BioAge Labs, Inc.

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

Nature of Business

BioAge Labs, Inc. (the “Company”), is a biotechnology company developing therapeutic product candidates for metabolic diseases, such as obesity, by targeting the biology of human aging

The Company was incorporated in 2015 in the State of Delaware and is headquartered in Richmond, California.

On September 25, 2024, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) in which the Company issued and sold 11,000,000 shares of its common stock, at a public offering price of $18.00 per share and received approximately $179.6 million in net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commission of approximately $13.9 million and offering expenses of approximately $4.5 million.

On September 25, 2024, in a concurrent private placement with Sofinnova Venture Partners, XI, L.P., an existing stockholder, the Company issued and sold 588,888 shares of its common stock at a price of $18.00 per share and received approximately $9.9 million in net proceeds, after deducting placement agent fees of approximately $0.7 million.

On October 1, 2024, the underwriters of the Company's IPO elected to exercise in full their option to purchase 1,650,000 additional shares of the Company's common stock at the IPO price of $18.00 per share. The Company received approximately $27.6 million in net proceeds, after deducting placement agent fees of approximately $2.1 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, the Company’s operations have consisted primarily of organizing and staffing the Company, business planning, raising capital, establishing its intellectual property portfolio, acquiring or discovering product candidates, research and development activities for its product candidates, establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of its product candidates and component materials, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. The Company has not generated any product revenue to date.

The Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and had an accumulated deficit of $252.8 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company anticipates incurring additional losses until such time, if ever, that it can generate significant sales of its products currently in development. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $354.3 million.

Current cash and cash equivalents are sufficient to fund planned operations for at least one year after the date these consolidated financial statements are issued. Accordingly, these consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary in the event the Company can no longer continue as a going concern.

Until such time, if ever, the Company can generate substantial product revenues, it expects to finance its cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements. To the extent that the Company raises additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of its existing stockholders may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could adversely affect the rights of such stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit the Company’s ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact the Company’s ability to conduct its business. If the Company raises additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, the Company may have to relinquish valuable rights to the Company’s technologies, future revenue streams, research program or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to the Company. If the Company is unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, the Company may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate its product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that the Company would otherwise prefer to develop and market itself.

Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding annual financial reporting. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of BioAge Labs, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, BioAge Labs PTY LTD. BioAge Labs PTY LTD was incorporated in Australia in December 2020. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reverse Stock Split

On September 17, 2024, the Company amended its amended and restated certificate of incorporation in order to effect a 1-for-4.4626 reverse stock split of its outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 4.4626 shares of the Company’s common stock issued or outstanding were automatically reclassified into one new share of common stock, subject to the treatment of fractional shares as described below, without any action on the part of the holders. All historical share and per-share amounts reflected throughout the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split as if the split occurred as of the earliest period presented. The Reverse Stock Split did not affect the number of authorized shares of common stock or the par value of the common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Estimates and assumptions are periodically reviewed and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Areas that require management’s estimates include the fair values of common and redeemable convertible preferred stock (prior to the IPO), warrant liability, embedded derivative liability, stock-based compensation expense assumptions, valuation of deferred tax assets, and accruals for research and development expenses.

Foreign Currency

Results of foreign operations are translated from their functional currency into U.S. dollars (reporting currency) using average exchange rates in effect during the year while assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses resulting from exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are included in operations in the period in which the transaction occurs.

Segments

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker ("CODM"), in making decisions regarding resource allocation and performance assessment. The Company has determined that itschief executive officer is the CODM. The Company operates and manages its business asone reportable and operating segment, which is the business of extending healthy human life by targeting molecular causes of aging. The Company’s CODM reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for allocating and evaluating financial performance. All long-lived assets are maintained in, and all losses are attributable to, the United States of America. For further detail, see note 12 to the consolidated financial statements

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments that have original maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of bank deposits and money market mutual funds invested in short-term U.S. government obligations. As of December 31, 2023 the Company had $3.3 million in restricted cash related to the Wellcome Leap Commercial Research Funding Agreement (Note 9). As of December 31, 2024, the Company didnot have any restricted cash.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Cash and cash equivalents are financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk to the extent they exceed the federal depository insurance limits. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions holding its cash and cash equivalents to the extent recorded in the balance sheets. The Company has no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk of loss.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company faces risks and uncertainties associated with companies in the biotechnology industry, including but not limited to the uncertainty of success of its preclinical studies and clinical trials, regulatory approval of product candidates, uncertainty of market acceptance of products, competition from substitute products and larger companies, the need for additional financing, compliance with government regulations, dependence on third parties, recruiting and retaining skilled personnel, and dependence on key members of management.

The Company’s product candidates require approvals from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and comparable foreign regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales in their respective jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that any product candidates will receive the necessary approvals. If the Company was denied approval, approval was delayed or the Company was unable to maintain approval for any product candidate, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets using the straight-line method. Useful lives of property and equipment range from three tofive years. Operating lease leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the useful lives of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. Upon retirement or sale, the costs of the assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to operations. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Asset improvements are capitalized.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows which the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment is measured by the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over fair value less the costs to sell the assets, generally determined using the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the asset. The Company didnot recognize any impairment of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company records redeemable convertible preferred stock net of issuance costs on the date of issuance, which represents the carrying value. Redeemable convertible preferred stock is classified outside of stockholders’ deficit as temporary equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as events triggering the liquidation preferences, including a deemed liquidation event, are not solely within the Company’s control. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not remeasured redeemable convertible preferred stock.

Upon the closing of the IPO, all of the Company’s outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock automatically converted into 20,854,632 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2024, the Company hadno redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding.

Convertible Promissory Notes and Embedded Derivative Liability

Convertible promissory notes are recorded at the issued value. Debt discount and issuance costs, consisting of legal and other fees directly related to the debt, are offset against gross proceeds from the issuance of the convertible promissory notes and are amortized to interest expense over the life of the debt based on the effective interest method. Amortization expense is presented in interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company reviews the terms of its convertible promissory notes to determine whether there are conversion features or embedded derivative instruments including embedded conversion options that are required to be bifurcated and accounted for separately as a derivative financial instrument. In circumstances where the convertible promissory notes contain more than one embedded derivative instrument, including conversion options that are required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single compound instrument. When convertible debt contains embedded derivative instruments that are to be bifurcated and accounted for separately, the total proceeds allocated to the convertible host instruments are first allocated to the fair value of the bifurcated derivative instrument. The remaining proceeds, if any, are then allocated to the convertible instruments themselves, usually resulting in those instruments being recorded at a discount from their face amount.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had bifurcated embedded derivatives related to its convertible promissory notes that are accounted for separately as derivative liabilities. Derivative liabilities are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently revalued at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognized separately on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Derivative liabilities are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheet. The Convertible Promissory Notes and related embedded derivative liability converted into Series D-1 Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock on February 1, 2024.

Term Loan

Term loans are measured at net proceeds less debt discounts and issuance costs, which are accreted to the face value of the term loan over its expected term using the effective interest method. The Company considers whether there are any embedded features in its debt instruments that require bifurcation and separate accounting as derivative financial instruments pursuant to ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (Note 5).

Warrant Liability

Freestanding warrants for the Company’s common stock are classified as liabilities and recorded at fair value, with any change in fair value recognized as a component of other income (expense). Such warrant liabilities are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until the earlier of the exercise of the warrants, expiration, or the completion of a change in control event. Upon exercise, the warrant liability would be reclassified to additional paid-in capital, at its then fair value.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include all direct and indirect costs associated with the development of the Company’s product candidates and other research programs. These expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, stock-based compensation charges, consulting fees, and payments to third parties for research, development, and manufacturing services as well as other allocated facility-related costs and overhead expenses. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are capitalized and expensed as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

The Company records accruals for estimated costs of research, preclinical studies, clinical trials, and manufacturing, which are significant components of research and development expenses. A substantial portion of the Company’s ongoing research and development activities is conducted by third-party service providers, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), and clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”). The Company’s contracts with CROs generally include pass-through fees such as laboratory supplies and services, regulatory expenses, investigator fees, travel costs and other miscellaneous costs, including shipping and printing fees. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to the Company under such contracts. The Company accrues the costs incurred under agreements with these third parties based on estimates of actual work completed in accordance with the respective agreements. The Company determines the estimated costs through discussions with internal personnel and external service providers as to the progress, or stage of completion or actual timeline (start-date and end-date) of the services and the agreed-upon fees to be paid for such services. In the event the Company makes advance payments, the payments are recorded as a prepaid expense and recognized as the services are performed.

As actual costs become known, including subsequent to the reporting date, the Company adjusts its accruals. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, such estimates for the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could result in the Company reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. The Company’s accrual is dependent, in part, upon the receipt of timely and accurate reporting from CROs and other third-party vendors. Variations in the assumptions used to estimate accruals including, but not limited to, the number of patients enrolled, the rate of patient enrollment and the actual services performed, may vary from the Company’s estimates, resulting in adjustments to clinical trial expenses in future periods. Changes in these estimates that result in material changes to the Company’s accruals could materially affect its financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue Recognition for Contracts with Customers

ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company evaluates the performance obligations promised in the contract that are based on goods and services that will be transferred to the customer and determines whether those obligations are both (i) capable of being distinct and (ii) distinct in the context of the contract. Goods or services that meet these criteria are considered distinct performance obligations. If both these criteria are not met, the goods and services are combined into a single performance obligation. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. Arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer’s discretion are generally considered options. The Company assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, these options are considered performance obligations. The exercise of a material right is accounted for as a contract modification for accounting purposes.

The Company recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time or over time, and if over time this is based on the use of an output or input method.

Invoices issued as stipulated in contracts prior to revenue recognition are recorded as deferred revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue within current liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as noncurrent deferred revenue. Amounts recognized as revenue, but not yet invoiced are generally recognized as contract assets in the other current assets line item in the accompanying balance sheets.

Milestone Payments – If an arrangement includes development and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received and therefore revenue recognized is constrained as management is unable to assert that a reversal of revenue would not be probable. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

Royalties – For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation linked to some or all of the royalty has been satisfied or partially satisfied. To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.

Significant Financing Component – In determining the transaction price, the Company adjusts consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments provides the Company with a significant benefit of financing. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the licensees and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the licensees will be one year or less. The Company assessed each of its revenue arrangements in order to determine whether a significant financing component exists and concluded that a significant financing component does not exist in any of its arrangements.

Collaborative Arrangements – The Company has entered into collaboration agreements, which are within the scope of ASC 606, to discover, develop, manufacture and commercialize product candidates. The terms of these agreements typically contain multiple promises or obligations, which may include: (1) licenses, or options to obtain licenses, to use the Company’s technology, (2) research and development activities to be performed on behalf of the collaboration partner, and (3) in certain cases, services in connection with the manufacturing of preclinical and clinical material. Payments the Company receives under these arrangements typically include one or more of the following: non-refundable, upfront license fees; option exercise fees; funding of research and/or development efforts; clinical and development, regulatory, and sales milestone payments; and royalties on future product sales.

The Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether the collaboration agreements are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”) to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements within the scope of ASC 808 that contain multiple elements, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and, therefore, are within the scope of ASC 606. For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, generally by analogy to ASC 606. For those elements of the arrangement that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 606, the Company applies the five-step model described above.

For additional discussion of accounting for collaboration revenues, see Note 9, Collaboration Agreements.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s stock-based compensation program allows for grants of stock options and restricted stock awards. Grants are awarded to employees and non-employees, including directors.

Compensation cost for the Company’s stock-based payments to employees, non-employees and directors, are based on estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The Company estimates the fair value of options granted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for stock option grants to both employees and non-employees.

The Company’s stock-based compensation awards are subject to service-based vesting conditions. Compensation expense related to awards to employees, directors and non-employees with service-based vesting conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, net of actual forfeitures.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and the operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the balance sheet date using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that these assets may not be realized. The Company determines whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If it is not more-likely-than-not that a position will be sustained, none of the benefit attributable to the position is recognized. The tax benefit tobe recognized for any tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon resolution of the contingency. No interest or penalties were incurred by the Company related to uncertain tax positions in the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the arrangement. Operating leases are included in right-of-use assets, current portion of operating lease liability, and operating lease liability, net of current portion in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating lease right-of-use assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise any such options. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. The Company has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, and instead it accounts for these as a single lease component. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, unless they include an option to purchase the underlying asset or to extend the lease that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity of a business enterprise during a period, resulting from transactions from non-owner sources. Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). The Company’s other comprehensive loss consists of foreign currency translation adjustments. Total comprehensive loss for all periods presented has been disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities.

Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders’ calculation, redeemable convertible preferred stock, stock options, and warrants are considered to be potentially dilutive securities.

Prior to the Company's Initial Public Offering and related conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock into common shares, the Company applied the two-class method to calculate its basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as the Company has issued shares that meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that treats a participating security as having rights to earnings that otherwise would have been available to common stockholders. Participating securities consist of common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock. The Company’s participating securities contractually entitle the holders of such shares to participate in dividends, but do not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company. Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reports a net loss, such losses are not allocated to such participating securities.

Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reports a net loss, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company.

Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

Fair value is established as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, an established three-tier fair value hierarchy distinguishes between the following:

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Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the market date for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

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Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liability. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value instrument.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities reported in the consolidated financial statements approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.

Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 effective December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 10, Segment Reporting, included in these notes to the consolidated financial statements for further details.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to improve its income tax disclosure requirements. Under the ASU, entities must annually (i) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (ii) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, and (iii) disclose more detailed information about income taxes paid, including by jurisdiction; pretax income (or loss) from continuing operations; and income tax expense (or benefit). The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect this update to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This standard calls for enhanced disclosures about components of expense captions on the face of the income statement. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted and the option for retrospective application. This ASU will result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements, once adopted.

Note 3. Fair Value Measurements

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, the Company revalued the warrant liability using its publicly traded stock price under the Black-Scholes valuation method.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents include U.S. government obligation money market mutual funds that have a maturity of three months or less from the original acquisition date. The Company’s cash equivalents are classified using Level 1 inputs within the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices.

Convertible Promissory Notes Embedded Derivative Liability

The Company’s Convertible Promissory Notes (as defined in Note 5) contained equity conversion options, and certain repayment features, that were identified as a single compound embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the Convertible Promissory Notes. The Company estimated the fair value of the convertible promissory note embedded derivative liabilities on issuance using a with-and-without scenario analysis. The estimated probability and timing of underlying events triggering the conversion and liquidity repayment features as well as discount rates, volatility and share prices are inputs used to determine the estimated fair value of the embedded derivative. The Convertible Promissory Notes and related embedded derivative liability converted into Series D-1 Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock on February 1, 2024.

Warrant Liability

As of December 31, 2024, warrants representing 31,690 shares of common stock were outstanding. These warrants are classified as a liability since the warrants meet the classification requirements for liability accounting pursuant to ASC 815. This liability is subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date until the warrants are exercised or expire, and any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s statements of operations. The Company classifies the warrant liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the assessed fair value is based on both observable and unobservable market inputs including the Company's stock price, risk-free rate, and volatility.

Note 4. Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense was $0.2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

Note 5. Debt

Convertible Promissory Notes

In February 2023, the Company issued four convertible promissory notes with an aggregate principal amount of $23.5 million. Each note has an interest rate of 4% per annum and a maturity date of May 10, 2024 (the “Convertible Promissory Notes”). The notes and any accrued but unpaid interest were convertible at either the date of a qualified financing of at least $20.0 million (a “Qualified Financing”), or on the maturity date, at the option of the respective holder, and are convertible into the same securities issued in the Qualified Financing, or if no qualified financing occurs prior to maturity, then shall be convertible into the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock.

Upon a Qualified Financing, the Convertible Promissory Notes automatically convert into shares of the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock on the same conditions applicable for the Qualified Financing at a conversion price equal to the lowest price per share paid in the Qualified Financing multiplied by a discount factor ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 depending on the timing of the Qualified Financing.

On February 1, 2024, in connection with the closing of the Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock financing, the Convertible Promissory Notes (including accrued interest) and related embedded derivative liability converted into 11,887,535 shares of Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock at a discount factor of 0.6 relative to the price paid by the Series D investors. The conversion resulted in a $0.3 million loss on extinguishment of the Convertible Promissory Notes.

Term Loan

In May 2022, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with SVB Innovative Credit Growth Fund IX, LP and Innovative Credit Growth Fund VIII-A, LP, (collectively, the “Lenders”) pursuant to which the Company was eligible to borrow, and the Lenders are obligated to fund up to $25.0 million in borrowing capacity across two potential tranches (the “Term Loan”). At the closing of the Loan Agreement in May 2022, the Company drew $2.5 million from the first tranche (the “Initial Term Loan”) and in May 2023 the Company drew $12.5 million from the second tranche (the “Additional Term Loan”).

In connection with the Initial Term Loan of $2.5 million, the Company issued to the Lenders warrants to purchase 19,420 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants expire on May 20, 2032 and had a fair value of $125,602 at issuance. Similarly, in connection with the Additional Term Loan draw, the Company issued an additional warrant to purchase 5,548 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants expire on May 20, 2032 and had a fair value of $37,050 at issuance. As a result, proceeds from the debt equal to the fair value were allocated to these warrants and are amortized as part of the debt discount over the life of the Term Loan.

Interest for the Term Loan accrues at a floating per annum rate equal to the greater of (i) the Prime rate plus 4.00% or (ii)7.50%. Interest is due monthly on the first business day of each month, commencing in June 2022. The Term Loan is scheduled to mature on April 1, 2026 and commencing on November 1, 2023 the Company is required to make monthly principal payments. The Company may prepay all of the outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan, at its option, prior to the maturity date subject to a prepayment premium of 1.0%. The prepayment premium will apply to any mandatory or voluntary prepayment. In addition, the Company will also be required to pay a final payment fee equal to 4.4% of the total amount borrowed.

The Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreement are subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of customary events of default, including payment default, insolvency and the occurrence of certain events having a material adverse effect on the Company, including (but not limited to) material adverse effects upon the business, operations, properties, assets or financial condition of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole.

The Loan Agreement includes positive and negative covenants that the Company must comply with and is secured by the assets of the Company that are pledged as collateral.

Debt issuance costs, including the fair value of the warrants, have been treated as debt discounts in the consolidated balance sheet and together with the final payment are being amortized to interest expense throughout the life of the Term Loan using the effective interest rate method. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were unamortized issuance costs and debt discounts of less than $0.1 million, which are recorded as a direct deduction from the Term Loan in the consolidated balance sheet. Interest expense related to the Loan Agreement was $1.7 million and $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the stated rate on the Term Loan was 11.5% and 12.5%, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the effective interest rate on the Term Loan, including the amortization of the debt discount and accretion of the final payment, was 15.8% for the Initial Term Loan and 14.2% for the Additional Term Loan. The carrying amount of the Term Loan is subject to variable interest rates, which are based on current market rates, and as such, approximate fair value.

The components of the Term Loan balance were (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, the estimated future principal payments under the Term Loan are as follows (in thousands):

Note 6. Capital Structure

In 2017, the Company issued 4,753,466 shares of Series A-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock,2,948,071 shares of Series A-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock,203,821 shares of Series A-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock , and 27,643 shares of Series A-4 redeemable convertible preferred stock, and in connection with the settlement of the Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFE”) instruments that were outstanding. SAFEs were originally provided to early investors in exchange for cash. The investors who held these SAFEs converted their respective SAFEs to Series A Preferred Stock.

In 2018, the Company sold 7,455,241 shares of its Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold 15,230,734 shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 846,152 shares of Series C Preferred Stock in connection with the Amgen Agreement. In February 2024, the Company issued 49,713,402 shares of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock. Simultaneously with the closing of the Series D Preferred Stock, the Convertible Promissory Notes (including accrued interest) and derivative liability converted into 11,887,535 shares of Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock.

Upon the closing of the IPO, all of the Company’s outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock automatically converted into 20,854,632 shares of common stock.

There are 500,000,000 and 52,400,000 shares of common stock authorized as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In connection with the IPO, the Company's board of directors authorized 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of December 31, 2024, there wereno preferred shares issued and outstanding. The Company had 35,850,037 and 1,673,314 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Common stock reserved for future issuance, on an as-if-converted basis, as of December 31, 2024, consisted of the following:

Note 7. Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Option Plans

Under the terms of its stock option plans, the Company’s board of directors may grant stock options to employees, directors and consultants. The Company issued stock options under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2015 plan”) until September 2024, when the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (“2024 Plan”) was adopted. There are no remaining shares available to be granted under the 2015 Plan. There were 4,721,271 and 662,871 stock options outstanding under the 2015 Plan and 2024 Plan, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

The 2024 Plan authorizes the award of incentive stock options ("ISOs"), which are intended to qualify for tax treatment under Section 422 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and nonqualified stock options, Restricted Stock Awards, Stock Appreciation Rights, Restricted Stock Units, (each as defined in the 2024 Plan, performance awards and stock bonus awards (each as defined in the 2024 Plan). The 2024 Plan initially reserved 3,650,000 sharesof the Company's common stock, which includes any reserved shares not issued or subject to outstanding grants under the 2015 Plan on the effective date of the 2024 Plan, for issuance pursuant to awards granted under our 2024 Plan. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2024 Plan will increase automatically on January 1 of each of the first ten calendar years during the term of the 2024

Planby the number of shares equal to the lesser of 5% of the aggregate number of all classes of the Company's common stock and the total number of shares of the Company's common stock subject to any pre-funded warrants, in each case, as issued and outstanding as of the immediately preceding December 31, or a number as may be determined by the Company's board of directors. Pursuant to the 2024 Plan, ISOs may be granted only to employees of the Company. The Company may grant all other types of awards to its employees, directors and consultants.

As of December 31, 2024,3,039,972 shares were available for future grants under the 2024 Plan. The Plan permits the granting of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock awards, and stock purchase rights. The terms of the agreements are determined by the board of directors. The Company’s stock options have a maximum term of 10 years and vest based on the terms in the agreements, generally over 4 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In September 2024, the Company adopted the 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2024 ESPP"). The 2024 ESPP enables eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock with accumulated payroll deductions. The Company has initially reserved 330,000 shares of its common stock for sale under the 2024 ESPP. The aggregate number of shares issued over the term of the 2024 ESPP, subject to stock-splits, recapitalizations or similar events, may not exceed 3,300,000 shares of the Company's common stock. As of December 31, 2024, there were a total of 330,000 shares available for future purchase under the 2024 ESPP.

The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:

The intrinsic value of the stock options that were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were$1.0 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively.

The grant date fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was$8.81 and $7.59, respectively, and were estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

Stock-based compensation expense recorded as research and development and general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss is as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, there was$26.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years.

Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnification

The Company entered into indemnification agreements with directors and certain officers that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. No demands have been made upon the Company to provide indemnification under such agreements, and thus, there are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. The Company also maintains director and officer insurance, which may cover certain liabilities arising from the Company’s obligation to indemnify its directors and officers. To date, the Company has not incurred any costs and have not accrued any liabilities in the consolidated financial statements as a result of these provisions.

Legal Proceedings

As of December 31, 2024, the Company was not a party to any litigation and did not have contingency reserves established for any litigation liabilities.

From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to legal proceedings. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and that the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal fees and other costs associated with such proceedings are expensed as incurred.

Employee Benefit Plan

The Company maintains a defined contribution 401(k) plan, under which employee contributions are voluntary and are determined on an individual basis, limited by the maximum amounts allowable under federal tax regulations. The Company provides an automatic matching contribution of employee contributions into the plan up to a maximum of 4% of employee deferral. The Company’s matching contributions to employees were $0.5 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Leases

In August 2017, the Company entered into an agreement to lease approximately 6,436 square feet of office and lab space in Richmond California, which the Company uses for its corporate offices and research facility (the “Richmond Lease”). The Richmond lease had an initial term ofthree years but was amended in October 2017 and August 2019 to add additional space for a total of 18,829 square feet and to extend the term of the lease through February 2023. In January 2023, the Company entered into an amendment which extended the term of the lease through August 2024. In March 2024, the Company entered into an amendment which extended the term of the lease through August 2025. The Richmond Lease includes escalating rent payments but does not provide for any renewal options. The Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Richmond lease does not provide a bargain purchase option nor does it transfer ownership at any point during the lease to the Company and is classified as an operating lease.

As of December 31, 2024, the remaining lease term was 0.7 years and the discount rate used to determine the operating leases liability was 12.5%.

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was included in net cash used in operating activities in the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows.

Future minimum rental payments of$0.2 million will be made in 2025. Rent expense was $0.4 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Variable lease payments related to operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were not material.

On September 4, 2024, the Company executed a new lease agreement (“Emeryville Lease”) which commenced in February 2025 and an initial term of 6 years. The annual base rent is $0.7 million per year, subject to an annual upward adjustment of 3.0%. The lease commencement date, for accounting purposes, was not reached as of December 31, 2024 and therefore the lease is not included in the Company’s operating lease right-of-use asset or operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024.

Note 9. Collaboration Agreements

Novartis Pharma AG Collaboration Agreement

On December 16, 2024 the Company entered into a collaboration agreement (the “Novartis Agreement”) with Novartis Pharma AG (“Novartis”), to identify and validate novel therapeutic drug targets by investigating the biological mechanisms that drive diseases related to aging and mediate the beneficial effects of physical exercise.

Under the terms of the Novartis Agreement, the Company is obligated to perform additional analyses on its longitudinal human aging cohort datasets to expand data included in its discovery platform, and perform other activities to enable the identification and validation of novel therapeutic drug targets.

In consideration for the rights granted under the Novartis Agreement, the Company will receive upfront payments and research funding of up to $20.0 million and up to $530.0 million in future long-term research, development, and commercial milestones. Novartis and the Company each have the right to advance novel targets discovered under the Novartis Agreement and are each eligible to receive reciprocal success milestones and receive tiered royalties on net sales of licensed products.

The Company assessed the Novartis Agreement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the promises in the agreement represent transactions with a customer with a single combined performance obligation.

No revenue was recognized under the Novartis Agreement in the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023. Deferred revenue related to the Novartis Agreement amounted to $12.5 million as of December 31, 2024, of which $7.8 million was included in current liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets.

Wellcome Leap Commercial Research Funding Agreement

In September 2023, the Company entered into a Commercial Research Funding Agreement with Wellcome Leap, Inc. (the “Wellcome Leap Agreement”) in which Wellcome Leap was to fund certain research and development work performed by the Company. In connection with the Wellcome Leap Agreement, the Company entered into a statement of work in which the Company was to evaluate Azelaprag’s efficacy at preventing muscle atrophy and frailty during hospitalization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”) patients through a Phase 2 clinical trial (the “COPD Trial”).

Also, in September 2023, Wellcome Leap made a payment of $3.3 million to the Company to cover costs to be incurred related to the COPD Trial (the “Grant Funds”). As the Grant Funds are maintained in a separate bank account from the Company’s other funds and are only to be expended on the COPD Trial, it was determined that the Grant Funds represented restricted cash and are classified as such in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.

In March 2024, the Company informed Wellcome Leap that it planned to terminate the COPD Trial due to concerns regarding commercial feasibility and on May 31, 2024, the Company and Wellcome Leap terminated the Wellcome Leap

Agreement(the “Wellcome Leap Termination”). In connection with the Wellcome Leap Termination, the Company returned $2.4 million of unused Grant Funds received to Wellcome Leap in June 2024.

Note 10. Income Taxes

No income tax expense or benefit has been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023. This is due to the establishment of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets generated during those periods. At December 31, 2024, the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets due to its history of losses. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully reserved.

The following were components of loss before income taxes:

A reconciliation of income tax benefit at the statutory federal income tax rate and income taxes as reflected in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

Deferred tax asset and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which differences are expected to reverse.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred taxes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

The Company has U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards ("NOL") of $104.4 million and $13.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. Net operating loss carryforwards of $3.8 million and $12.7 million begin to expire in 2035 for federal and state income tax purposes respectively. Net operating loss carryforwards of $100.6 million and $1.1 million for federal and state income tax purposes respectively do not expire.

The Company also has $0.1 million in foreign net operating loss carry forwards that do not expire. The Company has $6.6 million and $4.2 million in federal and state research and development credits, respectively, that begin to expire in 2038 for federal income tax purposes and that do not expire for state income tax purposes, respectively.

The Company recorded a 100% valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 because realization is not more likely than not based on available positive and negative evidence. The change in valuation allowance was $17.0 million and $11.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company incorporated a subsidiary in Australia in 2020. However, the company has minimal activity and as such, has no undistributed earnings.

The Company’s net operating losses and other tax attributes may be subject to limitation under Section 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), if the Company has undergone an ownership change. An ownership change is generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in equity ownership by certain stockholders or groups of stockholders over a three-year period. It is possible that the Company has undergone one or more ownership changes in the past or may undergo one in the future. An ownership change limits the Company’s ability to us pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset post-change income. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit the use of state net operating losses and attributes.

The Company has the following activity relating to the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $3.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively. None of the unrecognized benefit at December 31, 2024 would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months.

The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for income taxes. No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as December 31, 2024 or 2023.

All years of the Company are open to examination by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. The Company has not been informed by any tax authorities for any jurisdiction that any of its tax years is under examination as of December 31, 2024.

Note 11. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands except for share and per share data):

The Company’s potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as the effect would be antidilutive. Therefore, the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:

Note 12. Segment Reporting

The Company hasone reportable segment relating to which is the business of extending healthy human life by targeting molecular causes of aging.

The Company’s CODM is its chief executive officer. When evaluating the Company's financial performance, the CODM reviews total operating expenses and expense by function to make decisions on a company-wide basis.

As a single reportable segment entity, the determined measure of profit or loss is the Company’s consolidated net income (loss). Consolidated asset information for the Company’s single reportable segment is presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The table below is a summary of the segment net loss, including significant segment expenses:

Note 13. Subsequent Events

Securities Class Action Lawsuit

On January 7, 2025, a securities class action lawsuit was commenced in the United States District Court, Northern District Court of California, naming the Company, the Company’s directors and certain of the Company’s officers as defendants, and alleging violations of the Securities Act of 1933 in connection with allegedly false and misleading statements made by the defendants in connection with the Company's initial public offering. The plaintiff seeks to represent a class comprised of purchasers of the Company’s common stock purchased pursuant and/or traceable to the Company's initial public offering and seeks damages, costs and expenses and such other relief as determined by the Court. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and intends to defend the lawsuit vigorously. It is possible that similar lawsuits may yet be filed in the same or other courts that name the same or additional defendants.