MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC

Overview

MarketAxess Holdings Inc. (the “Company” or “MarketAxess”) operates leading electronic trading platforms delivering greater trading efficiency, a diversified pool of liquidity and significant cost savings to our clients across the global fixed-income markets. Approximately 2,100 institutional investor and broker-dealer firms use our patented trading technology to efficiently trade U.S. high-grade bonds, U.S. high-yield bonds, emerging market debt, Eurobonds, municipal bonds, U.S. government bonds and other fixed-income securities. We leverage our diverse set of trading protocols, automated and algorithmic trading solutions, intelligent data and index products and a range of post-trade services to provide an end-to-end trading solution to our robust network of platform participants. Our award-winning all-to-all Open Trading® marketplace (“Open Trading”) is widely regarded as the preferred all-to-all trading solution in the global credit markets, creating a unique liquidity pool for a broad range of credit market participants.

We provide automated and algorithmic trading solutions that we believe, when combined with our integrated and actionable data offerings, help our clients make faster, better-informed decisions on when and how to trade on our platforms. In 2024, we continued our roll-out of MarketAxess X-Pro (“X-Pro”), our newest trading platform, to more seamlessly combine our trading protocols with our proprietary data and pre-trade analytics. Our artificial intelligence (“AI”) driven technology, such as CP+™, our real-time pricing engine, is a critical data input and pricing source for multiple MarketAxess trading protocols and solutions, including Auto-X™ and portfolio trading. In 2024, we leveraged our recent acquisition of Pragma LLC and Pragma Financial Systems LLC (collectively, “Pragma”), a quantitative trading technology provider specializing in algorithmic and analytical trading services, to accelerate our development of AI-driven execution algorithms across all of our key product areas. We believe that we will be able to enhance our capabilities and increase our efficiency by leveraging Pragma technology across our technology stack.

We also provide a number of integrated and actionable data offerings, including CP+ and Axess All®, to assist clients with real-time pricing and trading decisions and transaction cost analysis. We offer a range of post-trade services, including straight-through processing, post-trade matching, trade publication, regulatory transaction reporting and market and reference data across fixed-income and other products.

We operate in a large and growing market that provides us with a significant opportunity for future growth, due, in part, to the relatively low levels of electronic trading in many of our largest current product areas. We offer Open Trading for most of our products in order to capitalize on this addressable market by increasing the number of potential trading counterparties and providing our clients with a menu of solutions at each step in the trading process. We believe that Open Trading drives meaningful price improvement for our clients and reduces risk in fixed-income markets by creating a global, diversified pool of liquidity whereby our institutional investor, dealer and alternative liquidity provider clients can all interact on an anonymous basis. Institutional investors can also send trading inquiries directly to their traditional broker-dealer counterparties on a disclosed basis (“disclosed RFQ”), while simultaneously accessing additional counterparties through our anonymous Open Trading solutions.

In 2024, 87.1% of our revenues were derived from commissions for transactions executed on our platforms. We also derive revenues from information services, post-trade services and technology services. Our expenses consist of employee compensation and benefits, depreciation and amortization, technology and communication expenses, professional and consulting fees, occupancy, marketing and advertising, clearing costs and general and administrative expenses.

Our History

MarketAxess has been an innovative leader in electronic trading since its founding in 2000. Throughout our history, our primary goals have remained the same: improve trading efficiency and deliver meaningful transaction price improvement for our clients. Prior to our founding, our institutional investor clients were able to trade bonds by telephone with a limited set of broker-dealers with which they had institutional relationships. By 2007, our platforms enabled institutional investors to trade electronically with over thirty broker-dealers. During the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, we significantly expanded the number of non-primary and regional dealers providing liquidity on our platforms, as many dealers were forced to reduce their balance sheets for market making. Today, we are an S&P 500 company that, through our Open Trading protocols, provides an expanded liquidity pool for approximately 1,800 global market participants to trade a wide variety of fixed-income securities with each other.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that we are well positioned to strengthen our market position in electronic trading in our existing products and to extend our presence into new products and services by capitalizing on our competitive strengths, including:

Expansive Liquidity Pool Comprised of Leading Broker-Dealers and Institutional Investors

Our electronic trading platforms provide access to the liquidity generated by the participation of our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients, including substantially all of the leading broker-dealers in global fixed-income trading. We believe these broker-dealers represent the principal source of secondary market liquidity for credit and rates products. We believe that our broker-dealer clients are incentivized to use our platforms due to the ability to efficiently transact with valuable client order flow and the ability to use our Open Trading protocols to help manage their risk, source liquidity and facilitate transactions on behalf of their clients.

Our total credit trading volume has increased from approximately $2.6 trillion in 2020 to $3.5 trillion in 2024 and our estimated market share of U.S. high-grade and high-yield corporate bond volumes in 2024 was 19.0% and 13.2%, respectively. Approximately 92.5% of the credit volume on our platforms during 2024 was initiated by institutional clients with the remaining 7.5% of the credit volume conducted between dealers.

Open Trading is a Differentiator that Expands the Liquidity Pool and Drives Price Improvement for Broker-Dealers and Institutional Investors

Global liquidity has remained a persistent concern for market participants as regulators raised bank capital requirements and adopted other measures that prompted many dealers to reduce market making activities even as the buy-side’s bond holdings have grown rapidly. In this environment, Open Trading, our fully electronic, all-to-all trading functionality, has emerged as a solution to this liquidity problem. Open Trading participants have broader and more diverse liquidity options compared to the traditional model of bilateral trading with a limited set of dealer counterparties. The expanded pool of liquidity providers includes investment managers, global dealers, regional dealers and specialist market making and proprietary trading firms.

During 2024, approximately 1,800 firms participated in Open Trading, which improved the ability of both dealers and institutional investors to find natural and opportunistic matches, move orders more efficiently and achieve significant increases in execution quality and price improvement.

We believe our Open Trading protocols enhance our institutional investor clients’ ability to obtain a competitive price by allowing all of our Open Trading participants to interact with each other, thereby increasing the potential sources of liquidity available for each participant, as well as the likelihood of receiving a competitive price response. We estimate that Open Trading generated $488.8 million of price improvement for our clients in 2024, consisting of an estimated $323.8 million of liquidity taker price improvement (defined as the difference between the winning price and the best disclosed dealer cover price) and an estimated $165.0 million of liquidity provider price improvement (defined as the difference between the winning price and then current CP+ bid or offer level, offer if the provider is buying, bid if provider is selling) at the time of the inquiry. This Open Trading price improvement is in addition to the potential cost savings institutional investors can achieve by simultaneously requesting bids or offers from our broker-dealer clients via our traditional disclosed RFQ protocol. In addition, dealers use Open Trading as a source of liquidity to efficiently transfer risk and achieve enhanced bond inventory turnover, which may limit their credit exposure.

Advanced End-to-End Technology

Our electronic trading platforms are based on a secure and scalable architecture that makes broad use of distributed computing to achieve speed and reliability. Our technology provides clients with end-to-end and customizable connectivity to fixed-income markets. In designing X-Pro, our newest platform, we enhanced the trading experience by providing traders with a flexible user experience, intuitive workflows and easy access to our proprietary data and pre-trade analytics. To further support more efficient trade execution, we also offer several automated and algorithmic trading solutions, which allow clients to set eligibility criteria for their orders that our platforms will use to determine whether or not to execute a trade in accordance with the pre-defined parameters. For example, our Adaptive Auto-X automated and algorithmic trading solution provides our clients with a suite of AI-driven algorithms that integrate all our fixed-income trading protocols. We believe that these automated and algorithmic trading solutions reduce trading inefficiencies and human errors while allowing traders to focus on higher-value trades.

In addition to services directly related to the execution of trades, we also offer our clients several other pre- and post-trade services. In the pre-trade period, our platforms assist participants with price discovery by providing them with dealer pricing and real-time and historical trade data. Following the execution of a trade, our platforms support all of the essential tools and functionalities to enable our participants to achieve straight through processing (“STP”) for trade settlement and to measure transaction costs to evidence best execution.

The Company is focused on investing in our resiliency, scalability and risk management systems, while continuing product delivery with approximately 1,000 unique new business and technical features to our clients during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Growing, Comprehensive International Offering and Client Base

Our platforms provide global fixed-income market participants with trading functionality across Eurobond and emerging markets credit and rates markets, connecting clients in over 90 countries to local and global dealers. MarketAxess has over 1,000 active client firms located outside the U.S. that access our platforms through our regulated venues in Europe, Asia and Latin America. Our Open Trading functionality allows international clients to access cross-border liquidity more efficiently with few regulatory hurdles.

The MarketAxess emerging markets trading platform also offers the most comprehensive offering for local currency bond trading across the Latin America, Central & Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa, and Asia-Pacific (“APAC”) regions. Our platforms provide clients with the ability to trade emerging market local currency debt denominated in 30 local currencies with over 170 broker-dealers.

Next Generation Data and Analytical Tools Supporting the Increasing Automation of Trading Workflows

Our data and analytical tools enhance the value proposition of our trading platforms and improve the trading experience of our clients. We support our clients’ trading functions by offering value-added analytics that rely on machine-learning, automation and algorithms that are designed to improve the trading decisions and workflows of our clients. For example, we believe that our automation solutions enable more efficient execution of smaller trades, and allow traders to instead focus their attention on larger, and often higher-value, trades. With respect to these larger and higher-value trades, such as block-sized trades, we have introduced an AI-driven dealer selection tool, which predicts which counterparties are most likely to provide competitive pricing.

Our Strategy

Our objective is to create the leading global network for the trading of fixed-income securities for our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients to help them connect, be more efficient and achieve better trading outcomes. We seek to achieve this goal by offering our clients full end-to-end electronic trading solutions and workflow tools, powered by a broad array of proprietary data and analytical tools. The key elements of our strategy are:

Increase Penetration in Fixed-Income Markets

We believe that we have a large opportunity remaining to capture additional market share in the fixed-income markets in which we have already established a leadership position. For example, the combined U.S. high grade and U.S. high-yield bond average daily volume (“ADV”) on our platforms for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $8.2 billion, representing just 17.7% of the estimated addressable market of approximately $46.2 billion. The traditional methods of bilateral trading, including the telephone or electronic messaging, continue to be one of our principal competitors in the fixed-income markets in which we have established a leadership position. We continue to focus on capturing additional market share across our core fixed-income markets. We believe that the efficiency and workflow improvements of X-Pro, our new trading platform, combined with the powerful proprietary data and analytics that power the new platform, will help increase our market share in our core markets. The initial launch of X-Pro was focused on enhancing functionality and workflows for portfolio trading, which allows our market participants to transact on large baskets of securities based on one single aggregate price for the transaction. In 2024, we also introduced an AI-driven trading protocol designed to make it easier for our clients to execute block trades.

Continue Expansion into New Product Areas

By leveraging our Open Trading functionality and capitalizing on our experience of building market share in markets like U.S high-grade and U.S. high-yield bonds, we plan to increase our product footprint in newer product areas, including emerging market local currency bonds, municipal bonds, U.S. government bonds and European government bonds. Each of these markets has unique trading protocols, market structures and settlement solutions that require a lengthy ramp-up period, but which will provide diverse revenue sources if we can obtain significant market share. For example, in 2021, we acquired MuniBrokers LLC (“MuniBrokers”), a central electronic trading venue serving municipal bond inter-dealer brokers and dealers, in order to expand our existing municipal bond trading solution. The acquisition connects our leading trading technology with the liquidity of one of the industry’s largest electronic inter-dealer marketplaces, creating a compelling and diverse liquidity solution that we believe will ultimately deliver an improved execution experience. In 2024, we connected our trading platform to ICE Bonds, which we believe will enhance price transparency and market liquidity for our platform participants, particularly for municipal bonds. As a result of our product diversification efforts in municipal bonds, our estimated market share has increased from 2.4% in 2021 to 7.4% in 2024. In addition, with the acquisition of Pragma in 2023, we have expanded our automated and algorithmic trading solutions to new asset classes, including equities and foreign exchange.

Expand Trading Protocols and Leverage the Open Trading Network

We believe that we are the only fixed-income electronic trading platform that embraces all-to-all trading in each of our core product areas. Open Trading exponentially increases the number of potential trading counterparties by allowing all of our qualified participants, including our broker-dealer clients, institutional investor clients and alternative liquidity providers, to interact in an all-to-all trading environment of approximately 1,800 firms. Our clients executed approximately $1.0 trillion in credit trading volume using Open Trading during 2024, representing 35.0% of total eligible credit trading volume on our platforms, and realized approximately $488.8 million in estimated price improvement through this unique liquidity solution in 2024. We believe that the combination of Open Trading and our vast client network provides the basis for MarketAxess to enhance liquidity and improve market resiliency in global fixed-income markets.

Continue to Invest in and Grow our Business through Geographic Diversification

We are continuing to expand and diversify our business internationally. Our revenues from international clients have grown from 25.0% of total revenues in 2020 to 30.4% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024. In the last five years, we have seen significant growth in the Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”), Latin America and APAC regions. The ADV in the EMEA, Latin America and APAC regions on the MarketAxess platforms has grown from $3.0 billion in 2019 to $4.8 billion in 2024. As of December 31, 2024, our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients are based in over 90 countries with over 1,000 total active international client firms and approximately 6,000 total active international traders. We offer cross-regional electronic trading services in U.S fixed-income markets for international clients, as well as in Eurobonds and emerging market debt. By offering liquidity in both hard-currency and local currency emerging market debt, we have created an efficient emerging market trading ecosystem for our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients. For example, we now provide Open Trading for emerging market local currency bonds, including for the local currency markets of Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and South Africa. We believe we can increase our penetration and revenue opportunities in international markets by continuing to invest in creating client relationships abroad.

Expand Data and Analytical Tools

Our data strategy is centered on using our data offerings to support trading activity through our diverse trading protocols and growing our revenues from our commercial data offerings. We continue to expand our data product offerings as participants seek additional pre-trade analytics, automated execution, transaction cost analysis and post-trade solutions. For example, in 2024 we expanded CP+ , our real-time pricing engine, to include municipal bonds. We also seek to develop new strategic data partnerships to increase the distribution of our data products. For example, in 2022, we announced a strategic collaboration with MSCI Inc. to create co-branded fixed-income indices incorporating our liquidity data, and in 2024, we partnered with S&P Global Market Intelligence to integrate S&P Global Bond Reference Data into our suite of data products and include CP+ real-time pricing in S&P Global’s Evaluated Bond Pricing.

Pursue Select Acquisitions and Strategic Alliances

We continually evaluate opportunities to supplement our internal growth by entering into strategic alliances, or acquiring businesses or technologies, that we believe will enable us to enter new markets, provide new client segments, new products or services, or otherwise expand our market share in the fixed-income markets that we operate in today. For example, in 2024, we agreed to acquire majority control of RFQ-hub Holdings LLC (“RFQ-hub”), a bilateral multi-asset and multi-dealer RFQ platform designed for the exchange traded fund (“ETF”) and derivatives market. In 2023, we acquired Pragma, expanding our automated and algorithmic trading solutions to equities and foreign exchange. We believe that we will able to enhance our capabilities and increase our efficiency by leveraging Pragma technology across our technology stack.

The Fixed-Income Products Available on our Platforms

We operate in a large and growing market, which consists of credit and rates fixed-income products. According to the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (“SIFMA”), as of September 30, 2024, the most recent date available, there were approximately $11.2 trillion in principal amount of fixed-income securities outstanding in the U.S. corporate bond market, which reflects a five-year compound annual growth rate of 4.9%. In addition, according to SIFMA, as of December 31, 2024, there were approximately $28.3 trillion in principal amount of fixed-income securities outstanding in the U.S. government bond market, which reflects a five-year compound annual growth rate of 11.1%.

Our proprietary technology allows institutional investor and broker-dealer clients to access this market by trading both credit and rates products on our platforms.

Our credit products consist of the following areas:

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U.S. high-grade bonds, which refers to U.S. corporate debt rated BBB- or better by Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) or Baa3 or better by Moody’s Investor Service (“Moody’s”);

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U.S. high-yield bonds, which refers to U.S. corporate debt rated lower than BBB- by S&P or Baa3 by Moody’s;

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Emerging market debt, which we define as U.S. dollar, Euro or local currency denominated bonds issued by sovereign entities or corporations domiciled in a developing country, typically located in Latin America, Asia, or Central and Eastern Europe;

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Eurobonds, which we define generally to consist of bonds intended to be distributed to European investors, primarily bonds issued by European corporations, excluding bonds that are issued by corporations domiciled in an emerging markets country and excluding most government bonds that trade in Europe;

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Municipal bonds, which are debt securities issued by states, cities, counties and other governmental entities in the U.S. to fund day-to-day obligations and to finance a wide variety of public projects, such as highways or water systems, and typically offer interest payments that are exempt from federal income taxation and may be exempt from state income and other taxes; and

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Other credit products, including leveraged loans, which are senior secured commercial facilities provided by a syndicate of lenders for below investment-grade companies (credit rating below BBB- or Baa3).

Our rates products consist of the following areas:

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U.S. government bonds, which are government instruments issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury;

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Agency bonds, which are securities issued by a federal government department or by a government-sponsored enterprise, including the Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation; and

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Other government bonds, including European government bonds, which are bonds issued by governments of countries in the European Union (“E.U.”) and non-E.U. European countries, as well as bonds issued by other supranational organizations, agencies and sovereigns, including the European Commission.

The six largest product areas available on our platform for the year ended December 31, 2024 were U.S. high-grade, U.S. high-yield, emerging market debt, Eurobonds, municipal bonds and U.S. government bonds. In the chart below, we show MarketAxess’ ADV and the amount of new issuance of such product areas for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

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We plan to leverage our investments in X-Pro and automation, as well as our Open Trading functionality, to capture additional market share across our core fixed-income markets while increasing our footprint in newer product areas. In the chart below, we show estimated market ADV and our estimated market share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, of U.S. high-grade/high-yield bonds combined, U.S. high-grade bonds, U.S. high-yield bonds, municipal bonds and U.S. government bonds.

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Finally, we believe that the current level of electronic trading in our largest product areas is relatively low, creating a long runway for future market share growth. For example, we estimate that the level of electronic trading as a percentage of all means of trading (referred to as “electronic market share”) for U.S. high-grade bonds and U.S. high-yield bonds is approximately 50.0% and 30.0%, respectively. As a comparison, based on third-party estimates, the level of electronic market share for U.S. exchange traded cash equities, U.S. equity options and foreign exchange spots are each over 90.0%.

The Other Asset Classes Available on our Platforms

Through our acquisition of Pragma, we have diversified our product offering by providing automated and algorithmic trading products in equities and foreign exchange. In 2024, we agreed to acquire a majority stake in RFQ‑hub, a multi‑asset platform that connects buy‑side trading desks and portfolio managers with a large network of sell‑side market makers in Europe, North America and the APAC region for the trading of global listed and over the counter financial instruments, including ETFs and derivative instruments.

Our End-to-End Trading Solutions

A key principle of our strategy is connecting the most robust network of participants through our end-to-end trading solutions. The diverse trading protocols available on our platforms are complemented by a range of pre-trade intelligent data products, post-trade services and technology services. In 2024, 87.1% of our revenues were derived from commissions for transactions executed on our platforms, 6.2% of our revenues were derived from our data products, 5.2% of our revenues were derived from our post-trade services and 1.5% of our revenues were derived from our technology services.

Trade Execution Solutions

Through our platforms, our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients have access to a wide range of trading protocols to assist them with achieving best execution. In addition, we are innovating and modernizing our platforms by integrating a suite of automated and algorithmic trading solutions, as well as order and execution workflow solutions, to help clients manage risks, establish guardrails, streamline processes, remain compliant and improve execution quality.

In 2024, we continued our roll-out of X-Pro to our client base. We believe that this new platform more seamlessly combines enhanced trading workflows with our proprietary data and pre-trade analytics discussed under “— Integrated and Actionable Data Products” below. We plan to continue to expand the use of X-Pro by our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients for a variety of workflows, including automated trading and portfolio transactions.

Disclosed Request for Quote

Our traditional disclosed RFQ protocol allows our institutional investor clients to simultaneously request competing, executable bids or offers from our dealer clients and execute trades with the dealer of their choice from among those that choose to respond. We are not a counterparty to any of the disclosed RFQ trades that are executed on our platforms between institutional investor clients and dealer clients; rather, our platforms enable them to meet, agree on a price and then execute and settle the transaction directly with each other. The disclosed RFQ protocol is available in all our product areas and can be used for single bond inquiries, list trading, portfolio trading and swap trades. In 2024, over 60.0% of all credit volume on the MarketAxess platform was executed via a form of our disclosed RFQ protocol.

Open Trading

We offer Open Trading, our all-to-all trading solution, for most of our products and trading protocols. Open Trading complements our disclosed RFQ protocol by increasing the number of potential counterparties through allowing all participants to interact anonymously in an all-to-all trading environment of approximately 1,800 potential counterparties. We believe the increased liquidity drives meaningful price improvement to our clients and helps reduce liquidity risk in the fixed-income markets in which we participate. Open Trading participants are able to maintain their anonymity from trade initiation all the way through to settlement. Unlike our disclosed RFQ protocol, in connection with our Open Trading protocols, we execute bond transactions between and among institutional investor and broker-dealer clients on a matched principal basis by serving as counterparty to both the buyer and the seller in matching back-to-back trades.

We currently offer Open Trading protocols for most of our products, including U.S. high-grade bonds, U.S. high-yield bonds, Eurobonds, certain emerging market debt, municipal bonds, U.S. government bonds, agency bonds and other government bonds. Following the introduction of Open Trading on our platforms in 2013, we have continued to build upon the technology to develop more features and services. Our leading Open Trading protocols include Open Trading RFQ, Dealer RFQ, Mid-X sessions, Live Markets and our Diversity Dealer Initiative. In 2024, approximately 35.0% of all eligible credit volume on the MarketAxess platform was executed via Open Trading protocols.

Automated and Algorithmic Trading Solutions

We believe that our automated and algorithmic trading solutions, which allow clients to set eligibility criteria for their orders that our platforms will use to determine whether to execute a trade in accordance with the pre-defined parameters, increase trading efficiency and allow traders to focus on higher-value trades. We expect that bond trading velocity will grow in the years ahead due to the increased adoption of trading automation by both broker-dealer and institutional investor participants. Some of our fixed-income automation tools include Auto-X RFQ, Auto-X Responder, Adaptive Auto-X and U.S. Treasury Hedging.

In addition, we support a large and growing base of dealer market making algorithms. Dealer market making algorithms enhance the liquidity available on our platforms by increasing the number of competitive responses to each RFQ, thereby increasing a participant’s likelihood of completing a trade at the best price. In 2024, there were 40.9 million dealer algorithmic responses on our platforms, up 25.9% from 2023. In 2024, there were 245 client firms using our automated and algorithmic trading solutions, up 32.4% from 2023.

In 2023, we acquired Pragma, expanding our automated and algorithmic trading solutions offerings to include equities and foreign exchange for institutional clients, banks and broker-dealers, and securities exchanges. In the future, we anticipate that the Pragma technology driving our Adaptive Auto-X functionality will be utilized across the broader suite of automation solutions. The Pragma360 platform provides a customized software-as-a-service algorithmic trading solution with hosted and dedicated trading environments for clients, which is integrated with Panorama, Pragma’s advanced, web-based algorithm management system.

Order and Execution Workflow Solutions

We provide order and execution workflow solutions designed to meet the specific needs of our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients. For example, LiquidityBridge® is our execution management system offered to dealers that allows users to manage and facilitate the complex liquidity flows across multiple trading platforms, including the MarketAxess system. LiquidityBridge brings together real-time comparison and execution of bond prices across multiple sectors, allowing users to rapidly react to trading opportunities. In addition, Axess IQ™ is our order and execution workflow solution designed to meet the needs of the wealth management and private banking community by improving liquidity discovery, execution efficiency and alpha generation for firms with large numbers of individual client orders.

Integrated and Actionable Data Products

Timely and accurate data is particularly important in the fixed-income markets where real-time data has traditionally been scarce and transparency has been limited. Traders are increasingly using our data solutions for pre-trade analytics, automated execution, transaction cost analysis and liquidity metrics. We believe that our electronic trading platforms allow institutional investors to compile, sort and use information to discover investment opportunities that might have been difficult or impossible to identify using a manual information-gathering process or other electronic services. Our data products are based on the trading activity, completed transactions and trade reporting services that occur on or through our platforms, as well as public sources such as TRACE.

Our integrated and actionable data products include:

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Liquidity solutions for (a) pre-trade analysis, including Relative Liquidity Score, which provides a defined measurement of the current liquidity for individual bonds and highlights the relative potential ease that a trader can expect when transacting in such instruments; (b) counterparty selection tools, such as an AI-driven dealer selection tool, which predicts which counterparties are most likely to win a trade; and (c) per trade expectations of dealer responses.

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Real time pricing solutions, such as (a) CP+, a pricing algorithm that generates near real-time pricing for U.S. high grade, U.S. high yield, Eurobonds, emerging markets, European government bonds and municipal bonds, based on a variety of data inputs, including feeds from our trading platforms, our post-trade services and TRACE; and (b) Axess All, the first intra-day trade tape for the European fixed-income market, that is sourced from the thousands of daily bond transactions processed by our post-trade services business and includes aggregated volume and pricing for the most actively traded European fixed-income instruments.

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Market data solutions that offer additional price discovery and liquidity analysis, including end of day and intraday volume and pricing files for TRACE and non-TRACE securities.

We also seek to develop new strategic data partnerships to increase the distribution of our data products. For example, in 2022, we announced a strategic collaboration with MSCI Inc. to create co-branded fixed-income indices incorporating our liquidity data. Today, such indices include the MSCI MarketAxess EUR HY Tradable Corporate Bond Index, MSCI MarketAxess EUR IG Tradable Corporate Bond Index, MSCI MarketAxess USD HY Tradable Corporate Bond Index and MSCI MarketAxess USD IG Tradable Corporate Bond Index. Finally, in 2024, we partnered with S&P Global Market Intelligence to integrate S&P Global Bond Reference Data into our suite of data products and include CP+ real-time pricing in S&P Global’s Evaluated Bond Pricing.

Post-Trade Services

We provide post-trade matching and regulatory reporting services for E.U. and U.K. investment firms and market and reference data across a range of fixed-income products. In response to the requirements of the E.U. Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID II”) and U.K. equivalent, we have developed a comprehensive suite of value-add solutions, including SensAI, pre-trade transparency services, systematic internaliser (“SI”) determination and monitoring, best execution reporting, commodity position reporting, data quality analysis and peer benchmarking.

In the E.U. and U.K., all firms regulated as “investment firms” under MiFID II are required to submit complete and accurate details of qualifying transactions to their national regulator no later than the close of the working day following the date of the transaction. This process is known as transaction reporting. Firms may either report directly to their regulator or use an entity that is licensed as an Approved Reporting Mechanism (“ARM”), such as our subsidiaries in the U.K. and the Netherlands, to validate and submit such reports to their regulator. Our multi-asset class ARM reporting solution allows our clients to report to 25 different European regulators. We have also collaborated with Equilend on a full front-to-back Securities Financing Transactions Regulation (“SFTR”) solution to support mutual clients with their SFTR reporting requirements.

Under the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (“MiFIR”), all regulated investment firms in the U.K. and the E.U. are required to comply with pre- and post-trade transparency requirements pursuant to which quotes and trades must be made public subject to a system of waivers and deferrals. Firms are required to utilize an Approved Publication Arrangement (“APA”), such as our APAs in the U.K. and the Netherlands, to comply with the post-trade transparency requirement and many firms utilize a third-party provider to satisfy the pre-trade transparency requirement. The MarketAxess transparency and APA trade reporting solutions are available through our Insight™ platform, offering our clients a pre- and post-trade transparency solution, including APA trade reporting, quote publication, SI determination and instrument liquidity classification.

Post-trade matching enables counterparties to match the economic trade details of a trade and settlement information shortly after execution, reducing the risk of trade errors and fails during settlement. We provide a near real-time post-trade matching and exception management tool which covers a broad range of securities, including fixed-income and equities. By confirming all economic details within minutes of trade execution, we help our clients to mitigate their operational risk, improve STP and efficiency and address the complexities of MiFID II and the Central Securities Depositories Regulation.

MarketAxess has over 1,000 post-trade reporting, post-trade matching and transparency clients, including investment firms, venues and aggregators.

Technology Services

Through our acquisition of Pragma, we provide Polaris, a high-performance execution management service (“EMS”), to the New York Stock Exchange and their clients. Polaris is customized to the requirements of the NYSE’s equity floor brokers and incorporates an HTML5 interface to provide the brokers with dynamic visualizations, customized alerting, complex workflows and algorithmic execution.

Our Clients

Approximately 2,100 institutional investor and broker-dealer firms are active users of our platforms. We have developed trusted relationships with many of our clients and have invested in maintaining strong relationships with our largest clients. Although institutional investors, specialist market making firms, proprietary trading firms and other non-traditional liquidity providers have increasingly provided liquidity on our platforms through Open Trading, we believe traditional broker-dealers still represent the principal source of secondary market liquidity in the markets in which we operate. Certain of our clients may account for a significant portion of our trading volume. Market knowledge and feedback from these clients have also been important factors in the development of many of our offerings and solutions. Our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients are increasingly trading multiple products on our platforms and using multiple trading protocols in order to execute upon their trading strategies.

Our Technology

Proprietary Technology

Our electronic trading platforms are based on a secure and scalable architecture that makes broad use of distributed computing to achieve speed and reliability. Our technology provides clients with end-to-end and customizable connectivity to fixed-income markets.

We support the achievement of best execution through our many trading protocols, including technologies such as our recently launched new platform, X-Pro, and our all-to-all Open Trading protocols. In designing X-Pro, we enhanced the trading experience by providing traders with a flexible user experience, intuitive workflows and easy access to our proprietary data and pre-trade analytics. Open Trading increases the number of potential trading counterparties by allowing participants to interact anonymously in an all-to-all trading environment of approximately 1,800 potential counterparties. We believe this technology enhances our institutional investor clients’ ability to obtain a competitive price by allowing all Open Trading participants to interact with each other and increases the likelihood of receiving a competitive price response. We estimate that Open Trading generated approximately $488.8 million of price improvement for our clients in 2024.

In addition, our clients have access to automated and algorithmic trading technologies, such as Auto-X RFQ, Auto-X Responder and Adaptive Auto-X, which allow clients to set eligibility criteria for their orders that will determine whether a trade is executed on our platforms in accordance with their pre-defined parameters. These automated and algorithmic trading protocols are designed to help increase trading efficiency, freeing traders to focus on more complex or higher-value trades.

In addition to services directly related to the execution of trades, MarketAxess offers clients several other pre- and post-trade services. In the pre-trade period, our platforms assist our participants by providing them with value-added services, such as real-time and historical trade price information, liquidity and turnover analytics, bond reference data and trade order matching alerts. Following the execution of a trade, our platforms enable our participants to realize the full benefits of electronic trading and demonstrate best execution, including customization, real-time trade details, STP, account allocations, automated audit trails, regulatory trade reporting, trade detail matching and transaction cost analysis.

Technology Team

The design and quality of our technology products is supported by a team of approximately 380 full-time technology professionals led by managers with deep market knowledge and fixed-income expertise. This combination of market knowledge and industry expertise allows us to address client demand and to focus on solutions that can be scaled across client sectors, fixed-income asset classes and trading protocols. Our technology is critical to our growth and our ability to execute our business strategy.

Our technology team is focused on:

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Continuing to evolve our technology platform. We believe that it is imperative that we continue to invest in and evolve our technology in order to continue innovating and delivering new features and protocols to our clients, such as the launch of X-Pro in 2023. For example, we increasingly utilize cloud technology to capitalize on innovative tooling, cost savings and improvements to development velocity.

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Investing in resiliency, scale and risk management. We recognize the value of investing in our capacity and risk management capabilities. The MarketAxess platforms are built on industry-standard technologies and have been designed to handle loads that exceed our current trading volume. In addition, all critical server-side components, including networks, application servers and databases, have backup solutions. This maximizes uptime and minimizes the potential for loss of transaction data in the event of an internal failure. We also seek to minimize the impact of external failures by automatically recovering connections in the event of a communications failure. Most of our broker-dealer clients and a significant number of our institutional investor clients have redundant dedicated high-speed communication paths to our network to provide fast data transfer. Our security measures include industry-standard communications encryption.

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Continuing product delivery and improvement of features. Our technology team is focused on our agile product development cycle and continued innovation of our platforms with new features. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we delivered approximately 1,000 unique new business and technical features to our clients.

See Part I, Item 1C. – “Cybersecurity” for more information about our cybersecurity program as well as Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors — Technology, IT Systems and Cybersecurity Risks.”

Sustainability

We are focused on growing our business by delivering sustainable long-term value. Our sustainability strategy encompasses both corporate and commercial objectives.

Corporate Sustainability Objectives

Our Sustainability Reports include the results of the Company’s comprehensive non-financial sustainability materiality and prioritization assessment, which we use to assist in managing and driving long-term business performance. The Sustainability Reports also include the Company’s reporting against the Task Force on Climate-Related Disclosure (TCFD) framework in order to provide additional insight into our climate change practices and policies. The Company also provides climate-related disclosures through the Climate Disclosure Project’s (CDP) Climate Change Questionnaire. Please also refer to “— Human Capital Resources” for additional information on our human capital management strategies.

Our Sustainability Reports, which can be found on our corporate website (available at https://www.marketaxess.com/sustainability), and CDP questionnaire responses are not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated into any of our other filings made with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Commercial Sustainability Objectives

In order to help our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients meet their sustainability goals and strategies, we have developed sustainability-integrated product offerings. For example, through our “Trading for Trees” program, five trees are planted by One Tree Planted, our partner charitable organization, for every $1.0 million of green bond trades executed on our platforms. In 2024, $64.0 billion in green bond trading volume was executed globally on our platforms.

In addition, our Diversity Dealer Initiative enables buy side firms to trade more easily with certain minority-, women- and veteran-owned broker-dealers, while still achieving best execution. The Diversity Dealer Initiative leverages our anonymous all-to-all Open Trading marketplace and provides enhanced trading connections by giving institutional investor clients the option to select a diversity dealer to intermediate an Open Trading transaction.

The Company began purchasing renewable energy-related transferable tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”) in 2023. The transferability market created by the IRA allows producers of renewable energy or related manufacturing components to sell the tax credits generated by their activities to corporate purchasers. Through the purchase of these credits, the Company has reduced its federal tax liability while supporting innovative companies in the renewable energy space.

Sales and Marketing

We sell and promote our offerings and solutions using a variety of sales and marketing strategies. Our sales organization follows a team-based approach to covering clients, deploying our product and regional expertise as best dictated by evolving market conditions. Our sales force, which works closely with our product management and technology teams, is responsible for new client acquisition and the management of ongoing client relationships to increase clients’ awareness, knowledge and usage of our solutions and products. Our sales team is also responsible for training and supporting new and existing clients on their use of our trade execution services, integrated and actionable data offerings and post-trade solutions, including how to optimize their trading performance and efficiency through our various trading protocols.

Given the breadth of our global client network, trading volume activity and engagement with regulators, we regularly educate market participants on market trends, the impact of regulatory changes and technology advancements. Our senior executives often provide insight and thought leadership to the industry through conversations with the media, appearances at important industry events, roundtables and forums, submitting authored opinion pieces to media outlets and conducting topical webinars for our clients. We believe this provides a valued service for our constituents and enhances our brand awareness and stature within the financial community. Additionally, we employ various marketing strategies to strengthen our brand position and explain our offerings, including through our public website, advertising, digital and social media, earned media, direct marketing, promotional mailings, industry conferences and hosted events.

Seasonality

Our revenue can be impacted by seasonal effects caused by increased levels of new bond issuance, which often occurs in the first quarter of a year, or slowdowns in trading activity, particularly during the customary holiday periods in August and December.

Competition

The global fixed-income securities industry generally, and the electronic financial services markets in which we engage in particular, are highly competitive, and we expect competition to intensify in the future. We compete with a broad range of market participants globally. Some of these market participants compete with us in a particular market, while select others compete against substantially all of our platforms and solutions.

We primarily compete on the basis of our client network, the liquidity provided by our broker-dealer clients, the unique liquidity and the potential for price improvement offered by our Open Trading protocols, the total transaction costs associated with our services, the breadth of products, protocols and services offered, as well as the quality, reliability, security and ease of use of our platforms. We believe our competitive position is enhanced by the familiarity and integration of our clients’ systems with our electronic trading platforms and other systems.

Our trading platforms face the following main areas of competition:

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Bilateral Trading — We compete with bond trading business conducted over the telephone or electronic messaging directly between broker-dealers and their institutional investor clients. Institutional investors have historically purchased fixed-income securities by telephoning or otherwise communicating via instant messaging with bond sales professionals at one or more broker-dealers and inquiring about the price and availability of individual bonds. This remains the manner in which the majority of corporate bond volumes are still traded between institutional investors and broker-dealers.

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Other multi-party electronic trading platforms— There are numerous other electronic trading platforms currently in existence, including several that have only commenced operations in the last few years. We compete with Tradeweb (indirectly controlled by the London Stock Exchange), Bloomberg, Intercontinental Exchange, Trumid and others in the credit and municipal markets; and Tradeweb, Bloomberg, CME Group (BrokerTec), BGC Partners (Fenics UST) and others in the rates markets. In addition, some broker-dealers and institutional investors operate, or have invested in, proprietary electronic trading systems or information networks that enable institutional investors to trade directly with a broker-dealer, and/or with other institutional investors over an electronic medium. As we expand our business into new products, we will likely come into more direct competition with other electronic trading platforms or firms offering traditional services.

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EMS and OMS Providers –There are various providers of EMS and order management services (“OMS”) that have announced plans to offer aggregation of trading venue liquidity, as well as direct-to-dealer fully electronic trading solutions.

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Securities and Futures Exchanges— In recent years, exchanges have pursued acquisitions that have put them in competition with us. For example, the London Stock Exchange Group acquired a significant stake in Tradeweb and Intercontinental Exchange acquired BondPoint and TMC Bonds, retail-focused platforms, and IDC, a provider of fixed-income data, in an effort to expand its portfolio of fixed-income products and services. Exchanges also have data and analytics businesses, which increasingly put their offerings in direct competition with us.

Our data business competes with several large market data and information providers, such as Bloomberg, the London Stock Exchange (Refinitiv), Intercontinental Exchange and S&P Global, which currently have a data and analytics relationship with virtually every institutional firm. These entities are currently direct competitors to our information services business and already are or may in the future become direct competitors to our electronic trading platforms.

Our post-trade business competes with other approved regulatory mechanisms in Europe that have ARM and APA designations, such as the London Stock Exchange’s UnaVista and Tradeweb, to provide post-trade matching and regulatory transaction reporting and transparency services to European clients.

Our automated and algorithmic trading solutions business competes with other providers of commercial algorithms.

We face intense competition, and we expect competition to continue to intensify in the future. See Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Operating in the Electronic Fixed-Income Trading Markets — We face substantial competition that could reduce our market share and harm our financial performance.”

Intellectual Property

We rely upon a combination of copyright, patent, trade secret and trademark laws, written agreements and common law to protect our proprietary technology, processes and other intellectual property. Our software code, elements of our electronic trading platforms, website and other proprietary materials are protected by copyright laws. We have been issued several patents covering significant trading protocols and other aspects of our trading system technology.

The written agreements upon which we rely to protect our proprietary technology, processes and intellectual property include agreements designed to protect our trade secrets. Examples of these written agreements include third-party nondisclosure agreements, employee nondisclosure and inventions assignment agreements, and agreements with customers, contractors and strategic partners. Other written agreements upon which we rely to protect our proprietary technology, processes and intellectual property take many forms and contain provisions related to patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret rights.

We have registered the MarketAxess® name and logo for trademark in the U.S., Europe and in other parts of the world. We also have a number of other registered or pending trademarks and service marks globally, including Open Trading®, BondTicker®, Axess IQ® and Axess All® among others. In addition, we own, or have filed applications for, the rights to trade names, copyrights, domain names and service marks that we use in the marketing of products and services to clients.

In addition to our efforts to register our intellectual property, we believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our personnel, new product and service developments, frequent enhancements and reliability with respect to our services are essential to establishing and maintaining a technology and market leadership position.

Government Regulation

The securities industry and financial markets in the U.S. and elsewhere are subject to extensive regulation. In these jurisdictions, government regulators and self-regulatory organizations oversee the conduct of our business, and have broad powers to promulgate and interpret laws, rules and regulations that may serve to restrict or limit our business. As a matter of public policy, these regulators are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and with protecting the interests of investors participating in those markets. Our active broker-dealer and regulated venue subsidiaries fall within the scope of their regulations. Rulemaking by regulators, including resulting market structure changes, has had an impact on our business by directly affecting our method of operation and, at times, our profitability.

As registered broker-dealers, trading venues and other types of regulated entities as described below, certain of our subsidiaries are subject to laws, rules and regulations (including the rules of self-regulatory organizations) that cover all aspects of their business, including manner of operation, system integrity, anti-money laundering and financial crimes, handling of material non-public information, safeguarding data, capital requirements, reporting, record retention, market access, licensing of employees and the conduct of officers, employees and other associated persons.

From time to time, regulations impose increased obligations on our regulated subsidiaries, including our broker-dealer subsidiaries. These increased obligations require the implementation and maintenance of internal practices, procedures and controls, which have increased our costs. Many of our regulators, as well as other governmental authorities, are empowered to bring enforcement actions and to conduct administrative proceedings, examinations, inspections and investigations, which may result in increased compliance costs, penalties, fines, enhanced oversight, increased financial and capital requirements, additional restrictions or limitations, censure, suspension or disqualification of the entity and/or its officers, employees or other associated persons, or other sanctions, such as disgorgement, restitution or the revocation or limitation of regulatory approvals. Whether or not resulting in adverse findings, regulatory proceedings, examinations, inspections and investigations can require substantial expenditures of time and money and can have an adverse impact on a firm’s reputation, client relationships and profitability. From time to time, we and our associated persons have been and are subject to routine reviews, none of which to date have had a material adverse effect on our businesses, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. As a result of such reviews, and any future actions or reviews, we may be required to, among other things, amend certain internal structures and frameworks such as our operating procedures, systems and controls.

The regulatory environment in which we operate is subject to constant change. We are unable to predict how certain new laws and proposed rules and regulations will be implemented or in what form, or whether any changes to existing laws, rules and regulations, including the interpretation, implementation or enforcement thereof or a relaxation or amendment thereof, will occur in the future. We believe that uncertainty and potential delays around the final form of certain new rules and regulations may negatively impact our clients and trading volumes in certain markets in which we transact, although a relaxation of or the amendment of existing rules and requirements could potentially have a positive impact in certain markets. For example, regulators are speaking more regularly about the benefits of all-to-all trading to promote market resiliency in fixed-income products. While we generally believe the net impact of the laws, rules and regulations may be positive for our business, it is possible that unintended consequences may materially adversely affect us in ways yet to be determined. See Part I, Item 1A. – “Risk Factors – Regulatory and Legal Risks – Our business and the trading businesses of many of our clients are subject to increasingly extensive government and other regulation, which may affect our trading volumes and increase our cost of doing business.”

U.S. Regulation

In the U.S., the SEC is the federal governmental agency primarily responsible for the administration of the federal securities laws, including adopting and enforcing rules and regulations applicable to broker-dealers. One of our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries operates an alternative trading system (“ATS”) subject to the SEC’s Regulation ATS, which includes certain specific requirements and compliance responsibilities in addition to those faced by broker-dealers generally, and an exempt ATS for U.S. government bonds. Broker-dealers are also subject to regulation by state securities administrators in those states in which they conduct business or have registered to do business. We are also subject to the various anti-fraud provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Commodity Exchange Act, certain state securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. We also may be subject to vicarious and controlling person liability for the activities of our subsidiaries and our officers, employees and affiliated persons.

Much of the regulation of broker-dealers’ operations in the United States has been delegated to self-regulatory organizations. These self-regulatory organizations adopt rules (which are generally subject to approval by the SEC) that govern the operations of broker-dealers and conduct periodic inspections and examinations of their operations. In the case of our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries, the principal self-regulatory organization is FINRA. Our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to both scheduled and unscheduled examinations by the SEC and FINRA. In addition, our municipal securities-related activities are subject to the rules of the MSRB and certain of our introducing broker activities are subject to the rules of the National Futures Association (“NFA”) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”).

The SEC recently conducted a review of the regulatory framework for fixed-income electronic trading platforms for the purpose of evaluating the potential regulatory gaps that may exist among such platforms, including ours, with respect to access to markets, system integrity, surveillance and transparency, among other things. In January 2022, as a result of this review, the SEC proposed rules that will expand Regulation ATS and Regulation SCI to ATS’ that trade government securities and amend the SEC rule regarding the definition of an “exchange” to include Communication Protocol Systems, such as our RFQ protocols. If these proposed rules are adopted as proposed, we expect that we will have to operate additional trading protocols in compliance with Regulation ATS and we could become subject to Regulation SCI for certain parts of our business in the future. Following the recent change in U.S. presidential administrations, however, it is unknown to what extent new legislation will be passed into law or whether pending or new regulatory proposals will be adopted, abandoned or modified, or what effect such passage, adoption, abandonment or modification will have, whether positive or negative, on our industry, our clients or us.

The SEC also adopted final rules regarding the central clearing of certain secondary market transactions involving U.S. Treasury securities, which are currently set to become effective for certain cash market transactions on December 31, 2025 and repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions on June 30, 2026. Once effective, this central clearing mandate will impact certain of our participants who do not centrally clear such trades today, and some of our investor clients have expressed concerns about using platforms that will require the clearing of any resultant trades executed on such platforms. While we expect this change will increase our own platform efficiency, it is still unknown at this time the full impact of this change, and what effect it will have, whether positive or negative, on our industry, our clients or us.

Non-U.S. Regulation

Outside of the United States, we are currently directly regulated by: the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) in the U.K., De Nederlandsche Bank (“DNB”) and the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets (the “AFM”) in the Netherlands, the European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”) in the E.U., the Monetary Authority of Singapore in Singapore, the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (the “IIROC”) and provincial regulators in Canada, and the Securities and Exchange Commission and Central Bank in Brazil. We also hold cross-border licenses or permissions to operate in other jurisdictions with other regulatory bodies, including the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (“FINMA”), the Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong, the Australian Securities and Investment Commission in Australia (“ASIC”), the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority, the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (“BaFin”), the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier of Luxembourg, the Italian Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa, the Norwegian Financial Supervisory Authority, the Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority, the China Foreign Exchange Trade System (“CFETS”), a direct subsidiary of the People’s Bank of China and China’s Bond Connect Company Limited.

The FCA’s strategic objective is to ensure that the relevant markets function properly and its operational objectives are to protect consumers, to protect and enhance the integrity of the U.K. financial system and to promote effective competition in the interests of consumers. It has investigative and enforcement powers derived from the Financial Services and Markets Act (the “FSMA”) and subsequent legislation and regulations. Subject to the FSMA, individuals or companies that seek to acquire or increase their control in a firm that the FCA regulates are required to obtain prior approval from the FCA.

In 2023, amendments to the FSMA repealed the financial services framework inherited from the E.U. The amended FSMA provides the FCA increased regulatory authority, including the power to reform the E.U. rules and the ability to devise a new financial services regime, and establishes a new secondary objective to promote “economic growth and international competitiveness” for the U.K. The U.K. is also reviewing and amending its MiFID II and MiFIR regime, including the U.K. CTP framework for bonds and the transparency regime for bonds and derivatives.

The securities industry and financial markets in the 27 member states of the E.U. are regulated by the National Competent Authorities in each member state, or with respect to Data Reporting Services Providers (“DRSPs”), such as our E.U. post-trade business, by ESMA itself. E.U. regulations provide for a cross-border “passporting regime”, which allows us to provide our regulated services to customers throughout the E.U. in reliance upon AFM authorizations for our subsidiaries in the Netherlands. We have also established regulatory branches of our E.U. trading venue in Italy and Germany, which allows the Company to have a physical presence in those jurisdictions.

The legal framework in the Netherlands for financial undertakings is predominantly included in the Dutch Financial Supervision Act (“FSA”). The AFM, like DNB, is an autonomous administrative authority with independent responsibility for fulfilling its supervisory function. Pursuant to the FSA, the AFM authorizes investment firms. The AFM is legally responsible for business supervision. DNB is responsible for prudential supervision. The purpose of prudential supervision is to ensure the solidity of financial undertakings and to contribute to the stability of the financial sector. Holders of a qualifying holding (in short, shareholdings or voting rights of 10% or more) must apply to the DNB for a declaration of no objection and satisfy the applicable requirements of the FSA.

Following a recent review of the effectiveness of the changes introduced pursuant to MiFID II and MiFIR in 2018, the European Parliament, the European Council and the European Commission adopted a package of revisions to MiFID II and MiFIR in January 2024 (the “MiFIR Review”). In 2024, the first stage of the MiFIR Review became effective, with full effectiveness expected in 2026. The MiFIR Review includes, amongst other things; (i) changes in the publication arrangements for investment firms, (ii) removal of certain best execution reporting requirements, (iii) removal of non-equity pre-trade transparency for RFQ protocols, (iv) introduction of data quality and pricing standards, (v) introduction of organizational requirements for APAs and ARMs, and (vi) significant changes to the proposed E.U. consolidated tape framework for all transactions executed on E.U. trading platforms, such as our multilateral trading facilities (“MTFs”). ESMA is currently required to select a single consolidated tape provider for the E.U. (the “CTP”) for bonds under its authorization and all E.U. trading venues will be obliged to share their trading data with the CTP. The selection process for the CTP for bonds commenced in early 2025, and we currently expect that operation of the E.U. CTP will begin no sooner than the fourth quarter of 2025.

Although MiFID II and MiFIR were intended to help improve the functioning of the E.U. single market by achieving a greater consistency of regulatory standards, the U.K.’s departure from the E.U. in 2020 (commonly referred to as “Brexit”), has introduced additional operational complexity as the regulatory standards are diverging between the U.K. and the E.U. In general, MiFID II and MiFIR continue to cause us to expend significantly more compliance, business and technology resources, to incur additional operational costs and has created additional regulatory exposure for our trading and post-trade businesses. While we generally believe the net impact of the rules and regulations, and the ongoing changes has been positive for our businesses, unintended consequences of the rules and regulations (and ongoing amendments thereto) may adversely affect us in ways yet to be determined. In particular, the divergence of the U.K. from the E.U. following Brexit in relation to the future development of MIFID II and MiFIR and other rules and regulations within the financial markets (such as the Central Securities Depository Regulation or E.U.’s Digital Operational Resilience Act (“DORA”)) may further increase the complexity, operational costs and compliance requirements of our business in the U.K. and E.U. See Part I, Item 1A. — “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks – The growing divergence of the U.K. and E.U. legal and regulatory requirements following Brexit could materially adversely impact our business, clients, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.”

DORA, which focuses on the security of network and information systems of financial services entities, as well as third parties which provide certain information communication technologies services (“ICTs”) to them, became applicable to portions of our business in January 2025. DORA has, among other things, introduced significant additional ICT-related governance, risk management, resilience testing and sub-contracting and notification requirements.

Capital Requirements

Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to jurisdictional specific regulatory capital requirements, designed to maintain the general financial integrity and liquidity of a regulated entity. In general, they require that at least a minimum amount of a regulated entity’s assets be kept in relatively liquid form. Failure to maintain required minimum capital may subject a regulated subsidiary to a fine, requirement to cease conducting business, suspension, revocation of registration or expulsion by the applicable regulatory authorities, and ultimately could require the relevant entity’s liquidation.

In addition, as a result of its self-clearing and settlement activities, one of our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries is required to finance certain transactions, maintain deposits with various clearing organizations and clearing broker-dealers and maintain a special reserve bank account for the benefit of customers pursuant to Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act. These requirements can fluctuate based on trading activity, market volatility or other factors which may impact our liquidity or require us to use our capital resources.

Regulatory Status of MarketAxess Entities

Our operations span jurisdictions across the Americas, Europe and Asia, and we operate through various regulated entities. The current regulatory status of many of our business entities is described below. We also provide our platforms in other countries pursuant to exemptions from registration under the laws of such countries.

Americas

MarketAxess Corporation is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and as an introducing broker with the CFTC. It is a member of FINRA, the MSRB, the NFA and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”).

Pragma LLC is a broker-dealer registered with the SEC and is a member of FINRA and the SIPC.

MarketAxess Canada Company is registered as an Alternative Trading System with the Ontario Securities Commission, the Autorité des Marchés Financiers, the British Columbia Securities Commission and the Alberta Securities Commission and is a member of IIROC.

MarketAxess Plataforma de Negociacao Ltda. is authorized through its parent (MarketAxess Holdings Inc.) by Comissão de Valores Mobiliários and BACEN (Central Bank of Brazil) to provide a system in Brazil for the trading of fixed-income securities by sophisticated institutional investors.

MarketAxess Colombia Corporation is registered with the Superintendence of Finance of Colombia as an Information System.

U.K. and the E.U.

MarketAxess Capital Limited is authorized and regulated by the FCA as a U.K. MiFID investment firm (limited license) and acts as a matched principal counterparty for Open Trading transactions.

MarketAxess Europe Limited is authorized and regulated by the FCA to operate an MTF, licensed by ASIC to have an Australian Markets License, recognized by FINMA as a foreign trading venue, licensed by BaFin under the German Securities Trading Act, licensed by the Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong as an Automated Trading Service and licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as a Recognized Market Operator. In addition, following Brexit, MarketAxess Europe Limited is recognized or licensed on a cross-border basis to provide its services in Italy and Finland and on a temporary cross-border basis in each of Luxembourg, Denmark and Norway.

MarketAxess NL B.V. is authorized and regulated by the AFM in the Netherlands as an MTF. MarketAxess NL B.V. may provide cross-border services throughout the 27 member states of the E.U. and EEA countries under the MiFID passport and is approved by FINMA to provide cross-border services into Switzerland as a foreign trading venue, and has regulatory branches in Germany and Italy.

MarketAxess Post-Trade NL B.V. is established in the Netherlands and holds a license to operate as a DRSP under the supervision of ESMA, specifically to act as an ARM and APA. MarketAxess Post-Trade NL B.V. may provide cross border services throughout the 27 member states of the E.U. and EEA countries under the MiFID passport, and has a regulatory branch in Germany.

MarketAxess Post Trade Limited is authorized and regulated by the FCA as a DRSP for ARM and APA services and as a service company.

Asia and Pacific

MarketAxess Singapore Pte. Limited is approved by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as a Recognized Market Operator. Additionally, MarketAxess Singapore Pte. Limited is approved on a cross-border basis by FINMA in Switzerland as a foreign trading venue, by Hong Kong as an ATS, by Germany as a foreign market operator, and holds an Australian Markets License from ASIC.

MarketAxess Information Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. is a wholly-owned foreign enterprise (WOFE) in China. Its business scope includes non-licensed information, data and technology related services. The MarketAxess offshore electronic trading platform is recognized by CFETS and Bond Connect Company Limited for the provision of Bond Connect and CIBM Direct RFQ connectivity services.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we had 891 employees, 575 of whom were based in the U.S. and 316 of whom were based outside of the U.S., principally in the U.K. During fiscal year 2024, we increased our number of employees by 10, or 1.1%, compared to an increase of 137, or 18.4%, in 2023. None of our employees is represented by a labor union. We consider our relationships with our employees to be good and have not experienced any interruptions of operations due to labor disagreements.

Our talent management strategy is focused on attracting, developing and retaining top talent within the Company. We use a variety of hiring sources to broaden our candidate pools, including employee referrals, recruitment vendors, postings on a variety of job boards, partnering with diverse professional organizations and student organizations, and attending various recruiting events. The market for qualified staff, especially technology professionals, continues to be competitive in our talent markets. Many companies, including our competitors and firms outside of our industry, are interested in hiring our experienced personnel. We believe that one of the ways we have successfully retained staff with lower attrition than market is through the successful implementation of our hybrid work environment. We also offer competitive benefits programs to employees in all regions, including comprehensive medical, dental, and vision plans, disability programs and various vehicles for saving for the future.

We are committed to positioning MarketAxess for further growth through ongoing talent management, succession planning and the deepening of our leadership bench. We utilize regular critical role assessments and talent reviews to ensure that the Company has adequate talent to run the Company’s business today and evolve the Company for the future. We maintain short- and long-term succession plans for our global management team and certain critical roles reporting into them.

We believe that investing in development for our employees is crucial to our success and ability to attract and retain the best talent in our industry. Currently, we offer a customized management training program for new managers and accelerated leadership development for our more seasoned leaders who we believe may assume broader or more complex roles within the Company in the future. We offer a range of live and on-demand technical, markets-related, product management and professional skills development to all employees globally to enable employees to develop a broad spectrum of skills and continue their career growth at MarketAxess.

Company Information

MarketAxess was incorporated in Delaware in April 2000. Our internet website address is www.marketaxess.com. Through our internet website, we will make available, free of charge, the following reports as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing them with, or furnishing them to, the SEC: our annual report on Form 10-K; our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q; our current reports on Form 8-K; and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act, as amended. Our Proxy Statements for our Annual Meetings are also available through our internet website. Our internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You may also obtain copies of our reports without charge by writing to:

MarketAxess Holdings Inc.

55 Hudson Yards

New York, NY 10001

Attn: Investor Relations

Our Board has standing Audit, Compensation and Talent, Nominating and Corporate Governance, Risk and Finance Committees. Each of these committees has a written charter approved by our Board and our Board has also adopted a set of Corporate Governance Guidelines. Copies of the committee charters and the Corporate Governance Guidelines are also posted on our website.

The SEC maintains an internet website that contains annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy and information statements and other information that issuers (including the Company) file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s internet website is www.sec.gov.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.