Aeva Technologies, Inc.

Note 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Aeva Technologies, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Aeva”) was originally incorporated in Delaware on August 16, 2019 under the name InterPrivate Acquisition Corp. (“IPV”). The Company was formed as a blank check company for the purpose of entering into a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. On March 12, 2021, the Company consummated the business combination (the “Business Combination”) pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 2, 2020 with the pre-Business Combination Aeva, Inc. (“Legacy Aeva”). Legacy Aeva was incorporated in Delaware in December 2016. In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, the Company changed its name from IPV to Aeva Technologies, Inc. The Company’s common stock and warrants are now listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “AEVA” and “AEVAW”.

Aeva Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”), through its Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (“FMCW”) sensing technology, designs a 4D LiDAR-on-chip that, along with its proprietary software applications, has the potential to enable the adoption of LiDAR across broad applications from automated driving to consumer electronics, consumer health, industrial automation and security application.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding annual financial reporting. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation

On March 18, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Amendment”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-5 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of the Company’s shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value (the “common stock”). Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split, every five (5) shares of issued and outstanding shares of common stock were combined into one (1) share of common stock. Accordingly, unless indicated otherwise, all the current period and historical per share data, number of shares issued and outstanding, stock awards, and other common stock equivalents for the periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect the Reverse Stock Split. There wasno change to the shares authorized or in the par value per share of common stock of $0.0001.

The Reverse Stock Split affected all stockholders uniformly and did not alter any stockholder’s percentage interest in the Company’s equity. The Company did not issue fractional shares in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who were otherwise entitled to fractional shares of common stock were instead entitled to receive a proportional cash payment. The number of shares of common stock issuable under the Company's equity incentive plans and exercisable under the outstanding warrants were also proportionately adjusted.

Principles of Consolidation and Liquidity

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company has funded its operations primarily through the Business Combination and issuances of stock. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s existing sources of liquidity included cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $112.0 million. The Company has a limited history of operations and has incurred negative cash flows from operating activities and losses from operations in the past as reflected in the accumulated deficit of

$611.9 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company expects to continue to incur operating losses due to the investments it intends to make in its business, including product development. Management believes that existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the "Facility Agreement," Note 10) will be sufficient to fund operating and capital expenditure requirements through at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.

Significant Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to those risks common in the technology industry and also those risks common to early stage companies including, but not limited to, the possibility of not being able to successfully develop or market its products, technological obsolescence, competition, dependence on key personnel and key external alliances, the successful protection of its proprietary technologies, compliance with government regulations, and the possibility of not being able to obtain additional financing when needed.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and trade receivables. The Company maintains majority of its cash and cash equivalents in accounts with large financial institutions. At times, balances in these accounts may exceed federally insured limits; however, to date, the Company has not incurred any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents and believes the exposure to risk of loss is not material. Risks associated with the Company’s marketable securities is mitigated by investing in investment-grade rated securities when purchased.

The Company’s accounts receivable are derived from customers located in the United States, Asia, and Europe. The Company mitigates its credit risks by performing ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions and requires customer advance payments in certain circumstances. The Company generally does not require collateral.

As of December 31, 2024 five customers accounted for 68% and as of December 31, 2023 one customer accounted for 42% of accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, one vendor accounted for 40% accounts payable and as of December 31, 2023, three vendors accounted for 34% accounts payable each.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include but not limited to revenue recognition, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, product warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, useful lives of property and equipment, inventory valuation and reserves, useful lives of intangible assets, accrued liabilities, incremental borrowing rate for leases, impairment of long-lived assets, fair value estimates and impairment of investments, loss contingencies and the valuation of the warrants. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and also on assumptions that it believes are reasonable. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value due to their short maturities.

The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2 – Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

Non-Marketable Equity Investments Measured Using the Measurement Alternative

The Company holds non-marketable equity investment without readily determinable market values for which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence. The Company accounts for investments in non-marketable equity securities using the measurement alternative. As such, the Company records its investment in these securities at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.

Leases

The lease liability is determined as the present value of future lease payments using an incremental borrowing rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow equivalent funds on a collateralized basis at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is based on the liability adjusted for any prepaid or deferred rent. The lease term at the commencement date is determined by considering whether renewal options and termination options are reasonably assured of exercise.

Rent expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Variable lease payments include lease operating expenses.

The Company elected to exclude from its balance sheets recognition of leases having a term of 12 months or less (short-term leases) and elected to not separate lease components and non-lease components for its long-term real estate leases.

Cash and Cash Equivalent and Marketable Securities

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Marketable securities have been classified as available-for-sale and are carried at estimated fair value as determined based upon quoted market prices or pricing models for similar securities. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase.

The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis, its marketable securities for potential impairment. For marketable securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether such declines are due to credit loss based on factors such as changes to the rating of the security by a ratings agency, market conditions and supportable forecasts of economic and market conditions, among others. If credit loss exists, the Company assesses whether it has plans to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell any marketable security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either condition is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value and is recognized through other income, net.

If neither condition is met, declines as a result of credit losses, if any, are recognized as an allowance for credit loss, limited to the amount of unrealized loss, through other income, net. Any portion of the unrealized loss that is not a result of a credit loss, is recognized in other comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses, if any, on marketable securities are included in other income, net. The cost of investments sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest on marketable securities is included in interest income.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company reviews the need for an allowance for credit loss quarterly based on historical experience with each customer and the specifics of each arrangement. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company didnot have any material allowance for credit losses or write-offs. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers.

Inventories

Inventories consist of raw materials and supplies, work in process, and finished goods. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Costs are computed under the standard cost method, which approximates actual costs determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Net realizable value is determined as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of disposal and transportation. The Company assesses inventories quarterly for slow-moving products and potential impairment, and records write-downs of inventories to cost of revenue.

Property, Plant, and Equipment

Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Assets are held as construction in progress until placed into service, upon which date, the Company begins to depreciate the assets over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives of the Company’s assets are as follows:

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. When an asset is sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and associated accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is recognized in the statement of operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the underlying asset exceeds its fair value. There wasno impairment of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Product Warranty

The Company typically provides a warranty on its products of one year or less. Estimated future warranty costs are accrued to cost of revenue in the period in which the related revenue is recognized. These estimates are based on historical warranty experience and any known or expected changes in warranty exposure, such as trends of product reliability and costs of repairing and replacing defective products. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary. Provision for product warranties was immaterial for all periods presented.

Revenue Recognition

Under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company recognition revenue through the following steps:

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Identifying the contract, or contracts, with the customer;

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Identifying the performance obligations in the contract;

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Determining the transaction price;

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Allocating the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract; and

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Recognizing revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies performance obligations by transferring the promised good or services.

Nature of Products and Services and Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue is derived from the sales of perception solution to direct customers and distributors. Revenue is recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally occurring upon shipment or delivery dependent upon the terms of the underlying contract. The Company typically provides a warranty of one year or less on its products. If the warranty period is sold or extended beyond the standard term, revenue related to the extended warranty is recognized ratably over the related extended warranty period.

For certain custom products that require engineering and development based on customer specifications, the Company recognizes revenue over time using a cost-to-cost measure of progress which the Company believes depicts the transfer of control of the goods or services to the customer. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included in revenue. Some of the Company’s arrangements provide software embedded in hardware, and promises to update the Company’s software represent immaterial promises in contracts with customers. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue.

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations

When a contract involves multiple performance obligations, the Company accounts for individual products and services separately if the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the product or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. The consideration is allocated between separate performance obligations in proportion to their estimated standalone selling price.

Other Policies, Judgments and Practical Expedients

Contract balances. Contract assets and liabilities represent the differences in the timing of revenue recognition from the receipt of cash from the Company’s customers and billings. Contract assets reflect revenue recognized and performance obligations satisfied in advance of customer billing. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance under the contract. Receivables represents the right to consideration that is unconditional. Such rights are considered unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due.

Remaining performance obligations. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied. It includes unearned revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods and does not include contracts where the customer is not committed. The customer is not considered committed where they can terminate for convenience without payment of a substantive penalty under the contract. Additionally, as a practical expedient, the Company has not disclosed the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

Significant financing component. In certain arrangements, the Company receives payment from a customer either before or after the performance obligation has been satisfied. However, the Company’s contracts are generally one year or less; therefore, the Company applies a practical expedient and does not consider the effects of the time value of money. The Company’s contracts with customer prepayment terms do not include a significant financing component because the primary purpose is not to receive or provide financing from or to the customer.

Contract modifications. The Company may modify contracts to change the scope or price (or both) of a contract. When a modification results in an increase to the scope or price of a contract of the additional products and services are generally considered distinct from those products or services transferred to the customer before the modification. The Company evaluates whether the contract price for the additional products and services reflects the standalone selling price as adjusted for facts and circumstances applicable to that contract. In these cases, the Company accounts for the additional products or services as a separate contract. In other cases where the pricing in the modification does not reflect the standalone selling price as adjusted for facts and circumstances applicable to that contract, the Company accounts for the modification on a prospective basis where the remaining goods and services are distinct from the original items and on a cumulative catch-up basis when the remaining goods and services are not distinct from the original items.

Judgments and estimates. Judgment is required to determine whether and when a contract modification is approved by the parties or implied by customary business practices. Judgment is also required in the identification of performance obligations within the Company’s contracts with customers, especially those for certain custom products that require engineering and development. Accounting for contracts recognized over time under Topic 606 involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation may be revised. The Company reviews and updates its contract-related estimates regularly, and records adjustments as needed. For those performance obligations for which revenue is recognized using a cost-to-cost method, changes in total estimated costs, and related progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions to the estimates are made.

The Company evaluates variable consideration in arrangements with contract terms such as price concessions and acceptance clauses. The Company generally uses the expected value method, primarily relying on its history, to estimate variable consideration. However, when the Company believes it to provide a better estimate, it uses the most likely amount method. In either case, the Company considers variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Reassessments of its variable consideration may occur as historical information changes.

Cost of Revenue

The cost of revenue principally includes direct material, direct labor, and allocation of overhead associated with manufacturing operations, including inbound freight charges and depreciation. Cost of revenue also includes the direct cost and appropriate allocation of overhead costs involved in the execution of service contracts.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll expenses, consulting and contractor expenses, allocated overhead costs, and tooling and prototype materials to the extent no future benefit is expected. Substantially all of the Company’s research and development expenses are related to developing new products and services and improving existing products and services. To date, research and development expenses have been expensed as incurred and included in the statements of operations.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures the cost of stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. The grant-date fair value of the stock options is calculated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes pricing model requires the use of subjective assumptions including the option’s expected term, the volatility of the underlying stock, the fair value of the stock, dividend yield rate and the risk-free rate. The fair value of the service condition based restricted stock units (the “RSUs”) is equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of these stock-based grants is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The fair value of PBRSUs is recognized using the graded-vesting attribution method over the requisite service period.

Performance based restricted stock units (the “PBRSUs”) have vesting conditions either based on pre-established performance goals of the Company or the performance of the Company’s total shareholder return. For the former, the fair value is determined based on the closing quoted price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and the fair value is recognized using the graded-vesting attribution method over the requisite service period. For the latter, the Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value on the grant date and the fair value is recognized using the graded-vesting attribution method over the requisite service period.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, all available positive and negative evidence is considered, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If it is determined that deferred tax assets would be realized in the future, in excess of their net recorded amount, an adjustment would be made to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with Topic 740: Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“Topic 740”) on the basis of a two-step process which includes (1) determination of whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position, and (2) recognition of tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the income tax expense line in the accompanying statement of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included on the related tax liability line in the balance sheet.

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount within a range of loss can be reasonably estimated. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues for the minimum amount within the range. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation

Gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions and revaluation of monetary assets and liabilities in non-functional currencies are included in other income (expense) in the statements of operations. Net foreign exchange gain (loss) recorded in the Company’s statements of operations was immaterial for all periods.

Net Loss Attributable Per Share to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the Company’s net loss attributable per share to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares used in the loss per share calculation during the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive securities, including stock options and convertible preferred shares. Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was the same for all periods presented as the inclusion of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding was anti-dilutive.

Warrant Liabilities

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a liability at fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of purchased patents that are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets have been determined to have finite lives and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated remaining economic lives, which is estimated at five years. Amortization expense is included in general and administrative expenses.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07 "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 as of January 1, 2024 and concluded that the Company operates as a single segment with the consolidated expenses as disclosed in the statement of operations being reported periodically to the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”). Refer to Note 16, Segment Information, for further information regarding the Company’s segment disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topics 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on its financial statement disclosures.

Note 2. Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenues

The Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by geographic region based on the primary billing address of the customer and timing of transfer of goods or services to customers (point-in-time or over time), as it believes it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, based on the disaggregation criteria described above are as follows (in thousands):

Point in time revenue was primarily related to product revenue and over time revenue was from non-recurring engineering services.

For the year ended December 31, 2024 two customers accounted for 56% and 16% of the Company's revenue. For the year ended December 31 2023, two customers accounted for 23% and 22% of the Company's revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for 81% of the Company’s revenue.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had contract assets of $0.1 million each, respectively, recognized in other current assets. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $4.0 million $2.1 million, respectively, recognized in other current liabilities.

Remaining Performance Obligations

As of December 31, 2024, the total amount of the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year was $47.0 million, of which approximately 20% is expected to be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months, and the remainder thereafter. Total revenue estimates are based on negotiated contract prices and demand quantities, and could be influenced by risks and uncertainties, including manufacturing or supply chain constraints, modifications to customer agreements, and regulatory changes, among other factors. Accordingly, the actual revenue recognized for the remaining performance obligation in future periods may significantly fluctuate from these estimates.

Note 3. Financial Instruments

The following tables summarize the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy:

The fair value of the private placement warrants and Series A Warrants is based on significant unobservable inputs, which represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. In determining the fair value of the warrant liabilities, the Company used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value using unobservable inputs including the expected term, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments (in thousands):

The key inputs into the Black-Scholes option pricing model for the private warrants were as follows for the relevant periods:

The key inputs into the Black-Scholes option pricing model for the Series A warrants were as follows for the relevant periods:

Note 4. Acquisition and Intangible Assets

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company purchased certain intellectual property for a total consideration of approximately $4.5 million in cash. The assets acquired primarily consists of intellectual property (patents).

The Company applied a screen test to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets and determine the transaction should be accounted for as an asset acquisition. Since the only substantive assets acquired was intellectual property the entire purchase price was allocated to the intellectual property. The acquired intellectual property has a weighted-average useful life of 5 years. The Company recorded amortization expense related to the acquired intangible assets of $0.9 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2024, expected amortization expense relating to purchased intangible assets over the remaining life was as follows (in thou sands):

Note 5. Inventories

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

Note 6. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consists of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation related to property, plant and equipment was $4.6 million, $3.7 million, and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 7. Other current assets

Other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

Note 8. Other non-current assets

Other non-current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

In November 2023, the Company made an investment in 700,440 shares of preferred stock of a private company for a cash consideration of $5.0 million. The Company’s investment in the private company represents less than 1% of total capitalization. The Company neither has significant influence over the private company nor does the investment amount to a controlling financial interest in the private company. The Company elected to apply the measurement alternative, and as such, records the investment at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes in orderly transactions. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not identify any impairment or observable price changes for this non-marketable equity investment.

Note 9. Other current liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

Note 10. Financing transaction

Private Investment

On November 8, 2023, the Company entered into Subscription Agreements (the “Subscription Agreements”) with entities affiliated with Sylebra Capital Limited (“Sylebra”) and Adage Capital Management, providing for the purchase of an aggregate of 7,360,460 shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “PIPE Shares”), at a price of $2.90 per PIPE Share for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $21.4 million (the “Private Placement”). The PIPE Shares are recorded as outstanding common stock.

Standby Equity Purchase Agreement

On November 8, 2023, the Company also entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (as amended from time to time, the “Facility Agreement”) with entities affiliated with Sylebra, pursuant to which the Company will have the right, but not the obligation to sell to Sylebra up to $125 million of its shares of convertible redeemable non-voting preferred stock, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, by November 8, 2026. Each sale the Company requests under the Facility Agreement (each, an “Advance” and collectively, the “Advances”) may be for a number of shares of preferred stock with an aggregate value of at least $25.0 million but not more than $50.0 million (except with Sylebra’s consent).

When and if issued, the preferred stock will be issued at a price per share of $10,000. Holders of the preferred stock will be entitled to a quarterly dividend at the rate of 7.0% per annum payable in cash or in kind at the option of the Company. The preferred stock will have an initial liquidation preference of $12,000 per share, plus accrued dividends. The preferred stock will have no voting rights as a class or series except in such instances as required by Delaware law or certain matters enumerated in the Facility Agreement related to the protection of the preferred stock.

The preferred stock will be convertible at the option of the holders into the number of shares of common stock equal to $10,000 divided by the then-applicable conversion price. At any time after the two year anniversary of any issuance of any series of preferred stock, the Company will have the option to convert all (but not less than all) of any series of then-outstanding preferred stock by paying a make-whole payment, in either stock or cash, equal to three years of dividends, provided that the closing price of the common stock exceeds 250% of the then-applicable conversion price for at least 20 out of 30 consecutive trading days prior to the date of conversion. To the extent, if any, a conversion would result in the holder thereof becoming the beneficial owner of more than 19.9%of the

Company’soutstanding common stock, the Company will issue to such holder a pre-funded warrant in the form attached to the Facility Agreement. The preferred stock will be subject to customary pre-emptive rights.

The Company’s right to request Advances is conditioned upon the Company achieving a minimum of one new passenger auto-original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) or commercial OEM program award with at least a 50,000 unit volume, the trading price of the common stock being below $15 at the time of the Advance request and other customary conditions. As of December 31, 2024, all conditions to request an Advance under the Facility Agreement were met.

Any preferred stock issued in connection with the Facility Agreement will rank senior to common stock upon the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up. Any such preferred stock will be entitled to priority cumulative dividends which shall accrue daily from and after the original issue date of such preferred stock and shall compound on a quarterly basis on each dividend payment date. The accrued dividends shall in all cases be payable upon liquidation.

The Company shall pay dividends on each share of preferred stock in cash or in kind through issuance of shares of common stock with an aggregate value equal to the amount of the dividend to have been paid divided by the dividend conversion price. The board of directors of the Company may at its sole discretion elect to pay the dividends in cash in lieu of shares of common stock. The preferred stock has no voting rights unless it is converted into shares of common stock. Additionally, upon the occurrence of a change of control, the holders of preferred stock shall be entitled to receive in full a liquidating purchase in cash and in the amount per share of the preferred stock equal to the sum of (i) the liquidation preference plus (ii) accrued dividends with respect to such shares of preferred stock.

In connection with this financing, the Company also paid the entities affiliated with Sylebra, (a) a facility fee in the amount of $2.5 million, (b) an origination fee in the amount of $0.6 million, (c) an administrative fee in the amount of $0.3 million and (d) fees and expenses of Sylebra and its counsel, of approximately $0.4 million. The issuance costs related to the Facility Agreement were expensed as incurred as it failed to meet the equity classification guidance under ASC 815-40, and were deemed to be a derivative asset. The fair value of the derivative asset was not material as of and for the period ended December 31, 2024.

In addition, upon receipt of stockholder approval in December 2023, the Company issued to Sylebra 3,000,000 Series A Warrants to purchase shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00. The Company analyzed the Series A Warrants and determined that they are freestanding and do not exhibit any of the characteristics within ASC 480, and as such do not meet the characteristics of a liability under ASC 480. However, Series A Warrants do not meet all requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, and therefore are classified as a liability on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 3,000,000 Series A Warrants outstanding. The Series A Warrants were issued as consideration for entering into the Facility Agreement as discussed above. Each Series A Warrant is currently exercisable and expires in December 2027. Holders shall not have the right to exercise the Series A Warrants to the extent such person would beneficially own in excess of 19.9% of the Company’s outstanding common stock immediately after giving effect to such exercise.

The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend or split, subsequent rights offerings, pro rata purchases, merger, reorganization, recapitalization, or spin-off. However, the Series A Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of shares of common stock at a price below their respective exercise prices. The Series A Warrants do not entitle the holders to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a stockholder of the Company prior to being exercised for common stock.

Note 11. Capital Structure

As of December 31, 2024, the Company was authorized to issue up to 422,000,000 shares of common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share.

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding.

Warrants

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 12,074,876 public warrants and 384,000 private warrants outstanding, exercisable for 2,491,776 shares of common stock. Every five public and private warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $57.50 per share. Additionally, the Company also issued 3,000,000 Series A Warrants in connection with the Facility Agreement. Each Series A Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share.

Note 12. Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share data):

The following table presents the potential common shares outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share of common stock as of the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

Note 13. Stock-based Compensation

Stock Options

The Company maintains the 2016 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the “Stock Plans”) under which incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options and RSUs may be granted to employees. Under the Stock Plans, the Company has 1,084,978 shares available for issuance as of December 31, 2024.

Under the terms of the Stock Plans, incentive stock options must have an exercise price at or above the fair market value of the stock on the date of the grant, while non-qualified stock options are permitted to be granted below fair market value of the stock on the date of grant. The majority of stock options granted have service-based vesting conditions only. The service-based vesting conditions vary though typically, stock options vest over four years with 25% of stock options vesting on the first anniversary of the grant and the remaining 75% vesting monthly over the remaining 36 months. Option holders have a ten-year period to exercise the options before they expire.

The fair value of stock option awards was determined on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. No new stock options were granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The assumptions for the Black-Scholes model for options granted during the period ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(1)

Expected term is the length of time the grant is expected to be outstanding before it is exercised or terminated. This number is calculated as the midpoint between the vesting term and the original contractual term (contractual period to exercise). If the option contains graded vesting, then the vesting term would be based on the vesting pattern.

(2)

Expected volatility was estimated based on comparable companies' reported volatilities.

(3)

The risk-free rate is an interpolation of yields on U.S. Treasury securities with maturities equivalent to the expected term.

(4)

The Company has assumed a dividend yield of zero as they have no plans to declare dividends in the foreseeable future.

The following table summarized the stock option activity and related information under all stock option plans:

The intrinsic value of options exercised during years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $0.1 million, $0.5 million, and $7.2 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $0.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the stock options. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.9 years.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) and Performance-based Restricted Stock Units (“PBRSUs”)

Beginning November 2020, Legacy Aeva granted RSUs and PBRSUs to certain employees and consultants pursuant to its 2016 and 2020 Stock Plans. RSU’s typically vest 25 percent upon theone-year anniversary date from the initial vesting date, with 12.5% vesting on eachsix-month anniversary date over the following three years. The RSUs are subject to a time-based vesting condition. PBRSUs are subject to a time-based vesting condition and a performance condition tied to the completion of the merger with InterPrivate, both of were required to be satisfied in order for the PBRSUs to be vested and settled for shares of common stock. The performance vesting condition for these PBRSUs were met on March 12, 2021. As a result, these PBRSUs and RSUs vested to the extent the applicable service condition was satisfied as of such date.

In May 2023, the Company granted a total of 1,176,471 PBRSUs pursuant to the 2021 Incentive Award Plan to certain executives that vest on achieving certain operational milestones as defined in the individual grant agreements subject to continued employment through 2025. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the expected performance/service achievement period of individual performance milestones when the achievement of each individual performance milestone becomes probable. If satisfaction of the performance condition is not probable, stock-based compensation cost recognition is deferred until it becomes probable. The Company reassesses the probability as to whether satisfaction of the performance condition is prob able on a quarterly basis, and stock-based compensation cost is adjusted based on the portion of the requisite service provided. These PBRSUs neither carry rights to dividends nor voting rights until the shares are issued or transferred to the recipient. Awards are forfeited if an employee leaves the Company before the PBRSUs vest or the performance period lapses. The weighted-average grant date PBRSU fair value of $5.10 per share is determined based upon the market closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. As of December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the performance-based PBRSUs was $2.3 million, which is expected to be amortized over a weighted-average period of 1.0 year.

In May 2023, the Company also granted a total of 735,294 market-based PBRSUs pursuant to the 2021 Incentive Award Planto certain executives that vest over a multi-year period, upon continue service and when the volume-weighted average price per share (“VWAP Average”) of the Company’s common stock for the preceding 30 consecutive trading days equals or exceeds the target stock price for the indicated year. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation based upon the grant date fair value on an accelerated attribution basis over the requisite service period of the award. Provided that the requisite service is rendered, the total fair value of the market-based PBRSUs at the date of grant is recognized as compensation expense even if the market condition is not achieved. However, the number of shares that ultimately vest can vary significantly with the achievement of the specified market criteria. These PBRSUs neither carry rights to dividends nor voting rights until the shares are issued or transferred to the recipient. Awards are forfeited if an employee leaves the Company before the PBRSUs vest. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the market-based PBRSUs was $1.40 per share. The Company estimated the fair value of the market-based PBRSUs award on the grant date using the Monte Carlo simulation model with the following assumptions:

As of December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the market-based PBRSUs was $0.6 million, which is expected to be amortized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

The following table summarizesthe Company’s RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:

The total fair value of restricted stock awards vested for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, was $6.5 million, $6.2 million, and $8.3 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $28.8 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.6 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In November 2022, the Board and the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) under which 1,831,812 shares were authorized for issuance. The ESPP permits eligible employees to purchase the Company’s common stock through payroll deduction with up to 15% of their pre-tax earnings subject to certain Internal Revenue Code limitations. The purchase price of shares is 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first day of a six-month offering period, or the relevant purchase date. In addition, participants are subject to $25,000 annual purchase restriction. No ESPP shares were purchased during 2024.

Compensation expense

Total stock-based compensation expense by function was as follows (in thousands):

Stock-based compensation of $38 thousand was capitalized in deferred cost for the year ended December 31, 2022. Stock-based compensation capitalized will be recognized as cost when the related non-recurring service revenue is recognized.

Note 14. Income Taxes

Components of Income Before Taxes

For financial reporting purposes, income before income taxes includes the following components (in thousands):

Components of Tax Expense

The components of income tax expense are as follows (in thousands):

Reconciliation between the effective tax rate on income from continuing operations and the statutory tax rate of 21% is as follows:

The Company’s effective tax rates differ from the federal statutory rate primarily due to the change in valuation allowance.

Deferred Taxes

The Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

The Company assesses the realizability of deferred tax assets based on the available evidence, including a history of taxable income and estimates of future taxable income. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. Due to the losses the Company generated in the current and prior years; the Company believes it is not more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets can be realized. Accordingly, the Company established and recorded a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets of $158.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and a net valuation allowance onits deferred tax assets of $120.8 million as of December 31, 2023. The valuation allowance increased by $37.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), foreign accumulated earnings that were subject to the mandatory transition tax as of December 31, 2017, can be repatriated to the U.S. without incurring further U.S. federal tax. The Tax Act moves towards a modified territorial tax system through the provision of a 100% dividend received deduction for the foreign-source portions of dividends received from controlled foreign subsidiaries. As a result, the Company continues to evaluate the indefinite reinvestment assertions with regards to unremitted earnings for our foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2024 the total undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries were approximately $0.2 million. The Company has asserted its intention to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The unrecognized deferred tax liability on the portion of the undistributed earnings considered indefinitely reinvested is not material.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $308.7 million of U.S. federal and $230.5 million of state net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income, of which $305.5 million will be carried forward indefinitely for U.S. federal tax purposes and the remainder of losses will expire beginning in 2036 for federal and 2031 for state tax purposes.

The Company also has federal and California research and development tax credit carryforwards of $27.7 million and $18.0 million, respectively. The federal research credit carryforwards will expire in 2036 and California research credits can be carried forward indefinitely.

The federal and state net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to significant limitations under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar provisions under state law. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 contains provisions that limit the federal net operating loss carryforwards that may be used in any given year in the event of special occurrences, including significant ownership changes. The Company has completed analysis as of December 31, 2024 and doesn’t expect any net operating loss carryforwards or tax credit carryforwards to expire due to a limitation.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The Company accrues for uncertain tax positions identified, which are not deemed more likely than not to be sustained if challenged, and recognizes interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The Company has not accrued any interest on uncertain tax benefits associated with unrecognized tax benefits and had immaterial cumulative interest and penalties as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

The Company doesnot expect that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within 12 months of the reporting date.

The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

There areno amounts included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate.

The Company’s major tax jurisdictions are the United States, various states and India. Due to the net operating loss carryforward since inception, all tax years are open for examination. There have been no examinations of the Company’s income tax returns by any tax authority.

Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

The weighted-average remaining lease terms were 1.2 years and 2.0 years as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The weighted-average discount rates were 6.04% as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Operating lease costs for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, were $3.8 million, $3.7 million, and $3.3 million, respectively.

Short-term lease costsfor the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, were $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Variable lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, were $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows reconciled to the carrying value of the operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in actions, claims, suits, and other proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including assertions by third parties relating to intellectual property infringement, breaches of contract or warranties, or employment-related matters. When it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company records a liability for such loss contingencies. The Company’s estimates regarding potential losses and materiality are based on the Company’s judgment and assessment of the claims utilizing currently available information. Although the Company will continue to reassess its reserves and estimates based on future developments, the Company’s objective assessment of the legal merits of such claims may not always be predictive of the outcome and actual results may vary from the Company’s current estimates.

Litigation – other matters

On March 7, 2024, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against InterPrivate Acquisition Management LLC, InterPrivate LLC, and former directors and officers of IPV. The lawsuit was captioned Louis Smith v. Ahmed M. Fattouh, et al., No. 2024-0221 (Del. Ch.), and later as No. 1:24-cv-00484 (D. Del.) following its removal to federal court. On June 3, 2024, a second putative class action lawsuit was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against IPV and Soroush Salehian and Mina Rezk (collectively, the “Delaware Stockholder Litigation”). The lawsuit is captioned Todd Katz v. Ahmed M. Fattouh et al., No. 2024-0598 (Del. Ch.). Among other remedies, the complaints seek damages and attorneys’ fees and costs. In connection with the Business Combination, the Company agreed to assume certain indemnification obligations to IPV’s former directors and officers.

On July 2, 2024, the Company and the parties to the Delaware Stockholder Litigation entered into a term sheet, and on December 6, 2024 entered into a formal settlement agreement, which will be subject to court approval, to fully and finally resolve the Delaware Stockholder Litigation. In connection with the settlement, the Company has agreed to pay a total settlement cost of $14.0 million in exchange for a release of all claims related to the business combination and expects to recover $2.5 million from an insurance carrier. The settlement is being paid pursuant to the Company’s indemnification obligations and from available director and officer insurance policies.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has accrued a contingent liability of $14.0 million in other current liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets in connection with the settlement of the Delaware Stockholder Litigation, and a $2.5 million insurance recovery in other current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company has also incurred legal expenses in connection with the Delaware Stockholder Litigation, which have been expensed as incurred and are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Indemnifications

Inthe ordinary course of business, the Company is not subject to potential obligations under guarantees that fall within the scope of FASB ASC Guarantees (Topic 460), except for standard indemnification provisions that are contained within many of the Company’s customer agreements and give rise only to disclosure requirements prescribed by Topic 460. Indemnification provisions contained within the Company’s customer agreements are generally consistent with those prevalent in the Company’s industry. The Company has not incurred any obligations under customer indemnification provisions and does not expect to incur significant obligations in the future. Accordingly, the Company does not maintain accruals for potential customer indemnification obligations.

Note 16. Segment Information

The Company operates asone operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”), consisting of the Company’s chief executive officer and the Company’s chief technology officer as a group, in deciding how to allocate resources and assess the Company’s financial and operational performance. In addition, the Company’s CODM evaluates the Company’s financial information and resources and assesses the performance of these resources on a consolidated basis. As a result, the Company has determined that the Company’s business operates in a single operating segment. The CODM uses net loss as the measure of profit and loss to allocate resources and assess performance. The CODM regularly reviews net loss as reported on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Financial forecasts and budget to actual results used by the CODM to assess performance and allocate resources, as well as those used for strategic decisions related to headcount and capital expenditures are also reviewed on a consolidated basis. The CODM considers the impact of the significant segment expenses in the table below on net loss.

The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total assets. The CODM does not review segment assets at a level other than as presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

The table below presents the Company's consolidated operating results including segment expenses (in thousands):

Revenues from External Customers

Revenues from customers outside the United States were 14%,35%, and 29% of total revenues for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets

The following table sets forth the Company’s property and equipment, net by geographic region (in thousands):