the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, accrued research and development expenses, revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, and uncertain tax positions. The Company bases its estimates on its historical experience and on assumptions that it believes are reasonable; however, actual results could significantly differ from those estimates.

Risks and Uncertainties

Any product candidates developed by the Company will require approvals from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or foreign regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that the Company’s current and future product candidates will meet desired efficacy and safety requirements to obtain the necessary approvals. If approval is denied or delayed, it may have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business and its financial statements.

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to other late-stage biopharmaceutical companies including, but not limited to, dependency on the clinical success of the Company’s product candidates, ability to obtain regulatory approval of its product candidates, the need for substantial additional financing to achieve its goals, uncertainty of broad adoption of its approved products, if any, by physicians and consumers, significant competition, untested manufacturing capabilities, and dependence on key individuals and sole source suppliers.

Global economic and business activities continue to face widespread macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainties, including recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, labor shortages, inflation and monetary supply shifts, recession risks and potential disruptions from the ongoing wars in Ukraine and Israel and related sanctions. The Company continues to actively monitor the impact of these macroeconomic and geopolitical factors on its financial condition, liquidity, operations, and workforce. The extent of the impact of these factors on the Company’s operational and financial performance, including its ability to execute its business strategies and initiatives in the expected time frame, will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted; however, any continued or renewed disruption resulting from these factors could negatively impact the Company’s business.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions holding its cash and cash equivalents to the extent recorded in the balance sheets.

Segment Reporting

The Company operates and manages its business asone reportable and operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing novel therapies for serious neurological and disorders with significant unmet medical need. The Company’s chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for allocating and evaluating financial performance. All long-lived assets are maintained in the United States of America.

The Company's segment revenue is derived from a collaboration and license agreement with Kaken Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. (see Note 8). The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss. Net loss is used to monitor budget versus actual results. The measure of segment revenue, segment net loss and segment expenses is reported on the statement of operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total assets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with remaining maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which consist of amounts invested in money market funds, are stated at fair value.

Restricted Cash

The Company had $35 thousand of restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, which is related to collateralized cash in connection with letters of credit issued on behalf of the Company for the security deposits required under operating leases. Short-term restricted cash is included in other current assets on the balance sheets and long-term restricted cash is included in other assets on the balance sheets.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, or an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value measurement establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The Company determined the fair value of financial assets and liabilities using the fair value hierarchy that describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value, as follows:

▪

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

▪

Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

▪

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, term loan, and accrued expenses. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The estimated fair value of the term loan is based on market observable interest rates, which is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement.

Investments

The Company’s investments are classified as available-for-sale and carried at estimated fair values and reported in cash equivalents. Management determines the appropriate classification of the investments at the time they are acquired and evaluates the appropriateness of such classifications at each balance sheet date. Investments with contractual maturities greater than 12 months are considered long-term investments.

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value and recognized in interest and other income, net in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. If neither criteria is met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is related to credit-related factors or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. Credit-related impairment losses, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, are recorded through an allowance for credit losses in interest and other income, net.

Any unrealized losses from declines in fair value below the amortized cost basis as a result of non-credit factors are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, along with unrealized gains. Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in interest and other income, net in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

For purposes of identifying and measuring credit-related impairments, the Company’s policy is to exclude applicable accrued interest from both the fair value and amortized cost basis of the related security. The Company has elected to write-off uncollectible accrued interest receivable balances in a timely manner, which is defined by the Company as when interest due becomes 90 days delinquent. The accrued interest write-off will be recorded by reversing interest income. Accrued interest receivable is recorded in other current assets on the balance sheets.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement includes a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The right-of-use asset includes any lease payments made on or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentives received. The incremental borrowing rate is used in determining the present value of future payments. The Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable lease term. Variable lease expense relates primarily to office lease common area maintenance, insurance, and property taxes, is expensed as incurred, and is excluded from the calculation of the lease liability and right-of-use-asset.

The Company has elected not to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for short-term leases. A short-term lease is a lease with an expected lease term of 12 months or less and which does not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components are accounted for as a single lease component.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and are included in other assets on the balance sheets. Depreciation expense is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the respective asset and begins at the time the asset is placed into service. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and improvements are capitalized.

The useful lives of property and equipment are as follows:

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. There wereno such impairment losses during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

Clinical trial costs are charged to research and development expense as incurred. The Company accrues for expenses resulting from contracts with clinical research organizations (“CROs”), consultants, and clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to us under such contracts. The Company’s policy is to reflect the appropriate expense in the financial statements by matching the appropriate expenses with the period in which services and efforts are expended.

The CRO contracts generally include pass-through fees including, but not limited to, regulatory expenses, investigator fees, laboratory fees and other miscellaneous costs. The Company determines accrual estimates through reports from and discussion with clinical personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of completion of trials, or the services completed. The Company estimates accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known at that time. The clinical trial accrual is dependent, in part, upon the receipt of timely and accurate reporting from the CROs and other third-party vendors.

If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments associated with licensing agreements to acquire exclusive licenses to develop, use, manufacture and commercialize products that have not reached technological feasibility and do not have alternate commercial use are expensed as incurred. Payments made to third parties under these arrangements in advance of the performance of the related services by the third parties are recorded as prepaid expenses until the services are rendered.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenues when, or as, the promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the performance obligation(s) are satisfied.

The Company has entered into a licensing and collaboration agreement that primarily includes the following: (i) upfront cash consideration; (ii) payments associated with achieving certain milestones; and (iii) royalties based on specified percentages of net product sales, if any. At the initiation of an agreement, the Company analyzes each unit of account within the contract to determine if the counterparty is a customer in the context of the unit of account.

At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised and enforceable in a contract with a customer and identifies those distinct goods and services that represent a performance obligation. If a promised good or service is not distinct, the Company combines that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. Promised goods and services that are not material in the context of the contract are not considered performance obligations. Additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer’s discretion are assessed to determine if they provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are considered performance obligations.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. Non-refundable upfront payments are considered fixed consideration and included in the transaction price. At the inception of arrangements that include variable consideration, the Company uses judgment to estimate the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price using the most likely method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur, then the estimated amount is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not included in the transaction price until those approvals are received. For arrangements with licenses of intellectual property that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and if the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes royalty revenue and sales-based milestones at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint and, as necessary, adjusts the estimate of the overall transaction price. Any adjustments will be recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

If it is determined that multiple performance obligations exist, the transaction price is allocated at the inception of the agreement to all identified performance obligations based on the relative standalone selling prices, unless the consideration is variable and meets the criteria to be allocated entirely to one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract. Other components of the transaction price are allocated based on the relative standalone selling price, over which the Company applies significant judgment. The Company develops assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for license-related performance obligations under the adjusted market assessment approach, which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, discount rates and probabilities of success.

Revenue is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue over time by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the relevant performance obligation using an appropriate input method based on the nature of the good or service promised to the customer. The Company uses judgment to assess the nature of the performance obligation to determine whether the performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided.

If a customer pays consideration, or the Company has an unconditional right to the consideration, before the satisfaction of the revenue recognition criteria, the amounts are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s balance sheet. The current portion of deferred revenue represents the amount of the performance obligation that is expected to be satisfied within the next twelve months. Amounts recognized as revenue prior to receipt or before they are due are recorded as contract assets in the Company’s balance sheet, excluding any amounts presented as accounts receivable. If the Company has an unconditional right to receive consideration, the contract assets are accounted for as accounts receivable and presented separately from contract assets. A net contract asset or liability is presented for each contract with a customer.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses include, but are not limited to, purchases of acquired in-process research and development, personnel costs, fees paid to external entities that conduct certain non-clinical and clinical development activities on our behalf, manufacturing costs, outside service and consulting costs, and allocated overhead, including rent. Assets acquired that are utilized in research and development that have no alternative future use are also expensed as incurred. Purchases of acquired in-process research and development are included as an operating activity on the statements of cash flow.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation using a fair value-based method, which requires the recognition of compensation expense for costs related to all stock-based payments including stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and purchase rights under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The Company estimates the fair value of stock options and purchase rights granted under the ESPP on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is impacted by the fair value of the Company’s common stock, as well as changes in assumptions regarding a number of variables. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions which include the following:

▪

Expected Term. The expected term is based on the simplified method, as the Company’s stock options have the following characteristics: (i) granted at-the-money; (ii) exercisability is conditioned upon service through the vesting date; (iii) termination of service prior to vesting results in forfeiture; (iv) limited exercise period following termination of service; and (v) options are non-transferable and non-hedgeable, or “plain vanilla” options, and the Company has limited history of exercise data. For the ESPP, the expected term is based on the term of the purchase period.

▪

Expected Volatility. The expected volatility is estimated using a combination of historical volatilities of the Company's stock and that of comparable publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies. In evaluating similarity, the Company considered factors such as market capitalization, stage of development, area of specialty, and stock-specific attributes. The Company will continue to apply this process and analyze the historical stock price volatility and expected term assumptions as more historical data for the Company’s common stock becomes available.

▪

Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury constant maturity rates with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options.

▪

Expected Dividend Rate. The Company has never paid any dividends and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, used an expected dividend rate of zero in the valuation model.

▪

Forfeitures. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The fair value of RSUs, including RSUs subject to performance-based vesting conditions, is based on the grant-date fair value of the Company's stock price.

The Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

For options and RSUs that vest upon the satisfaction of certain performance conditions, the Company recognizes compensation expense when it becomes probable that the performance conditions will be met. When the criteria are deemed probable of being met, the Company records cumulative compensation expense in the period the performance criteria are deemed probable of being met and recognizes the remaining compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining period for which the performance criteria are expected to be completed.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. The Company estimates actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differences in accounting for reporting purposes and tax purposes for certain items, such as accruals and allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the Company’s statements of operations and comprehensive loss become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws or when net operating loss or credit carryforwards are utilized. Accordingly, realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets is dependent on future taxable income against which these deductions, losses and credits can be utilized.

The Company assesses the likelihood that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent the Company believes that recovery is not likely, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. The assessment of whether or not a valuation allowance is required often requires significant judgment, including the forecast of future taxable income and on-going prudent and feasible tax planning initiatives. Based upon the weight of available evidence, the Company has determined that net deferred tax assets should be fully offset by a valuation allowance. When the Company establishes or reduces the valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets, its provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period such determination is made.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 740. Tax positions are evaluated in a two-step process, whereby the Company first determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination by tax authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on technical merit. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, it is then measured to determine the amount of benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50%likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpaymentof income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. To date, there have been no interest or penalties charged in relation to unrecognized tax benefits.

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss represents the net loss for the period and other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive loss reflects certain gains and losses that are recorded as a component of stockholders’ equity and are not reflected in the statements of operations. The Company’s other comprehensive loss consists of changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, net of tax. There was no income tax effect related to unrealized gains and losses during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, outstanding stock options, RSUs, and shares expected to be issued pursuant to the ESPP are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Because the Company has reported a net loss for all periods presented, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share for those periods.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an emerging growth company (“EGC”) as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”) and may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with those standards. The Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”) which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through additional disclosures about significant segment expenses, including for single reportable segment entities. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-07 should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted the standard for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2024 and the adoption did not have any impact to the Company's financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures(“ASU 2023-09”) requiring enhancements and further transparency to certain income tax disclosures, most notably the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis and retrospective application is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses(“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items on an annual and interim basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15,

2027. Early adoption is permitted and can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

2028. Fair Value Measurements

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company classifies money market funds as Level 1 investments as the Company uses quoted prices in active markets for identical assets to determine the fair value.

The following table summarizes the Company's financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

There wereno debt or equity securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The estimated fair value of the term loan was$2.0 million and$3.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was based on market observable interest rates, a Level 2 input.

The Company didnot have any financial liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

4. Balance Sheet Components

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, accrued research and development expenses were primarily related to the Allievex asset purchase (see Note 8).

5. Leases

The Company leases space under a non-cancelable operating lease, which requires the Company to pay base rent, real estate taxes, insurance, general repairs, and maintenance.

In December 2022, the Company entered into a non-cancelable operating lease for approximately 6,500 square feet of office space in South San Francisco, California, which commenced in December 2022 and expires in

February 2028 (the“South San Francisco Lease”). Total minimum rental payments for the South San Francisco Lease are $1.7 million over the lease term. The Company has an option to extend the lease term of the South San Francisco Lease for an additional three years which has not been included in the lease term as it is not reasonably certain that the Company will exercise this option. The Company will also be responsible for the payment of additional rent to cover the Company's share of the annual operating and tax expense for the building. Under the terms of the South San Francisco Lease, the Company issued a letter of credit to the landlord of $29 thousand, which is collateralized by a restricted cash deposit of $35 thousand.

Other information related to the operating lease was as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

Variable lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was immaterial.

Future minimum lease commitments under the Company’s leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

6. Term Loan

In September 2019, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement, as subsequently amended (the “Loan Agreement”) with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) providing for a term loan (the “Term Loan”) for an aggregate principal amount of $4.5 million.

In September 2019 and in connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company issued a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 49,609 shares of Common Stock at $1.44 per share. The Company determined the initial fair value of the warrant to be $0.1 million using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of the warrant was recorded to equity and as a debt discount, which was being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the Term Loan. In November 2020, the warrant was net-exercised for 46,358 shares of Common Stock.

In March 2021, the Company entered into a First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (the “First Amendment”), which increased the aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan to $30.0 million, of which $20.0 million was immediately available under the first tranche (“First Tranche”) and $10.0 million was available under the second tranche through December 31, 2022 (“Second Tranche”), subject to the completion of certain clinicalor financial milestones. Pursuant to the First Amendment, the Term Loan will mature on January 1, 2026 (the “Maturity Date”).

In May 2022, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), which amended the milestones for the Second Tranche, added a liquidity covenant for the Second Tranche and amended the interest and prepayment terms.

As of December 31, 2024, the carrying value of the Term Loan was$1.7 million, consisting of the outstanding principal under the First Tranche of$1.8 million, less unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of$11 thousand which are being amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the Term Loan. Commitments available under the Second Tranche of $10.0 million expired on December 31, 2022.

The Loan Agreement provided for monthly cash interest-only payments following the funding date of each respective tranche and continuing thereafter through December 31, 2022. The Term Loan is subject to a floating per annum interest rate equal to the greater of (a)0.50% above the Prime Rate (as defined in the Loan Agreement) or (b)3.75%. Following the interest-only period, the outstanding Term Loan balance is payable in (i)37 consecutive monthly payments after the end of the interest-only period and continuing on the same day of each month thereafter, in amounts that would fully amortize such Term Loan balance, as of the first business day of the first month following the amended interest-only period, over the repayment period, plus (ii) monthly payments of accrued but unpaid interest. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the stated interest rate of the Term Loan was 8.0% and 9.0%, respectively.

The final payment is due on the Maturity Date and includes all outstanding principal plus accrued unpaid interest and an end of term payment totaling $0.3 million, which is 6.0% of the original funded principal amount of the First Tranche (the “Supplemental Final Payment”). The Company may prepay amounts outstanding under the Term Loan at any time provided certain notification conditions are met, in which case, all outstanding principal plus accrued and unpaid interest, the Supplemental Final Payment, a prepayment fee of 1% or 2% of the principal amount of the First Tranche, and any bank expenses become due and payable.

The Company is subject to customary affirmative and restrictive covenants under the Loan Agreement. The Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of its current and future assets, other than intellectual property. The Company also agreed not to encumber its intellectual property assets, except as permitted by the Loan Agreement.

The Loan Agreement also contains customary indemnification obligations and customary events of default, including, among other things, the Company’s failure to fulfill certain obligations under the Loan Agreement and the occurrence of a material adverse change in its business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise), a material impairment of the prospect of repayment of any portion of the loan, or a material impairment in the perfection or priority of lender’s lien in the collateral or in the value of such collateral. In the event of default by the Company under the Loan Agreement, the lender would be entitled to exercise their remedies thereunder, including the right to accelerate the debt, upon which the Company may be required to repay all amounts then outstanding under the Loan Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Loan Agreement and there has been no material adverse change.

As of December 31, 2024, future payments of principal and interest are as follows (in thousands):

7. Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company evaluates the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome in legal or regulatory proceedings to which it is a party and records a loss contingency on an undiscounted basis when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These judgments are subjective and based on the status of such legal proceedings, the merits of the Company’s defenses, and consultation with legal counsel. Actual outcomes of these legal proceedings may differ materially from the Company’s estimates. The Company estimates accruals for legal expenses when incurred as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time.

See Note 8 for discussion over contingent liabilities related to the Allievex asset purchase as well as other commitments associated with the Company's license and collaboration agreements.

Legal Matters

The Company’s industry is characterized by frequent claims and litigation, including claims regarding intellectual property. As a result, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings from time to time. The results of any future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. The Company was not subject to any material legal proceedings during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and management is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations.

8. License and Purchase Agreements

Eli Lilly and Company

In May 2016, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Lilly License Agreement”), with Eli Lilly and Company (“Lilly”). Pursuant to the terms of the Lilly License Agreement, Lilly granted the Company an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing, sublicensable license under certain technology, patent rights, know-how and proprietary materials related to certain compounds, to research, develop, and commercialize such compounds for all pharmaceutical uses.

As partial consideration for the rights granted to the Company under the Lilly License Agreement, the Company made a one-time upfront payment to Lilly of $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2016, which was recorded as research and development expense as there was no alternative use due to the early stage of the technology. The Company is also required to pay Lilly up to an aggregate of $23.0 million upon the achievement, during the time the Lilly License Agreement remains in effect, of certain milestones relating to the clinical development and commercial sales of products licensed under the Lilly License Agreement. Such payments are for predetermined fixed amounts, are paid only upon the first occurrence of each event, and are due shortly after achieving the applicable milestone. In addition, the Company is required to pay Lilly tiered royalties on annual worldwide net sales with rates ranging from mid-single-digits to sub-teens. No additional amounts were paid by the Company to Lilly during any of the periods presented, nor were due as of such dates pursuant to the Lilly License Agreement.

The Lilly License Agreement will remain in effect, unless earlier terminated, until the expiration of the royalty payment obligations. Royalties are payable on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis from the first commercial sale of the product until the later of (i) the tenth anniversary of the date of first commercial sale in such country, (ii) the expiration in such country of the last-to-expire licensed patent having a valid claim covering the manufacture, use or sale of the licensed product as commercialized in such country, and (iii) the expiration of any data or regulatory exclusivity period for the licensed product in such country.

Kaken Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.

On January 5, 2023, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement (the “Kaken License Agreement”) with Kaken Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (“Kaken”). Under the terms of the Kaken License Agreement, the Company granted to Kaken the exclusive right to develop, manufacture and commercialize the Company’s product candidate, tildacerfont, for the treatment of CAH in Japan. Pursuant to the Kaken License Agreement, Kaken will be responsible for securing and maintaining regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize tildacerfont in Japan. The Company will retain all rights to tildacerfont in all other geographies.

Pursuant to the Kaken License Agreement, Kaken made an upfront payment to the Company of $15.0 million in April 2023. In addition to the upfront payment, the Company is entitled to receive up to an aggregate of approximately $65.0 million (at exchange rates in effect on the date of the Kaken License Agreement) upon the achievement of specified milestones related to the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of tildacerfont in Japan, including the achievement of specified net sales thresholds, if approved. Kaken has agreed to pay the Company a non-creditable, non-refundable specified purchase price for each unit of Company-manufactured product supplied to Kaken for commercial sale. In addition, the Company will also be entitled to receive a royalty for each unit of non-Company manufactured product sold equal to a range of double-digit percentages up to the mid-twenties based on annual net sales of tildacerfont in Japan. Both the purchase price for each unit and the royalty rate are subject to reduction in certain circumstances as specified in the Kaken License Agreement. Kaken’s obligation to pay royalties will continue for ten years after the first commercial sale in Japan or, if later, until the expiration of regulatory exclusivity of tildacerfont or the expiration of the last valid claim of a Company-licensed patent covering tildacerfont in Japan.

The Company identified a combined performance obligation consisting of the license and know-how granted to Kaken as well as certain non-contingent research and development activities. The Company determined that the transaction price at the inception of the Kaken License Agreement consisted of the upfront payment of $15.0 million. The transaction price was recognized as revenue using the cost-based input method over the estimated period of its non-contingent research and development obligations, which was approximately two years. The transaction price has been fully recognized as of December 31, 2024 as the performance obligation was satisfied.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized collaboration revenue of$4.9 million and $10.1 million, respectively.

HMNC Holding GmbH

In May 2024, the Company entered into a license, development and option agreement (the “HMNC Agreement”) with HMNC Holding GmbH (“HMNC”). Under the terms of the HMNC Agreement, HMNC will fund and conduct a Phase 2 proof-of-concept study of tildacerfont in MDD patients, who will be screened using Cortibon Genetic Selection Tool (“Cortibon”), HMNC’s proprietary genetic selection tool.

The Company has an option to in-license exclusive worldwide rights to Cortibon after completion of the study, if results are positive. If the Company exercises its option, it will be responsible for the future worldwide development and commercialization of tildacerfont and Cortibon for the treatment of MDD under a collaboration framework that leverages HMNC’s ongoing expertise in precision psychiatry and companion diagnostics. Pursuant to the license terms, HMNC would be entitled to receive certain milestone payments and tiered royalties on net sales of tildacerfont in MDD.

No amounts were paid to the Company during any of the periods presented, nor were due as of such dates pursuant to the HMNC Agreement.

Allievex Corporation

On October 4, 2024, the Company entered into that certain Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Allievex Purchase Agreement”) with AVX (ABC), LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, in its sole and limited capacity as the assignee for the benefit of creditors of Allievex Corporation (“Allievex”). Pursuant to the Allievex Purchase Agreement, the Company acquired all intellectual property and inventory relating to Allievex's product candidates and that certain Exclusive License Agreement, by and between BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (“BioMarin”) and Allievex, dated October 22, 2019 (the “BioMarin License Agreement”).

As consideration, the Company paid $5.0 million to Allievex in November 2024. The Company will also assume certain liabilities of Allievex of $11.7 million, of which $5.6 million was paid as of December 31, 2024 and the remaining $6.1 million is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the balance sheet. The amount accrued includes certain contingent liabilities that are deemed both probable and estimable. The Company has also recorded an estimated receivable of $1.9 millionin other current assets on the balance sheet as contingent consideration expected to be returned related to the assumed liabilities. The receivable is contingent upon the completionof the Allievex bankruptcy proceedings and has been recorded as the Company deems the amount to be both probable and estimable. The Company also incurred transaction costs of $0.3 million.

The Company concluded that the assets purchased in conjunction with the Allievex Purchase Agreement represent an asset acquisition whereby the underlying assets comprise in-process research and development assets with no alternative future use. Therefore, the aggregate net acquisition cost of $15.1 million, related to the upfront cash payment, the liabilities assumed and the estimated contingent consideration expected to be returned, was recognized as acquired in-process research and development expense, which is reported as a component of research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company also assumed the obligations of Allievex to pay BioMarin up to an aggregate of $88.0 million upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestones (up to $22.5 million for the first MPSIIIB product) and up to an aggregate of $100.0 million per licensed product upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. In addition, the Company is required to pay to BioMarin certain (i) high-single digit to low-double digit tiered royalties on aggregate annual net sales of licensed MPS IIIB products and (i) mid-to-high single digit tiered royalties on aggregate annual net sales of licensed products other than MPS IIIB products, in each case during the applicable royalty term, subject to certain customary reductions and floors.

The Company may terminate the BioMarin License Agreement at any time for convenience upon prior written notice provided within a specified period of time. BioMarin may terminate the BioMarin License Agreement upon written notice if we (i) challenge the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the patents licensed by us under the BioMarin License Agreement, subject to certain conditions, or (ii) cease all material research and development activity for any licensed product for a specified period of time, subject to certain exceptions. Either the Company or BioMarin may also terminate the BioMarin License Agreement (i) in the event the other party shall have materially breached its obligations thereunder and such default shall have continued for a specified period after written notice thereof or (ii) upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party.

Twist Bioscience Corporation

On December 20, 2024, the Company entered into an antibody license agreement (the “Twist Antibody License Agreement”) with Twist Bioscience Corporation (“Twist”). Under the terms of the Twist License Agreement, the Company obtained (i) a license for purposes of evaluating a certain antibody during the research term and (ii) an exclusive option to acquire an exclusive, non-transferable and royalty-bearing world-wide license, with the right to sublicense, to (a) research and develop the antibody, (b) incorporate the antibody into products and (c) commercialize such products (the “Twist Option”). The Twist Option can be exercised during the research term, which is initially six months.

As consideration, the Company paid $0.5 million to Twist in February 2025. The Company can extend the research term by an additional six months by making an extension payment of $0.5 million. The Company can exercise the Twist Option by making an exercise payment of $1.5 million. As of December 31, 2024, the research term will expire in June 2025.

The Company concluded that the rights acquired under the Twist License Agreement have no alternative future use. Therefore, the consideration paid of $0.5 million was recognized as acquired in-process research and development expense, which is reported as a component of research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2024. The consideration of $0.5 million is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the balance sheet of December 31, 2024.

The Company is also required to pay Twist up to an aggregate of $5.0 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory milestone and up to $125.0 million per product upon the achievement of certain sales milestones by each such product. In addition, the Company is required to pay Twist tiered royalties on annual net sales with rates ranging in the mid to high-single digit. No additional amounts were paid by the Company to Twist nor were due as of December 31, 2024 pursuant to the Twist License Agreement.

The Twist License Agreement will remain in effect until the expiration of the research term except if the Company exercises the Twist Option, then the Twist License Agreement will remain in effect, unless earlier terminated, until the expiration of the royalty payment obligations. Royalties are payable on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis from the first commercial sale of the product until expiration.

9. Capital Structure

Common Stock

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company was authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value common stock, respectively. Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to dividends if and when declared by the Board of Directors of the Company (“Board of Directors”). The holder of each share of common stock is entitled toone vote. As of December 31, 2024, no dividends were declared.

Common stock reserved for future issuance, on an as converted basis, consisted of the following:

10. Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) in October 2020. The 2020 Plan is a successor to and continuation of the Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) and provides for the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and other stock or cash-based awards to individuals who are then employees, officers, directors or consultants. A total of 2,647,684 shares of common stock were approved to be initially reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan. In addition, the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan will be automatically increased on the first day of each calendar year during theten-year term of the 2020 Plan, beginning with January 1, 2021 and ending with January 1, 2030, by an amount equal to 5% of the outstanding number of shares of the Company’s common stock on December 31st of the preceding calendar year or such lesser amount as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. Following the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan, no further grants will be made under the 2016 Plan; however, shares subject to awards granted under the 2016 Plan will continue to be governed by the 2016 Plan.

The Board of Directors determines the per share exercise price of each stock option, which for ISOs shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share on the date of grant; provided that the exercise price of an ISO granted to a stockholder who at the time of grant owns stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock (a 10% stockholder) shall not be less than 110% of the fair market value of a share on the date of grant.

The Board of Directors determines the period over which options vest and become exercisable. Options granted to new employees generally vest over afour-year period:25% of the shares vest on the first anniversary from the vesting commencement date of the option and an additional 1/48th of the shares vest on each monthly anniversary thereafter, subject to the employee’s continuous service through each vesting date.

The Board of Directors also determines the term of options, provided the maximum term for ISOs granted to a 10% stockholder must be no longer than five years from date of grant and the maximum term for all other options must be no longer thanten years from date of grant. If an option holder’s service terminates, options generally terminate three months from the date of termination except under certain circumstances, such as death or disability.

Under the 2020 Plan and the 2016 Plan, individuals can be granted the ability to early exercise their options. There wereno shares, related to the early exercise of options, subject to repurchase by the Company as of

December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024,2,001,335 shares remained available for issuance under the 2020 Plan andno shares remained available for issuance under the 2016 Plan.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

The aggregate intrinsic values of options outstanding and exercisable were calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock as of the respective balance sheet date. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.3 million and immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The total fair value of options vested was$2.1 million and$4.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

A summary of the Company’s RSU activity and related information is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the weighted average fair value of RSUs granted was$1.59 per share. The total fair value of RSUs vested was$2.8 million and$0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted 1,698,400 RSUs, including 903,050 RSUs subject to time-based vesting in installments through August 2028 and 795,350 RSUs subject to performance-based vesting conditions related to the satisfaction of certain clinical development milestones.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has 512,800 RSUs outstanding subject to performance-based vesting conditions, of which none are considered probable of achievement.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company’s Board of Directors adopted and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) in October 2020. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation. At the end of each purchase period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock as of the offering date or the applicable purchase date. A total of 220,640 shares of common stock were approved to be initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP. Inaddition, the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the ESPP will be automatically increased on the first day of each calendar year during the firstten-years of the term of the ESPP, beginning with January 1, 2021 and ending with January 1, 2030, by an amount equal to the lessor of (i)1% of the outstanding number of shares of the Company’s common stock on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, (ii)441,280 shares of common stock or (iii) such lesser amount as determined by the Board of Directors.

Except for the initial offering period, the ESPP provides for 24-month offering periods starting every January 1 st and July 1 st, each consisting of four six-month purchase periods. As of December 31, 2024,926,767 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the ESPP.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted-average fair value of options granted was$0.64 and$1.65 per share, respectively.

The Company estimated the fair value of stock options and purchase rights under ESPP using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with the following weighted-average assumptions:

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, RSUs and ESPP that is included in the Company’s statements of operations and comprehensive loss (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately$2.8 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to awards that are expected to vest, which is expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average vesting term of 1.4 years.

11. Income Taxes

The Company didnot have any income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

Management regularly assesses the ability to realize deferred tax assets recorded based upon the weight of available evidence, including such factors as recent earnings history and expected future taxable income on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis. In the event that the Company changes its determination as to the amount of realizable deferred tax assets, the Company will adjust its valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The Company’s management believes that, based on a number of factors, it is more likely than not, that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized; and accordingly, for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company has provided a valuation allowance against the Company’s U.S. net deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance increased by$18.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in tax credits (primarily related to orphan drug), an increase in current year capitalization of Section 174 research and experimental costs and the addition of an IP intangible for tax purposes associated with the Allievex asset purchase. The valuation allowance increased by$16.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in the net operating loss (primarily from pre-tax book loss) and the current year capitalization of Section 174 research and experimental costs.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of approximately$128.1 million and$123.0 million, respectively, both of which will begin to expire in 2036 with the exception of$120.9 million of the Company's federal net operating losses that carry over indefinitely.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal general business credit and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately$32.3 million and$2.4 million, resp ectively. The federal general business credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2036 while the California research credit carryforwards have an indefinite life.

The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, imposes restrictions on the utilization of net operating losses in the event of an “ownership change” of a corporation. Accordingly, a company’s ability to use net operating losses may be limited as prescribed under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (“IRC Section 382”). Events which may cause limitations in the amount of the net operating losses that the Company may use in any one year include, but are not limited to, a cumulative ownership change of more than 50% over a three-year period. Utilization of the federal and state net operating losses may be subject to substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the IRC Section 382 and similar state provisions.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and California state jurisdiction. The Company is not currently under audit by the Internal Revenue Service or any other similar state, local, or foreign authority. All tax years remain open to examination by major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.

Uncertain Income Tax Positions

The Company had approximately$4.3 million and$3.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No liability related to uncertain tax positions is recorded in the financial statements due to the fact the liabilities have been netted against deferred attribute carryovers. The unrecognized tax benefits would not impact the annual effective tax rate if recognized because the Company has recorded a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets. The Company does not expect the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to materially change in the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company hasnot recognized any tax-related penalties or interest in its financial statements.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of the unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

12. 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan

In December 2017, the Company adopted a plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “401(k) Plan”) for all employees who have met certain eligibility requirements. Under the 401(k), employees may elect to contribute a portion of their eligible compensation, subject to certain limitations. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred expense of$0.1 million.

13. Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

Basic net loss per share was the same as diluted net loss per share for all periods as the inclusion of potentially dilutive securities would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations were as follows:

14. Subsequent Events

On January 15, 2025, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement (the “HBM License Agreement”) with HBM Alpha Therapeutics, Inc. (“HBM”). Under the terms of the HBM License Agreement, HBM granted the Company a limited exclusivity, royalty bearing, and sublicensable license to certain technology, patent rights, manufacturing rights, know-how, and proprietary materials relating to certain compounds developed by HBM. As consideration, in January 2025, the Company made a one-time upfront payment to HBM of $5.0 million and issued a pre-funded warrant that will be equal to 4.99% of the Company's outstanding common stock as of the date of issuance of such warrant. The Company is also required to pay HBM development and regulatory milestone payments, sales milestone payments and royalties on net sales.