SeaStar Medical Holding Corp

This Item 9A includes information concerning the controls and controls evaluation referred to in the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act included in this Annual Report as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As required by Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024, at reasonable assurance levels, in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Accordingly, we believe that the financial statements presented in this Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented herein.

Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e), the term “disclosure controls and procedures” means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Remediation of Previously Identified Material Weaknesses

As previously disclosed in the Annual Report to Form 10-K filed April 16, 2024, we identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which related to a deficiency in the design and operation of our financial accounting and reporting controls. As noted at the time, we strengthened the accounting team in early 2024 with the hiring of an experienced Chief Financial Officer and Controller, as well as adding additional resources for our accounting and finance function.

The results of those efforts allowed us to overhaul the entire design and implementation of internal controls during 2024. These efforts included the following:

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Identification and documentation of all processes that impacted our internal controls over financial reporting, including new processes that arose as we transitioned into commercial and fulfillment activities.

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Prepared a corporate wide risk assessment to evaluate where there were new controls necessary to mitigate those risks, as well as evidence were existing controls were in place to mitigate identified risks.

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Documented and implemented new entity-level controls.

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Designed and implemented new process-level and monitoring controls necessary to mitigate identified risks.

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Upgraded systems, IT resources and information technology general controls to remediate certain segregation of duty risks.

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Implemented the controls during 2024 such that we could demonstrate the operating effectiveness of these controls.

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As a result of these efforts, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, the material weaknesses have been remediated.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for designing, implementing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. We have designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

We assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. This assessment was conducted utilizing our documentation of policies and procedures, risk control matrices, gap analysis, key process walk-throughs and management’s knowledge of and interaction with our controls. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

Internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting may vary over time.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except as noted above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the three months ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.