Broadstone Net Lease Inc

December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

1. Business Description

Broadstone Net Lease, Inc. (the “Corporation”) is a Maryland corporation formed on October 18, 2007, that elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2008. Broadstone Net Lease, LLC (the Corporation’s operating company, or the “OP”), is the entity through which the Corporation conducts its business and owns (either directly or through subsidiaries) all of the Corporation’s properties. The Corporation is the sole managing member of the OP. The membership units not owned by the Corporation are referred to as OP Units and are recorded as non-controlling interests in the Consolidated Financial Statements. As the Corporation conducts substantially all of its operations through the OP, it is structured as an umbrella partnership real estate investment trust (“UPREIT”). The Corporation’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BNL.” The Corporation, the OP, and its consolidated subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.”

The Company is an industrial-focused, diversified net lease REIT that focuses on investing in income-producing, single-tenant net leased commercial properties, primarily in the United States. The Company leases primarily industrial and retail commercial properties under long-term lease agreements. At December 31, 2024, the Company owned a diversified portfolio of 765 individual commercial properties with 758 properties located in 44 U.S. states andseven properties located infour Canadian provinces.

The following table summarizes the outstanding equity and economic ownership interest of the Company:

Refer to Note 14 forfurther discussion regarding the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Accounting

The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts and operations of the Company. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

When the Company obtains an economic interest in an entity, the entity is evaluated to determine if it should be deemed a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and, if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary and is therefore required to consolidate the entity. The accounting guidance for consolidation of VIEs is applied to certain entities in which the equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. Certain decision-making rights within a loan or joint-venture agreement may cause us to consider an entity a VIE. The contractual arrangements in a partnership agreement or other related contracts are reviewed to determine whether the entity is a VIE, and if the Company has variable interests in the VIE. The Company’s variable interests are then compared to those of the other variable interest holders to determine which party is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. A primary beneficiary: (i) has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reassesses the initial evaluation of whether an entity is a VIE when certain events occur, and reassesses the primary beneficiary determination of a VIE on an ongoing basis based on current facts and circumstances. To the extent the Company has a variable interest in entities that are not evaluated under the VIE model, the Company evaluates its interests using the voting interest entity model.

The Corporation has complete responsibility for the day-to-day management of, authority to make decisions for, and control of the OP. Based on consolidation guidance, the Corporation has concluded that the OP is a VIE as the members in the OP do not possess kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. Accordingly, the Corporation consolidates its interest in the OP. However, because the Corporation holds the majority voting interest in the OP and certain other conditions are met, it qualifies for the exemption from providing certain disclosure requirements associated with investments in VIEs.

In June 2024, the Company invested $52.2 million in exchange for 98.1% ownership interest in a VIE. The Company is the primary beneficiary as it: (i) has the power to direct the activities that significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits of the VIE, and therefore consolidates the VIE. The following table presents a summary of selected financial data of the consolidated VIE included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

From time to time, the Company acquires properties using a reverse like-kind exchange structure pursuant to Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code (a “reverse 1031 exchange”) and, as such, the properties are in the possession of an Exchange Accommodation Titleholder (“EAT”) until the reverse 1031 exchange is completed. The EAT is classified as a VIE as it is a “thinly capitalized” entity. The Company consolidates the EAT because it is the primary beneficiary as it has the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the EAT's economic performance and can collapse the reverse 1031 exchange structure at its discretion. The assets of the EAT primarily consist of leased property (net real estate investment in rental property and lease intangibles).

The portions of a consolidated entity not owned by the Company are presented as non-controlling interests as of and during the periods presented.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Accordingly, actual results may differ from those estimates.

Investment in Rental Property

Rental property accounted for under operating leases is recorded at cost. Rental property accounted for under direct financing leases and sales-type leases are recorded at its net investment, which generally represents the cost of the property at the inception of the lease.

The Company accounts for its acquisitions of real estate as asset acquisitions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations, as substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets.

The Company allocates the purchase price of investments in rental property accounted for as asset acquisitions based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. These generally include tangible assets, consisting of land and land improvements, buildings and other improvements, and equipment, and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities, including the value of in-place leases and acquired above-market and below-market leases. Acquisition costs incurred in connection with investments in real estate accounted for as asset acquisitions are capitalized and included with the allocated purchase price. The results of operations of acquired properties are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income from the respective date of acquisition.

Estimated fair value determinations are based on management’s judgment, which considers various factors including real estate market conditions, industry conditions that the tenant operates in, and characteristics of the real estate and/or real estate appraisals.

The estimated fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant. The as-if-vacant value is then allocated to land and land improvements, buildings, and equipment based on comparable sales and other relevant information with respect to the property as estimated by management. Specifically, the “if vacant” value of buildings and equipment is calculated using an income approach. Assumptions used in the income approach to value the buildings include: capitalization and discount rates, lease-up time, market rents, make ready costs, land value, and land improvement value.

The estimated fair value of acquired in-place leases are the costs that the Company would have had to incur to lease the properties to the occupancy level of the properties at the date of acquisition. Such costs include the fair value of leasing commissions and other operating costs that would have been incurred to lease the properties, had they been vacant, to their acquired occupancy level. Acquired in-place leases as of the date of acquisition are amortized over the remaining non-cancellable lease terms of the respective leases to amortization expense.

Acquired above-market and below-market lease values are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate that reflects the risks associated with the lease acquired) of the differences between the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and management’s estimate of fair market value lease rates at the time of acquisition. The capitalized above-market and below-market lease values are amortized as adjustments to lease revenue over the remaining term of the respective leases.

Should a tenant terminate the lease, the unamortized portion of the in-place lease value is charged to amortization expense and the unamortized portion of above-market or below-market lease value is charged to lease revenue.

Management estimates the fair value of assumed mortgages payable based upon indications of then-current market pricing for similar types of debt with similar maturities. Assumed mortgages are initially recorded at their estimated fair value as of the assumption date, and the difference between such estimated fair value and the notes’ outstanding principal balance is amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the debt.

Expenditures for significant betterments and improvements are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred.

Investment in Property Under Development

Land acquired for development and construction and improvement costs incurred in connection with the development of new properties are capitalized and recorded as Property under development in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets until construction has been completed. Such capitalized costs include all direct and indirect costs related to planning, development, and construction, including interest, real estate taxes, and other miscellaneous costs incurred during the construction period. Once substantially complete, the property under development is placed in service and depreciation commences. The following tables summarize the Company’s investments in property under development:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, and subsequent to reaching substantial completion, the Company funded an additional $10.8 million of capital expenditures in connection with a development property.

Long-lived Asset Impairment

The Company reviews long-lived assets to be held and used for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If, and when, such events or changes in circumstances are present, an impairment exists to the extent the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the long-lived asset or asset group and its eventual disposition. Such cash flows include expected future operating income, as adjusted for trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition, and other factors. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group exceeds its fair value. Significant judgment is made to determine if and when impairment should be taken. The Company’s assessment of impairment as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, was based on the most current information available to the Company. Certain of the Company’s properties may have fair values less than their carrying amounts. However, based on the Company’s plans with respect to each of those properties, the Company believes that their carrying amounts are recoverable and therefore, no impairment charges were recognized other than those described below. If the operating conditions mentioned above deteriorate or if the Company’s expected holding period for assets changes, subsequent tests for impairments could result in additional impairment charges in the future.

Inputs used in establishing fair value for impaired real estate assets generally fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, which are characterized as requiring significant judgment as little or no current market activity may be available for validation. The main indicator used to establish the classification of the inputs is current market conditions, as derived through the use of published commercial real estate market information and information obtained from brokers and other third party sources. The Company determines the valuation of impaired assets using generally accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis, income capitalization, analysis of recent comparable sales transactions, actual sales negotiations, and bona fide purchase offers received from third parties. Management may consider a single valuation technique or multiple valuation techniques, as appropriate, when estimating the fair value of its real estate.

The following table summarizes the Company’s impairment charges, resulting primarily from changes in the Company's long-term hold strategy with respect to the individual properties:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized impairment of $49.0 million, resulting from changes in the Company’s long-term hold strategy with respect to the individual properties. The 2024 impairments primarily relate to the Company’s decision to sell clinically-oriented healthcare properties and include $41.7 million on 16 clinical healthcare properties, which were based on actual or estimated sales prices of the individual properties. Of these properties, 11 were sold as part of a portfolio with a gain of $59.1 million, excluding any impairment. The remaining impairments recognized during the year ended December 31,2024 were immaterial.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $26.4 million on a healthcare property due to changes in the tenant’s ability to perform under the lease agreement, leading to a change in management’s long-term hold strategy and desire to sell in the near term. The fair value measurement was determined using a range of significant unobservable inputs, including a third-party appraisal, broker market information, and recent comparable vacant sales transactions. The remaining impairments recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 were immaterial.

Impairments recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 were immaterial.

Investments in Rental Property Held for Sale

The Company classifies investments in rental property as held for sale when all of the following criteria are met: (i) management commits to a plan to sell the property, (ii) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of investment properties, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and conduct other actions required to complete the sale has been initiated, (iv) the sale of the property is probable in occurrence and is expected to qualify as a completed sale, (v) the property is actively marketed for sale at a sale price that is reasonable in relation to its fair value, and (vi) actions required to complete the sale indicate that it is unlikely that any significant changes will be made or that the plan to sell will be withdrawn.

For properties classified as held for sale, the Company suspends depreciation and amortization of the related assets and liabilities, including the acquired in-place lease and above- or below-market lease intangibles, as well as straight-line revenue recognition of the associated lease, and records the investment in rental property at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The assets and liabilities associated with the properties classified as held for sale are presented separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the most recent reporting period. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any properties that met the held for sale criteria.

Sales of Real Estate

Under ASC 610-20, Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, the Company’s sales of real estate are generally considered to be sales to non-customers, requiring the Company to identify each distinct non-financial asset promised to the buyer. The Company determines whether the buyer obtains control of the non-financial assets, achieved through the transfer of the risks and rewards of ownership of the non-financial assets. If control is transferred to the buyer, the Company derecognizes the asset.

If the Company determines that it did not transfer control of the non-financial assets to the buyer, the Company analyzes the contract for separate performance obligations and allocates a portion of the sales price to each performance obligation. As performance obligations are satisfied, the Company recognizes the respective income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

The Company presents discontinued operations if disposals of properties represent a strategic shift in operations. Those strategic shifts would need to have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results in order to meet the definition. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company did not have property dispositions that qualified as discontinued operations.

Depreciation

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which are as follows:

Leasing Fees

Leasing fees represent costs incurred to lease properties to tenants and are capitalized as they are incremental costs of a lease that would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained. Leasing fees are amortized using the straight-line method over the term of the lease to which they relate, which range from 3 to 25 years.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with an original maturity at date of acquisition of three months or less, including money market funds. The Company estimates that the fair value of cash equivalents approximates the carrying value due to the relatively short maturity of these instruments.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash generally includes escrow funds the Company maintains pursuant to the terms of certain mortgages, lease agreements, and undistributed proceeds from the sale of properties under Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and is reported within Prepaid expenses and other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Restricted cash consisted of the following:

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC 842, Leases(“ASC 842”). The Company commences revenue recognition on its leases based on a number of factors, including the initial determination that the contract is or contains a lease. Generally, all of the Company’s property related contracts are or contain leases, and therefore revenue is recognized when the lessee takes possession of or controls the physical use of the leased assets. In most instances this occurs on the lease commencement date. At the time of lease assumption or at the inception of a new lease, including new leases that arise from amendments, the Company assesses the terms and conditions of the lease to determine the proper lease classification.

Certain of the Company’s leases require tenants to pay rent based upon a percentage of the property’s net sales (“percentage rent”) or contain rent escalators indexed to future changes in the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”). Lease income associated with such provisions, absent the existence of a floor, are considered variable lease income and are not included in the initial measurement of the lease receivable, or in the calculation of straight-line rent revenue. Such amounts are recognized as income when the amounts are determinable.

A lease is classified as an operating lease if none of the following criteria are met: (i) ownership transfers to the lessee at the end of the lease term, (ii) the lessee has a purchase option that is reasonably expected to be exercised, (iii) the lease term is for a major part of the economic life of the leased property, (iv) the present value of the future lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the leased property, and (v) the leased property is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no future alternative use to the Company at the end of the lease term. If one or more of these criteria are met, the lease will generally be classified as a sales-type lease, unless the lease contains a residual value guarantee from a third party other than the lessee, in which case it would be classified as a direct financing lease under certain circumstances. Prior to the adoption of ASC 842, a lease that was not an operating lease would be accounted for as a direct financing lease.

The Company accounts for the right to use land as a separate lease component, unless the accounting effect of doing so would be insignificant. Determination of significance requires management judgment. In determining whether the accounting effect of separately reporting the land component from other components for its real estate leases is significant, the Company assesses: (i) whether separating the land component impacts the classification of any lease component, (ii) the value of the land component in the context of the overall contract, and (iii) whether the right to use the land is coterminous with the rights to use the other assets.

Revenue recognition methods for operating leases, direct financing leases, and sales-type leases are described below:

Rental property accounted for under operating leases – Revenue is recognized as rents are earned on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable terms of the related leases. For leases that have fixed and measurable rent escalations and collectability of the lease payments is probable, the difference between such rental income earned and the cash rent due under the provisions of the lease is recorded as Accrued rental income in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. If the Company determines that collectability of the lease payments is not probable, the Company records an adjustment to Lease revenues, net to reduce cumulative income recognized since lease commencement to the amount of cash collected from the lessee (i.e., write off of accrued rental income). Future revenue recognition is limited to amounts paid by the lessee.

Rental property accounted for under direct financing leases – The Company utilizes the direct finance method of accounting to record direct financing lease income. The net investment in the direct financing lease represents receivables for the sum of future lease payments to be received and the estimated residual value of the leased property, less unamortized unearned income (which represents the difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows). Unearned income is deferred and amortized into income over the lease terms so as to produce a constant periodic rate of return on the Company’s net investment in the leases.

Rental property accounted for under sales-type leases – For leases accounted for as sales-type leases, the Company records selling profit arising from the lease at inception, along with the net investment in the lease. The Company leases assets through the assumption of existing leases or through sale-leaseback transactions, and records such assets at their fair value at the time of acquisition, which in most cases coincides with lease inception. As a result, the Company does not generally recognize selling profit on sales-type leases. The net investment in the sales-type lease represents receivables for the sum of future lease payments and the estimated unguaranteed residual value of the leased property, each measured at net present value. Interest income is recorded over the lease terms so as to produce a constant periodic rate of return on the Company’s net investment in the leases.

Certain of the Company’s lease contracts contain nonlease components (e.g., charges for management fees, common area maintenance, and reimbursement of third-party maintenance expenses) in addition to lease components (e.g., monthly rental charges). Services related to nonlease components are provided over the same period of time as, and billed in the same manner as, monthly rental charges. The Company elected to apply the practical expedient available under ASC 842, for all classes of assets, not to separate the lease components from the nonlease components when accounting for operating leases. Since the lease component is the predominant component under each of these leases, combined revenues from both the lease and nonlease components are reported as Lease revenues, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

In accordance with ASC 842, provisions for uncollectible rent are recorded as an offset to Lease revenues, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Lease Termination Fee Income

The Company recognizes lease termination fee income as other income from real estate transactions, a component of Lease revenues, net, when all conditions of the termination agreement have been met, and collection of the lease termination fee is probable. If the tenant immediately vacates the property upon satisfying the conditions of the termination agreement, the Company recognizes the lease termination fee income net of the write off of accrued rental income associated with the lease immediately. If the tenant continues to occupy the property, the Company treats the termination as a lease modification, and recognizes the lease termination fee income on a straight-line basis over the new lease term. Lease termination fee income is recorded as other income from real estate transactions, a component of Lease revenues, net, in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the amount paid over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination and is assigned to one or more reporting units. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable, or at least annually. The Company’s annual testing date is November 30.

The goodwill impairment evaluation is completed using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. Under a qualitative approach, the impairment review for goodwill consists of an assessment of whether it is more-likely-than-not that the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, including goodwill. If a qualitative approach indicates it is more likely-than-not that the estimated carrying value of a reporting unit (including goodwill) exceeds its fair value, or if we choose to bypass the qualitative approach, we perform the quantitative approach described below.

When the Company performs a quantitative test of goodwill for impairment, it compares the carrying value of its reporting unit with its fair value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the Company does not consider goodwill to be impaired and no further analysis would be required. If the fair value is determined to be less than its carrying value, the amount of goodwill impairment equals the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

The Company determined that it hasone reporting unit, consistent with its segment reporting analysis, which includes the acquisition, leasing, and ownership of net leased properties (i.e., the consolidated entity). When necessary to perform the quantitative test for goodwill impairment, the Company’s estimate of fair value is determined using a market approach, leveraging assumptions such as the fair value of our equity inclusive of our consideration of a control premium, if necessary, which includes an analysis of similar market transactions and other quantitative and qualitative factors. While the Company believes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of its reporting unit are reasonable, changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on the Company’s financial results. Based on the results of its annual goodwill impairment test on November 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company concluded that goodwill wasnot impaired, and that the fair value of its reporting unit was substantially in excess of carrying value.

Rent Received in Advance

Rent received in advance represents tenant rent payments received prior to the contractual due date, and is included in Accounts payable and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Rent received in advance consisted of the following:

Debt Issuance Costs

In accordance with ASC 835, Interest, debt issuance costs related to mortgages, unsecured term loans and senior unsecured notes are reported as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related liability, consistent with debt discounts, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Debt issuance costs associated with the unsecured revolving credit facility are reported as an asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with the Company’s unsecured revolving credit facility, mortgages, unsecured term loans and senior unsecured notes have been deferred and are being amortized over the term of the respective loan commitment using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method.

Offering Costs

In connection with equity offerings, the Company incurs and capitalizes certain direct, incremental legal, professional, accounting and other third-party costs. Such costs are offset against the gross proceeds of each equity offering, and recorded as a component of Additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets upon the consummation of the offering. See Note 12 for further discussion of net proceeds associated with equity offerings.

Forward Sale Agreements

The Company occasionally sells shares of common stock through forward sale agreements to enable locking in the gross price of such shares upon pricing the offering (subject to certain adjustments) while delaying the issuance of such shares and the receipt of the net proceeds. To account for the forward sale agreements, the Company considers the accounting guidance governing financial instruments and derivatives. To date, the Company has concluded that its forward sale agreements are not liabilities as they do not embody obligations to repurchase its shares nor do they embody obligations to issue a variable number of shares for which the monetary value is predominantly fixed, varying with something other than the fair value of the shares, or varying inversely in relation to its shares. The Company then evaluates whether the agreements meet the derivatives and hedging guidance scope exception to be accounted for as equity instruments. The Company has concluded that the agreements are classifiable as equity contracts based on the following assessments: (i) none of the agreements’ exercise contingencies are based on observable markets or indices besides those related to the market for the Company’s own stock price and operations; and (ii) none of the settlement provisions preclude the agreements from being indexed to its own stock. The Company also considers the potential dilution resulting from the forward sale agreements on the earnings per share calculations. The Company uses the treasury stock method to determine the dilution resulting from the forward sale agreements during the period of time prior to settlement.

Non-controlling Interests

Non-controlling interests represent the portions of equity in consolidated subsidiaries that are held by third parties, which are accounted for as a separate component of equity.

The Company adjusts the carrying value of non-controlling interests to reflect their share of the book value of each not wholly-owned subsidiary. Such adjustments are recorded to Additional paid-in capital as a reallocation of Non-controlling interests in the Consolidated Statements of Equity.

Derivative Instruments

The Company uses interest rate swap agreements to manage risks related to interest rate movements. The interest rate swap agreements, designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges, are reported at fair value. ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging(“ASC 815”), requires a company to present the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same income statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported. In accordance with ASC 815, the gain or loss on the qualifying hedges is initially included as a component of other comprehensive income or loss and is subsequently reclassified into earnings when interest payments (the forecasted transactions) on the related debt are incurred and as the swap net settlements occur.

When an existing cash flow hedge is terminated, the Company determines the accounting treatment for the accumulated gain or loss recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income based on the probability of the hedged forecasted transaction occurring within the period the cash flow hedge was anticipated to affect earnings. If the Company determines that the hedged forecasted transaction is probable of occurring during the original period, the accumulated gain or loss is reclassified into earnings over the remaining life of the cash flow hedge using a straight-line method. If the Company determines that the hedged forecasted transaction is not probable of occurring during the original period, the entire amount of accumulated gain or loss is reclassified into earnings at such time.

The Company documents its risk management strategy and hedge effectiveness at the inception of, and during the term of, each hedge. The Company’s interest rate risk management strategy is intended to stabilize cash flow requirements by maintaining interest rate swap agreements to convert certain variable-rate debt to a fixed rate.

Property Loss and Insurance Recoveries

Property losses, whether full or partial, are accounted for using a combination of impairment, insurance, and revenue recognition guidance prescribed by GAAP. Upon incurring a loss event, the Company evaluates for asset impairment under ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, and ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. Under the terms of the Company’s lease agreements with tenants, a majority of which are net leases (whereby the tenants are responsible for insurance, taxes, and maintenance, among other property costs), the tenants are responsible for repairs and maintenance to the properties. The terms of the leases generally also require the tenants to continue making their monthly rental payments despite the property loss. To the extent that the assets are recoverable, determined utilizing undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset or asset group and its eventual disposition, the Company accounts for a full or partial property loss as an acceleration of depreciation and evaluates whether all or a portion of the property loss can be offset by the recognition of insurance recoveries.

Under the terms of the lease agreements with tenants, in the case of full or partial loss to a property, the tenant has an obligation to restore/rebuild the premises as nearly as possible to its value, condition and character immediately prior to such event. To mitigate the risk of loss, the Company requires tenants to maintain general liability insurance policies on the replacement value of the properties. Based on these considerations, the Company follows the guidance in ASC 610-30, Other Income – Gains and Losses on Involuntary Conversions(“ASC 610-30”), for the conversion of nonmonetary assets (i.e., the properties) to monetary assets (i.e., insurance recoveries or tenant recoveries). Under ASC 610-30, once probable of receipt, the Company recognizes an insurance/tenant recovery receivable in Tenant and other receivables, net, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with a corresponding offset to the accelerated depreciation recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. If the insurance/tenant recovery is less than the amount of accelerated depreciation recognized, the Company will recognize a net loss in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. If the insurance/tenant recovery is greater than the amount of accelerated depreciation recognized, the Company will only recognize a recovery up to the amount of the accelerated depreciation, and will account for the excess as a gain contingency in accordance with ASC 450-30, Gain Contingencies. Gain contingencies are recognized when earned and realized, which typically will occur at the time of final settlement or when non-refundable cash advances are received.

Segment Reporting

The Company currently operates in a single reportable segment, which includes the acquisition, leasing, and ownership of net leased properties. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s senior leadership team, which includes, the Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, and the Company’s Senior Vice Presidents. The CODM assesses, measures, and reviews the operating and financial results at the consolidated level for the entire portfolio based on consolidated revenues, expenses, and net income as reported on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company does not evaluate the results of operations based on geography, size, or property type.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement(“ASC 820”), defines fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value.

The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 – Quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The types of financial instruments included in Level 1 are marketable, available-for-sale equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market.

Level 2 – Pricing inputs other than quoted prices in active markets, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Instruments included in this category are derivative contracts whose value is determined using a pricing model with inputs (such as yield curves and credit spreads) that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 includes assets and liabilities whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

The Company has estimated that the carrying amount reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for Cash and cash equivalents, Prepaid expenses and other assets, Tenant and other receivables, net, Accrued interest payable, Accounts payable and other liabilities, and Dividends payable approximates their fair values due to their short-term nature.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Interest Rate Swap Assets and Liabilities– The Company measures and records its interest rate swap instruments (see Note 9) at fair value, and discloses the fair value of its long-term debt, on a recurring basis.

Interest rate swaps are derivative instruments that have no quoted readily available Level 1 inputs, and therefore are measured at fair value using inputs that are directly observable in active markets and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, using an income approach. Specifically, the fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected future cash flows of each instrument. This analysis utilizes observable market data including yield curves and implied volatilities to determine the market’s expectation of the future cash flows of the variable component. The fixed and variable components of the interest rate swaps are then discounted using calculated discount factors developed based on the overnight indexed swap (“OIS”) curve and are aggregated to arrive at a single valuation for the period. The Company also incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate swaps fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its interest rate swaps utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation. As a result, the Company has determined that its interest rate swap valuations in their entirety are appropriately classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The balances of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (see Note 9):

Long-term Debt – The fair value of the Company’s debt was estimated using Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 inputs based on recent secondary market trades of the Company’s 2031 Senior Unsecured Public Notes (see Note 7), recent comparable financing transactions, recent market risk premiums for loans of comparable quality, Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (“CDOR”), Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (“CORRA”), U.S. Treasury obligation interest rates, and discounted estimated future cash payments to be made on such debt. The discount rates estimated reflect the Company’s judgment as to the approximate current lending rates for loans or groups of loans with similar maturities and assumes that the debt is outstanding through maturity. Market information, as available, or present value techniques were utilized to estimate the amounts required to be disclosed. Since such amounts are estimates that are based on limited available market information for similar transactions and do not acknowledge transfer or other repayment restrictions that may exist on specific loans, it is unlikely that the estimated fair value of any such debt could be realized by immediate settlement of the obligation.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the unsecured revolving credit facility, mortgages, unsecured term loans, and senior unsecured notes which includes the fair value of interest rate swaps:

Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s non-recurring fair value measurements at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the fair value of impaired real estate assets that were determined using Level 3 inputs.

Income Taxes

The Company has made an election to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2008. The Company believes it is organized and operates in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT, and intends to operate in the foreseeable future in such a manner so that it will remain qualified as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, the Company is not subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax to the extent its dividends paid deduction exceeds its taxable income, as defined in the Code. Accordingly, no provision has been made for U.S. federal income taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company has a wholly-owned subsidiary that elected to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) and is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes at regular corporate tax rates when due.

The Company is subject to state and local income or franchise taxes and foreign taxes in certain jurisdictions in which some of its properties are located and records these within Income taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income when due.

The Company is required to file income tax returns with federal, state, and Canadian taxing authorities. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s U.S. federal and state income tax returns remain subject to examination by the respective taxing authorities for the 2021 through 2023 tax years.

The Company recognizes and measures uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. In making this assessment, the Company must assume that the taxing authority will examine the income tax position and have full knowledge of all relevant information. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that ismore than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and which may or may not accurately forecast actual outcomes.

The Company has determined that it has no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Interest and penalties related to income taxes are charged to tax expense during the year in which they are incurred.

Taxes Collected From Tenants and Remitted to Governmental Authorities

A majority of the Company’s properties are leased on a net basis, which provides that the tenants are responsible for the payment of property operating expenses, including, but not limited to, property taxes, maintenance, insurance, repairs, and capital costs, during the lease term. The Company records such expenses on a net basis.

In other situations, the Company may collect property taxes from its tenants and remit those taxes to governmental authorities. Taxes collected from tenants and remitted to governmental authorities are presented on a gross basis, where amounts billed to tenants are included in Lease revenues, net and the corresponding expense is included in Property and operating expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

The Company is a lessee under non-cancelable operating leases associated with its corporate headquarters and other office spaces as well as with leases of land (“ground leases”). The Company records right-of-use assets and lease liabilities associated with these leases. The lease liability is equal to the net present value of the future payments to be made under the lease, discounted using estimates based on observable market factors. The right-of-use asset is generally equal to the lease liability plus initial direct costs associated with the leases. The Company includes in the recognition of the right-of-use asset and lease liability those renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised, based on the facts and circumstances that exist at lease inception. Amounts associated with percentage rent provisions are considered variable lease costs and are not included in the initial measurement of the right-of-use asset or lease liability. The Company has made an accounting policy election, applicable to all asset types, not to separate lease from nonlease components when allocating contract consideration related to operating leases.

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities associated with operating leases were included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

The Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities primarily consist of a lease for the Company’s corporate office space, which expires in October 2033. The lease contains two five-year extension options, exercisable at the Company’s discretion, that are not reasonably certain to be exercised, and are therefore excluded from our calculation of the lease liability.

Rental Expense

Rental expense associated with operating leases is recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of each lease, for leases that have fixed and measurable rent escalations. The difference between rental expense incurred on a straight-line basis and the cash rental payments due under the provisions of the lease is recorded as part of the right-of-use asset in the accompanying December 31, 2024 and 2023 Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts associated with percentage rent provisions based on the achievement of sales targets are recognized as variable rental expense when achievement of the sales targets are considered probable.

Rental expense, which primarily consists of office space, is included in both General and administrative and Property and operating expense line items in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income as follows:

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has issued restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) under its 2020 Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”). The Company accounts for stock-based incentives in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, which requires that such compensation be recognized in the financial statements based on the award’s estimated grant date fair value. The value of such awards is recognized as compensation expense in General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income over the appropriate vesting period on a straight-line basis or at the cumulative amount vested at each balance sheet date, if greater. The Company records forfeitures during the period in which they occur by reversing all previously recorded stock compensation expense associated with the forfeited shares. Dividends declared on RSAs issued under the Equity Incentive Plan are recorded as Cumulative distributions in excess of retained earnings in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accumulated dividends related to forfeited RSAs are reversed through compensation expense in the period the forfeiture occurs. Dividends accrued on the PRSUs are recorded as Cumulative distributions in excess of retained earnings in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accumulated dividends accrued related to forfeited PRSUs are reversed in the period the forfeiture occurs.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per common share has been computed pursuant to the guidance in ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, which requires the classification of the Company’s unvested shares of restricted common stock, which contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends, as participating securities requiring the two-class method of computing earnings per share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. In accordance with the two-class method, the Company’s calculation of earnings per share excludes the income attributable to the unvested shares of restricted common stock from the numerator of the calculation and the weighted average number of such unvested shares from the denominator. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average shares of common stock and potentially dilutive securities in accordance with the treasury stock method and/or if converted method. See Note 14.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information, such as, annual and interim disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly reviewed by the CODM, interim disclosure of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets, and require that a public entity with a single reportable segment provide all the disclosures required by ASU 2023-07 and all existing required segment disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 were effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2024, and disclosures were retrospectively applied to all periods presented. The impact to the Company was primarily including disclosure around identifying the title and position of the Company’s CODM. The Company has one reportable segment and the required disclosure updates have been reflected in the Segment Reporting section elsewhere in Note 2.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) (“ASU 2024-03”). ASU 2024-03 requires a public entity to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements on an annual and interim basis. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company will have the election to apply the amendments either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. While this update will result in enhanced disclosures, the Company does not expect it will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

3. Acquisitions of Rental Property

The Company closed on the following acquisitions during theyear ended December 31, 2024:

(a)

In April 2024, the Company acquired $52.0 million of real estate assets. In June 2024, the Company contributed these assets in exchange for preferred equity in a consolidated VIE (see Note 2).

(b)

Acquisition of land to be developed in connection with a $2.0 million build-to-suit transaction expected to fund in multiple draws through March 2025.

(c)

Acquisition of land to be developed in connection with a $115.4 million build-to-suit transaction expected to fund in multiple draws through July 2026.

(d)

Acquisition price excludes capitalized acquisition costs of $8.3 million.

The Company closed on the following acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2023:

(e)

Acquisition of land developed in connection with a $204.8 million build-to-suit transaction substantially completed in September 2024.

(f)

Acquisition of land developed in connection with a $1.7 million build-to-suit transaction completed in October 2023.

(g)

Acquisition price excludes capitalized acquisition costs of $3.1 million.

The Company allocated the purchase price of these properties to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation for completed real estate acquisitions:

(h)

The weighted average amortization period for acquired in-place leases is 10 years and 16 years for acquisitions completed during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(i)

The weighted average amortization period for acquired above-market leases issix years for acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2024. There wereno above-market leases acquired during the year ended December 31, 2023.

(j)

The weighted average amortization period for acquired below-market leases is nine years and 20 years for acquisitions completed during the years ended December 31,2024 and 2023, respectively.

The above acquisitions were funded using a combination of available cash on hand and unsecured revolving credit facility borrowings. All real estate acquisitions closed during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, qualified as asset acquisitions and as such, acquisition costs were capitalized.

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company closed on the following acquisitions (see Note 18):

(k)

Acquisition of land to be developed in connection with a $1.7 million build-to-suit transaction expected to fund in multiple draws through April 2025.

4. Sale of Real Estate

The Company closed on the following sales of real estate, none of which qualified as discontinued operations:

5. Investment in Rental Property and Lease Arrangements

The Company generally leases its investment rental property to established tenants in the industrial and retail property types. At December 31, 2024, the Company had 765 real estate properties,753 of which were leased under leases that have been classified asoperating leases, nine that have been classified as direct financing leases, one that has been classified as a sales-type lease, and two that were vacant. Of the nine leases classified as direct financing leases, three include land portions which are accounted for as operating leases. The sales-type lease includes a land portion which is accounted for as an operating lease (see Revenue Recognition within Note 2). Most leases have initial terms of 10 to 20 years. The Company’s leases generally provide for limited increases in rent as a result of fixed increases, increases in the CPI, or increases in the tenant’s sales volume. Generally, tenants are also required to pay all property taxes and assessments, substantially maintain the interior and exterior of the building, and maintain property and liability insurance coverage. The leases also typically provide for one or more multiple year renewal options, at the election of the tenant, and are subject to generally the same terms and conditions as the initial lease.

Investment in Rental Property – Accounted for Using the Operating Method

Depreciation expense on investment in rental property was as follows:

Estimated lease payments to be received under non-cancelable operating leases with tenants at December 31, 2024 are as follows:

Since lease renewal periods are exercisable at the option of the tenant, the above amounts only include future lease payments due during the initial lease terms. Such amounts exclude any potential variable rent increases that are based on changes in the CPI or future variable rents which may be received under the leases based on a percentage of the tenant’s gross sales. Additionally, certain of our leases provide tenants with the option to terminate their leases in exchange for termination penalties, or that are contingent upon the occurrence of a future event. Future lease payments within the table above have not been adjusted for these termination rights.

Investment in Rental Property – Direct Financing Leases

The Company’s net investment in direct financing leases was comprised of the following:

Undiscounted estimated lease payments to be received under non-cancelable direct financing leases with tenants at December 31, 2024 are as follows:

The above rental receipts do not include future lease payments for renewal periods, potential variable CPI rent increases, or variable percentage rent payments that may become due in future periods.

The following table summarizes amounts reported as Lease revenues, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income:

(a)

Includes $1.2 million, $7.5 million and $2.5 million of lease termination fee income for the years ended December 31,2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

6. Intangible Assets and Liabilities, and Leasing Fees

The following is a summary of intangible assets and liabilities, and leasing fees, and related accumulated amortization:

Amortization of intangible lease assets and liabilities, and leasing fees was as follows:

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, amortization of all intangible assets and liabilities includes $1.6 million, $0.9 million, and $8.5 million, respectively, of accelerated amortization resulting from early lease terminations.

Estimated future amortization of intangible assets and liabilities, and leasing fees at December 31, 2024 is as follows:

7. Unsecured Credit Agreements

Unsecured Revolving Credit Agreements

Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility

On September 4, 2020, the Company entered into a $900.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent. The Company closed the Revolving Credit Facility on September 21, 2020. The Revolving Credit Facility includes an accordion feature to increase the aggregate facility size from $900.0 million to $2.0 billion, subject to the willingness of existing or new lenders to fund such increase and other customary conditions. The Company has the option to extend the term of the Revolving Credit Facility twice for six months per extension, subject to certain conditions, including payment of an extension fee equal to 0.0625% of the revolving commitments. On January 28, 2022, the Company amended and restated the Revolving Credit Facility to increase the available borrowings to $1.0 billion and extend the maturity date to March 31, 2026. In addition to United States Dollars (“USD”), borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility can be made in Pound Sterling, Euros or Canadian Dollars (“CAD”) up to an aggregate amount of $500.0 million. Borr owings under the amended Revolving Credit Facility are subject to interest only payments at variable rates equal to the applicable reference rate plus a margin based on the Company’s credit rating, ranging between 0.725% and 1.400%. The amended Revolving Credit Facility is subject to a facility fee on the amount of the revolving commitments, based on the Company’s credit rating, ranging between 0.125% and 0.300%. The applicable facility fee is 0.200% per annum.

Unsecured Term Loan Agreements

2026 Unsecured Term Loan

On February 27, 2019, the Company entered into a $450.0 million seven-year unsecured term loan agreement (the “2026 Unsecured Term Loan”) with Capital One, National Association as administrative agent. The 2026 Unsecured Term Loan provides an accordion feature for up to a total of $550.0 million borrowing capacity. The 2026 Unsecured Term Loan has an initial maturity date of February 27, 2026. Following the amendment, borrowings under the 2026 Unsecured Term Loan were subject to interest only payments at variable rates equal to LIBOR plus a margin between 1.45% and 2.40% per annum based on the Company’s credit rating through March 12, 2021. On March 12, 2021, the Company amended the 2026 Unsecured Term Loan to reduce the margin on variable interest rate borrowings, and made a $50.0 million paydown on the loan. Borrowings under the amended 2026 Unsecured Term Loan are subject to interest only payments at variable rates equal to LIBOR plus a margin between 0.85% and 1.65% per annum based on the Company’s credit rating. Effective July 1, 2023, the Company further amended the 2026 Unsecured Term Loan to transition to SOFR upon the cessation of LIBOR. Interest on borrowings bear interest at one-month adjusted SOFR plus a margin between 0.85% and 1.65% per annum based on the Company’s credit rating. The 2026 Unsecured Term Loan is subject to a fee of 0.25% per annum on the amount of the commitment, reduced by the amount of term loans outstanding.

2027 and 2029 Unsecured Term Loans

On August 1, 2022, the Company entered intotwo unsecured term loans, including a $200.0 million, five-year unsecured term loan (the “2027 Unsecured Term Loan”), and a $300.0 million, seven-year unsecured term loan (the “2029 Unsecured Term Loan”) both with Regions Bank as administrative agent. Borrowings on the term loans bear interest at variable rates based on adjusted SOFR, plus a margin based on the Company’s credit rating, ranging between 0.80% and 1.60% per annum for the 2027 Unsecured Term Loan, and 1.15% and 2.20% per annum for the 2029 Unsecured Term Loan.

Senior Unsecured Notes

2027 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series A

On April 18, 2017, the Company issued $150.0 million of unsecured, fixed-rate, interest-only guaranteed senior promissory notes (the “2027 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series A”). The 2027 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series A were issued at par, and bear interest at a rate of 4.84%.

2028 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series B and 2030 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series C

On July 2, 2018, the Company entered into a Note and Guaranty Agreement (the “NGA Agreement”) with each of the purchasers of unsecured, fixed-rate, interest-only, guaranteed senior promissory notes. Under the NGA Agreement, the OP issued and sold senior promissory notes in two series, series B guaranteed senior notes (the “2028 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series B”) and series C guaranteed senior notes (the “2030 Unsecured Notes - Series C”), for an aggregate principal amount of $325.0 million. The 2028 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series B provide for an aggregate principal amount of $225.0 million with a fixed-rate of 5.09%. The 2030 Senior Unsecured Notes - Series C provide for an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million with a fixed-rate of 5.19%.

2031 Senior Unsecured Public Notes

On September 15, 2021, the Company completed a public offering of $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2.60% senior unsecured notes due in 2031 (the “2031 Senior Unsecured Public Notes”), issued at 99.816% of the principal amount. The 2031 Senior Unsecured Public Notes require semi-annual interest payments through the maturity date of September 15, 2031, unless earlier redeemed. The 2031 Senior Unsecured Public Notes were issued by the OP andare fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company.

Covenants on Unsecured Credit Agreements

The Company is subject to various financial and operational covenants and financial reporting requirements pursuant to its unsecured credit agreements. These covenants require the Company to maintain certain financial ratios. As of December 31, 2024, and for all periods presented, the Company believes it was in compliance with all of its loan covenants. Failure to comply with the covenants would result in a default which, if the Company were unable to cure or obtain a waiver from the lenders, could accelerate the repayment of the obligations. Further, in the event of default, the Company may be restricted from paying dividends to its stockholders in excess of dividends required to maintain its REIT qualification. Accordingly, an event of default could have a material effect on the Company.

The following table summarizes the Company’s unsecured credit agreements:

(a)

At December 31, 2024, a balance of $23.5 million was subject to daily simple SOFR, and at December 31,2023 a balance of $15.0 million was subject to one-month SOFR. The remaining balance of $100.0 million CAD borrowings remeasured to $69.5 million USD and $75.4 million USD, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was subject to daily simple CORRA of 3.32% at December 31, 2024 and one-month CDOR, of 5.46% at December 31,2023.

(b)

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, one-month SOFR was 4.33% and 5.35%, respectively.

(c)

At December 31, 2024, overnight SOFR was 4.49%. The applicable reference rate at December 31,2023 was one-month SOFR, which was 5.35%.

(d)

The Company’s unsecured revolving credit facility contains two six-month extension options subject to certain conditions, including the payment of an extension fee equal to 0.0625% of the revolving commitments.

At December 31, 2024, the weighted average interest rate on all outstanding borrowings was 4.79% exclusive of interest rate swap agreements, and 3.84% inclusive of interest rate swap agreements.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $7.0 million associated with financing activities. The Company didnot incur any debt issuance costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Debt issuance costs and original issuance discounts are amortized as a component of Interest expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The following table summarizes debt issuance cost and original issuance discount amortization:

8. Mortgages

The Company’s mortgages consist of the following:

(a)

Non-recourse debt includes the indemnification/guaranty of the Company pertaining to fraud, environmental claims, insolvency, and other matters.

(b)

Debt secured by related rental property and lease rents.

(c)

Debt secured by guaranty of the OP.

(d)

Mortgage was assumed as part of the acquisition of the related property. The debt was recorded at fair value at the time of assumption.

At December 31, 2024, investment in rental property with a book value of $117.8 million was pledged as collateral against the Company’s mortgages.

Estimated future principal payments to be made under the above mortgages and the Company’s unsecured credit agreements (see Note 7) at December 31, 2024, are as follows:

Certain of the Company’s mortgages provide for prepayment fees and can be terminated under certain events of default as defined under the related agreements. These prepayment fees are not reflected as part of the table above.

9. Interest Rate Swaps

Interest rate swaps were entered into with certain financial institutions in order to mitigate the impact of interest rate variability over the term of the related debt agreements. The interest rate swaps are considered cash flow hedges. Under these agreements, the Company receives monthly payments from the counterparties equal to the related variable interest rates multiplied by the outstanding notional amounts. In turn, the Company pays the counterparties each month an amount equal to a fixed rate multiplied by the related outstanding notional amounts. The intended net impact of these transactions is that the Company pays a fixed interest rate on its variable-rate borrowings.

In order to reduce counterparty concentration risk, the Company diversifies the institutions that serve as swap counterparties. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties of the swaps. The Company minimizes the risk exposure by limiting counterparties to only major banks who meet established credit and capital guidelines.

In June 2024, the Company entered into nine forward-starting interest rate swaps with various institutions for a total notional amount of $460.0 million in order to mitigate the impact of interest rate variability over the term of the Company’s current and expected debt obligations. These swap arrangements are effective during various periods between March and December 2025 and mature in 2030.

The following is a summary of the Company’s outstanding interest rate swap agreements:

(a)

Prior to the cessation of CDOR on July 1, 2024, the variable rate index for daily compounded CORRA based swaps was one-month CDOR.

(b)

The contractual notional amount is $20.0 million CAD.

(c)

The contractual notional amount is $40.0 million CAD.

(d)

Forward starting swaps have effective dates that are five years prior to each respective maturity date.

At December 31, 2024, the weighted average interest rate on all outstanding borrowings was 3.84%, inclusive of a weighted average fixed rate on effective interest rate swaps of 2.28%.

The total amounts recognized, and the location in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, from converting from variable rates to fixed rates under these agreements were as follows:

Amounts related to the interest rate swaps expected to be reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive income to Interest expense during the next twelve months are estimated to be a gain of $16.1 million.

10. Non-Controlling Interests

The Company has two entities with noncontrolling interests that are consolidated: the “OP,” and interests in a consolidated VIE not wholly-owned by the Company (See Note 2).

Under the Company’s UPREIT structure, entities and individuals can contribute assets in exchange for OP Units. There wereno UPREIT transactions during theyears ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The cumulative amount of UPREIT properties contributed, less assumed debt, amounted to $128.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The OP Units are economically equivalent to the Corporation’s common stock and, subject to certain restrictions, are convertible into the Company’s common stock at the option of the respective unit holders on a one-to-one basis. The OP Units are redeemable for cash at the option of the holder, however, the Company may issue shares in lieu of cash. Therefore, the OP Units are considered to be permanent equity. Exchanges of OP Units held by non-controlling interest holders are recorded by reducing non-controlling interest on a historical cost basis with a corresponding increase in common stock and additional paid-in capital.

The following table summarizes OP Units exchanged for shares of common stock:

Holders of the OP Units do not have voting rights at the Corporation level.

11. Credit Risk Concentrations

The Company maintained bank balances that, at times, exceeded the federally insured limit during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The Company has not experienced losses relating to these deposits and management does not believe that the Company is exposed to any significant credit risk with respect to these amounts based on the financial position and capitalization of the applicable banks.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company hadno individual tenants or common franchises that accounted for more than 10% of Lease revenues, net, excluding lease termination fees.

12. Equity

Common Stock

The shares of the Corporation’s common stock entitle the holders to one vote per share on all matters upon which stockholders are entitled to vote, to receive dividends and other distributions as authorized by the Board of Directors in accordance with the Maryland General Corporation Law, and to all rights of a stockholder pursuant to the Maryland General Corporation Law. The common stock has no preferences or preemptive conversion or exchange rights.

Pursuant to the limited liability company agreement between the Corporation and the OP, each outstanding OP Unit is convertible into one share of the Corporation’s common stock, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the OP’s operating agreement.

Preferred Stock

The Charter also provides the Board of Directors with the authority to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock, and prior to the issuance of such shares of preferred stock, the Board of Directors shall have the power from time to time to classify or reclassify, in one or more series, any unissued shares and designate the preferences, rights and privileges of such shares of preferred stock. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, no shares of the Corporation’s preferred stock were issued and outstanding.

At-the-Market Program (“ATM Program”)

The Company enters into ATM Programs through which it may, from time to time, publicly offer and sell shares of common stock. The Company’s ATM Programs also provide for forward sale agreements, enabling the Company to set the price of shares upon pricing the offering, while delaying the issuance of shares and the receipt of the net proceeds. In May 2024, the Company replaced its prior $400.0 million ATM Program (“2021 ATM Program”) with a new $400.0 million ATM Program (“2024 ATM Program”), and the 2021 ATM Program was simultaneously terminated.

The following table presents information about the Company’s ATM Programs:

(a)

ATM Program has been terminated and no future issuance will occur.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into forward sale agreements to sell an aggregate of 2,187,700 shares of common stock under the 2024 ATM Program at a weighted-average share price of $18.29, subject to certain adjustments. The Company has the option to settle the outstanding shares of common stock anytime between August and September 2025 for net proceeds of approximately $38.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company has not settled any of the outstanding shares of these forward sales agreements. There was no ATM Program activity during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table presents information about the Company’s ATM Program issuances:

There were no ATM Program issuances during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Stock Repurchase Program

The Company has a stock repurchase program (the “Repurchase Program”), which authorizes the Company to repurchase up to $150.0 million of the Company’s common stock. On March 12, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors re-authorized the Repurchase Program for a 12-month period beginning on March 14, 2024. Under the Repurchase Program, repurchases of the Company’s stock can be made in the open market or through private transactions from time to time over the 12-month period, depending on prevailing market conditions and compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The timing, manner, price, and amount of any repurchases of common stock under the Repurchase Program will be determined at the Company’s discretion, using available cash resources. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no shares of the Company’s common stock were repurchased under the Repurchase Program.

13. Stock-Based Compensation

Restricted Stock Awards

The Company awarded 849,365,311,583, and 181,244 shares of RSAs, during theyears ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, to officers, employees and non-employee directors under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan. The holder of RSAs is generally entitled at all times on and after the date of issuance of the restricted common shares to exercise the rights of a stockholder of the Company, including the right to vote the shares and the right to receive dividends on the shares. The RSAs vest over aone-, three-, four-, orfive-year period from the date of the grant and are subject to the holder’s continued service through the applicable vesting dates and in accordance with the terms of the individual award agreements. The weighted average value of awards granted per share during the years ended December 31,2024, 2023, and 2022 were $14.79, $17.50, and $21.43, respectively, which were based on the market price per share of the Company’s common stock on the grant dates.

The following table presents information about the Company’s RSAs:

As of December 31, 2024, there was $11.2 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to the unvested restricted shares, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.3 years.

The following table presents information about the Company’s restricted stock activity:

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company issued target grants of 202,308,186,481, and 124,024 performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan to the officers of the Company, respectively. The awards are non-vested restricted stock units where the vesting percentages and the ultimate number of units vesting will be measured 50% based on the relative total shareholder return (“rTSR”) of the Company’s common stock as compared to the rTSR of peer companies, as identified in the grant agreements, over a three-year period, and 50% based on the rTSR of the Company’s common stock as compared to the rTSR of the MSCI US REIT Index over a three year measurement period. Vesting percentages range from 0% to 200%, with a target of 100%. rTSR means the percentage appreciation in the fair market value of one share over thethree year measurement period beginning on the date of grant, assuming the reinvestment of dividends on the ex-dividend date. The target number of units is based on achieving a rTSR equal to the 55 thpercentile of the peer companies and MSCI US REIT Index. For PRSUs issued during the year ended December 31, 2024 that achieve a percentile rank of at least the 55th percentile, and the absolute rTSR of the Company is negative for the performance period, the awards will be reduced by 25%, not to result in a reduction less than target. Dividends accrue during the measurement period and will be paid on the PRSUs ultimately earned at the end of the measurement period in either cash or common stock, at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The grant date fair value of the PRSUs was measured using a Monte Carlo simulation model based on assumptions including share price volatility.

The following table presents compensation cost recognized on the Company’s performance-based restricted stock units:

As of December 31, 2024, there was $3.8 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to the unvested PRSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years.

The following table presents information about the Company’s performance-based restricted stock unit activity:

14. Earnings per Share

The following table summarizes the components used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”):

(a)

Represents the weighted average effects of 988,555,492,046, and 396,383 unvested restricted shares of common stock as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, which will be excluded from the computation of earnings per share until they vest.

(b)

Represents the weighted average effects of shares of common stock to be issued as though the end of the period were the end of the performance period (see Note 13).

(c)

Represents the weighted average effects of 8,645,793,8,927,736, and 10,204,806 OP Units outstanding at December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

15. Income Taxes

For federal income tax purposes, distributions to stockholders are characterized as ordinary dividends, capital gain distributions, or return of capital distributions. Return of capital distributions will reduce stockholders’ basis in their shares, but not below zero. The portion of the distribution that exceeds the adjusted basis of the stock will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of property. The following table shows the character of the distributions the Company paid on a percentage basis:

16. Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosures

Cash paid for interest was $73.7 million, $77.1 million, and $72.0 million for theyears ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Cash (refunded) paid for income taxes was $(0.5) million, $0.3 million, and $0.4 million for theyears ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The following are non-cash transactions and have been excluded from the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

•

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company converted 281,943 OP Units valued at $4.5 million to 281,943 shares of common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company converted 1,277,070 OP Units valued at $21.2 million to 1,277,070 shares of common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company converted 118,400 OP Units valued at $1.9 million to 118,400 shares of common stock.

•

At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, dividend amounts declared and accrued but not yet paid amounted to $58.3 million, $56.9 million, and $54.5 million, respectively.

•

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company reclassified $184.7 million from Property under development to Buildings and improvements upon the substantial completion of a development property.

•

At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company adjusted the carrying value of Non-controlling interests to reflect their share of the book value of the OP by $0.2 million, $0.5 million, and $6.3 million, respectively, with the reallocation recorded as an offset to Additional paid-in capital (see Note 2).

17. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is a party to various litigation matters incidental to the conduct of the Company’s business. While the resolution of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty, based on currently available information, the Company does not believe that the final outcome of any of these matters will have a material effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

Property and Acquisition Related

In connection with ownership and operation of real estate, the Company may potentially be liable for costs and damages related to environmental matters. The Company is not aware of any non-compliance, liability, claim, or other environmental condition that would have a material effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has commitments to fund five build-to-suit transactions with remaining obligations of $227.4 million expected to fund in multiple draws through July 2026, using a combination of available cash on hand and Revolving Credit Facility borrowings. Rent is contractually scheduled to commence when the properties reach substantial completion and are made available for use by the tenant.

The Company is a party to two separate tax protection agreements with the contributing members of two distinct UPREIT transactions and a third tax protection agreement entered into in connection with the Company’s internalization. The tax protection agreements require the Company to indemnify the beneficiaries in the event of a sale, exchange, transfer, or other disposal of the contributed property, and in the case of the tax protection agreement entered into in connection with the Company’s internalization, the entire Company, in a taxable transaction that would cause such beneficiaries to recognize a gain that is protected under the agreements, subject to certain exceptions. The Company is required to allocate an amount of nonrecourse liabilities to each beneficiary that is at least equal to the minimum liability amount, as contained in the agreements. The minimum liability amount and the associated allocation of nonrecourse liabilities are calculated in accordance with applicable tax regulations, are completed at the OP level, and are not probable. Therefore, there is no impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Based on values as of December 31, 2024, taxable sales of the applicable properties would trigger liability under the agreements of approximately $20.4 million. Based on information available, the Company does not believe that the events resulting in damages as detailed above have occurred or are likely to occur in the foreseeable future.

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various types of commitments to purchase real estate properties. These commitments are generally subject to the Company’s customary due diligence process and, accordingly, a number of specific conditions must be met before the Company is obligated to purchase the properties.

18. Subsequent Events

On January 15, 2025, the Company paid distributions totaling $57.2 million.

On February 14, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly distribution of $0.29 per share on the Company’s common stock and OP Units for the first quarter of 2025, which will be payable on or before April 15, 2025 to stockholders and unit holders of record as of March 31, 2025.

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company paid down $38.0 million, and borrowed $71.0 million on the Revolving Credit Facility, the proceeds of which were used to fund investments and for other general corporate purposes.

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company acquired approximately $10.4 million of rental property, inclusive of approximately $0.5 million of land to be developed in connection with a $1.7 million build-to-suit transaction expected to fund in multiple draws through April 2025. (see Note 3).