Rein Therapeutics, Inc.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

1. Nature of the Business

On January 10, 2025, Aileron Therapeutics, Inc., or Aileron, amended its Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, to effect a change of the Company’s name from “Aileron Therapeutics, Inc.” to “Rein Therapeutics, Inc.” (“Rein” or the “Company”). The name change became effective at 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time on January 10, 2025.

The Board of Directors of the Company, or the Board, approved the name change pursuant to Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. The name change does not affect the rights of the Company’s stockholders, and there were no other changes to the Certificate of Incorporation. A copy of the certificate of amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to affect the name change was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.

In connection with the name change, the Board also approved an amendment and restatement of the Company’s Amended and Restated Bylaws solely to reflect the name change (as amended and restated, the “Amended and Restated Bylaws”) effective as of January 10, 2025. A copy of the Amended and Restated Bylaws was filed with the SEC.

Aileron Therapeutics, Inc. was a clinical stage chemoprotection oncology company. Aileron's product candidate, ALRN-6924, was a MDM2/MDMX dual inhibitor that leverages its proprietary peptide drug technology. In February 2023, Aileron decided to terminate further development of ALRN-6924. On October 31, 2024, Aileron entered into an exclusive option agreement with Advancium Health Network, or Advancium, for the sale of ALRN-6924.

The Company is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel therapies for the treatment of fibrosis indications with no approved or limited effective treatments. The Company currently has two product candidates in clinical development, LTI-03 and LTI-01, and multiple candidates in preclinical development focused on fibrosis indications.

On October 31, 2023, the Company acquired Lung Therapeutics, Inc., or Lung Therapeutics or Lung, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 31, 2023, or the Lung Acquisition Agreement, by and among the Company, AT Merger Sub I, Inc., a Delaware corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, or the First Merger Sub, AT Merger Sub II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and its wholly owned subsidiary, or the Second Merger Sub, and Lung. Pursuant to the Lung Acquisition Agreement, First Merger Sub merged with and into Lung, pursuant to which Lung was the surviving entity and became its wholly owned subsidiary, or the First Merger. Immediately following the First Merger, Lung merged with and into Second Merger Sub, pursuant to which Second Merger Sub was the surviving entity, such merger, together with the First Merger, the Lung Acquisition. Lung was incorporated on November 13, 2012 under the laws of the state of Texas. Its principal offices are in Austin, Texas. Following the Lung Acquisition, the Company shifted its operating disease focus to advancing a pipeline of first-in-class medicines to address significant unmet medical needs in orphan pulmonary and fibrosis indications with the potential to greatly improve patient outcomes over currently available treatments. Following expiration of the lease on March 31, 2024, Rein currently operates and expects to operate virtually for the foreseeable future.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to clinical-stage companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to the risk that the Company never achieves profitability, the need for substantial additional financing, the risk of relying on third parties, risks of clinical trial failures, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, and compliance with government regulations. The Company’s lead product candidate, LTI-03, is being developed for the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, or IPF, and has completed a healthy volunteer Phase 1a clinical trial and has conducted a Phase 1b clinical trial in IPF patients. The Company’s second product candidate, LTI-01, is in development for loculated pleural effusion, or LPE. The Company has completed Phase 1b and Phase 2a clinical trials in LPE patients.

Liquidity and Going Concern

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-15, Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying consolidated financial statements are issued. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. Generally, to be considered probable of being effectively implemented, the plans must have been approved before the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates the continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. Through December 31, 2024, the Company has financed its operations primarily through $145,467 in net proceeds from sales of common stock and warrants, $131,211 from sales of preferred stock prior to its initial public offering, or IPO, $34,910 from a collaboration agreement in 2010, $17,536 in net proceeds in connection with a private placement following the Lung Acquisition in 2023, and $17,675 in net proceeds in connection with an underwritten offering of the Company's common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase common stock in May 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $12,865 in cash and cash equivalents.

In May 2024, the Company completed an underwritten follow-on public offering, or the Offering, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 4,273,505 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, or the Offering Shares, and accompanying warrants, or the Offering Warrants, to purchase 4,273,505 shares of common stock, or the Offering Warrant Shares. All of the Offering Shares and Offering Warrants were sold by the Company. Each Offering Share was offered and sold together with an accompanying Offering Warrant at a combined offering price of $4.68, and the underwriter purchased each Offering Share with an accompanying Offering Warrant from the Company at a combined price of $4.35. Net proceeds from the Offering were $17,675, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, and excluding any proceeds that may be received from exercise of the Offering Warrants. As of December 31, 2024, none of the Offering Warrants had been exercised.

On July 26, 2024, the Company entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Citizens JMP Securities, LLC, or Citizens JMP, as agent and/or principal, under which the Company may offer and sell up to $50,000 of shares of its common stock from time to time through or to Citizens JMP. Sales of common stock through or to Citizens JMP may be made by any method that is deemed an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market. There have been no sales on the “at the market” offering through December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 17 for sales on the “at the market” offering subsequent to the consolidated balance sheet date.

Management believes that, based on the Company’s current operating plan, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents of $12,865 as of December 31, 2024 will not be sufficient to enable the Company to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Since its inception, the Company has not generated any revenue from product sales and has never generated an operating profit. The Company has incurred significant losses on an aggregate basis. The Company’s net losses were $62,883 and $15,732 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $351,400. These losses have resulted primarily from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities, licensing and patent investment and general and administrative costs associated with the Company’s operations. Management expects to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. The Company expects to finance its operations primarily through utilization of its current financial resources and through the sale of additional equity or debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or other sources.

The Company plans to address these conditions by, among other things, raising additional funds through equity or debt financings, strategic collaborations, licensing arrangements or other sources. However, there is no assurance that such funding will be available to the Company, will be obtained on terms favorable to the Company or will provide the Company with sufficient funds to meet its objectives. The Company’s funding estimates are based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and the Company could use its available capital resources sooner than it currently expects. If additional funds are not available, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate its research and development programs or future commercialization efforts and its business could be materially harmed. The Company’s future viability is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital, enter into a financing, consummate a successful acquisition, merger, business combination, or a sale of assets or other transaction. If the Company becomes unable to continue as a going concern, it may have to liquidate its assets and the values it receives for its assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in its consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, and as amended by ASUs of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Lung Therapeutics, LLC, Lung Therapeutics Australia Pty Ltd, and Lung Therapeutics Limited. Lung Therapeutics Limited is currently inactive. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses, the prepaid research and development expenses, valuation of intangibles and goodwill, the valuation of warrants, and the value of stock-based compensation. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The functional currency for the Company’s wholly owned foreign subsidiary, Lung Therapeutics Australia Pty Ltd., is the United States dollar. All foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. Periodically, the Company maintains balances in operating accounts above federally insured limits. The Company deposits its cash in financial institutions that it believes have high credit quality. The Company has not experienced any losses on such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents.

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities of its programs, including preclinical and clinical testing. In particular, the Company relied on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to these programs. These programs could have been adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company maintains cash balances in various accounts, including those insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The FDIC provides insurance coverage up to applicable limits for deposits held in participating financial institutions.

The Company considers all short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the acquisition date to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash equivalents are comprised of funds held in money market accounts and treasury bills account and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Fair Value Measurements

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under GAAP. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, or ASC 820, establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable.

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Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 2—Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

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Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s cash equivalents are carried at fair value, determined according to the fair value hierarchy described above (see Note 4). The carrying values of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases under ASC Topic 842, Leases, or ASC 842. Under ASC 842, at inception of a contract, the Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease. For all leases, the Company determines the classification as either operating leases or financing leases. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Lease recognition occurs at the commencement date and lease liability amounts are based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. If a lease does not provide information to determine an implicit interest rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. Right-of-use, or ROU, assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments under the lease. ROU assets also include any lease payments made prior to the commencement date and exclude lease incentives received. Operating lease payments are expensed using the straight-line method as a general and administrative expense over the lease term. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. The Company has elected to apply the practical short-term expedient to leases with a lease term of 12 months or less, which does not subject the leases to capitalization.

The Company had an operating lease of office space. The lease expired March 31, 2024, and the Company did not renew the lease. Following expiration of the lease, the Company is operating virtually, and expects to do so for the foreseeable future.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the amount assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company's indefinite-lived intangible assets, which consist of in-process research and development, or IPR&D, acquired in the Lung Acquisition were recorded at fair value on their acquisition date. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are subject to impairment testing on an annual basis as of December 31 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate a potential impairment. The Company accounts for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles Goodwill and Other, and ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The Company’s goodwill and intangible assets are deductible for tax purposes.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets. Long-lived assets to be held and used are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its fair value, determined based on discounted cash flows.

In performing the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test, the Company is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, including goodwill. In performing the qualitative assessment, the Company considers certain events and circumstances specific to the reporting unit and to the entity as a whole, such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance and cost factors when evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. The Company is also permitted to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative assessment. If the Company chooses to undertake the qualitative assessment and concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company would then proceed to the quantitative impairment assessment. In the quantitative assessment, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount, which includes goodwill. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no impairment loss exists. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, a goodwill impairment loss is measured and recorded.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company recorded an impairment loss on intangible assets of $37,000. For additional details regarding goodwill and intangible assets, refer to Note 6.

Series X Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company has classified its Series X convertible preferred stock, referred to as Series X Preferred Stock, as temporary equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets due to terms that allow for redemption of the shares in cash upon certain change in control events that are outside of the Company’s control, including sale or transfer of control of the Company as holders of the Series X Preferred Stock could cause redemption of the shares in these situations. The Company did not accrete the carrying values of the preferred stock to the redemption values since a liquidation event was not considered probable as of December 31, 2024. Subsequent adjustments of the carrying values to the ultimate redemption values will be made only when it becomes probable that such a liquidation event will occur.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including stock-based compensation and benefits, facilities costs, costs of clinical trials, sponsored research, manufacturing, and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct preclinical development activities and trials.

Costs incurred in obtaining technology licenses are immediately recognized as research and development expense if the technology licensed has not reached technological feasibility and has no alternative future uses.

The Company has entered into various research and development and other agreements with commercial firms, researchers, universities, and others for provisions of goods and services. These agreements are generally cancelable, and the related costs are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. Research and development expenses include costs for salaries, employee benefits, subcontractors, facility-related expenses, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies, and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct discovery, preclinical and clinical development activities, and clinical trials as well as to manufacture clinical trial materials, and other costs. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research and development costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies or clinical trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from the Company’s estimates. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such prepaid expenses are recognized as an expense when the goods have been delivered or the related services have been performed, or when it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered, or the services rendered.

Upfront payments, milestone payments and annual maintenance fees under license agreements are expensed in the period in which they are incurred in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Patent Costs

All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses.

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures all stock options and other stock-based awards granted to employees, directors and non-employee consultants based on the fair value on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense of those awards, net of forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company applies the straight-line method of expense recognition to all awards with only service-based vesting conditions and applies the graded vesting method to all awards with performance-based vesting conditions or both service-based and performance-based vesting conditions.

The Company recognizes compensation expense for only the portion of awards that are expected to vest. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. For performance-based awards, the Company does not recognize expense until the underlying vesting conditions are deemed to be probable of occurrence.

The Company classifies share-based compensation expenses in its consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient's payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient's service payments are classified, either to general and administrative expenses or research and development expenses.

The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company estimates its expected stock volatility using a combination of its own historical stock price volatility and the historical volatilities of a group of peer companies in its industry with similar market characteristics. For options with service-based vesting conditions, the expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The expected term of stock options granted to non-employees is equal to the contractual term of the option award. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The quoted market price of the Company’s common stock is used to estimate the fair value of the stock-based awards at grant date.

Restructuring and Other Costs

The Company incurred restructuring-related charges of $928 for the year ended December 31, 2023 relating to the Company's decision to terminate its Phase 1b breast cancer trial of ALRN-6924 and further development of ALRN-6924. One-time termination costs were in connection with the reduction-in-workforce, including severance, benefits, and related costs. The Company paid all restructuring-related charges during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.

The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Changes in valuation allowances from period to period are included in the Company’s tax provision in the period of change. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or IR Act, was signed into federal law. The IR Act provides for, among other things, a new U.S. federal 1% excise tax on certain repurchases of stock by publicly traded U.S. domestic corporations and certain U.S. domestic subsidiaries of publicly traded foreign corporations occurring on or after January 1, 2023. The excise tax is imposed on the repurchasing corporation itself, not its shareholders from which shares are repurchased. The amount of the excise tax is generally 1% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased at the time of the repurchase. However, for purposes of calculating the excise tax, repurchasing corporations are permitted to net the fair market value of certain new stock issuances against the fair market value of stock repurchases during the same taxable year. In addition, certain exceptions apply to the excise tax. The U.S. Department of the Treasury, or Treasury, has been given authority to provide regulations and other guidance to carry out and prevent the abuse or avoidance of the excise tax.

Any redemption or other repurchase that occurs after December 31, 2022, in connection with a business combination, extension vote or otherwise, may be subject to the excise tax. Whether and to what extent the Company would be subject to the excise tax in connection with a business combination, extension vote or otherwise would depend on a number of factors, including (i) the fair market value of the redemptions and repurchases in connection with the business combination, extension or otherwise, (ii) the structure of a business combination, (iii) the nature and amount of any private investment in public equity, or the PIPE, or other equity issuances in connection with a business combination (or otherwise issued not in connection with a business combination but issued within the same taxable year of a business combination) and (iv) the content of regulations and other guidance from the Treasury. In addition, because the excise tax would be payable by the Company and not by the redeeming holder, the mechanics of any required payment of the excise tax have not been determined. The foregoing could cause a reduction in the cash available on hand to complete a business combination and in the Company’s ability to complete a business combination.

Segment reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer, or CEO. The Company operates and manages its business as asingle operating and reportable segment on a consolidated basis, which is consistent with how its CODM reviews financial performance and allocates resources.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. The Company’s other comprehensive loss in all periods presented includes unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investments and foreign currency translation adjustments.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by adjusting loss per share attributable to common stockholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive common shares. For purpose of this calculation, Series X non-voting convertible preferred stock, outstanding options and warrants to purchase common stock are considered potentially dilutive securities.

Acquisition Accounting

The fair value of the consideration exchanged in a business combination is allocated to tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at acquisition date fair value. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the consideration transferred over the net fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

The accounting for an acquisition involves a considerable amount of judgment and estimation. Cost, income, market or a combination of approaches may be used to establish the fair value of consideration exchanged, assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, depending on the nature of those items. The valuation approach is determined in accordance with generally accepted valuation methods. Key areas of estimation and judgment may include the selection of valuation approaches, cost of capital, market characteristics, cost structure, impacts of synergies, and estimates of terminal value, among other factors.

While the Company uses estimates and assumptions as part of the purchase price allocation process to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with a corresponding offset to goodwill, to the extent that adjustments are identified to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon conclusion of the measurement period, or final determination of the value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to results of operations.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Segment Disclosures, to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted this ASU. The Company has evaluated the impact of the new requirements and prepared the required disclosures. Refer to Note 2 for the Company's segment reporting accounting policy and Note 15 for a summary of the segment loss, including significant segment expenses.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date, to clarify the effective date of ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. FASB clarified that all public business entities should initially adopt the disclosure requirements in the ASU 2024-03 in the first annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently assessing the effect of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, to improve the relevance and consistency in application of the induced conversion guidance in Subtopic 470-20. The ASU 2024-04 is effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of the annual reporting period for all entities that have adopted the amendments in ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity: Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The Company is currently assessing the effect of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of financial information presented in the income statement by requiring disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items. The amendments apply to all public business entities. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently assessing the effect of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements—Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements, that contains amendments to the Codification that remove references to various FASB Concepts Statements. This effort facilitates Codification updates for technical corrections such as conforming amendments, clarifications to guidance, simplifications to wording or the structure of guidance, and other minor improvements. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. Early application of the amendments in this ASU is permitted for all entities, for any fiscal year or interim period for which financial statements have not yet been issued (or made available for issuance). If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company is currently assessing the effect of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards, to improve GAAP by adding an illustrative example that includes four fact patterns to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance in paragraph 718-10-15-3 to determine whether a profits interest award should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it should adopt them as of the beginning of the annual period that includes that interim period. The Company is currently assessing the effect of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring disaggregated information about an entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation, as well as information on taxes paid. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the effect of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Business Acquisition

On October 31, 2023, the Company acquired 100% of Lung, pursuant to the Lung Acquisition Agreement. At the closing of the Lung Acquisition, the Company issued to the stockholders of Lung 344,345 shares of its common stock (excluding 221 fractional shares from the total 344,566 shares pursuant to the Lung Acquisition Agreement) and 19,903 shares of its newly designated Series X non-voting convertible preferred stock, or the Series X Preferred Stock, (excluding 238 fractional shares from the total 20,141 shares pursuant to the Lung Acquisition Agreement). Each share of Series X Preferred Stock is convertible into 1,000 shares of common stock. The Company paid $290 cash in lieu of fractional shares of both common stock and Series X Preferred Stock. In addition, the Company assumed all of Lung’s stock options (1,780,459) and all warrants (726,437) exercisable for Lung common stock immediately outstanding prior to the closing of the Lung Acquisition, each subject to adjustment pursuant to the terms of the Lung Acquisition Agreement.

Immediately following the closing of the Lung Acquisition, on October 31, 2023, the Company entered into a Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with a group of accredited investors, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold (i) an aggregate of 4,707 shares of Series X Preferred Stock, and (ii) warrants, or the PIPE Warrants, to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,353,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, or the PIPE Warrant Shares, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $18,429, which included the conversion of certain convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,553 issued by Lung to Bios Partners, the majority stockholder of Lung prior to the closing of the Lung Acquisition, at a 10% discount to the per share price of the Series X Preferred Stock (collectively, the “PIPE Financing”). The PIPE Financing closed on November 2, 2023. Each share of Series X Preferred Stock is convertible into 1,000 shares of common stock.

The net proceeds from the Financing of approximately $17,536 are expected to be used to advance Rein’s clinical development pipeline, business development activities, working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The Lung Acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting under ASC 805, Business Combinations. Under the acquisition method, the total purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair values as of the date of the acquisition. Consideration transferred is the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred by the acquirer to the former owners of the acquiree, and the equity interests issued by the acquirer tothe former owners of the acquiree (except for the measurement of share-based payment awards). The total purchase price consideration consisted of the following:

The Company recorded the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of the Lung Acquisition based on the information available at that date. The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the Lung Acquisition date:

At the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, or the 2023 Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved the issuance, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(a), of shares of common stock, upon conversion of the Company’s outstanding Series X Preferred Stock. On March 5, 2024, subject to then existing beneficial ownership limitations,11,957 shares of Series X Preferred Stock were automatically converted into 11,957,000 shares of common stock.

4. Fair Value of Financial Assets

The following tables present information about the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values:

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno transfers between levels.

5. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

6. Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company determined that the temporary delay of further clinical development of LTI-01 until additional funds are raised may not be a short-term measure. The assessment of recoverability and impairment was performed at the individual indefinite-lived intangible asset level. The Company concluded that the fair value of the LTI-01 was less than its carrying value and recognized an impairment loss for this asset of approximately $37,000. This impairment charge is classified within impairment loss on intangible assets in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of intangible assets was determined using multi-period excess earning method and using Level 3 inputs, which included estimates of forecasted cash flows for each candidate.

The Company performed an impairment assessment of its goodwill, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that the fair value of goodwill exceeds its carrying value and there were no qualitative factors that would have triggered impairment, thereforeno goodwill impairment was recognized as of December 31, 2024. The fair value of reporting unit was determined using the income approach with a reconciliation to market capitalization.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets consisted of the following:

7. Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following:

The non-current prepaid research and development asset was fully expensed during the year ended December 31, 2024 due to the temporary delay of clinical development of LTI-01.

8. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

9. Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had issued 24,610 shares of Series X Preferred Stock, of which 12,232 shares of Series X Preferred Stock remained outstanding. As of December 31, 2023,24,610 shares of Series X Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding.

On October 31, 2023, under the terms of the Lung Acquisition Agreement, at the closing of the Lung Acquisition, Aileron issued to the stockholders of Lung 344,345 shares of common stock, and 19,903 shares of Series X Preferred Stock.

Immediately following the closing of the Lung Acquisition, on October 31, 2023, Aileron entered into the Purchase Agreement with a group of accredited investors, pursuant to which Aileron issued and sold an aggregate of 4,707 shares of Series X Preferred Stock and PIPE Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,353,500 shares of Aileron common stock. Refer to Note 3 for more details on the PIPE Financing in connection with the Purchase Agreement. Since the Series X Preferred Stock was sold as a unit with the PIPE Warrants according to the Purchase Agreement, the proceeds received were allocated to each instrument on a relative fair value basis. Total gross proceeds of $18,429, less $893 of issuance costs were allocated as follows: $16,795 to the Series X Preferred Stock and $741 to the PIPE Warrants. The Series X Preferred Stock and the PIPE Warrants issued in the PIPE Financing were recorded at par value of $0.001.

At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved the issuance, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(a), of shares of common stock, upon conversion of the Company’s outstanding Series X Preferred Stock. On March 5, 2024, based upon then existing beneficial ownership limitations,11,957 shares of Series X Preferred Stock were automatically converted into 11,957,000 shares of common stock. On May 8, 2024, the Bios Entities (as defined below) provided notice to the Company and converted 421 shares of Series X Preferred Stock held by them into 421,000 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2024,12,232 shares of Series X Preferred Stock (which are convertible into 12,232,000 shares of common stock) remained convertible at the option of the holder thereof, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations (as described below).

The Company evaluated the Series X Preferred Stock for liability classification in accordance with the provisions of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, or ASC 480, and determined that equity treatment was appropriate because the Series X Preferred Stock did not meet the definition of the liability instruments. Specifically, the Series X Preferred Stock is not mandatorily redeemable and does not embody an obligation to buy back the shares outside of the Company’s control in a manner that could require the transfer of assets. The Company determined that the Series X Preferred Stock would be recorded as temporary equity, based on the guidance of ASC 480, given that it is contingently redeemable.

Each share of Series X Preferred Stock is convertible into 1,000 shares of Common Stock. The preferences, rights, and limitations initially applicable to the Series X Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designationof Series X Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, or the Certificate of Designation.

The Series X Preferred Stock has the following characteristics:

Voting

Except as otherwise required by law, the Series X Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series X Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series X Preferred Stock, (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series X Preferred Stock or alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, amend or repeal any provision of, or add any provision to, the Certificate of Incorporation or by-laws of the Company, or file any articles of amendment, certificate of designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights of any series of preferred stock, if such action would adversely alter or change the preferences, rights, privileges or powers of, or restrictions provided for the benefit of the Series X Preferred Stock, (ii) issue further shares of Series X Preferred Stock or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of Series X Preferred Stock, or (iii) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.

Dividends

Holders of Series X Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series X Preferred Stock equal, on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock. Such dividends are not cumulative. Since the Company’s inception, no dividends have been declared or paid.

Liquidation, dissolution or winding up

The Series X Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company.

Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the Series X preferred stockholders shall be entitled to receive an equivalent amount of distributions as would be paid on the common stock underlying the Series X Preferred Stock, determined on an as-converted basis, pari passu with any distributions to the common stock shareholders.

Conversion

The Series X Preferred Stock is convertible into common stock at a rate of 1,000 shares of common stock for every one share of Series X Preferred Stock that is converted. The Series X Preferred Stock is subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, including that a holder of Series X Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of Series X Preferred Stock into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder (together with its affiliates and any other persons acting as a group together with the holder or any of its affiliates) would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be initially set at 19.99% and thereafter adjusted by the holder to a number not to exceed 19.99%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.

Redemption

Shares of the Series X Preferred Stock are not redeemable at the election of the holder.

Maturity

The Series X Preferred Stock shall be perpetual unless converted.

10. Common Stock

On February 28, 2024, the Company held the 2023 Annual Meeting, at which the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, to increase the number ofauthorized shares of common stock of the Company from 45,000,000 to 100,000,000 shares. The Company filed the Certificate of Amendment to implement the increase in the number of authorized shares, which was effective upon filing, with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on February 28, 2024. The additional shares of common stock authorized by the Certificate of Amendment have rights identical to the Company’s currently outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was authorized to issue 100,000,000 and 45,000,000 shares of common stock, respectively, par value $0.001 per share.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 21,666,012 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 4,885,512 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the Company’s Board, if any. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no dividends had been declared.

In the event of liquidation or dissolution, the holders of the common stock are entitled to receive proportionately all assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of any outstanding preferred stock.

Issuance of Common Stock and Warrants

On July 26, 2024, the Company entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Citizens JMP, as agent and/or principal, under which the Company may offer and sell up to $50,000 of shares of its common stock from time to time through or to Citizens JMP. Sales of common stock through or to Citizens JMP may be made by any method that is deemed an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market. The Company did not sell any shares of common stock pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 18 for sales on the “at the market” offering subsequent to the consolidated balance sheet date.

In May 2024, the Company completed the Offering pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 4,273,505 shares of the Company’s common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase 4,273,505 shares of common stock. All of the Offering Shares and Offering Warrants were sold by the Company. Each Offering Share was offered and sold together with an accompanying Offering Warrant at a combined offering price of $4.68, and the underwriter purchased each Offering Share and accompanying Offering Warrant at a combined price of $4.35. Net proceeds from the Offering were approximately $17,675, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, and excluding any proceeds that may be received from exercise of the Offering Warrants. The Offering closed on May 3, 2024.

Each Offering Warrant has an exercise price per share of common stock equal to $4.68. Each Offering Warrant may be exercised until May 1, 2027. Each Offering Warrant is exercisable solely by means of a cash exercise, except that an Offering Warrant is exercisable via cashless exercise if at the time of exercise, a registration statement registering the issuance of Offering Warrant Shares is not then effective or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of Offering Warrant Shares.

The Offering Warrants include certain rights upon “fundamental transactions” as described in the Offering Warrants, including the right of the holders thereof to receive from the Company or a successor entity the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion) that is being offered and paid to the holders of common stock in such fundamental transaction (as described in such Offering Warrants) of the unexercised portion of the applicable Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction. A holder of Offering Warrants (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of an Offering Warrant to the extent that the holder would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder,9.99%) of the Company’s outstanding common stock immediately after exercise.

The Company has assessed the Offering Warrants for appropriate equity or liability classification and determined the Offering Warrants are freestanding instruments that do not meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480 and do not meet the definition of a derivative pursuant to ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or ASC

815. The Offering Warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet all other conditions for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815. Accordingly, the Offering Warrants are classified as equity and accounted for as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. The Offering Warrants were initially recognized at their relative fair value in the amount of $8.0 million at the time of issuance determined using Black-Scholes option-pricing model and will not be remeasured.

The following assumptions were used to perform the Offering Warrants valuation:

At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders also approved the issuance, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(a), of shares of common stock, upon conversion of the Company’s outstanding Series X Preferred Stock. On March 5, 2024, based upon then existing beneficial ownership limitations,11,957 shares of Series X Preferred Stock were automatically converted into 11,957,000 shares of common stock.

On October 31, 2023, Aileron acquired Lung. Under the terms of the Lung Acquisition Agreement, at the closing of the Lung Acquisition, Aileron issued to the stockholders of Lung 344,345 shares of common stock and 19,903 shares of Series X Preferred Stock.

Immediately following the closing of the Lung Acquisition, on October 31, 2023, the Company entered into the Purchase Agreement with a group of accredited investors, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 4,707 shares of Series X Preferred Stock and PIPE Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,353,500 shares of the Company’s common stock. Refer to Note 3 for more details on the PIPE Financing in connection with the Purchase Agreement. The exercise price of the PIPE Warrants is $4.89 per share, subject to certain price and share adjustments, including for stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations, subdivisions, combinations, reclassifications, noncash distributions, and cash dividends. The PIPE Warrants are exercisable on or prior to May 2, 2027. Payment for the PIPE Warrant Shares upon exercise of the PIPE Warrants may be (i) in cash or (ii) in the event that there is no registration statement available for the resale of the PIPE Warrant Shares, by cashless exercise.

Under the terms of the PIPE Warrants, the Company shall not effect the exercise of any portion of any PIPE Warrant, and a holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of any PIPE Warrant, to the extent that after giving effect to such exercise, the holder (together with its affiliates and any other persons acting as a group together with the holder or any of its affiliates), would beneficially own in excess of a percentage elected by the holder up to 19.99% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the PIPE Warrants. However, any holder may, upon written notice to the Company, increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 19.99%; provided that any increase or decrease in such percentage will not be effective until 61 days after such notice is delivered to the Company.

The Company has assessed the PIPE Warrants for appropriate equity or liability classification and determined the PIPE Warrants are freestanding instruments that do not meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480 and do not meet the definition of a derivative pursuant to ASC 815. The PIPE Warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet all other conditions for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815. Accordingly, the PIPE Warrants are classified as equity and accounted for as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. The PIPE Warrants were initially recognized at their relative fair value in the amount of $741 at the time of issuance determined using Black-Scholes option-pricing model and will not be remeasured.

As of December 31, 2024,21,666,012 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding, no shares were held in treasury, and 24,610 shares of Series X Preferred Stock had been issued, of which 12,232 shares of Series X Preferred Stock remained outstanding. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, there were:

•

12,469,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon conversion of the Series X Preferred Stock;

•

3,169,468 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options under existing equity incentive plans;

•

2,330,256 and 7,500 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan (as defined below) and 2017 ESPP (as defined below), respectively, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of the common stock reserved under these plans; and

•

7,353,442 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding warrants. The warrants consist of (i) warrants to purchase 726,437 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $5.66, which expire on May 20, 2029, which were assumed in connection with the Lung Acquisition, (ii) warrants to purchase 2,353,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $4.89 per share, which were issued and sold in the PIPE Financing as described above and expire on May 2, 2027, and (iii) warrants to purchase 4,273,505 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $4.68 per share, which were issued and sold in the Offering as described above and expire on May 3, 2027.

Accordingly, as of December 31, 2024, out of the 100,000,000 shares of common stock presently authorized,46,995,678 shares are issued and outstanding or reserved for issuance and 53,004,322 shares of common stock remain available for future issuance.

11. Compensation

The Company has a 401(k) plan available for participating employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. Eligible employees may defer a portion of their salary as defined by the plan. The Company provides an employer match, which is 100% of employee deferrals up to the first 3% of compensation for the period and 50% of the next 2% of compensation for the period and is immediately vested. The Company made matching contributions in the amount of $101 and $47 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

12. Stock-Based Awards

As of December 31, 2024, the Company hadfive equity compensation plans, each of which was approved by its stockholders: 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, or the 2006 Plan, 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2016 Plan, 2017 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2021 Plan, and 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the 2017 ESPP. The Company also assumed Lung’s 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, or the 2013 Plan, as a result of the Lung Acquisition.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 6,693 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options under the 2006 Plan;8,404 shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options under the 2016 Plan,98,528 shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options under the 2017 Plan, and 1,477,679 shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options under the 2021 Plan. No shares remained available for future awards under the 2006 Plan, the 2016 Plan, and the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2024.

Under the 2021 Plan, shares that are expired, terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised will be available for future awards. In addition, shares of common stock that are tendered to the Company by a participant to exercise an award are added to the number of shares of common stock available for the grant of awards.

The exercise price for stock options granted may not be less than the fair market value of the common stock as of the date of grant.

2021 Stock Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2021 Plan was approved by the Company’s stockholders on June 15, 2021 and became effective on June 16, 2021. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment, or the Plan Amendment, to the 2021 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2021 Plan by 3,000,000 shares to 3,840,254. Other than increasing the number of shares issuable under the 2021 Plan, the Plan Amendment does not make any changes to the 2021 Plan.

Under the 2021 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, awards of restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors are eligible to receive awards under the 2021 Plan; however, incentive stock options may only be granted to employees. The 2021 Plan is administered by the Board or, at the discretion of the Board, by a committee of the Board. The number of shares of common stock covered by options and the date those options become exercisable, type of options to be granted, exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions are determined at the discretion of the Board, or its committee if so delegated.

Stock options granted under the 2021 Plan with service-based vesting conditions generally vest over four years and may not have a duration in excess often years, although options have been granted with vesting terms of less than four years.

The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2021 Plan was 3,840,254 as of December 31, 2024, of which 2,330,256 shares remained available for grant. The Company initially reserved 625,000 shares of common stock, plus the number of shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2017 Plan, the 2016 Plan and the 2006 Plan that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right up to 314,006 shares. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 1,477,679 shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options under the 2021 Plan.

2017 Stock Incentive Plan

The 2017 Plan was approved by the Company’s stockholders on June 16, 2017, and became effective on June 28, 2017. Under the 2017 Plan, the Company could grant incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, awards of restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors were eligible to receive awards under the 2017 Plan; however, incentive stock options could only be granted to employees. The 2017 Plan is administered by the Board or, at the discretion of the Board, by a committee of the Board. The number of shares of common stock covered by options and the date those options become exercisable, type of options granted, exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions were determined at the discretion of the Board, or its committee if so delegated.

Stock options granted under the 2017 Plan with service-based vesting conditions generally vest over four years and may not have a duration in excess often years, although options have been granted with vesting terms of less than four years. The exercise price for stock options granted may not be less than the fair market value of the common stock as of the date of grant.

As of the effective date of the 2021 Plan, the Board determined to grant no further awards under the 2017 Plan.

Shares that are expired, terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised under the 2017 Plan will be available for future awards under the 2021 Plan. In addition, shares of common stock that are tendered to the Company by a participant to exercise an award are added to the number of shares of common stock available for the grant of awards under the 2021 Plan.

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On June 16, 2017, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2017 ESPP, which became effective on June 28, 2017. Under the 2017 ESPP, the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2017 ESPP will automatically increase on each January 1, beginning with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and continuing for each fiscal year until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2027, equal to the least of (i)31,120 shares, (ii)1% of the outstanding shares of common stock on such date and (iii) an amount determined by the Company’s Board. On January 1, 2023 and January 1, 2024, no additional shares were reserved for issuance under the 2017 ESPP pursuant to this provision.7,500 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2017 ESPP as of December 31, 2024.

2013 Stock Incentive Plan

The Company assumed the 2013 Plan as a result of the Lung Acquisition. In October 2013, Lung’s Board of Directors, or the Lung Board, approved the 2013 Plan to provide long-term incentives for its employees, non-employee directors and certain consultants. As of December 31, 2024,1,578,164 shares were reserved to be issued upon exercise of options outstanding under the 2013 Plan. These options were assumed by the Company in connection with the Lung Acquisition.

Before the Lung Acquisition, the 2013 Plan was administered by the Lung Board or, at the discretion of the Lung Board, by a committee of the Lung Board. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions were determined at the discretion of the Lung Board, or its committee if so delegated, except that the exercise price per share of stock options may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the share of common stock on the date of grant and the term of stock option may not be greater thanten years. The contractual term for stock option awards isten years. The vesting periods for equity awards were determined by the Lung Board, but generally were four years. The contractual term for stock option awards isten years. Following the closing of the Lung Acquisition on October 31, 2023, no further awards can be granted under the 2013 Plan.

Stock Option Valuation

The assumptions that the Company used to determine the grant-date fair value of the stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows, presented on a weighted average basis:

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity since January 1,2024:

The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $2.46. The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.80.

The aggregate fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $1,520 and $1,191, respectively.

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $354. There wereno stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options in the following expense categories of its statements of operations and comprehensive loss:

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an aggregate of $2,505 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, which it expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 3.28 years. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an aggregate of $1,702 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, which it expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 1.73 years.

On March 11, 2024, the Company and Manuel C. Alves-Aivado, M.D., Ph.D., agreed that his employment with the Company would cease and he would resign from his position as Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, of the Company, effective as of March 11, 2024. Dr. Aivado remains a member of the Company’s Board. Dr. Aivado’s resignation from the Company was not the result of any disagreement with the Company on any matter relating to its operations, policiesor practices. As a non-employee director, following the separation date, Dr. Aivado will be compensated in accordance with the terms of the Company’s non-employee director compensation program. In addition, Dr. Aivado will continue to vest in all unvested stock option awards pursuant to the amended vesting terms. The resignation of Dr. Aivado as CEO was considered a significant reduction in service and his original awards were deemed to have been modified and accounted for as a Type III modification with no material effect on these consolidated financial statements.

13. Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was calculated as follows:

The Company’s potential dilutive securities, which include stock options as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders whenever the effect of including them would be to reduce the net loss per share. In periods where there is a net loss, the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. The following potential shares of common stock, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

14. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

On August 16, 2021, Lung entered into an operating lease agreement to rent approximately 6,455 square feet of office space for its corporate headquarters in Austin, Texas, beginning on October 1, 2021. The lease expired March 31, 2024, and the Company did not renew the lease. Following expiration of the lease, the Company is operating virtually, and expects to do so for the foreseeable future.

Legal Proceedings

The Company may from time to time be party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was not party to any legal proceedings and no material legal proceedings are currently pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, threatened.

Intellectual Property Licenses

Harvard and Dana-Farber Agreement

In August 2006, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with President and Fellows of Harvard College, or Harvard, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, or DFCI. The agreement granted the Company an exclusive worldwide license, with the right to sublicense, under specified patents and patent applications to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize specified product candidates based on cell-permeating peptides. Under the agreement, the Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize one or more licensed products and to achieve specified milestone events by specified dates. In connection with entering into the agreement, the Company paid an upfront license fee and issued to Harvard and DFCI shares of its common stock.

In February 2010, the agreement was amended and restated, or the Harvard/DFCI agreement, under which additional patent rights were added to the scope of the license agreement and the annual license maintenance fees were increased. Under the Harvard/DFCI agreement, the Company is obligated to make aggregate milestones payments of up to $7,700 per licensed therapeutic product upon the Company’s achievement of specified clinical, regulatory and sales milestones with respect to such product and up to $700 per licensed diagnostic product upon the Company’s achievement of specified regulatory and sales milestones with respect to such product. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay royalties of low single-digit percentages on annual net sales of licensed products sold by the Company, its affiliates or its sublicensees. The royalties are payable on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis and may be reduced in specified circumstances. In addition, the agreement obligates the Company to pay a percentage, up to the mid-twenties, of fees received by the Company in connection with its sublicense of the licensed products. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, the Company’s sublicense payment obligations may be subject to specified reductions.

The Harvard/DFCI agreement requires the Company to pay annual license maintenance fees of $110 each year, which was reduced to $35 starting in 2023. Any payments made in connection with the annual license maintenance fees will be credited against any royalties due.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had not developed a commercial product using the licensed technologies and no royalties under the agreement had been paid or were due.

Under the Harvard/DFCI agreement, the Company is responsible for all patent expenses related to the prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents and applications in-licensed under the agreement as well as cost reimbursement of amounts incurred for all documented patent-related expenses. The agreement will expire on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis upon the last to expire of any valid patent claim pertaining to licensed products covered under the agreement. The Company incurred $35 in license maintenance fees during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Agreement with the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler

In June 2013, the Company entered into a patent and technology license agreement with UT System, on behalf of UTHSCT. The patent and technology license agreement with UT System, or the UTHSCT Agreement, provides the Company access to patents and technology related to the development of LTI-01 and LTI-03. As part of the UTHSCT Agreement, the Company has (i) a royalty-bearing, exclusive license under the patent rights to manufacture, distribute, and sell certain intellectual property; (ii) a non-exclusive license under the technology rights to manufacture, distribute and sell the licensed product; and (iii) a sublicensing right that allows the Company to grant sublicenses to affiliates and third parties to use the licensed product in the field of use and approved territories outlined in the UTHSCT Agreement. In December 2013, the UTHSCT Agreement was amended and restated to include certain patents in all fields worldwide. In May 2017, the UTHSCT Agreement was amended and restated to modify the specific milestone criteria.

In consideration of the UTHSCT Agreement, the Company agreed to pay past and ongoing patent expenses, and the Company owes UTHSCT sublicensing fees, assignment fees, and single digit royalties on worldwide net product sales, with fixed minimum royalty payments that started in 2015.

Pursuant to the UTHSCT Agreement, the Company is required to use diligent efforts to commercialize the licensed technology as soon as commercially practicable, including maintaining active research and development, regulatory, marketing and sales program, all as commercially reasonable.

The Company may terminate the UTHSCT Agreement for convenience with 90 days’ notice. UTHSCT may also terminate the UTHSCT Agreement, but only if the Company breaches the terms of the agreement. The Company incurred $100 in a minimum royalty fee during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Agreement with the University of Texas at Austin

In May 2015, the Company entered into a patent license agreement with UT Austin on behalf of UT System. This license agreement with UT Austin, or the UT Austin 6607 Agreement, relates to the patent rights to polypeptide therapeutics and uses thereof. Pursuant to the UT Austin 6607 Agreement the Company has (i) a royalty-bearing, exclusive license under the patent rights to manufacture, distribute, and sell the licensed product; and (ii) a sublicensing right that allows the Company to grant sublicenses to affiliates and third parties to use the licensed product in the field of use and approved territories outlined in the agreement. The UT Austin 6607 Agreement was amended and restated in January 2017, November 2018, and June 2019. The amendments related to extension of milestone payment dates and specific terminology around the milestone achievement criteria.

In consideration of the UT Austin 6607 Agreement, the Company agreed to pay past and ongoing patent expenses, milestone fees upon certain development and regulatory milestone events, annual license fees, tiered sublicense fees, assignment fees, low single digit royalties on net sales and a Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, Priority Review Voucher fee if the Company sells or transfers this voucher.

Pursuant to the UT Austin 6607 Agreement, the Company is required to use diligent efforts to commercialize the licensed products, including maintaining active research and development, regulatory, marketing and sales program. Moreover, the Company is required to meet certain development and regulatory milestones by specific dates.

The Company may terminate the UT Austin 6607 Agreement for convenience with 90 days’ notice. UT Austin may also terminate the UT Austin 6607 Agreement, but only if the Company breaches the terms of the agreement. The Company did not incur any expenses under the UT Austin 6607 Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Agreement with Medical University of South Carolina

In March 2016, the Company entered into a license agreement with Medical University of South Carolina Foundation for Research Development, or MUSC. Pursuant to this license agreement with MUSC, or the MUSC Agreement, the Company has patent rights related to protecting against lung fibrosis by up regulating Cav1. The MUSC Agreement granted (i) a royalty-bearing, exclusive license under the patent rights to make, use and sell the license product; and (ii) a sublicensing right that allows the Company to grant sublicenses to affiliates and third parties to use the licensed product in the field of use and approved territories outlined in the agreement. In September 2018, the agreement was amended and restated to include definitions of related methods, related products and related rights.

In consideration of the MUSC Agreement, the Company agreed to pay a non-refundable license fee, patent expenses, milestone fees upon certain development, regulatory and commercial milestone events, sublicense fees, assignment fees and low single digit royalties on net sales, with a fixed minimum royalty payment starting in 2019 and a transaction fee upon the Company’s liquidation.

Pursuant to the MUSC Agreement, the Company is required to use diligent efforts to develop, manufacture and sell the licensed products.

The Company may terminate the MUSC Agreement for convenience by providing a written notice to MUSC effective 90 days following the receipt of notice, and either party may terminate the agreement for a breach of contract. The Company incurred $25 in a minimum royalty fee during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company did not incur any expenses under the MUSC Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Agreement with Vivarta Therapeutics LLC

In March 2018, the Company entered into a license agreement with Vivarta Therapeutics, LLC, or Vivarta. This license agreement with Vivarta, or the Vivarta Agreement, relates to intellectual property relating to epithelial sodium channel inhibitors and methods to treat pulmonary disease. Pursuant to the Vivarta Agreement the Company has (i) a royalty-bearing, exclusive license under the intellectual property rights to make, use and sell the licensed product, and (ii) a sublicensing right that allows the Company to grant sublicenses to affiliates and third parties to use the licensed product in the field of use and approved territories outlined in the agreement.

In consideration for the Vivarta Agreement, the Company agreed to grant Vivarta a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 75,000 shares of common stock of Lung for $0.12 per share, to pay a license fee of $10,000 upon the Vivarta Agreement effective date and $40,000 within 30 days of the receipt of a positive freedom to operate analysis from legal counsel. the Company also agreed to pay patent expenses, milestone fees upon certain development and regulatory milestone events, sublicense fees, assignment fees and low single digit royalties on net sales.

Pursuant to the Vivarta Agreement, the Company is required to use diligent efforts to develop, manufacture and sell the licensed products.

The Company may terminate the Vivarta Agreement for convenience by providing a written notice to Vivarta effective 90 days following the receipt of notice, and either party may terminate the agreement for a breach of contract. The Company did not incur any expenses under the Vivarta Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with members of its board of directors and officers that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is, in many cases, unlimited. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnifications. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any claims under indemnification arrangements will have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and it had not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

15. Segment Reporting

The Company hasone reportable segment which focuses on developing novel therapies for the treatment of orphan pulmonary and fibrosis indications with no approved or limited effective treatments. The Company’s CODM, the CEO, manages the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis asone operating segment for the purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources.

The Company has not generated any revenue yet. The CODM assesses the financial performance of the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss on a consolidated basis. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total consolidated assets.

The CODM uses net loss predominantly in the annual operating budget and in the strategic planning and forecasting process. Such loss measure is used to monitor budget versus actual results on an ongoing basis by the

CODM and determine how resources are allocated to the various activities of the Company. The CODM also uses net loss to evaluate the Company’s performance and assist in determination of management’s incentive compensation.

All of the Company’s tangible assets are held in the United States. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment operating exclusively in the United States.

The table below is a summary of the segment loss, including significant segment expenses:

16. Income Taxes

On October 31, 2023, the Company acquired, in accordance with the terms of the Lung Acquisition Agreement, the stock of Lung. In accordance with ASC 805-740-25-3, recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities is required for substantially all temporary differences and acquired tax carryforwards and credits. The Company has computed estimated temporary differences and acquired tax carryforwards and credits as of the transaction date. The Company will not have tax basis in intangible assets recorded as part of the purchase. For accounting purposes, the intangible assets will not be amortized and subject to impairment review and testing. Though the tax effects may be delayed indefinitely, ASC 740-10-55-63 states that “deferred tax liabilities may not be eliminated or reduced because a reporting entity may be able to delay the settlement of those liabilities by delaying the events that would cause taxable temporary differences to reverse.” As such, the Company has recorded a deferred tax liability for the portion of the liability that cannot be offset with indefinite lived deferred tax assets.

The Company reported an income tax benefit of $1,544 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The reported amount of income tax expense for the years differs from the amount that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax losses primarily because of changes in valuation allowance and indefinite lived intangibles.

Income tax (benefit) expense consist of the following:

A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:

Net deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state purposes of $77,313 and $18,789, respectively. $2,863 of the U.S. federal tax operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2036. Approximately $74,450 of the U.S. federal tax operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely. Of this amount, $44,420 of federal net operating losses came over from the Lung Acquisition, of which $2,863 will begin to expire in 2036 and the remaining $41,557 can be carried forward indefinitely. The state tax operating loss carryforwards expire beginning in 2043. As of December 31, 2024, the Company also had available research and development tax credit carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of $2,425, which begin to expire in 2035. As of December 31, 2024, the Company also had available orphan drug credit carryforwards of $5,800 for federal income tax purposes, which begin to expire in 2039. Of this amount, $2,222 of research and development credit carryforwards and $5,644 of orphan drug credit carryforwards came over from the Lung Acquisition.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the TCJA, was signed into law. Under the TCJA provisions, effective with tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2022, taxpayers can no longer immediately expense research and development expenditures. Taxpayers are now required to capitalize and amortize these costs over 5 years for research conducted within the United States or 15 years for research conducted abroad. As a result, the Company capitalized $14,220 of research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 for tax purposes.

Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over athree-year period. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has wound down its original business operations and entered into a merger in the year, which resulted in a significant shift in ownership. The Company expects to have all prior year net operating losses and tax credits of its legacy business to be completely limited going forward due to the lack of continuation in its legacy business. As such, all prior year net operating losses and tax credits have been written down to zero as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The remaining net operating losses and tax credits as of December 31, 2024 relate to post-merger activity in the year, as well as acquired attributes as part of the merger in the year. A study has been completed on the Target ownership shifts through December 31, 2023, and multiple ownership changes were determined. As a result, the Company has written down the $1,673 portion of the Target net operating losses expected to expire unutilized and include the $44,420 of remaining net operating losses and $7,638 of federal tax credits as part of its available attributes. As of December 31, 2024, the total federal net operating losses are $77,313 and federal research and development tax credits are $8,226, which could be subject to future limitations under these rules.

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize the deferred tax assets. Management has considered the Company’s cumulative net losses and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. The Company maintained a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024. Management reevaluates the positiveand negative evidence at each reporting period. The decrease in the valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 of $58,935 related primarily to the deferred tax liability recognized as a result of the transaction as well as the reduction in prior year deferred tax assets due to Section 382 limitations. The increase in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the year ended December 31, 2024 of $11,948 related primarily to an increase in net operating loss carryforwards. Changes in the valuation allowance were as follows:

The Company hasnot recorded any amounts for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal and state jurisdictions, where applicable. There are currently no pending tax examinations. The Company’s tax years are still open under statute from 2020 to the present. Earlier years may be examined to the extent that tax credit or net operating loss carryforwards are used in future periods. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to income taxes as part of its income tax provision. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company hadno accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and no amounts have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

17. Related Party Transactions

On May 8, 2024, a greater than 5% shareholder converted 421 shares of the Company’s Series X Preferred Stock into 421,000 shares of common stock.

18. Subsequent Event

The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up to the date that the financial statements were issued. Based upon this review, other than as described below, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the financial statements.

Subsequent to the consolidated balance sheet date, the Company continued its “at the market” offering program under the Equity Distribution Agreement (described in Note 1). In January 2025, the Company issued and sold 317,772 shares of common stock pursuant to the “at the market” offering program for total net proceeds of $712, after deducting transaction fees of $22 paid by the Company.

On March 29, 2025, the Company entered into a payment plan agreement to settle an outstanding obligation related to LTI-01 manufacturing. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company has agreed to pay a total of $1,676 in equal installments over the course of twelve months, with the final payment due on February 14, 2026. This agreement does not bear interest.

This agreement was executed after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management has evaluated the financial impact of this agreement and determined that it does not materially affect the Company’s financial position as of December 31, 2024 as the Company has recorded the proper liability balance in proper accounts for such outstanding obligation as of December 31, 2024.