Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp

Organization and Description of Business

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation (“we,” “us” or “our”) is a commercial-stage company advancing the field of immune medicine by harnessing the inherent biology of the adaptive immune system to transform the diagnosis and treatment of disease. We believe the adaptive immune system is nature’s most finely tuned diagnostic and therapeutic for most diseases, but the inability to decode it has prevented the medical community from fully leveraging its capabilities. Our immune medicine platform applies our proprietary technologies to read the diverse genetic code of a patient’s immune system and understand precisely how the immune system detects and treats disease in that patient. We capture these insights in our dynamic clinical immunomics database and related antigen annotations, which are underpinned by computational biology and machine learning, and use them to develop and commercialize clinical products and services that can be tailored to the needs of individual patients.

We were incorporated in the State of Washington on September 8, 2009 under the name Adaptive TCR Corporation. On December 21, 2011, we changed our name to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation. We are headquartered in Seattle, Washington.

Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation, Adaptive Biotechnologies B.V., our wholly-owned subsidiary, and Digital Biotechnologies, Inc., a corporate subsidiary we have 70% ownership interest in. The remaining interest in Digital Biotechnologies, Inc., held by certain of our related parties and their related family trusts, are shown in the consolidated financial statements as noncontrolling interest. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. We base our estimates on historical experience and other relevant assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates are used in several areas including, but not limited to, estimates of progress to date for certain performance obligations and the transaction price for certain contracts with customers, share-based compensation, imputing interest for our revenue interest purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), the provision for income taxes, including related reserves, the analysis of goodwill impairment and the recoverability and impairment of long-lived assets, among others. These estimates generally involve complex issues and require judgments, involve the analysis of historical results and prediction of future trends, can require extended periods of time to resolve and are subject to change from period to period. Actual results may differ materially from management’s estimates.

We operate astwo operating and reportable segments: Minimal Residual Disease (“MRD”) and Immune Medicine. We have determined that our chief executive officer is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM regularly reviews operating results and other financial information presented at the MRD and Immune Medicine segment level, as well as on a consolidated basis, to make resource allocation decisions. The MRD and Immune Medicine segments are also our two reporting units.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value. Cash equivalents include only securities having an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase. We limit our credit risk associated with cash and cash equivalents by placing our investments with banks that we believe are highly creditworthy and with highly rated money market funds. Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of bank deposits and investments in money market funds.

Restricted Cash

We had a restricted cash balance of$2.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Our restricted cash primarily relates to certain balances we are required to maintain under lease arrangements for some of our facility leases.

Investments in Marketable Securities

Marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale, consist of United States (“U.S.”) government treasury and agency securities, corporate bonds and commercial paper and are reported at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reflected as a separate component of shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) until realized. Realized gains and losses on the sale of these securities are recognized in net income or loss. The cost of marketable securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has defined fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, or an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The FASB established a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The hierarchy defines three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

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Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

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Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

A financial instrument categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In certain cases, where there is limited activity or less transparency around valuation inputs, financial instruments are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy.

Our financial instruments consist of Level 1 and Level 2 assets and have included Level 3 liabilities in the past. The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments approximate fair value due to their short maturities. We did not have any nonfinancial assets or liabilities that were measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Concentrations of Risk

We are subject to a concentration of risk from a limited number of suppliers, or in certain cases, single suppliers, for some of our laboratory instruments and materials. This risk is managed by targeting a quantity of surplus stock.

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk. We invest in money market funds, U.S. government treasury and agency securities, corporate bonds and commercial paper with high-quality accredited financial institutions.

Significant customers are those that represent more than ten percent of our total revenue or accounts receivable, net balances for the periods and as of each consolidated balance sheet date presented, respectively. There were no customers that represented more than ten percent of our accounts receivable, net balances as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

For each significant customer, revenue as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented were as follows:

(1) The related revenue was recognized and reported by our MRD segment.

(2) The related revenue was recognized and reported by both our MRD and Immune Medicine segments.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consists of amounts due from customers for services performed. We review our accounts receivable for credit impairment and regularly analyze the status of significant past due receivables to determine if any will potentially be uncollectible to estimate the amount of allowance necessary to reduce accounts receivable to its estimated net realizable value.

Inventory

Inventory consists of laboratory materials and supplies used in lab analysis. We capitalize inventory when purchased and record expense upon order fulfillment for servicing revenue or utilization in our research and development laboratories. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or market on a first-in, first-out basis. We periodically perform obsolescence assessments and write-off any inventory that is no longer usable. Long-term inventory of $1.5 million and $2.8 million was included within the other assets balance on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of computer equipment, computer software, laboratory equipment, leasehold improvements, furniture and office equipment and assets under construction. Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method based on estimated useful life. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred and costs of improvements are capitalized.

Useful lives assigned to property and equipment are as follows:

We review long-lived assets for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Gains and losses from asset disposals and impairment losses, if incurred, are classified within the consolidated statements of operations in accordance with the use of the asset or asset group, if not separately stated within its own financial statement line item. See Note 15, Restructuringsand Note 10, Leasesfor more information regarding the impairment losses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognized separately from goodwill and are initially recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date, which is regarded as their cost.

Intangible assets may also result from the purchase of assets and intellectual property in a transaction that does not qualify as a business combination. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis which approximates their usage pattern. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or if indicators of potential impairment exist. We havenot recognized any impairment losses on intangible assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the net amount of attributed identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination measured at fair value. We assess goodwill for impairment annually on October 1, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of one or both of our reporting units below its respective carrying value. We evaluate goodwill for impairment by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of one or both of our reporting units is less than its respective carrying amount. If we so determine, or if we choose to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If impairment exists, the carrying value of the allocated goodwill is reduced to its fair value through an impairment charge recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. To date, we havenot recognized any impairment of goodwill.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. We have operating lease agreements for the laboratory, office and warehouse facilities that we occupy. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the date the underlying asset becomes available for our use and are based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentives received. As our leases generally do not provide an implicit interest rate, the present value of our future minimum lease payments is determined using our incremental borrowing rate. This rate is an estimate of the collateralized borrowing rate we would incur on our future lease payments over a similar term and is based on the information available to us at the lease commencement date, or as of January 1, 2020 for commenced leases that existed as of ouradoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).

Certain of our leases contain options to extend or terminate the lease; lease terms are adjusted for these options only when it is reasonably certain we will exercise these options. Our lease agreements do not contain residual value guarantees or covenants.

We have made a policy election regarding our real estate leases not to separate nonlease components from lease components, to the extent they are fixed. Nonlease components that are not fixed are expensed as incurred as variable lease expense. Our leases for laboratory, office and warehouse facilities typically include variable nonlease components, such as common-area maintenance costs. We have also elected not to record on the consolidated balance sheets a lease that has a lease term of twelve months or less and does not contain a purchase option that we are reasonably certain to exercise.

We review our right-of-use assets for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Impairment losses are classified within the consolidated statements of operations in accordance with the use of the asset or asset group, if not separately stated within its own financial statement line item. See Note 15, Restructuringsand Note 10, Leasesfor more information regarding the right-of-use asset and related long-lived asset impairment losses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases. Incentives granted under our facilities leases, including rent holidays, are recognized as adjustments to lease expense on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases.

Revenue Interest Liability, Net and Related Imputed Interest

The revenue interest liability balance associated with the Purchase Agreement that we entered into in September 2022 is presented net of unamortized issuance costs on the consolidated balance sheets. We impute our associated interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We calculate an effective interest rate which will amortize our related obligation to zero over the anticipated repayment period. The effective interest rate may vary during the term of the agreement depending on a number of factors, including changes in forecasted GAAP revenues. We evaluate the effective interest rate quarterly based on both achieved and forecasted revenues, utilizing the prospective method. A significant increase or decrease in or changes in timing of forecasted revenue will prospectively impact our interest expense and the time period for repayment.

Revenue Recognition

For all revenue-generating contracts, we perform the following steps to determine the amount of revenue to be recognized: (1) identify the contract or contracts; (2) determine whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (3) measure the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation.

We derive revenue by providing diagnostic and research services in our MRD and Immune Medicine business areas. Our MRD revenue consists of revenue generated from (1) providing our clonoSEQ report to clinical customers; (2) providing MRD sample testing services to biopharmaceutical customers and certain academic institutions, including investigator-led clinical trials; and (3) providing our clonoSEQ report or results to certain international laboratory sites through technology transfers. Our Immune Medicine revenue consists of revenue generated from (1) providing sample testing services for our commercial research product, Adaptive Immunosequencing, to biopharmaceutical customers and academic institutions; (2) our collaboration agreements with Genentech, Inc. (“Genentech”) and other biopharmaceutical customers in areas of drug and target discovery; and (3) for years prior to 2023, providing our T-Detect COVID tests to clinical customers.

For agreements where we provide our clonoSEQ report to ordering physicians, we have identified one performance obligation: the delivery of a clonoSEQ report. We bill and receive payments for these transactions from commercial, government and medical institution payors. As payment from the respective payors may vary based on the various reimbursement rates and patient responsibilities, we consider the transaction price to be variable and record an estimate of the transaction price, subject to the constraint for variable consideration, as revenue at the time of delivery. The estimate of transaction price is based on historical and expected reimbursement rates with the various payors, which are monitored in subsequent periods and adjusted, as necessary, based on actual collection experience.

Regarding our clonoSEQ coverage under Medicare, we bill an episode of treatment when we deliver the first eligible test report. This billing contemplates all necessary tests required during a patient’s treatment cycle, which is currently estimated at approximately four tests per patient, including the initial sequence identification test. Revenue recognition commences at the time the initial billable test report is delivered and is based upon cumulative tests delivered to date. We estimate the number of tests we expect to deliver over a patient’s treatment cycle based on historical testing frequencies for patients by indication. These estimates are subject to change as we develop more information about utilization over time. Any unrecognized revenue from the initial billable test is recorded as deferred revenue and is recognized either as we deliver our estimate of the remaining tests in a patient’s treatment cycle or when the likelihood becomes remote that a patient will receive additional testing.

The contract transaction price for agreements we enter into with biopharmaceutical customers to further develop and commercialize their therapeutics may consist of a combination of non-refundable upfront fees, separately priced MRD testing fees and milestone fees earned upon our customers’ achievement of certain regulatory approvals. Depending on the contract, these agreements include single or multiple performance obligations. Such performance obligations include providing services to support our customers’ therapeutic development efforts, including regulatory support where our technology is intended to be utilized as part of our customers’ registrational trials, developing analytical plans for our data, participating on joint committees, assisting in completing a regulatory submission and providing MRD testing services related to customer-provided samples for our customers' regulatory submissions. Generally, the support services, excluding MRD testing services, are not distinct within the context of the contract and thus are accounted for as a single performance obligation. The transaction price allocated to the respective performance obligations is estimated using an adjusted market assessment approach for the regulatory support services and a standalone selling price for the estimated MRD testing services. When MRD sample testing services are separately priced customer options, we assess if a material right exists and, if not, the customer option to purchase additional MRD sample testing services is not considered part of the contract. We recognize revenue related to MRD testing services over time using an output method based on the proportion of sample results delivered relative to the total amount of sample results expected to be delivered, when expected to be a faithful depiction of progress. We use the same method to recognize the regulatory support services. When an output method based on the proportion of sample results delivered is not expected to be a faithful depiction of progress, we utilize an input method using a cost-based model based on estimates of effort completed. Selecting the measure of progress and estimating progress to date requires significant judgment. Except for any non-refundable upfront fees, the other forms of compensation represent variable consideration. At contract inception, we fully constrain any consideration related to regulatory milestones, as the achievement of such milestones is subject to third-party regulatory approval and the customers’ own submission decision-making. Variable consideration related to regulatory milestones is estimated using the most likely amount method, where variable consideration is constrained until it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur. Milestone payments for regulatory approvals, which are not within our customers’ control, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. Determining whether regulatory milestone payments are probable is an area that requires significant judgment. In making this assessment, we evaluate scientific, clinical, regulatory and other risks, as well as the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone.

For research customers who utilize either our MRD or Adaptive Immunosequencing services, contracts typically include an amount billed in advance of services (“upfront”) and subsequent billings as sample results are delivered to the customer. Upfront amounts received are recorded as deferred revenue, which we recognize as revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. We have identifiedtwo typical performance obligations under the terms of our research service contracts: (1) the delivery of our MRD data or Adaptive Immunosequencing for customer provided samples; and (2) related data analysis. We recognize revenue for both identified performance obligations as sample results are delivered to the customer. In periods where our sample estimates are reduced or a customer project is cancelled and, in either case, we have remaining related deferred revenue, we recognize revenue using a cumulative catch-up approach based on the proportion of samples delivered to date relative to the total samples expected to be delivered.

Contract Balances

In certain circumstances, billing may occur prior to services being performed. Upfront payments are recorded as deferred revenue, or contract liabilities. We classify deferred revenue as current when we expect our performance obligations will be completed within the next twelve months; however, we do not control the timing of customer provided samples. For service and collaboration activities, excluding those related to our worldwide collaboration and license agreement with Genentech, we assess the performance obligations and recognize deferred revenue as current or non-current based upon forecasted delivery times, which are customer coordinated. In certain circumstances, a customer project may be cancelled or terminated prior to the delivery of all related services covered by a customer’s upfront payment. In these circumstances, we recognize revenue when sufficient evidence is obtained that a reversal of revenue is not probable. We also recognize revenue when our estimate of total samples to be provided under certain of our agreements is reduced or, in the case of contract balances related to Medicare, when the likelihood becomes remote that a patient will receive additional testing. See Note 3, Revenuefor our deferred revenue policy related to our worldwide collaboration and license agreement with Genentech.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation includes compensation expense for stock option, restricted stock unit and market-based restricted stock unit grants made to employees and non-employees. It represents the grant date fair value of the grants and is recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, usually the vesting period, on a straight-line basis, net of actual forfeitures. We estimate the grant date fair value of stock option and market-based restricted stock unit grants using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the Monte Carlo valuation model, respectively.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses were$6.1 million,$8.6 million and$13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cost of revenue includes the cost of materials, personnel-related expenses (including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation), shipping and handling expenses, equipment costs, allocated facility costs associated with processing samples and professional support costs related to our service revenue activities. Allocated facility costs include depreciation of laboratory equipment, as well as allocated facility occupancy and information technology costs. Costs associated with processing samples are recorded as expense, regardless of the timing of revenue recognition.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of laboratory materials costs, personnel-related expenses (including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation), equipment costs, allocated facility and information technology costs and contract service expenses. Research and development activities support further development and refinement of existing assays and products, discovery of new technologies and investments in our immune medicine platform. We also include in research and development expenses the costs associated with software development of applications to support future commercial opportunities, as well as development activities to support laboratory scaling and workflow. Additionally, a component of our research and development expenses are costs supporting clinical and analytical validations to obtain regulatory approval for future clinical products and services. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Upfront payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized, then are recognized as an expense as the goods are consumed or the related services are performed. Costs to support our worldwide collaboration and license agreement with Genentech are also a component of our research and development expenses.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses include personnel-related expenses (including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation) for commercial sales, product and account management, marketing, reimbursement, medical education and business development personnel that support commercialization of our platform products. In addition, these expenses include external costs such as advertising expenses, customer education and promotional expenses, market analysis expenses, conference fees, travel expenses and allocated facility and information technology costs.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Expenses

Impairment of long-lived assets expenses include our impairment charges for certain leased office and laboratory space, related long-lived assets (including leasehold improvements and laboratory equipment) and long-lived assets associated with our halted software enhancements.

Interest expense includes costs associated with our revenue interest liability and noncash interest costs associated with the amortization of the related deferred issuance costs. We impute interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We calculate an effective interest rate which will amortize our related obligation to zero over the anticipated repayment period. A significant increase or decrease in or changes in timing of forecasted revenue will prospectively impact our interest expense.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and the operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the consolidated balance sheet date using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities due to a change in tax rates is recognized in the period such tax rate changes are enacted. Our net deferred tax assets are fully offset by a valuation allowance, because of our history of losses.

We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon examination.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation Common Shareholders

We calculate basic net loss per share attributable to our common shareholders by dividing net loss attributable to us by our weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net loss per share attributable to our common shareholders is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method. For purposes of this calculation, outstanding stock options, nonvested restricted stock units outstanding and the maximum nonvested market-based restricted stock units outstanding eligible to be earned are considered common stock equivalents but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to our common shareholders, as their effect is anti-dilutive.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which intends to enhance reportable segment disclosures with an emphasis on significant segment expenses. Weadopted this guidance in thefourth quarter of 2024 and applied it retrospectively. See Note 19, Segment Information for more information.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which primarily intends to enhance the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the guidance is to be applied prospectively; retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income — Expense Disaggregation Disclosures(Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which intends to improve financial reporting by requiring disclosure of additional information about specific expense categories. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and the guidance is to be applied prospectively and may be applied retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Revenue

We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by business area and type of arrangement, as we believe this best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The following table presents our disaggregated revenue for the periods presented (in thousands):

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $1.2 million in Immune Medicine service revenue related to cancelled customer contracts. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $6.5 million in MRD service revenue related to Medicare reimbursements resulting from our determination that the likelihood of additional testing for specific patients was remote and cancelled customer contracts.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $0.6 million in Immune Medicine service revenue related to cancelled customer contracts. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $5.6 million in MRD service revenue related to Medicare reimbursements resulting from our determination that the likelihood of additional testing for specific patients was remote, cancelled customer contracts and changes in estimates of total samples to be provided under certain of our agreements.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $0.7 million in Immune Medicine service revenue related to cancelled customer contracts. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $5.2 million in MRD service revenue related to Medicare reimbursements resulting from our determination that the likelihood of additional testing for specific patients was remote, changes in estimates of total samples to be provided under certain of our agreements and cancelled customer contracts.

As of December 31, 2024, we could receive up to an additional$418.5 million inmilestone payments in future periods if certain regulatory approvals are obtained by our customers’ therapeutics in connection with MRD data generated from our MRD product.

Genentech Collaboration Agreement

In December 2018, we entered into a worldwide collaboration and license agreement with Genentech (the “Genentech Agreement”) to leverage our capability to develop cellular therapies in oncology. Subsequent to receipt of regulatory approval in January 2019, we received a non-refundable, upfront payment of $300.0 million in February 2019. We also received a $10.0 million milestone in 2023. We may be eligible to receive an additional $1.8 billion over time, including payments of up to $65.0 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory milestones, up to $300.0 million upon the achievement of specified development milestones and up to $1,430.0 million upon the achievement of specified commercial milestones. In addition, we are separately able to receive tiered royalties at a rate ranging from the mid-single digits to the mid-teens on aggregate worldwide net sales of products arising from the strategic collaboration, subject to certain reductions, with aggregate minimum floors. Under the Genentech Agreement, we are pursuing two product development pathways for novel T cell therapeutic products in which Genentech intends to use T cell receptors (“TCRs”) screened by our immune medicine platform to engineer and manufacture cellular medicines:

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Shared Products. The shared products will use “off-the-shelf” TCRs identified against cancer antigens shared among patients (“Shared Products”).

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Personalized Product. The personalized product will use patient-specific TCRs identified by real-time screening of TCRs against cancer antigens in each patient (“Personalized Product”).

Under the terms of the Genentech Agreement, we granted Genentech exclusive worldwide licenses to develop and commercialize TCR-based cellular therapies in the field of oncology, including licenses to existing shared antigen data packages. Additionally, Genentech has the right to determine which product candidates to further develop for commercialization purposes. We determined that this arrangement meets the criteria set forth in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”), because both parties are active participants in the activity and are exposed to significant risks and rewards depending on the activity’s commercial failure or success. Because ASC 808 does not provide guidance on how to account for the activities under a collaborative arrangement, we applied the guidance in ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers(“ASC 606”) to account for the activities related to the Genentech Agreement.

In applying ASC 606, we identified the following performance obligations at the inception of the agreement:

License to utilize on an exclusive basis all TCR-specific platform intellectual property to develop and commercialize any licensed products in the field of oncology.

License to utilize all data and information within each shared antigen data package and any other know-how disclosed by us to Genentech in oncology.

License to utilize all private antigen TCR product data in connection with research and development activities in the field of use.

License to existing shared antigen data packages.

Research and development services for Shared Products development, including expansion of shared antigen data packages.

Research and development services for private product development.

Obligations to participate on various joint research, development and project committees.

We determined that none of the licenses, research and development services or obligations to participate on various committees were distinct within the context of the contract, given such rights and activities were highly interrelated and there was substantial additional research and development to further develop the licenses. We considered factors such as the stage of development of the respective existing antigen data packages, the subsequent development that would be required to both identify and submit a potential target for investigational new drug acceptance under both product pathways and the variability in research and development pathways given Genentech’s control of product commercialization. Specifically, under the Genentech Agreement, Genentech is not required to pursue development or commercialization activities pertaining to both product pathways and may choose to proceed with one or the other. Accordingly, we determined that all of the identified performance obligations were attributable to one general performance obligation, which is to further the development of our TCR-specific platform, including data packages, and continue to make our TCR identification process available to Genentech to pursue either product pathway.

Separately, we have a responsibility to Genentech to enter into a supply and manufacturing agreement for patient-specific TCRs as it pertains to any Personalized Product therapeutic. We determined this was an option right of Genentech should they pursue commercialization of a Personalized Product therapy. Because of the uncertainty resulting from the early stage of development, the novel approach of our collaboration with Genentech and our rights to future commercial milestones and royalty payments, we determined that this option right was not a material right that should be accounted for at inception. As such, we will account for the supply and manufacturing agreement when entered into between the parties.

We determined the initial transaction price shall be made up of only the $300.0 million upfront, non-refundable payment, as all potential regulatory and development milestone payments were probable of significant revenue reversal given their achievement was highly dependent on factors outside our control. As a result, these payments were fully constrained and were not included in the initial transaction price. In May 2023, one of the regulatory milestones was achieved, resulting in a $10.0 million addition to the transaction price, $7.7 million of which was recognized as revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2023, with the remainder included in deferred revenue to be recognized as revenue over the remaining research and development period. We continue to exclude the commercial milestones and potential royalties from the transaction price, as those items relate predominantly to the license rights granted to Genentech and will be assessed when and if such events occur.

As there are potential substantive developments necessary, which Genentech may be able to direct, we determined that we would apply a proportional performance model to recognize revenue for our performance obligation. We measure proportional performance using an input method based on costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs of research and development efforts to pursue both the Shared Products and Personalized Product pathways. When any of the potential regulatory and development milestones are no longer fully constrained and are included in the transaction price, such amounts will be recognized using the cumulative catch-up method based on proportional performance at such time. We currently expect to recognize revenue generated from the Genentech Agreement over a period of approximately nine toten years from the effective date. This estimate of the research and development period considers pursuit options of development activities supporting both the Shared Products and Personalized Product, but may be reduced or increased based on the various activities as directed by the joint committees, decisions made by Genentech, regulatory feedback or other factors not currently known.

In total, we recognized$13.5 million, $42.6 million and $62.8 million in Immune Medicine collaboration revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the Genentech Agreement. Costs related to the Genentech Agreement are included in research and development expenses.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue from the Genentech Agreement represents$15.9 million and$25.4 million of the current and non-current deferred revenue balances on the consolidated balance sheet, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and$13.6 million and$41.1 million of the current and non-current deferred revenue balances on the consolidated balance sheet, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. We expect our current deferred revenue to be recognized as revenue within 12 months. We expect the majority of our non-current deferred revenue to be recognized as revenue over a period of approximately four years from December 31, 2024. This period of time represents an estimate of the research and development period to develop cellular therapies in oncology, which may be reduced or increased based on various research and development activities.

Changes in deferred revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024,$35.9 million was recognized as revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance at December 31, 2023.

Fair Value Measurements

The following tables set forth the fair values of financial assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

Level 1 securities include highly liquid money market funds, for which we measure the fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 securities consist of U.S. government treasury and agency securities, corporate bonds and commercial paper, and are valued based on recent trades of securities in inactive markets or on quoted market prices of similar instruments and other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

Investments

Available-for-sale investments consisted of the following as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

All the U.S. government treasury and agency securities, corporate bonds and commercial paper designated as short-term marketable securities have an effective maturity date that is equal to or less than one year from the respective consolidated balance sheet date. Those that are designated as long-term marketable securities have an effective maturity date that is more than one year from the respective consolidated balance sheet date.

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our marketable securities. Accrued interest receivable of$1.3 million and$1.0 million was presented separately within the prepaid expenses and other current assets balance on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table presents the gross unrealized holding losses and fair values for investments in an unrealized loss position, and the length of time individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

We periodically review our available-for-sale securities to assess for credit impairment. Some of the factors considered in assessing impairment include the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions related to the security, an industry or geographic area, changes to security ratings or sector credit ratings and other relevant market data.

As of December 31, 2024, we did not intend, nor were we more likely than not to be required, to sell our available-for-sale investments before the recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity. Based on our assessment, we concluded all impairment as of December 31, 2024 to be due to factors other than credit loss, such as changes in interest rates. A credit allowance was not recognized and the impairment of our available-for-sale securities was recorded in other comprehensive loss.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense was$17.6 million, $20.5 million and $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 15, Restructurings and Note 10, Leasesfor more information regarding the impairment losses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

There have beenno changes in the carrying amount of goodwill since its recognition in 2015. In conjunction with our organizational realignment in 2024, we allocated goodwill among ourtwo reporting units using a relative fair value approach. Goodwill allocated to the MRD and Immune Medicine reporting units as of December 31, 2024 was $96.4 million and $22.6 million, respectively.

Intangible assets subject to amortization as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

The developed technology was acquired in connection with our acquisition of Sequenta, Inc. in 2015. The remaining balance of the acquired developed technology and the purchased intellectual property is expected to be amortized over the next 2.0 years, approximately.

As of December 31, 2024, expected future amortization expense for intangible assets was as follows (in thousands):

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

Leases

We have operating lease agreements for laboratory, office and warehouse facilities that we occupy in various locations.

In July 2011, we entered into a non-cancelable lease agreement with an, at the time, minority shareholder for office and laboratory space in Seattle, Washington. The lease terms were subsequently amended multiple times, most recently in August 2019, when we expanded the existing premises to approximately 65,500 square feet. Cash payment for rent of the expanded premises commenced January 2020, four months after the landlord delivered the expanded premises to us for construction of certain tenant improvements, and the lease term for both the existing premises and the expanded premises ends October 2032, subject to our option to twice extend the lease forfive years. The amended lease also requires us to pay additional amounts for operating and maintenance expenses.

In 2023, we vacated this leased space. As such, we assessed the right-of-use asset and related leasehold improvements (together, the "asset group") for impairment by first comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to future net undiscounted cash flows projected to be generated over the remaining lease term. These projections include management's estimates of cash inflows from potential sublease income and outflows for operating and maintenance expenses. The carrying amount was found to be unrecoverable, thus we assessed the asset group's fair value. The extent to which the asset group's carrying amount exceeds its fair value represents the impairment cost to be recognized. Fair value was determined using the income approach, whereby we discounted estimated net cash flows using a rate commensurate with our estimated incremental borrowing rate. As a result of this assessment, which included unrecoverable operating and maintenance costs, we determined that the asset group was to be fully impaired. As such, animpairment charge of $25.4 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023, $21.2 million of which related to the right-of-use asset and $4.2 million of which related to the long-lived leasehold improvements, all of which were held for use.

In August 2019, we entered into an agreement to rent approximately 100,000 square feet in what was a to-be-constructed, new headquarters building in Seattle, Washington. In connection with the lease, we entered into a $2.1 million letter of credit with one of our existing financial institutions. The lease commenced in December 2020, when the landlord delivered the premises to us for construction of certain tenant improvements. We occupied the new building in 2021, cash payment for rent began in October 2021 and the lease term ends in August 2033, subject to our option totwice extend the lease forfive years. In connection with this lease, the landlord agreed to fund $20.0 million in improvements, which was subsequently reduced to $14.8 million as a result of our change requests made during landlord construction of the building, net of an administration fee. We incurred $14.9 million in certain tenant improvement costs, all of which had been reimbursed by the landlord as of December 31, 2022. The lease also requires us to pay additional amounts for operating and maintenance expenses.

In April 2018, we entered into a lease agreement to lease approximately 13,400 square feet in South San Francisco, California. The lease term is through March 2026 and provides forone five-year extension option. We are responsible for our share of allocable operating expenses, tax expenses and utilities costs during the duration of the lease term. In connection with the lease, the landlord funded agreed-upon improvements. The landlord was solely responsible for the $2.4 million cost of such improvements. The lease agreement was amended in February 2020 to lease approximately 19,900 additional square feet and provides for a $0.6 million tenant improvement allowance. In 2024, as part of a restructuring, we vacated certain of the leased space in South San Francisco, California and incurred a related impairment charge. See Note 15, Restructuringsfor more information.

In March 2021, we executed a lease to rent approximately 27,000 square feet of a warehouse in Bothell, Washington, which we classified as an operating lease upon commencement during the year ended December 31, 2021. Rent obligations commenced in October 2021 and the lease expires October 2031, subject to an early termination option after the seventh year and anoption to twice extend the lease forfive years. The lease requires us to pay certain operating expenses. Furthermore, the landlord agreed to fund $1.2 million in improvements in connection with this lease.

As of December 31, 2024, we were not party to any finance leases. Our leases have remaining terms ranging from 1.2 years to 8.7 years and include options toextend certain of the leases up to 10.0 years and terminate certain of the leases after 7.0 years of leasing. We adjust lease terms for these options only when it is reasonably certain we will exercise these options.

Other information related to our operating leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

The following table reconciles our undiscounted operating lease cash flows to our operating lease liabilities, less current portion balance on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Operating lease expense was $9.6 million, $11.4 million and $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Variable lease expense for operating leases was$7.1 million, $7.1 million and $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was$13.7 million and $13.4 million, respectively. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was $9.2 million, net of $5.2 million of cash received for tenant improvement allowances during the year ended December 31, 2022.

In September 2022, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with OrbiMed Royalty & Credit Opportunities IV, LP (“OrbiMed”), an affiliate of OrbiMed Advisors LLC, as collateral agent and administrative agent for the purchasers party thereto (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we received $125.0 million from the Purchasers at closing (the “First Payment”), less certain transaction expenses. We are also entitled to receive up to $125.0 million in subsequent installments as follows: (i) $75.0 million upon our request occurring no later than September 12, 2025 (the “Second Payment”) and (ii) $50.0 million upon our request in connection with certain permitted acquisitions occurring no later than September 12, 2025 (the “Third Payment”), in each case subject to certain funding conditions. To secure our obligations under the Purchase Agreement, we and our subsidiaries have granted OrbiMed a security interest in our core platform technology assets, subject to certain customary exclusions, as defined in the Purchase Agreement.

Revenue Interest Payments

As consideration for such payments, the Purchasers have a right to receive certain revenue interests (the “Revenue Interests”) from us based on a percentage (the “Applicable Payment Percentage”) of all GAAP revenue (the “Revenue Base”). If only the First Payment has been made, the Applicable Payment Percentage shall be five percent of the quarterly Revenue Base. If both the First Payment and Second Payment have been made, the Applicable Payment Percentage shall be eight percent of the quarterly Revenue Base. If each of the First Payment, Second Payment and Third Payment have been made, the applicable payment percentage applied to the Revenue Interest shall be ten percent of the quarterly Revenue Base.

Payments in respect of the Revenue Interests shall be made quarterly within 45 days following the end of each fiscal quarter (each, a “Revenue Interest Payment”). If OrbiMed has not received Revenue Interest Payments in the aggregate equal to or greater than the sum of its invested capital (the “Cumulative Purchaser Payments”) on or prior to September 12, 2028, the revenue interest rate shall be increased to a rate which, if applied retroactively to our cumulative Revenue Base, would have resulted in Revenue Interest Payments equal to the sum of all Cumulative Purchaser Payments.

Return Cap

OrbiMed will be entitled to 100% of the Revenue Interest Payments until it has received a total cumulative value of 165% of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments (the “Return Cap”), unless full repayment of the amount of the Return Cap has not been made by September 12, 2032, in which case the Return Cap shall be increased to 175% of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments.

Put/Call Options

Upon the occurrence of a Put Option Event (as defined in the Purchase Agreement), including material divestitures by us, a change in control, material judgments, or bankruptcy events, Purchasers representing at least a majority of the purchase commitments under the Purchase Agreement shall have the right but not the obligation ("the Put Option") to require us to repurchase all of the outstanding Revenue Interests at the applicable price (the “Put/Call Price”). Additionally, at any time following receipt of the First Payment, we may exercise a call option to repurchase all Revenue Interests at the applicable Put/Call Price.

For all Put Option Events other than a change of control or a material divestiture, the Put/Call Price shall be an amount equal to the applicable Return Cap. For a change of control or a material divestiture, the Put/Call Price shall be equal to the applicable Return Cap.

Accounting Treatment

We evaluated the terms of the Purchase Agreement and concluded that the features of the Cumulative Purchaser Payments are similar to those of a debt instrument. Accordingly, we accounted for the transaction as debt recorded at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. We further evaluated the terms of the debt and determined that the Put Option that is exercisable by the Purchasers upon certain contingent events requires bifurcation as a derivative. However, the value of the Put Option was determined to be immaterial due to the remote possibility of exercise. We assess the value of the Put Option periodically.

To determine the amortization of the Purchase Agreement obligation, we are required to estimate the amount and timing of future Revenue Interest Payments based on our estimate of the timing and amount of future revenues and calculate an effective interest rate which will amortize the obligation tozero over the amortization period. The calculated effective interest rate as of December 31, 2024 was 8.8%.

In connection with the Purchase Agreement, we incurred debt issuance costs of $0.6 million. Debt issuance costs have been recorded to debt and are being amortized over the estimated term of the debt using the effective interest method.

The assumptions used in determining the expected repayment term of the obligation and amortization period of the issuance costs requires that we make estimates that could impact the short- and long-term classification of these costs, as well as the period over which these costs will be amortized. We periodically assess the amount and timing of expected Revenue Interest Payments based on internal forecasts. To the extent such payments are greater or less than our initial estimates or the timing of such payments is materially different than our original estimates, we will prospectively adjust the amortization of the revenue interest liability and the issuance costs, as well as the effective interest rate.

The following table sets forth the revenue interest liability, net activity during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Interest expense was $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue interest payable of $2.4 million and $2.3 million was included within the accounts payable balance on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

We are subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. We will accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. We were not party to any material legal proceedings as of December 31, 2024.

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, we may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to vendors, lessors, customers and other parties with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of our agreements with them or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with members of our board of directors and certain of our executive officers that will require us to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The maximum potential amount of future payments that we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is, in many cases, unlimited. We have not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnifications and are not currently aware of any indemnification claims.

Shareholders’ Equity

Common Stock

Our common stock has no preferences or privileges and is not redeemable. Holders of our common stock are entitled toone vote for each share of common stock held. The holders of record of outstanding shares of common stock shall be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared, out of funds legally available, such cash and other dividends as may be declared from time to time.

Our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) provides for annual increases in the number of shares that may be issued under the 2019 Plan on January 1, 2020 and on each subsequent January 1, thereafter, by a number of shares equal to the lesser of (a)5% of the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31, or (b) an amount determined by our board of directors.

Furthermore, our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance under our ESPP on January 1, 2020 and on each January 1, thereafter, by a number of shares equal to the smallest of (a)1% of the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31, or (b) an amount determined by our board of directors.

Effective January 1, 2024, our 2019 Plan and ESPP reserves increased by 7,254,113 shares and 1,450,822 shares, respectively. Our board of directors determined not to increase the 2019 Plan and ESPP reserves in 2025.

As of December 31, 2024, wehad reserved shares of common stock for the following:

Equity Incentive Plans

2009 Equity Incentive Plan

We adopted an equity incentive plan in 2009 (the “2009 Plan”) that provided for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified common stock options and other share-based awards for employees, directors and consultants. Under the 2009 Plan, the exercise price for incentive and nonqualified stock options were not to be less than the fair market value of our common stock at the date of grant. Stock options granted under this plan expire no later thanten years from the grant date and vesting was established at the time of grant. Pursuant to the terms of the 2019 Plan, any shares subject to outstanding stock options originally granted under the 2009 Plan that terminate, expire or lapse for any reason without the delivery of shares to the holder thereof shall become available for issuance pursuant to awards granted under the 2019 Plan. Whileno shares are available for future grant under the 2009 Plan, it continues to govern outstanding equity awards granted thereunder.

2019 Equity Incentive Plan

The 2019 Plan became effective immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering in July 2019. The 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of awards in the form of stock options and other share-based awards for employees, directors and consultants. Under the 2019 Plan, the stock option exercise price per share shall not be less than the fair market value of a share of stock on the effective date of grant, as defined by the 2019 Plan, unless explicitly qualified under the provisions of Section 409A or Section 424(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Additionally, unless otherwise specified, stock options granted under this plan expire no later thanten years from the grant date and vesting is established at the time of grant. Except for certain awards granted to non-employee directors, stock options and restricted stock units granted under the 2019 Plan generally vest over afour-year period, subject to continuous service through each applicable vesting date. As of December 31, 2024, we had 39,683,842 shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2019 Plan.

Changes in shares available for grant during the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Stock Options

Stock option activity under the 2009 Plan and 2019 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows:

The weighted-average remaining contractual life for stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 was 5.4 years. The weighted-average remaining contractual life for vested and exercisable stock options as of December 31, 2024 was 4.9 years.

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was$0.2 million,$1.4 million and $7.6 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock unit activity under the 2019 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows:

The total fair value of restricted stock units vested during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $10.6 million, $12.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

Market-Based Restricted Stock Units

Certain of our executive officers have been granted awards of market-based restricted stock units. The number of shares of common stock that may be earned under the respective awards range from zero shares to a defined maximum number of shares and are calculated based on our total shareholder return during athree-year performance period as measured against that of the group of companies comprising the S&P Biotechnology Select Industry Index as of the grant date or other applicable date, subject to certain adjustments to such index group. Except as expressly provided in the terms of each award's agreement, vesting is subject to the respective grantee's continuous service through the end of the three-year performance period.

Market-based restricted stock unit activity under the 2019 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows:

Grant Date Fair Value of Stock Options, Restricted Stock Units and Market-Based Restricted Stock Units Granted

The estimated grant date fair values of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

The determination of the grant date fair value of stock options granted using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by the fair value of our common stock, as well as assumptions regarding a number of variables that are subjective and generally require judgment to determine. The valuation assumptions were determined as follows:

Fair value of common stock—The fair value of each share of common stock is based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant, or other relevant determination date, as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Expected term—The expected term of stock options granted to employees and non-employee directors is determined using the “simplified” method, as illustrated in ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, as we do not have sufficient exercise history to determine a better estimate of expected term. Under this approach, the expected term isbased on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term of the stock option.

Risk-free interest rate—We utilize a risk-free interest rate in the option valuation model based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected terms of the stock options.

Expected volatility—Until 2024, as we did not have sufficient trading history for our common stock, expected volatility was based on the historical volatility of our publicly traded industry peers utilizing a period of time consistent with our estimate of expected term. Beginning in 2024, expected volatility was based on a weighted average of our historical volatility and the historical volatility of our publicly traded industry peers utilizing a period of time consistent with our estimate of expected term.

Expected dividend yield—We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and, therefore, use an expected dividend yield ofzero in the option valuation model.

The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was$2.70,$5.61 and$7.36, respectively.

The grant date fair value of restricted stock units grantedis based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant, or other relevant determination date, as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market. The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock units granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was$4.03,$8.29 and $11.43, respectively.

The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of the market-based restricted stock units granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $6.49, $13.82 and $18.89, respectively, and was determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model, which uses assumptions such as volatility, risk-free interest rate and dividend estimated for the respective performance periods. The aggregate share-based compensation expense of the market-based restricted stock units granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $7.2 million, $9.8 million and $4.7 million respectively. Aggregate share-based compensation expense is calculated based on the target payout level of shares granted and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective grants' performance periods, which are also the requisite service periods. Attainment of each grant's respective market condition and the number of shares earned and vested does not impact the related share-based compensation expense recognized. Share-based compensation expense is reversed only if the respective grantee does not provide continuous service through the respective performance period for reasons other than those expressly provided in the terms of the respective award.

The compensation cost related to stock options, restricted stock units and market-based restricted stock units for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are included on the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized share-based compensation expense and the remaining weighted-average recognition period were as follows:

Restructurings

In 2022, we implemented a restructuring plan to reduce operating costs and reduced our workforce by approximately 100 employees. We incurred aggregate restructuring costs of $2.0 million, all of which was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. These costs primarily related to one-time termination benefits and ongoing benefit arrangements, both of which included severance payments and extended benefits coverage support and were contingent upon the impacted employees’ execution and non-revocation of separation agreements. Our aggregate restructuring costs also included certain contract termination costs. The activities related to this reduction in workforce were primarily completed in March 2022 and the $2.0 million aggregate restructuring costs were paid as of December 31, 2022.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we implemented a restructuring plan to better align our organization to ourtwo operating segments: MRD and Immune Medicine. We incurred aggregate restructuring costs of $1.0 million, primarily related to one-time termination benefits and ongoing benefit arrangements.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we implemented additional restructuring initiatives which impacted certain planned software enhancements and resulted in the consolidation of certain research and development workflows. The impacted software enhancements were primarily associated with our laboratory information management systems. As part of these restructurings, we had long-lived assets that were no longer being utilized and we vacated certain leased space in South San Francisco, California. As such, we assessed the related assets for impairment by first comparing their carrying amounts to the future net undiscounted cash flows projected to be generated over their remaining lease terms or depreciable lives, as applicable. The carrying amounts were all found to be unrecoverable, thus we assessed the fair values of the assets. The extent to which the carrying amounts of the assets exceed their fair values represents the impairment costs to be recognized. As a result of our assessments, we recognized $7.2 million of impairment charges. Of the $7.2 million charges recognized, $1.1 million and $3.3 million relates to the right-of-use asset and related long-lived assets (namely laboratory equipment and leasehold improvements), respectively, associated with certain of our leased space in South San Francisco, California. The remaining $2.8 million recognized relates to the impairment of long-lived assets associated with our halted software enhancements. We also incurred an additional $0.7 million in restructuring costs primarily related to one-time termination benefits and ongoing benefit arrangements.

During the six months ended December 31, 2024, we incurred an additional $0.3 million in aggregate restructuring costs, which primarily related to one-time termination benefits and ongoing benefit arrangements.

In total, we recognized restructuring costs of $9.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The activities and payments related to these restructurings were completed and paid as of December 31, 2024.

Income Taxes

The components of loss before provision for income taxes for the periods presented were as follows (in thousands):

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

The significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the dates presented were as follows (in thousands):

ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, requires that the tax benefit of net operating losses ("NOLs"), temporary differences and credit carryforwards be recorded as an asset to the extent that management assesses that realization is “more likely than not.” Realization of the future tax benefits is dependent on our ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward period. Because of our history of operating losses, management believes that recognition of the deferred tax assets arising from the above-mentioned future tax benefits is currently not likely to be realized and, accordingly, has provided a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased by $33.1 million and $55.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Federal tax laws impose substantial restrictions on the utilization of NOL and credit carryforwards in the event of an ownership change, as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Accordingly, our ability to utilize these carryforwards may be limited due to such ownership changes. We have completed a Section 382 analysis for changes in ownership through December 31, 2023 and continue to monitor for changes that could trigger a limitation. Based on this analysis, we do not expect to have any permanent limitations on the utilization of our federal NOLs. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 federal income tax law, federal NOLs incurred in 2018 and future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal NOLs is subject to an annual limitation. NOLs generated prior to 2018 are eligible to be carried forward up to 20 years. As of December 31, 2024, we had U.S. federal NOLs of $192.5 million and U.S. federal tax credits of $51.1 million that will begin to expire in 2028. We also had $856.6 million of NOLs as of December 31, 2024 that do not expire.

The effective tax rate of our provision for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate for the periods presented as follows:

We account for global intangible low-taxed income as period costs when incurred.

We recognize, in the consolidated financial statements, the effect of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. We had unrecognized tax benefits of $10.7 million as of December 31, 2024.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the dates presented are as follows (in thousands):

During the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized uncertain tax positions of $1.4 million, $1.2 million and $1.2 million, respectively, related to a reduction of the research and development credit deferred tax asset. Unrecognized tax benefits may change during the next twelve months for items that arise in the ordinary course of business. We do not expect a material change to our unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months that would have an adverse effect on our operating results.

We recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. We hadno accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

We file federal and certain state income tax returns, which provide varying statutes of limitations on assessments. However, because of NOL carryforwards, substantially all tax years since inception remain open to federal and state tax examination.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation Common Shareholders

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to our common shareholders for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

Given the loss position for all periods presented, basic net loss per share attributable to our common shareholders is the same as diluted net loss per share attributable to our common shareholders, as the inclusion of all potential shares of common stock outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

The following weighted-average common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to our common shareholders for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, as they had an anti-dilutive effect:

Retirement Plan

We maintain a salary deferral 401(k) plan (“401(k) Plan”) covering employees who have met certain eligibility requirements. Employees may defer up to 100% of their compensation to the 401(k) Plan, subject to federal limits. We made $2.0 million, $2.3 million and $2.8 million in discretionary contributions during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are fully vested afterone year of employee service.

In 2024, in connection with an organizational realignment, we began operating our business astwo reportable segments: MRD and Immune Medicine. These segments are organized by market opportunity in commercial diagnostics and drug discovery, respectively.

The MRD business focuses on the use of our highly sensitive, next-generation sequencing assay to measure MRD in patients with hematologic malignancies. It is comprised of our clonoSEQ clinical diagnostic test, offered to clinicians, and our clonoSEQ assay, offered to biopharmaceutical partners to advance drug development efforts. Our MRD revenue consists of revenue generated from (1) providing our clonoSEQ report to clinical customers; (2) providing MRD sample testing services to biopharmaceutical customers and certain academic institutions, including investigator-led clinical trials; and (3) providing our clonoSEQ report or results to certain international laboratory sites through technology transfers.

The Immune Medicine business leverages our proprietary ability to sequence, map, pair and characterize TCRs and B cell receptors at scale. We have created a powerful data engine to drive the development of novel therapies. Our Immune Medicine revenue consists of revenue generated from (1) providing sample testing services for our commercial research product, Adaptive Immunosequencing, to biopharmaceutical customers and academic institutions; (2) our collaboration agreements with Genentech and other biopharmaceutical customers in areas of drug and target discovery; and (3) for years prior to 2023, providing our T-Detect COVID tests to clinical customers.

There areno inter-segment revenues. See Note 3, Revenue for more information about each segment's revenue. Our CODM, which is ourchief executive officer, evaluates performance of the MRD segment based on both revenue and Adjusted EBITDA and evaluates performance of the Immune Medicine segment based on Adjusted EBITDA. These measures help our CODM assess the trends and operating margin profile of the respective segments, which helps drive the level of investment made in each business. These measures also help our CODM assess and manage the potential capital utilization of each segment. Adjusted EBITDA for each of our segments includes costs that are directly aligned to each segment, as well as certain allocated shared expenses. These shared expenses primarily relate to our general and administrative functions, our non-laboratory facility space in our corporate headquarters and our production laboratory. We use the relative direct headcount assigned to each of the respective segments and our production laboratory sample volume to allocate these expenses. We do not allocate certain expenses, such as our corporate insurance costs, external legal and audit costs and expenses related to our investor relations, chief executive officer and other related support functions. Additionally, we do not allocate costs related to our idle facility in Seattle, Washington, interest expense related to our Purchase Agreement nor interest and other income, net. Given these unallocated costs and income are not included in the measurements reviewed by the CODM to assess each segment's performance, they are included in an "Unallocated Corporate" category. Our allocation methodology will be periodically evaluated and may change. Our CODM is not regularly provided and does not review assets to assess each segment's performance, make strategic decisions or allocate resources. As such, assets for reportable segments are not disclosed.

Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented on a comparable basis to that of the current period and is based on judgments and allocation methods from our organizational changes implemented during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The following tables set forth our segment information, including significant segment expenses that are (or are easily computable from) information regularly provided to our CODM, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

(1)Includes MRD impairment of long-lived assets expenses.

(2)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Adjusted EBITDA” for an explanation of how it is calculated and used by management.

(3)Includes all Immune Medicine operating expenses, other than research and development expenses.

(4)Represents share-based compensation expense related to stock option, restricted stock unit and market-based restricted stock unit awards. See Note 14, Equity Incentive Plans for details on our share-based compensation expense.

(5)Represents expenses recognized in conjunction with restructuring activities. See Note 15, Restructurings for details on our restructuring expenses.

(6)Represents costs associated with our revenue interest liability and noncash interest costs associated with the amortization of the related deferred issuance costs. See Note 11, Revenue Interest Purchase Agreementfor details on the Purchase Agreement.

(7) Represents impairment costs for certain right-of-use and related long-lived assets. See Note 10, Leasesfor details on our impairment expense.