TREX CO INC

BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATION

Trex Company, Inc. (Trex), a Delaware corporation, was incorporated on September 4, 1998. Through December 30, 2022, Trex had one wholly-owned subsidiary, Trex Commercial Products, Inc. Together, Trex and Trex Commercial Products, Inc. are referred to as the Company. Through December 30, 2022, the Company operated in two reportable segments, Trex Residential Products (Trex Residential) and Trex Commercial Products (Trex Commercial). On December 30, 2022, the Company completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial. Refer to Note 3 below for more information on the sale. Subsequent to December 30, 2022, the Company operates inone reportable segment, Trex Residential.

The Company’s principal business based on net sales is the manufacture and distribution of Trex Residential high-performance, low-maintenance wood-alternative decking and residential railing and outdoor living products and accessories, marketed under the brand name Trex®. A majority of its products are manufactured in a proprietary process that combines reclaimed wood fibers and recycled polyethylene. Trex Commercial designed, engineered and marketed modular and architectural railing and staging systems for the commercial and multi-family market, including sports stadiums and performing arts venues. The principal executive offices are located at 2500 Trex Way, Winchester, Virginia 22601, and the telephone number at that address is (540) 542-6300.

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Accounting

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company’s results of operations are affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the cost to manufacture and distribute products, cost of raw materials, inflation, tariffs, consumer spending and preferences, interest rates, the impact of any supply chain disruptions, economic conditions, and/or any adverse effects from global health pandemics and geopolitical conflicts.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities ofthree monthsor less.

Concentrations and Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company from time to time may have bank deposits in excess of insurance limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. As of December 31, 2024, substantially all deposits are maintained inone financial institution. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk related to its cash and cash equivalents.

The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers and believes that its trade receivables credit risk exposure is limited. Trade receivables are recognized at the amount of revenue recognized on each shipment for Trex Residential products as the Company has an unconditional right to consideration from the customer and payment is due based solely on the passage of time. An estimate of expected credit losses is recognized as a valuation allowance and adjusted each reporting period. The estimate is based on the current expected credit loss model and is determined using an aging schedule, including past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. There wasno material valuation allowance recorded as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, sales to certain customers of Trex Residential accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2024, three customers of Trex Residential represented approximately 81% of the Company’s total net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers of Trex Residential represented 72% of the Company’s total net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2022, three customersof Trex Residential represented approximately 64% of the Company’s total net sales. No other customer represented 10% or more of the Company’s total net sales. At December 31, 2024, two customers represented 33%, and 32%, respectively, of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance. At December 31, 2023, three customers represented 27%,23% and 20%, respectively, of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance.

For each year ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, approximately 21.4%,26.7%, and 17.5%, respectively, of the Company’s materials purchases at Trex Residential were purchased from itsfour largest suppliers.

Inventories

Inventories for the composite decking and railing products at Trex Residential are valued at the lower of cost (last-in, first-out, or LIFO, method) and market as this method results in a better matching of costs and revenues. The Company periodically reviews its inventory for slow moving or obsolete items and writes down the related products to the lower of cost or market. The Company’s reserves for estimated slow moving products or obsolescence are not material. At December 31, 2024, the excess of the replacement cost of inventory over the LIFO value of inventory was approximately $49.7 million. Due to the nature of the LIFO valuation methodology, liquidations of inventories result in a portion of the Company's cost of sales being based on historical rather than current year costs. There were no LIFO liquidations or related impact on cost of sales in 2024.

A majority of the products at Trex Residential are made in a proprietary process that combines reclaimed wood fibers and scrap polyethylene. Trex Residential grinds up scrap materials generated from its manufacturing process and inventories deemed no longer salable and reintroduces the reclaimed material into the manufacturing process as a substitute for raw materials. The reclaimed material is valued at the costs of the raw material components of the material.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost. The costs of additions and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Cash flows for capital expenditures as reported in cash flows from investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are adjusted to exclude unpaid amounts accrued at period end. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method generally over the following estimated useful lives:

Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or 15 years.

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. To determine the recoverability of its long-lived assets, the Company evaluates the probability that future estimated undiscounted net cash flows will be less than the carrying amount of the long-lived assets. If the estimated cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the long-lived assets, the assets are written down to their fair value. The Company’s estimates of anticipated cash flows and the remaining estimated useful lives of long-lived assets could be reduced in the future. As a result, the carrying amount of long-lived assets could be reduced in the future. Long-lived assets held for sale are stated at the lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell.

Leases

The Company leases office space, storage warehouses, training and manufacturing facilities, and certain office and plant equipment under various operating leases. At inception of an arrangement, the Company evaluates, among other things, whether it has the right to control the use of an identified asset in order to determine if the arrangement is or contains a lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Operating leases with an initial term of 12 months or less arenot included in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the implicit rates of the Company’s leases are not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company considers instruments with similar characteristics when calculating its incremental borrowing rate. Certain events, such as a modification to the arrangement or a change in the lease term, are assessed by the Company to determine if it is required to reassess estimates and judgments and remeasure the lease liability and ROU asset. The Company reviews its ROU asset for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be fully recoverable. The carrying amount of the ROU asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the ROU asset exceeds its fair value. The Company’s operating leases have remaining lease terms up to 11 years. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when the Company determines that it is reasonably certain it will exercise the option. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. Consideration for non-lease components is stated on a stand-alone basis in the applicable agreements.

Fair Value Measurement

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are measured at the amount that would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and classified into one of the following fair value hierarchies:

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Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

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Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

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Level 3 – Valuations derived from management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of cost over net assets acquired resulting from the Company’s 1996 purchase of the Mobil Composite Products Division, the 2011 purchase of the assets of the Iron Deck Corporation, and the 2017 purchase of certain assets and the assumption of certain liabilities of SC Company. The Company evaluates the recoverability of goodwill in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification Topic 350, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other,” annually or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change in the interim that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. Goodwill is considered to be impaired when the net book value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value.

The Company assigned its goodwill to reporting units and tests each reporting unit’s goodwill for impairment at least on an annual basis, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change in the interim that indicate the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill. The Company identified its reporting units based on the way it manages its operating segments. Prior to December 30, 2022, the Company had three reporting units: a residential reporting unit in the Trex Residential reportable segment, and a commercial railing reporting unit and a staging reporting unit in the Trex Commercial reportable segment. Subsequent to the sale of Trex Commercial on December 30, 2022, the Company has one reporting unit in the Trex Residential reportable segment. Each reporting unit constitutes a business with discrete financial information and operating segment management, at a level below the Company’s chief operating decision maker regularly reviews the operating results of the reporting unit. The Company assigned goodwill to the reporting units based on the excess of the fair values acquired over the fair value of the sum of the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed that were assigned to the reporting units.

In testing for goodwill impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the qualitative assessment indicates that the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, including goodwill, the Company is then required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The fair value of a reporting unit refers to the price that would be received to sell the unit as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

The Company performs the annual impairment testing of its goodwill as of October 31 of each year. For fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company completed its annual impairment test of goodwill for its Trex Residential reporting segment residential reporting unit utilizing the qualitative assessment and concluded it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the residential reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. Qualitative factors the Company considered include events and circumstances such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other relevant Company-specific events, as applicable.

Product Warranty

The Company warrants that for the applicable warranty period its Trex Residential products, when properly installed, used and maintained, will be free from material defects in workmanship and materials and its decking, cladding, fascia and railing products will not split, splinter, rot or suffer structural damage from termites or fungal decay.

Products sold on or after January 1, 2023: The warranty period for residential use is 50 years for Transcend® decking,35 years for Select® decking and Universal Fascia, and 25 years for Enhance® decking and Transcend, Select, Enhance and Signature® railing. The warranty period for commercial use is 10 years, excluding Signature railing and Transcend cladding, which each have a warranty period of 25 years. The Company further warrants that Trex Transcend, Trex Enhance and Trex Select decking and cladding and Universal Fascia products will not fade in color from light and weathering exposure more than a certain amount and will be resistant to permanent staining from food and beverage substances or mold and mildew, provided the stain is cleaned within seven days of appearance, for the warranty period referred to above. If there is a breach of such warranties, the Company has an obligation either to replace the defective product or refund the purchase price.

Products sold prior to January 1, 2023: The warranty period is 25 years for residential use and 10 years for commercial use. With respect to Trex Signature railing, the warranty period is 25 years for both residential and commercial use. The Company further warrants that Trex Transcend, Trex Enhance, Trex Select and Universal Fascia products will not fade in color more than a certain amount and will be resistant to permanent staining from food substances or mold, provided the stain is cleaned within seven days of appearance, for the warranty period referred to above. If there is a breach of such warranties, the Company has an obligation either to replace the defective product or refund the purchase price.

The Company maintains a warranty reserve for the settlement of its product warranty claims. The Company accrues for the estimated cost of product warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized based on such factors as historical claims experience and expected future claims experience. Management reviews and adjusts these estimates, if necessary, based on the differences between actual experience and historical estimates. Additionally, the Company accrues for warranty costs associated with occasional or unanticipated product quality issues if a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, as necessary.

Treasury Stock

The Company records the repurchase of shares of its common stock at cost. These shares are considered treasury stock, which is a reduction to stockholders’ equity. Treasury stock is included in authorized and issued shares but excluded from outstanding shares.

Revenue Recognition

Trex Residential Products. Trex Residential principally generates revenue from the manufacture and sale of its high-performance, low-maintenance, eco-friendly composite decking and railing products and accessories. Substantially all of its revenues are from contracts with customers, which are individual customer purchase orders of short-term duration of less than one year. Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligations at a point in time. The shipment of each product is a separate performance obligation as the customer is able to derive benefit from each product shipped and no performance obligation remains after shipment. Upon shipment of the product, the customer obtains control over the distinct product and Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligation. Any performance obligation that remains unsatisfied at the end of a reporting period is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less. Any variable consideration related to the unsatisfied performance obligation is allocated wholly to the unsatisfied performance obligation and recognized when the product ships and the performance obligation is satisfied and is included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities, Sales and marketing” in Note 8 to these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Trex Commercial Products. Trex Commercial generated revenue from the manufacture and sale of its modular and architectural railing and staging systems. All of its revenues were from fixed-price contracts with customers. Trex Commercial contracts had a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services was not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and was, therefore, not distinct. On December 30, 2022, the Company sold substantially all of the assets of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment Trex Commercial.

Trex Commercial satisfied its performance obligation over time as work progressed because control transferred continuously to its customers. Revenue and estimated profit were recognized over time based on the proportion of actual costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying the performance obligation. Incurred costs represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Incurred costs included all direct material, labor, subcontract and certain indirect costs. The Company reviewed and updated its estimates regularly and recognized adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on revenue and estimated profit to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicated an anticipated loss on the contract, the Company recognized the total loss in the period it was identified. During the year ended December 31, 2022, no adjustment to any one contract was material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and no material impairment loss on any contract was recorded.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures stock-based compensation at the grant date of the award based on the fair value. For stock options, stock appreciation rights and time-based restricted stock and time-based restricted stock units, stock-based compensation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods of the award. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. For performance-based restricted stock and performance-based restricted stock units, expense is recognized ratably over the performance and vesting period of each tranche based on management’s judgment of the ultimate award that is probable to be paid out based on the achievement of predetermined performance measures. Stock-based compensation expense is included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the difference between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, after considering all available positive and negative evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has a valuation allowance of $2.6 million against these deferred tax assets related to certain state tax credits. The Company analyzes its position in subsequent reporting periods, considering all available positive and negative evidence, in determining the expected realization of its deferred tax assets.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, research and development costs were $3.5 million, $3.3 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, and have been included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Advertising Costs

The Company expenses its branding and advertising communication costs as incurred. Production costs are deferred and recognized as expense in the period that the related advertisement is first used. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, branding expenses, including advertising expenses, were $53.5 million, $48.8 million, and $43.3 million, respectively.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company considers the recorded value of its financial assets and liabilities, consisting primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and debt to approximate the fair value of the respective assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

New Accounting Standards Recently Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The guidance requires disclosure of significant segment expenses which are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), the composition of and amount of other segment items, the CODM’s title and position within the organization, and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment’s profit or loss to assess the performance of the segment. In addition, on an interim basis, all segment profit or loss and asset disclosures currently required on an annual basis must be reported, as well as those required by Topic 280. The guidance allows for multiple measure of a segment’s profit or loss to be reported. Entities which have a single reportable segment must apply Topic 280 in its entirety. The guidance was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption was permitted. Entities are required to apply the amendments of this update retrospectively for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted the standard in the quarterly period ended December 31, 2024. The Company applied the standard retrospectively and accordingly, prior periods were adjusted. Adoption of this guidance did not impact consolidated results of operations and financial position.

New Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Disaggregation Disclosures.” This guidance requires more detailed disclosure about the types of expenses presented within the expense captions of the financial statements. Specifically, disclosure of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization are required on both an interim and annual basis. In addition, a qualitative description of remaining amounts in relevant expense captions which have not separately been disaggregated will be required on an interim and annual basis. On an annual basis, disclosure of an entity’s definition of selling expenses and the amount of selling expenses is required. The amendments to this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of this update is permitted. The amendments to this update should be applied prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of the update or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company believes adoption will result in expanded financial statement footnote disclosure but does not believe adoption of this update will have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations. The Company is continuing to evaluate the impacts of the pending adoption. As such, the Company’s preliminary assessments are subject to change.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The guidance requires public entities to disclose additional categories of information related to federal, state, and foreign income taxes and additional details related to reconciling items should they meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance requires disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on quantitative thresholds. The guidance is effective for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis, retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of the guidance to have a material effect on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.

SALE OF TREX COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS, INC.

On December 30, 2022, the Company completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial, for net proceeds of $7.3 million. The divestiture reflected the Company’s decision to focus on driving the most profitable growth strategy for the Company and its shareholders through the execution of its outdoor living strategy. With the sale complete, the Company has dedicated its resources to accelerating conversion to composites from wood and further strengthen its leadership position in the outdoor living category. The sale resulted in a loss on sale of $15.4 million and is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The divestiture did not represent a strategic shift with a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results and, therefore, was not reported as a discontinued operation. As such, the results of operations of Trex Commercial are consolidated in the Company’s results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 17, Segment Information, for additional information on the Trex Commercial segment.

INVENTORIES

Inventories at LIFO value consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

Inventory related to Trex Residential composite decking and railing products is stated at the lower of LIFO cost or market. The Company periodically reviews its inventory for slow moving or obsolete items and writes down the related products to estimated market. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company adjusted reserves for estimated slow moving products or obsolescence. These reserves are not material.

Under the LIFO method, reductions in inventory cause a portion of the Company’s cost of sales to be based on historical costs rather than current year costs. There was no inventory reduction in 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had a liquidation of inventories produced in the prior year ended December 31, 2022. As a result, a portion of the Company’s cost of sales in 2023 was based on prior year costs rather than on current year costs. However, the prior year cost of inventory closely approximated the current year cost of inventory and the resulting effect of the liquidation of inventories on the Company’s cost of sales was immaterial in the year ended December 31, 2023.

PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

The carrying amount of goodwill at December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, was $14.2 million for Trex Residential. For fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company completed its annual impairment test of goodwill for its residential reporting unit in Trex Residential utilizing the qualitative assessment and concluded it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the residential reporting unit was less than its carrying amount.

The Company’s intangible assets, purchased in 2018 and 2024, consist of domain names and internal use software for Trex Residential. At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, intangible assets were $10.6 million and $6.3 million and accumulated amortization was $2.8 million and $2.4 million, respectively. Intangible asset amounts were determined based on the estimated economics of the asset and are amortized over the estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis over 15 years for domain names and 10 years for internal use software, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are expected to be received. The Company evaluates the recoverability of intangible assets periodically and considers events or circumstances that may warrant revised estimates of useful lives or that may indicate an impairment. Intangible asset amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, was $0.4 million, $0.4 million, and $0.4 million, respectively.

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

The Company had construction in process as of December 31, 2024, of approximately $463 million. The Company expects that substantially all of the construction in process will be completed and put into service before or during the year ending December 31, 2027.

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, was $54.3 million, $49.8 million, and $43.9 million, respectively.

ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

DEBT

Revolving Credit Facility

Indebtedness prior to October 10, 2024. On May 18, 2022, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (Credit Agreement) with certain lending parties thereto (Lenders) to amend and restate the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of November 5, 2019. Under the Credit Agreement, the Lenders agreed to provide the Company with one or more Revolving Loans in a collective maximum principal amount of $400,000,000 (Loan Limit) throughout the term, which ends May 18, 2027 (Term). Included within the Loan Limit are sublimits for a Letter of Credit facility in an amount not to exceed $60,000,000; and Swing Line Loans in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not to exceed $20,000,000. The Revolving Loans, the Letter of Credit facility and the Swing Line Loans are for the purpose of raising working capital and supporting general business operations.

On December 22, 2022, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement (First Amendment). As a part of the First Amendment, the Credit Agreement was amended and restated to provide for an additional Revolving B Loan (as hereinafter defined). Under the First Amendment, the Lenders agreed to provide the Company with a Revolving B Loan consisting of one or more revolving loans in a collective maximum principal amount of $150,000,000 (Revolving B Loan Limit) throughout the term, which ended December 22, 2024 (Revolving B Loan Term). Previously, under the Credit Agreement, there was no Revolving B Loan. The First Amendment also provided that TD Bank, N.A. would serve as Syndication Agent.

In conjunction with the First Amendment, on December 22, 2022, the Credit Agreement was amended and restated to refer to the original loan as the Revolving A Loan. The amended and restated Credit Agreement was made an Exhibit A to the First Amendment. All of the terms of the Credit Agreement apply to the Revolving B Loan.

The amended Credit Agreement provides the Company, in the aggregate, the ability to borrow an amount up to the Revolving A Loan Limit during the Revolving A Loan Term (which ends May 18, 2027) and Revolving B Loan Limit during the Revolving B Loan Term. The Company is not obligated to borrow any amount under the revolving loans. Within the respective loan limit, the Company may borrow, repay and reborrow at any time or from time to time while the notes issued pursuant to the Credit Agreement are in effect.

Base Rate Loans (as defined in the Credit Agreement) under the Revolving A Loan and the Swing Line Loans accrue interest at the Base Rate plus the Applicable Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and Term SOFR Loans for the Revolving Loans accrue interest at the rate per annum equal to the sum of Term SOFR for such interest period plus the Applicable Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Base Rate for any day is a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (b) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by BOA as its prime rate, and (c)the Term SOFR plus 1.0% subject to certain interest rate floors. Repayment of all then outstanding principal, interest, fees and costs is due at the end of the Term.

With respect to Revolving B Loans (as defined in the First Amendment), for any day, the rate per annum is a tiered pricing based upon the Consolidated Debt to Consolidated EBITDA Ratio. The applicable rate for Revolving B Loans that are Base Rate Loans range between 1.20% and 2.15% and the applicable rate for Revolving B Loans that are Term SOFR/Term SOFR Daily Floating Rate range between 0.20% and 1.15%.

Under the terms of the Security and Pledge Agreement, the Company, subject to certain permitted encumbrances, as collateral security for the above-stated loans and all other present and future indebtedness of the Company owing to the Lenders grants a continuing security interest in certain collateral described and defined in the Security and Pledge Agreement but excluding the Excluded Property (as defined in the Security and Pledge Agreement).

Indebtedness on and after October 10, 2024. On October 10, 2024, the Company, entered into a Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement (Second Amendment) with certain lending parties thereto (Lenders) to amend that Credit Agreement dated as of May 18, 2022, as amended by that certain First Amendment dated as of December 22, 2022.

The Second Amendment provides the Company with Revolving A Loans in the maximum principal amount of $400,000,000 (Revolving A Loans), Revolving B Loans in the maximum principal amount of $150,000,000 (Revolving B Loans), and Letters of Credit and Swing Line Loans (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Second Amendment extends the maturity date of the Revolving B Loans from December 22, 2024 to December 22, 2026.

Base Rate Loans (as defined in the Credit Agreement) under the Revolving A Loan and the Swing Line Loans accrue interest at the Base Rate plus the Applicable Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and Term SOFR Loans for the Revolving Loans accrue interest at the rate per annum equal to the sum of Term SOFR for such interest period plus the Applicable Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Base Rate for any day is a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (b) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by BOA as its prime rate, and (c)the Term SOFR plus 1.0%subject to certain interest rate floors. Repayment of all then outstanding principal, interest, fees and costs is due at the end of the Term (as defined in the Credit Agreement).

With respect to Revolving B Loans (as defined in the Credit Agreement), for any day, the rate per annum is a tiered pricing based upon the Consolidated Debt to Consolidated EBITDA Ratio. The applicable rate for Revolving B Loans that are Base Rate Loans range between 0.20% and 1.15%. and the applicable rate for Revolving B Loans that are Term SOFR/Term SOFR Daily Floating Rate range between 1.20% and 2.15%.

The Company had $202.6 million in borrowings outstanding under its revolving credit facility and available borrowing capacity of $347.4 million at December 31, 2024. The weighted average interest rate on the revolving credit facility was 5.26% as of December 31, 2024.

Compliance with Debt Covenants and Restrictions

Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Company is subject to certain loan compliance covenants. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2024. Failure to comply with the financial covenants could be considered a default of repayment obligations and, among other remedies, could accelerate payment of any amounts outstanding.

LEASES

For the years ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, total operating lease cost was $10.4 million and $8.0 million, respectively. The weighted average remaining lease term at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was 6.3 years and 4.4 years, respectively. The weighted average discount rate at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was 4.57% and 2.32%, respectively.

The following table includes supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 and supplemental balance sheet information at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 related to operating leases (in thousands):

The following table summarizes maturities of operating lease liabilities at December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company considers the recorded value of its financial assets and liabilities, consisting primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and debt to approximate the fair value of the respective assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except share and per share data):

Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per share computation plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents using the treasury stock method. The computation of diluted earnings per share excludes the following potentially dilutive securities because the effect would be anti-dilutive:

Stock Repurchase Program

On May 4, 2023, the Trex Board of Directors adopted a new stock repurchase program (2023 Stock Repurchase Program) of up to 10.8 million shares of its outstanding common stock, and terminated the existing Stock Repurchase Program. The 2023 Stock Repurchase Program has no set expiration date. The Company repurchased 1,580,640 shares of its outstanding common stock under the 2023 Stock Repurchase Program during 2024.

REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Topic 606 provides a single, comprehensive model for revenue recognition arising from contracts with customers. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in Topic 606. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and revenue is recognized when or as the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring control of the goods or services to a customer.

Trex Residential Products

Trex Residential principally generates revenue from the manufacture and sale of its high-performance, low-maintenance, eco-friendly wood-alternative composite decking and residential railing products and accessories. Substantially all of its revenues are from contracts with customers, which are purchase orders of short-term duration of less than one year. Its customers, in turn, sell primarily to the residential market, which includes replacement, remodeling and new construction related to outdoor living products. Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligations at a point in time. The shipment of each product is a separate performance obligation as the customer is able to derive benefit from each product shipped and no performance obligation remains after shipment. Upon shipment of the product, the customer obtains control over the distinct product and Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligation. Any performance obligation that remains unsatisfied at the end of a reporting period is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less. Any variable consideration related to the unsatisfied performance obligation is allocated wholly to the unsatisfied performance obligation and recognized when the product ships and the performance obligation is satisfied and is included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities, Sales and marketing” in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For each product shipped, the transaction price by product is specified in the purchase order. The Company recognizes revenue on the transaction price less any amount offered under a sales incentive program. The Company recognizes an account receivable for the amount of revenue recognized as it has an unconditional right to consideration at the time of shipment and payment from the customer is due based solely on the passage of time. The Company receives payments from its customers based on the payment terms applicable to each individual contract and the customer pays in accordance with the billing terms specified in the purchase order, which is less than one year. The related accounts receivables are included in “Accounts receivable, net” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Trex Residential may offer various sales incentive programs throughout the year. It estimates the amount of sales incentive to allocate to each performance obligation, or product shipped, based on direct sales to the customer. The estimate is updated each reporting period, and any changes are allocated to the performance obligations on the same basis as at inception. Changes in estimate allocated to a previously satisfied performance obligation are recognized as a reduction of revenue in the period in which the change occurs under the cumulative catch-up method. In addition to sales incentive programs, Trex Residential may offer payment discounts. It estimates the payment discount that it believes will be taken by the customer based on prior history using the most-likely-amount method of estimation.

Trex Residential pays commissions to certain employees. However, the sales commissions are not directly attributable to identifiable contracts, are discretionary in nature and are based on other factors not related to obtaining a contract, such as individual performance, profitability of the entity, annual sales targets, etc. These costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred. Trex Residential does not grant contractual product return rights to customers other than pursuant to its assurance product warranty (see related disclosure on product warranties in Note 19, “Commitments and Contingencies”). Trex Residential accounts for all shipping and handling fees invoiced to the customer in net sales and the related costs in cost of sales.

Trex Commercial Products

On December 30, 2022, the Company completed the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial. Prior to December 30, 2022, Trex Commercial generated revenue from the manufacture and sale of its modular and architectural railing and staging systems. All of its revenues were from fixed-price contracts with customers. Trex Commercial contracts had a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services was not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and was, therefore, not distinct.

Trex Commercial satisfied its performance obligation over time as work progressed because control transferred continuously to its customers. Revenue and estimated profit was recognized over time based on the proportion of actual costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying the performance obligation. Incurred costs represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Incurred costs included all direct material, labor, subcontract and certain indirect costs. The Company reviewed and updated its estimates regularly and recognized adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on revenue and estimated profit to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenues and profits in future periods are recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicated an anticipated loss on the contract, the Company recognized the total loss in the period it is identified. During the year ended December 31, 2022, no adjustment to any one contract was material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

For each year in the three years ended December 31, 2024, net sales are disaggregated in the following tables by (1) market (2) timing of revenue recognition, and (3) type of contract. The tables also include a reconciliation of the respective disaggregated net sales with the Company’s reportable segments (in thousands):

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

At the annual meeting of stockholders of the Company held on May 4, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved the Trex Company, Inc. 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (Plan). The Company’s board of directors unanimously approved the Plan on April 10, 2023, subject to stockholder approval. The Plan amends and restates in its entirety the Trex Company, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (2014 Plan), which was last approved by the Company’s stockholders at the annual meeting held on April 30, 2014. The Plan, which will be administered by the compensation committee of the board of directors, provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights and unrestricted stock, which are referred to collectively as “awards.” Awards may be granted under the Plan to officers, directors (including non-employee directors) and other employees of the Company or any subsidiary thereof, to any adviser, consultant, or other provider of services to the Company (and any employee thereof), and to any other individuals who are approved by the board of directors as eligible to participate in the Plan. Only employees of the Company or any subsidiary thereof are eligible to receive incentive stock options. Subject to certain adjustments as provided in the Plan, the total aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be granted under the Plan is 4,000,000 shares. As of December 31, 2024, the total number of shares available for future grants was 3,832,112.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense ratably over the period from grant date to the earlier of (1) the vesting date of the award, or (2) the date the grantee is eligible to retire without forfeiting the award. For performance-based restricted stock units, expense is recognized ratably over the performance and vesting period of each tranche based on management’s judgment of the ultimate award that is probable to be paid out based on the achievement of the predetermined performance measures. For the employee stock purchase plan, compensation expense is recognized related to the discount on purchases. The following table summarizes the Company’s stock-based compensation expense (in thousands):

Stock-based compensation expense is included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Time-Based Restricted Stock Units

The fair value of time-based restricted stock units is determined based on the closing price of Trex shares on the grant date. Time-based restricted stock units vest based on the terms of the awards. Unvested time-based restricted stock units are generally forfeitable upon the resignation of employment or termination of employment with cause. The total fair value of vested time-based restricted stock units granted in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $4.6 million, $4.7 million, and $3.7 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024, there was $5.0 million of total compensation expense related to unvested time-based restricted stock units remaining to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years.

Time-based restricted stock unit activity under the Plan and all predecessor stock incentive plans is as follows:

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

The fair value of performance-based restricted stock units is determined based on the closing price of Trex shares on the grant date. Unvested performance-based restricted stock units are generally forfeitable upon the resignation of employment or termination of employment with cause. The performance-based restricted shares units have athree-year vesting period, vesting one-third each year based on target earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) for 1 year, cumulative 2 years and cumulative 3 years, respectively. The number of shares that will vest, with respect to each vesting, will be between 0% and 200% of the target number of shares. At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 there was $3.6 million, $4.3 million, $0.3 million, respectively, of total compensation expense related to unvested performance-based restricted stock units remaining to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years.

Performance-based restricted stock unit activity under the Plan is as follows:

Stock Appreciation Rights

SARs are granted with a grant price equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. These awards expire ten years after the date of grant and vest based on the terms of the individual awards. The SARs are generally forfeitable upon the resignation of employment or termination of employment with cause. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. The Company recognizes compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for the award.

As of December 31, 2024, there was $1.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to SARs. The fair value of each SAR is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For SARs issued in the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, the assumptions shown in the following table were used:

Dividend Yield. Trex has never paid cash dividends on its common stock.

Average Risk-Free Interest Rate. The Company uses the U.S. Treasury rate having a term that most closely resembles the expected term of the option.

Expected Term. The expected term is the period of time that the SARs granted are expected to remain unexercised. SARs granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, had a maximum term often years. The Company used historical exercise behavior with further consideration given to the class of employees to whom the equity awards were granted to estimate the expected term of the SAR.

Expected Volatility. Volatility is a measure of the amount by which a financial variable such as a share price has fluctuated (historical volatility) or is expected to fluctuate (expected volatility) during a period. The Company has used the historical volatility over the average expected term of the options granted as the expected volatility.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of SARs granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, was $44.83, $27.19, and $33.90, respectively.

SAR activity under the Plan and all predecessor stock incentive plans is as follows:

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company has an employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) that permits eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at a purchase price which is the lesser of 85% of the market price on either the first day of the calendar quarter or the last day of the calendar quarter. Eligible employees may elect to participate in the plan by authorizing payroll deductions of up to 15% of gross compensation for each payroll period. On the last day of each quarter, each participant’s contribution account is used to purchase the maximum number of whole shares of common stock determined by dividing the contribution account balance by the purchase price. The aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be purchased under the plan is 2,400,000. Through December 31, 2024, employees had purchased approximately 1,918,375 shares under the plan.

EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

At December 31, 2024 the Company has a 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan for the benefit of its employees who meet certain eligibility requirements and it matches qualifying employee contributions. The Company’s contributions to the plans totaled $8.6 million, $6.8 million, and $8.1 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

INCOME TAXES

Income tax provision (benefit) consists of the following (in thousands):

The Company’s effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024, was 25.9% and was comparable to the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023, of 25.6%, which resulted in income tax expense of $79.3 million and $70.8 million, respectively.

The income tax provision differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the U.S. Federal statutory rate to income before taxes as a result of the following (in thousands):

Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the difference between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates. In accordance with accounting standards, the Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, after considering all available positive and negative evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized, primarily certain state income tax credits. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a valuation allowance of $2.6 million against deferred tax assets it estimates will not be realized. The Company will analyze its position in subsequent reporting periods, considering all available positive and negative evidence, in determining the expected realization of its deferred tax assets.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to tax matters as a component of “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has identifiedno uncertain tax position and, accordingly, hasnot recorded any unrecognized tax benefits or associated interest and penalties.

The Company operates in multiple tax jurisdictions and, in the normal course of business, its tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in future assessments by these taxing authorities, and the Company has accrued a liability when it believes that it is not more likely than not that it will realize the benefits of tax positions that it has taken or for the amount of any tax benefit that exceeds the cumulative probability threshold in accordance with accounting standards. As of December 31, 2024, for certain tax jurisdictions, tax years 2020 through 2024 remain subject to examination. The Company believes that adequate provisions have been made for all tax returns subject to examination. Sales made to foreign distributors are not taxable in any foreign jurisdictions as the Company does not have a taxable presence.

SEGMENT INFORMATION

Through December 30, 2022, the Company operated intwo reportable segments. On December 30, 2022, the Company completed the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial. Subsequent to the sale of Trex Commercial, the Company operates in one reportable segment, Trex Residential, with resource allocation and assessment of financial performance based on a consolidated basis.

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Trex Residential manufactures composite decking and railing and related outdoor living products marketed under the brand name Trex®. The products are sold to its distributors andtwo national retailers who, in turn, sell primarily to the residential market, which includes replacement, remodeling and new construction.

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Trex Commercial designed, engineered, and marketed modular and architectural railing and staging systems for the commercial and multi-family market, including sports stadiums and performing arts venues. The segment’s products were sold through architects, specifiers, contractors, and others doing business within the segment’s commercial market. On December 30, 2022, the Company completed the sale of Trex Commercial. Refer to Note 3 to these consolidated financial statements for additional information on the sale of Trex Commercial.

The Company’s reportable segments are determined in accordance with its internal management structure, which, through December 30, 2022, was based on residential and commercial operations. The Company has identified its President and Chief Executive Officer as the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). The Company’s CODM has final authority over resource allocation decisions and performance assessments and makes key operating decisions. The primary objective of the CODM is to optimize positive Company-wide performance and financial results. The CODM evaluates segment performance primarily based on net income and net sales. The CODM uses net income to assess performance and allocate resources as this measure provides insight into all aspects of the segment’s operations and overall success of the segment for a given period. The CODM also uses net sales to assess performance and allocate resources as this measure represents the amount of business the segment engaged in during a given period of time, is an indicator of market growth and acceptance of segment products, and represents the segment’s customers’ spending habits along with the amount of product the segment sells relative to its competitors.

Segment Data (in thousands):

(1)

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Trex Residential net sales excludes $485 k of intercompany net sales.

(2)

On December 30, 2022, the Company sold the assets of it wholly owned subsidiary, Trex Commercial, resulting in a loss of $15.4 million.

(3)

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Consolidated net income and Trex Commercial net loss includes a loss on sale of Trex Commercial on December 30, 2022, of $15.4 million.

(4)

The assets of Trex Commercial were sold on December 30, 2022.

SEASONALITY

The operating results for Trex Residential have historically varied from quarter to quarter. Seasonal, erratic, or prolonged adverse weather conditions may reduce the level of home improvement and construction activity and can shift demand for its products to a later period. As part of its normal business practice and consistent with industry practice, Trex Residential has historically offered incentive programs to its distributors and dealers to build inventory levels before the start of the prime deck-building season in order to ensure adequate availability of its product to meet anticipated seasonal consumer demand. The seasonal effects are often offset by the positive effect of the incentive programs.

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Matters

The Company has lawsuits, as well as other claims, pending against it which are ordinary routine litigation and claims incidental to the business. Management has evaluated the merits of these lawsuits and claims and believes that their ultimate resolution will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or competitive position.

Purchase Commitments

The Company fulfills requirements for raw materials under both purchase orders and supply contracts. In the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased reclaimed wood fiber requirements under purchase orders and long-term supply commitments. All of the Company’s scrap polyethylene, aluminum and stainless-steel purchases are under short-term supply contracts that may average approximately one year, for which pricing is negotiated as needed, or under purchase orders that do not involve long-term supply commitments.

The wood and polyethylene supply contracts generally provide that the Company is obligated to purchase all wood or polyethylene a supplier provides, if the wood or polyethylene meets certain specifications. The amount of wood and polyethylene the Company is required to purchase under these contracts varies with the production of its suppliers and, accordingly, is not fixed or determinable. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has purchase commitments under material supply contracts of $50.7 million for the year ending December 31, 2025, and a total of $86.2 million for the years ending December 31, 2026 through 2028.

Product Warranty

The Company warrants that for the applicable warranty period its Trex Residential products, when properly installed, used and maintained, will be free from material defects in workmanship and materials and its decking, cladding, fascia and railing products will not split, splinter, rot or suffer structural damage from termites or fungal decay.

Products sold on or after January 1, 2023: The warranty period for residential use is 50 years for Transcend® decking,35 years for Select® decking and Universal Fascia, and 25 years for Enhance® decking and Transcend, Select, Enhance and Signature® railing. The warranty period for commercial use is 10 years, excluding Signature railing and Transcend cladding, which each have a warranty period of 25 years. The Company further warrants that Trex Transcend, Trex Enhance and Trex Select decking and cladding and Universal Fascia products will not fade in color from light and weathering exposure more than a certain amount and will be resistant to permanent staining from food and beverage substances or mold and mildew, provided the stain is cleaned within seven days of appearance, for the warranty period referred to above. If there is a breach of such warranties, the Company has an obligation either to replace the defective product or refund the purchase price.

Products sold prior to January 1, 2023: The warranty period is 25 years for residential use and 10 years for commercial use. With respect to Trex Signature railing, the warranty period is 25 years for both residential and commercial use. The Company further warrants that Trex Transcend, Trex Enhance, Trex Select and Universal Fascia products will not fade in color more than a certain amount and will be resistant to permanent staining from food substances or mold, provided the stain is cleaned within seven days of appearance, for the warranty period referred to above. If there is a breach of such warranties, the Company has an obligation either to replace the defective product or refund the purchase price.

The Company maintains a warranty reserve for the settlement of its product warranty claims. The Company accrues for the estimated cost of product warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized based on such factors as historical claims experience and future claims experience. Management reviews and adjusts these estimates, if necessary, based on the differences between actual experience and historical estimates. Additionally, the Company accrues for warranty costs associated with occasional or unanticipated product quality issues if a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, as necessary.

Trex Residential continues to receive and settle claims for decking products manufactured at its Nevada facility prior to 2007 that exhibit surface flaking and maintains a warranty reserve to provide for the settlement of these claims. Estimating the warranty reserve for surface flaking claims requires management to estimate (1) the number of claims to be settled with payment and (2) the average cost to settle each claim.

To estimate the number of claims to be settled with payment, the Company utilizes actuarial techniques to determine a reasonable possible range of claims to be received and the percentage of those claims that will ultimately require payment (collectively, elements). Estimates for these elements are quantified using a range of assumptions derived from claim count history and the identification of factors influencing the claim counts to determine its best estimate of future claims for which to record a related liability. The cost per claim varies due to a number of factors, including the size of affected decks, the availability and type of replacement material used, the cost of production of replacement material and the method of claim settlement.

The Company monitors surface flaking claims activity each quarter for indications that its estimates require revision. Typically, a majority of surface flaking claims received in a year are received during the summer outdoor season, which spans the second and third quarters. It has been the Company’s practice to utilize the actuarial techniques discussed above during the third quarter, after a significant portion of all claims has been received for the fiscal year and variances to annual claims expectations are more meaningful.

Average cost per claim experienced in the year ended December 31, 2024, was lower than that experienced in the year ended December 31, 2023, and lower than the Company’s expectations for 2024. The number of incoming claims received in the year ended December 31, 2024, was lower than the number of claims received in the year ended December 31, 2023, and higher than the Company’s expectations for 2024. After evaluating trends in incoming claims and closures in its actuarial analysis and combining these factors with future cost estimates, the Company recorded a reduction of $1.5 million to its warranty reserve for the future settlement of surface flaking claims in 2024. The Company believes the reserve at December 31, 2024 is sufficient to cover future surface flaking obligations.

The Company’s analysis is based on currently known facts and a number of assumptions, as discussed above, and current expectations. Projecting future events such as the number of claims to be received, the number of claims that will require payment and the average cost of claims could cause the actual warranty liabilities to be higher or lower than those projected, which could materially affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The Company estimates that the annual number of claims received will continue to decline over time and that the average cost per claim will increase slightly, primarily due to inflation. If the level of claims received or average cost per claim differs materially from expectations, it could result in additional increases or decreases to the warranty reserve and a decrease or increase in earnings and cash flows in future periods. The Company estimates that a 10% change in the expected number of remaining claims to be settled with payment or the expected cost to settle claims may result in approximately a $0.6 million change in the estimate of the surface flaking warranty reserve.

The Trex Residential product warranty and surface flaking reserves activity consisted of the following, and is included in Accrued warranty and Non-current accrued warranty in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

Industrial Revenue Bonds

In October 2021, the Company announced plans to add a third manufacturing facility located in Little Rock, Arkansas (Little Rock). Construction on the new facility began in the second quarter of 2022. In connection with the construction of the new facility, during 2024 the Company and Little Rock entered into an agreement in which Little Rock agreed to issue up to $450 millionof its industrial revenue bonds (IRBs) for the purpose of constructing a manufacturing facility. Under the agreement, the Company transferred ownership of the facility to Little Rock and simultaneously leased the related asset from Little Rock. The Company is also the purchaser of the IRBs and, therefore, is the bondholder as well as the borrower/lessee of the Little Rock facility purchased with the IRB proceeds. As a result of the agreement, the Company was able to reduce the cost of certain state and local tax expenditures for twenty years. The Company has a purchase option included in the lease agreement for below the fair value of the asset, which prevents the transfer of the asset to Little Rock from being recognized as a sale. Furthermore, the Company has not derecognized the transferred asset and continues to recognize it in property, plant and equipment in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has the right and intends to set-off any obligations to make payments under the finance liability, with proceeds due from the IRBs. The liability and IRB asset are equal and are reported net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2024, the gross asset and liability associated with the IRBs was $100 million.