MKS INSTRUMENTS INC

Basis of Presentation

The terms “MKS” and the “Company” refer to MKS Instruments, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The interim financial data as of September 30, 2024, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, are unaudited; however, in the opinion of MKS, the interim data includes all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods. The condensed consolidated balance sheet presented as of December 31, 2023 has been derived from the consolidated audited financial statements as of that date. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements presented herein have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and do not include all of the information and note disclosures required by United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the MKS Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2024.

The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory valuation, warranty costs, pension plan valuations, stock-based compensation, intangible assets, goodwill, other long-lived assets and income taxes. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. As a result of rounding, there may be immaterial differences in amounts presented and certain calculations may not sum to the total number expressed in each category or tie to a corresponding schedule.

The Company has three reportable segments: the Vacuum Solutions Division (“VSD”), the Photonics Solutions Division (“PSD”) and the Materials Solutions Division (“MSD”) as described in Note 15. During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the Company moved its Optical Sensing Products (“OSP”) product line from the PSD segment to the VSD segment. The purpose of this realignment was to group the OSP products with related semiconductor products within the VSD segment. Prior periods have been recast to reflect this change.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires a public entity to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. Additionally, it requires a public entity to disclose the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The ASU does not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates them, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. A public entity should apply the amendments in this ASU retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company continues to assess the effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statement disclosures; however, adoption will not impact the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which focuses on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 requires a public business entity (“PBE”) to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5%of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. For PBEs, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public companies to disclose, in interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain expenses in the notes to financial statements. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Contract assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were$23 and$26, respectively. A roll-forward of the Company’s deferred revenue and customer advances is as follows:

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Beginning balance as of January 1, 2024 included$77 of current deferred revenue and customer advances and$2 of non-current deferred revenue. Beginning balance as of January 1,2023 included$94 of current deferred revenue and customer advances and$2 of non-current deferred revenue.

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Ending balance as of September 30, 2024 included$70 of current deferred revenue and customer advances and$2 of non-current deferred revenue. Ending balance as of September 30, 2023 included$80 of current deferred revenue and customer advances and$2 of non-current deferred revenue.

Revenue from certain custom products, including MSD plating equipment, and revenue from certain service contracts are recorded over time. Remaining product and services revenues are recorded at a point in time.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables summarize product and service revenue from contracts with customers in MKS’three reportable segments.

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers in the Company’s three end markets: Semiconductor, Electronics and Packaging, and Specialty Industrial.

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Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with the provisions of fair value accounting, a fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell an asset or transfer a liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability and defines fair value based upon an exit price model.

The fair value measurement guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The guidance describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments or securities or derivative contracts that are valued using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the Company categorizes such assets and liabilities based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

Assets and liabilities of the Company are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and are summarized as follows:

(1)The cash and cash equivalents amount presented in the table above does not include cash of$439 as of September 30, 2024.

Assets and liabilities of the Company are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and are summarized as follows:

(1)The cash and cash equivalents amount presented in the table above does not include cash of$507 as of December 31, 2023.

Other Fair Value Disclosures

The estimated carrying value and fair value of the Company’s debt as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

The estimated carrying value and fair value of the Company’s Term Loan Facility, as defined and further described in Note 8, was determined using available market information based on recent trades or activity of debt instruments with substantially similar risks, terms and maturities, which fall within Level 2 under the fair value hierarchy. The estimated fair value of the Company’s Convertible Notes, as defined and further described in Note 8, was determined based on the last traded price of the Convertible Notes for the period ended September 30, 2024, and falls under Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Pension and Deferred Compensation Plan Assets

The pension and deferred compensation plan assets represent investments in mutual funds, exchange traded funds, government securities and other time deposits. These investments are set aside for employee retirement benefits of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries.

Derivatives

As a result of the Company’s global operating activities and variable interest rate borrowings, the Company is exposed to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, which may adversely affect its operating results and financial position. When deemed appropriate, the Company minimizes its risks from foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations through the use of derivative financial instruments. The principal market in which the Company executes its foreign currency and interest rate contracts is the institutional market in an over-the-counter environment with a relatively high level of price transparency. The market participants are typically large commercial banks. The contracts are valued using broker quotations or market transactions.

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Derivatives and Net Investment Hedge

Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts

The Company hedges a portion of its forecasted foreign currency-denominated intercompany sales of inventory, over a maximum period oftwenty-four months, using foreign exchange forward contracts accounted for as cash-flow hedges. To the extent these derivatives are effective in offsetting the variability of the hedged cash flows, and otherwise meet the hedge accounting criteria, changes in the derivatives’ fair value are not included in current earnings but are included in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) in stockholders’ equity. These changes in fair value will subsequently be reclassified into earnings as applicable, when the forecasted transaction occurs. To the extent that a previously designated hedging transaction is no longer an effective hedge, any ineffectiveness measured in the hedging relationship is recorded in earnings in the period it occurs. The cash flows resulting from foreign exchange forward contracts are classified in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as part of cash flows from operating activities. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company also enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge against changes in the balance sheet for certain subsidiaries to mitigate the risk associated with certain foreign currency transactions in the ordinary course of business. These derivatives are not designated as cash flow hedging instruments and gains or losses from these derivatives are recorded immediately in other (income) expense, net.

The following table summarizes the net notional values of foreign exchange forward contracts outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

For both periods presented in the table, the Japanese yen and the South Korean won were the largest notional contracts for designated cash flow hedges, and the Euro was the largest notional contract for balance sheet hedges not designated as a hedging instrument.

Net Investment Hedges

On January 1, 2023, the Company designated certain Euro-denominated debt as a net investment hedge to hedge a portion of its net investments in certain of its entities with functional currencies denominated in the Euro. On January 22, 2024, the Company prepaid its USD Tranche A in full using, in part, a €250 incremental borrowing under its Euro Tranche B, each as defined and further described in Note 8. On January 22, 2024, the Company designated the additional €250 of its Euro Tranche B as a net investment hedge. As of September 30, 2024, the total principal amount outstanding under its Euro Tranche B was€798 and the entire balance was designated as a net investment hedge. As of December 31, 2023, the total principal amount outstanding under its Euro Tranche B was €593 andthe entire balance was designated as a net investment hedge. For these net investment hedges, the Company records foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses within a componentof OCI. Recognition in earnings of amounts previously recorded in accumulated OCI is limited to circumstances such as complete or substantially complete liquidation or sale of the net investment in the hedged foreign operations.

Interest Rate Agreements

The Company has various interest rate swap agreements maturing through January 31, 2029, that exchange a forward-looking term rate based on the variable secured overnight financing rate (“Term SOFR”) paid on the outstanding balance of its Term Loan Facility, as defined and further described in Note 8, to a fixed rate. The notional value of the agreements was $2,600 and $2,300 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company acquired USD London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) interest rate cap agreements as a result of its acquisition of Atotech Limited (“Atotech”) on August 17, 2022 (the “Atotech Acquisition”) and had utilized these agreements to offset Term SOFR on its Term Loan Facility. The notional value of the agreements was $700 as of December 31, 2023 and expired on January 31, 2024. Effective June 30, 2023, the Company’s USD LIBOR based interest rate caps were converted to Term SOFR. The Company also hadtwo USD LIBOR based swaps that were converted to Term SOFR, effective June 30, 2023. The conversions from USD LIBOR to Term SOFR did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations.

The interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on the balance sheet and changes in the fair value are recognized in OCI. To the extent these arrangements are no longer effective hedges, the hedging relationship will be discontinued and changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments from the last assessment period that were effective up to the current period will be recorded immediately in earnings. Amounts previously recorded in OCI will remain in OCI and will be reclassified to earnings when the interest payments impact consolidated earnings. If the Company determines that the interest payments are unlikely to occur, amounts previously recorded in OCI will be reclassified to earnings immediately. Changes in the fair value of interest rate caps were recorded immediately in earnings, as the Company did not designate these instruments as hedges and therefore these instruments did not qualify for hedge accounting. The cash flows resulting from interest rate agreements are classified in cash flows from operating activities.

The following table summarizes the net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments:

We expect an immaterial amount to be reclassified from OCI into cost of revenues during the next twelve months related to foreign exchange forward contracts. We expect a gain of approximately $16 to be recorded into interest expense during the next twelve months related to interest rate swaps.

The following table summarizes the net gains (losses) on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

Derivative instruments are subject to master netting arrangements. However, the Company has elected to record these contracts on a gross basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The location and fair value amounts of derivative instruments reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheet is disclosed in Note 4.

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Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The Company’s methodology for allocating the purchase price of an acquisition is determined through established and generally accepted valuation techniques. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of the acquisition over the sum of the amounts assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired less liabilities assumed. The Company assigns assets acquired (including goodwill) and liabilities assumed to one or more reporting units as of the date of acquisition. If the products obtained in an acquisition are assigned to multiple reporting units, the goodwill is distributed to the respective reporting units as part of the purchase price allocation process.

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are reviewed for impairment annually during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. To measure impairment, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, no impairment exists. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, a goodwill impairment is recorded.

Amortizable intangible assets and other long-lived assets are also subject to an impairment test if there is an indicator of impairment. When the Company determines that the carrying value of intangible assets or other long-lived assets may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more indicators of impairment, the Company uses the projected undiscounted cash flow method to determine whether an impairment exists, and then measures the impairment using discounted cash flows.

The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets requires significant judgment. The Company regularly monitors current business conditions and other factors, including, but not limited to, adverse industry or economic trends, restructuring actions and lower projections of profitability that may impact future operating results. The Company’s stock price and any estimated control premium are factors affecting the assessment of the fair value of the Company’s underlying reporting units for purposes of performing any goodwill impairment assessment.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill and accumulated impairment loss during thenine months ended September 30, 2024 were as follows:

During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company noted softer industry demand, particularly in the personal computer and smartphone markets, and concluded there was a triggering event at each of its electronics and general metal finishing reporting units, which together constitute MSD, and the equipment solutions reporting unit of PSD.

For each of the three reporting units, the Company performed a quantitative assessment of goodwill using an equal weighting of the income approach and market approach. The income approach was based upon projected future cash flows that were discounted to present value and an assumed terminal growth rate. The key underlying assumptions included forecasted revenues, which incorporated external market data, gross profit and operating expenses, as well as an applicable discount rate for each reporting unit. The market approach for each of the three reporting units incorporated observed multiples of guideline public companies. The market approach for the electronics and general metal finishing reporting units also incorporated multiples from guideline transactions.

Fair value estimates are based on a complex set of judgments about future events and uncertainties and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by the Company's management. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations.

This quantitative assessment for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 resulted in the following:

In addition, the Company used an income approach to determine the fair value of the long-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets within these reporting units (Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy). These valuations resulted in a $20 fair value and $152 impairment of completed technology within the equipment solutions reporting unit and a $72 fair value and $49 impairment of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) within the electronics reporting unit. After evaluating forecast updates and carrying values, the Company did not identify impairments at any other of its reporting units.

For the completed technology valuation within the equipment solutions reporting unit, the forecasted future undiscounted cash flows were consistent with the Company’s goodwill analysis, using an approximate seven year useful life, an 8% weighted-average forecasted revenue growth rate, and a discount rate of 13.5%. For the IPR&D intangible asset within the electronics reporting unit, the forecasted undiscounted future cash flows utilized were consistent with the Company’s goodwill analysis, with estimated time to complete in-process projects of up totwo years, and a discount rate of 12.5%.

Intangible Assets

The Company’s intangible assets are comprised of the following:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $9 of IPR&D was written off to amortization expense as certain projects were cancelled.

Aggregate amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was$184 and$225, respectively.

Aggregate net amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets for future years is as follows:

The Company excluded from the above table intangible assets of$56 of indefinite-lived trademarks and trade names, which were not subject to amortization.

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Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt is as follows:

Credit Facilities

In connection with the completion of the Atotech Acquisition, on August 17, 2022 (the “Effective Date”) the Company entered into a credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent, Barclays Bank PLC, and the lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provided for (i) a senior secured term loan facility comprised of three tranches: a $1,000 loan (the “USD Tranche A”), a $3,600 loan (as further increased, refinanced and otherwise modified as described herein, the “USD Tranche B”) and a €600 loan (as further increased and otherwise modified as described herein, the “Euro Tranche B” and together with the USD Tranche A and the USD Tranche B, the “Term Loan Facility”), each of which were borrowed in full on the Effective Date, and (ii) a senior secured revolving credit facility of $500 (as further increased and otherwise modified as described herein, the “Revolving Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facilities”), with the commitments under each of the foregoing facilities subject to increase from time to time subject to certain conditions. The proceeds of the Term Loan Facility were used on the Effective Date, among other things, to fund a portion of the consideration payable in connection with the Atotech Acquisition and to refinance the existing term loan and revolving credit facilities of the Company and certain indebtedness of Atotech.

Initially, borrowings under the Credit Facilities bore interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company’s option, any of the following, plus, in each case, an applicable margin: (a) with respect to the USD Tranche A, the Revolving Facility and the USD Tranche B, (x) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the prime rate quoted in The Wall Street Journal, or (3) a forward-looking term rate based on Term SOFR (plus an applicable credit spread adjustment) for an interest period of one month, plus 1.00%; and (y) a Term SOFR rate (plus an applicable credit spread adjustment) for the interest period relevant to such borrowing, subject to a rate floor of (I) with respect to the USD Tranche B,0.50% and (II) with respect to the USD Tranche A and the Revolving Facility,0.0%; and (b) with respect to the Euro Tranche B, a Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”) rate determined by reference to the costs of funds for Euro deposits for the interest period relevant to such borrowing adjusted for certain additional costs, subject to a EURIBOR rate floor of 0.0%. Initially, the applicable margins for borrowings under the Credit Facilities were (i) under the USD Tranche A,1.50% with respect to base rate borrowings and 2.50% with respect to Term SOFR borrowings, (ii) under the USD Tranche B,1.75% with respect to base rate borrowings and 2.75% with respect to Term SOFR borrowings, (iii) under the Euro Tranche B,3.00% and (iv) under the Revolving Facility,1.50% with respect to base rate borrowings and 2.50% with respect to Term SOFR borrowings.

In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the Credit Facilities, the Company is required to pay a commitment fee in respect of the unutilized commitments under the Revolving Facility. The commitment fee is subject to adjustment based on the Company’s first lien net leverage ratio as of the end of the preceding fiscal quarter. The Company must also pay customary letter of credit fees and agency fees. As of September 30, 2024, the commitment fee was 0.25% per annum, representing a downward adjustment from 0.375% as of June 30, 2024.

On October 3, 2023 (the “First Amendment Effective Date”), the Company entered into the First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”), which refinanced all of the $3,564 outstanding USD Tranche B to (i) decrease the applicable margin for the USD Tranche B to 1.50% with respect to base rate borrowings and 2.50% with respect to Term SOFR borrowings and (ii) remove the credit spread adjustment applicable to Term SOFR borrowings of the USD Tranche B.

On January 22, 2024 (the “Second Amendment Effective Date”), the Company entered into the Second Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), pursuant to which the Company (i) borrowed additional USD Tranche B loans in an aggregate principal amount of $490 and additional Euro Tranche B loans in an aggregate principal amount of €250 (collectively, the “Incremental Tranche B Loans”) and (ii) used a portion of the proceeds of the Incremental Tranche B Loans to prepay the USD Tranche A in full in an aggregate principal amount of $744.

On February 13, 2024, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “Third Amendment”), pursuant to which the Company increased the available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility by $175 (the “Incremental Revolving Commitments”). As of September 30, 2024, the available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility was $675.

On July 23, 2024 (the “Fourth Amendment Effective Date”), the Company entered into the Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “Fourth Amendment”), pursuant to which the Company(i) refinanced its existing USD Tranche B loan and Euro Tranche B loan with a new $2,650 USD Tranche B loan and a new €800 Euro Tranche B loan, (ii) decreased the applicable margin for the USD Tranche B from 2.50% to 2.25% with respect to Term SOFR borrowings and from 1.50% to 1.25% with respect to base rate borrowings and (iii) decreased the applicable margin for the Euro Tranche B from 3.00% to 2.75%.

On July 23, 2024, immediately prior to the effectiveness of the Fourth Amendment, the Company made a voluntary prepayment of $110 aggregate principal amount under the Term Loan Facility, consisting of $69 principal amount of its USD Tranche B loan and €38 principal amount of its Euro Tranche B loan.

The USD Tranche B and the Euro Tranche B were issued on the Effective Date with original issue discount of 2.00% of the principal amounts thereof. The USD Tranche B was issued on the First Amendment Effective Date with original issue discount of 0.25% of the principal amount thereof. The Incremental Tranche B Loans were issued with original issue discount of 0.25% of the principal amount thereof.

The Company incurred $242 of deferred financing fees and original issue discount related to the term loans under the Term Loan Facility funded on the Effective Date, which are included in long-term debt, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are being amortized to interest expense over the estimated life of the term loans using the effective interest method.

The Company incurred $11 of deferred financing fees and original issue discount related to the USD Tranche B funded on the First Amendment Effective Date, of which $9 is included in long-term debt, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and is being amortized to interest expense over the estimated life of the term loans using the effective interest method. The Company recorded an $8 loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with the First Amendment.

The Company incurred $5 of deferred financing fees and original issue discount related to the Incremental Tranche B Loans funded on the Second Amendment Effective Date, of which $2 is included in long-term debt, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and is being amortized to interest expense over the estimated life of the term loans using the effective interest method. The Company recorded a $9 loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with the Second Amendment.

The Company recorded a $5 loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with the Fourth Amendment as a result of the acceleration of deferred financing and original issue discounts.

Under the Credit Agreement, the Company is required to prepay outstanding term loans, subject to certain exceptions, with portions of its annual excess cash flow as well as with the net cash proceeds of certain of its asset sales, certain casualty and condemnation events and the incurrence or issuances of certain debt. If at any time the aggregate amount of outstanding loans, unreimbursed letter of credit drawings and undrawn letters of credit under the Revolving Facility exceeds the aggregate commitments under the Revolving Facility, the Company is required to repay outstanding loans and/or cash collateralize letters of credit, with no reduction of the commitment amount.

The Company may voluntarily prepay outstanding loans under the Credit Facilities from time to time, subject to certain conditions, without premium or penalty other than customary “breakage” costs with respect to Term SOFR or EURIBOR loans; provided, however, that subject to certain exceptions, if on or prior to the date that is six months after the Fourth Amendment Effective Date, the Company prepays any loans under the USD Tranche B or the Euro Tranche B in connection with a repricing transaction, the Company must pay a prepayment premium of 1.00% of the aggregate principal amount of the loans so prepaid. Additionally, the Company may voluntarily reduce the unutilized portion of the commitment amount under the Revolving Facility.

Prior to the repayment in full of the USD Tranche A, the Company was required to make scheduled quarterly payments each equal to 1.25% of the original principal amount of the USD Tranche A. The Company is required to make scheduled quarterly payments each equal to approximately $10 with respect to the USD Tranche B and approximately €2 with respect to the Euro Tranche B, in each case with the balance due thereunder on the seventh anniversary of the Effective Date.

There is no scheduled amortization under the Revolving Facility. Any principal amount outstanding under the Revolving Facility is due and payable in full on the fifth anniversary of the Effective Date.

All obligations under the Credit Facilities are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries and are required to be guaranteed by certain of the Company’s future wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, and are secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and the assets of such subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and exclusions.

Under the Credit Agreement, the Company has the ability to incur additional incremental debt facilities in an amount up to (x) the greater of (1) $1,011 and (2)75% of consolidated last twelve months earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”), plus (y) an amount equal to the sum of all voluntary prepayments of term loans under the Term Loan Facility, plus (z) an additional unlimited amount subject to pro forma compliance with certain leverage ratio tests (based on the security and priority of such incremental debt).

Under the USD Tranche A and the Revolving Facility, so long as any USD Tranche A loans (or commitments in respect thereof) are outstanding as of the end of any fiscal quarter, the Company may not allow its total net leverage ratio as of the end of such fiscal quarter to be greater than 5.25 to 1.00 for the fiscal quarters ending December 31, 2023 through September 30, 2024, with an annual step-down of 0.25:1.00 and subject to a step-up of 0.50:1.00 for the four full fiscal quarter period following any material acquisition, not to exceed 5.50 to 1.00.

In addition, in the event there are no loans outstanding under the USD Tranche A, as of the end of any fiscal quarter of the Company when the aggregate amount of loans outstanding under the Revolving Facility (net of (a) all letters of credit (whether cash collateralized or not) and (b) unrestricted cash of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries) exceeds 35% of the aggregate amount of all commitments under the Revolving Facility in effect as of such date, the Company may not allow its first lien net leverage ratio as of the end of each such fiscal quarter to be greater than 6.00 to 1.00.

The USD Tranche B and the Euro Tranche B are not subject to financial maintenance covenants.

The Credit Agreement contains a number of negative covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, restrict the ability of the Company and each of its subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness; pay dividends on its capital stock or redeem, repurchase or retire its capital stock or its subordinated indebtedness; make investments, loans and acquisitions; create restrictions on the payment of dividends or other amounts to the Company from the Company’s restricted subsidiaries or restrictions on the ability of the Company’s restricted subsidiaries to incur liens; engage in transactions with its affiliates; sell assets, including capital stock of its subsidiaries; materially alter the business it conducts; consolidate or merge; incur liens; and engage in sale-leaseback transactions.

The Credit Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and provisions relating to events of default. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the Credit Facilities will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Credit Facilities and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. As of September 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.

The Company paid certain customary fees to and expenses of (i) JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, BofA Securities, Inc., Citibank, N.A., HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. and Mizuho Bank, Ltd. in their respective capacities as lead arrangers and bookrunners in connection with the Credit Facilities on the Effective Date, (ii) JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. in its capacity as lead arranger in connection with each of the First Amendment, the Second Amendment, the Third Amendment and the Fourth Amendment and (iii) the lenders providing the Incremental Revolving Commitments pursuant to the Third Amendment.

As described further below under “Convertible Notes,” on May 16, 2024, the Company completed a private offering of convertible senior notes. A significant portion of the net proceeds from the offering was used to repay approximately $1,206 of the USD Tranche B. As a result of the repayment, the Company recorded a $38 loss on extinguishment of debt.

As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average interest rate of the Term Loan Facility was 6.9%. The Revolving Facility has a maturity date in August 2027 while the USD Tranche B and Euro Tranche B have a maturity date in August 2029. As of September 30, 2024, there wereno borrowings under the Revolving Facility.

Convertible Notes

On May 16, 2024, the Company completed a private offering of $1,400 aggregate principal amount of its convertible senior notes due 2030 (the “Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes were sold in a private placement under a purchase agreement, dated as of May 13, 2024 (the “Purchase Agreement”), entered into by and between the Company and each of Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, BofA Securities, Inc. and Mizuho Securities USA LLC, as representatives of the several initial purchasers named therein, for resale to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes sold in the offering was $1,400, which included $200 aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes issued pursuant to an option to purchase, within a 13-day period beginning on, and including, the date on which the Convertible Notes were first issued, which the initial purchasers exercised in full on May 14, 2024 and which additional purchase was also completed on May 16, 2024.

The net proceeds from the offering were approximately $1,374 after deducting the initial purchasers’ discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses paid by the Company. The Company used approximately $167 of the net proceeds from the offering to pay the cost of the capped call transactions described below. The Company used the remaining net proceeds from the offering to repay approximately $1,206 in borrowings outstanding under the USD Tranche B, together with accrued interest, as well as for general corporate purposes.

Indenture and the Convertible Notes

On May 16, 2024, the Company entered into an indenture (the “Indenture”) with respect to the Convertible Notes with U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (the “Trustee”). Under the Indenture, the Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a coupon rate of 1.25% per annum, with interest payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2024. The Convertible Notes will mature on June 1, 2030, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms.

Subject to certain conditions, on or after June 5, 2027, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date the notice of redemption is sent.

The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes is initially 6.4799 shares of the Company’s common stock per one thousand dollars principal amount of the Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $154.32 per share. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events.

Upon conversion, the Company will pay cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be converted and pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company’s election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of its conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes being converted. Prior to March 1, 2030, noteholders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events and during certain periods, and thereafter, at any time until the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date.

If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture) prior to the maturity date of the Convertible Notes, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Convertible Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

The Indenture contains customary terms and covenants, including that upon certain events of default that are occurring and continuing, either the Trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Convertible Notes may declare 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on, all the Convertible Notes to be due and payable.

As of September 30, 2024, the Convertible Notes are classified as a long-term liability, net of issuances costs, on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Convertible Notes were issued at par and costs associated with the issuance of the Convertible Notes are amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Convertible Notes. As of September 30, 2024, the effective interest rate of the Convertible Notes was 1.56%.

Capped Call Transactions

On May 13, 2024, in connection with the pricing of the Convertible Notes, and on May 14, 2024, in connection with the exercise in full by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional Convertible Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain of the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes or their respective affiliates and other financial institutions. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon conversion of any Convertible Notes and/or offset any cash payments that the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of any converted Convertible Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap initially equal to $237.42 per share, which represents a premium of 100% over the last reported sale price of $118.71 per share of the Company’s common stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on May 13, 2024, and is subject to customary adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions.

The Company evaluated the capped call transactions and determined that they should be accounted for separately from the Convertible Notes. The cost of $167 to purchase the capped call transactions was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as the capped call transactions are indexed to the Company’s own stock and met the criteria to be classified in stockholders' equity.

The Company’s interest expense is as follows:

(1)Other interest expense, net primarily consists of interest (income) expense related to the Company’s interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements.

Lines of Credit and Borrowing Arrangements

Certain of the Company’s Japanese subsidiaries have lines of credit and a financing facility with various financial institutions, many of which generally expire and are renewed atthree-month intervals with the remaining having no expiration date. The lines of credit and financing facility provided for aggregate borrowings as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 of up to an equivalent of$21 and$14, respectively. There wereno borrowings outstanding under these arrangements at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Contractual maturities of the Company’s debt obligations as of September 30, 2024 are as follows:

(9)

Product Warranties

The Company provides for the estimated costs to fulfill customer warranty obligations upon the recognition of the related revenue. The Company’s warranty obligations are affected by shipment volume, product failure rates, utilization levels, material usage and supplier warranties on parts delivered to the Company. Should actual product failure rates, utilization levels, material usage, or supplier warranties on parts differ from the Company’s estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability would be required. The Company engages in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of its component suppliers.

Product warranty activities were as follows:

As of September 30, 2024, short-term product warranties of$14 and long-term product warranties of$8 were included within other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, within the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2023, short-term product warranties of$16 and long-term product warranties of$8 were included within other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, within the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(10)

Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

(11)

Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were(4.0)% and 1.2% respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the tax benefit related to the Company’s earnings mix, an increase in the U.S. deduction for foreign derived intangible income (“FDII”) and a one-time increase in research and development tax credits due to the filing of prior year amended returns for 2020 and 2021, partially offset by an expected increase in foreign withholding taxes and a waiver of deductions related to U.S. base erosion payments.

The Company’s effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were(75.3%) and 4.1%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the U.S. deduction for FDII and various tax credits. The Company’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the tax benefit related to the impairment of intangible assets and the aforementioned tax credits.

(12)

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of equity awards is calculated based on the average stock price for the relevant period, using the treasury stock method. In periods in which a net loss is recognized, the impact of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is not included as they are antidilutive. The dilutive effect of the Convertible Notes is calculated under the if-converted method.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company had an immaterial quantity of RSUs that were antidilutive and were excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Convertible Notes were antidilutive and were excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares.

(13)

Stock-Based Compensation

Prior to May 10, 2022, the Company granted RSUs to employees and directors under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). Following shareholder approval of the 2022 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan” and, together with the 2014 Plan, the “Plans”) on May 10, 2022, the Company discontinued granting RSUs to employees and directors under the 2014 Plan and began granting them under the 2022 Plan. The Plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Plans are intended to attract and retain employees and directors, and to provide an incentive for these individuals to assist the Company to achieve long-range performance goals and enable these individuals to participate in the long-term growth of the Company.

The total stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) was as follows:

At September 30, 2024, the total compensation expense related to unvested stock-based awards granted to employees and directors under the Plans that had not been recognized was $54. Stock-based awards include (i) time-based RSUs, (ii) performance-based RSUs based on the achievement of adjusted EBITDA targets (the “Adjusted EBITDA RSUs”), (iii) performance-based RSUs based on the Company’s total shareholder return relative to a group of peers over athree-year performance period (the “rTSR RSUs”) and (iv) employee stock purchase plan rights. The Company determines the fair value of time-based RSUs based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the award. The Company determines the original fair value of Adjusted EBITDA RSUs based upon the closing market price of the Company’s stock on the date of the award and adjusts the fair value quarterly during the first year based upon actual and forecasted results against Adjusted EBITDA targets. The Company estimates the fair value of rTSR RSUs using the Monte Carlo simulation model, which requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, including the price volatility of the underlying stock. The Company estimates the fair value of employee stock purchase plan rights using the Black-Scholes valuation method. Such values are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis for time-based awards and rTSR RSUs and using the accelerated graded vesting method for Adjusted EBITDA RSUs, all over the requisite service periods.

The following table presents the activity for RSUs under the Plans:

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Stockholders’ Equity

Share Repurchase Program

On July 25, 2011, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $200 of its outstanding common stock from time to time in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or through other appropriate means. The timing and quantity of any shares repurchased will depend upon a variety of factors, including business conditions, stock market conditions and business development activities, including, but not limited to, merger and acquisition opportunities. These repurchases may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The Company has repurchased approximately 2.6 shares of common stock for approximately $127 pursuant to the program since its adoption. During thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there wereno repurchases of common stock.

Cash Dividends

Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to receive dividends when they are declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. During each of the first three quarters of 2024 and 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.22 per share, which totaled $44 for both the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

On November 4, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.22 per share to be paid on December 6, 2024 to stockholders of record as of November 25, 2024.

Future dividend declarations, if any, as well as the record and payment dates for such dividends, are subject to the final determination of the Company’s Board of Directors.

(15)

Business Segment and Geographic Information

The Company hasthree reportable segments: VSD, PSD and MSD. The Company’s CODM, which is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, utilizes financial information to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company, which is used in the decision-making process to assess performance and allocate resources to thethree segments.

Reportable Segments

VSD delivers foundational technology solutions to leading edge semiconductor manufacturing, electronics and packaging and specialty industrial applications. VSD products are derived from the Company’s core competencies in pressure measurement and control, flow measurement and control, gas and vapor delivery, gas composition analysis, electronic control technology, reactive gas generation and delivery, power generation and delivery, temperature sensing, and vacuum technology.

PSD provides a full range of solutions including lasers, beam measurement and profiling, precision motion control, vibration isolation systems, photonics instruments, opto-mechanical components, optical elements, laser-based systems for flexible printed circuit board (“PCB”) processing, and laser-based systems for high density interconnect PCB and package substrate manufacturing.

MSD develops leading process and manufacturing technologies for advanced surface modification, electroless and electrolytic plating, and surface finishing. Applying a comprehensive systems-and-solutions approach, MSD’s portfolio includes chemistry, equipment, and services for innovative and high-technology applications in a wide variety of end markets.

The Company derives its segment results directly from the manner in which results are reported in its management reporting system. The accounting policies that the Company uses to derive reportable segment results are substantially the same as those used for external reporting purposes. The Company groups similar products within itsthree reportable segments.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the Company moved its OSP product line from the PSD segment to the VSD segment. The purpose of this realignment was to better align the OSP products with semiconductor related products within the VSD segment. Prior periods have been recast to reflect this change.

The following table sets forth net revenues by reportable segment:

The following table reconciles gross profit by reportable segment to net income (loss):

Interest income, interest expense and income tax (benefit) provision are not presented by reportable segment because the necessary information is not classified within the segments nor used by the CODM.

The following table sets forth segment assets by reportable segment:

The following table reconciles total segment assets to total assets:

Goodwill associated with each of the Company’s reportable segments is as follows:

Geographic Area

Information about the Company’s operations by geographic area is presented in the tables below. Starting in the second quarter of 2024, the Company changed its basis of reporting geographical net revenues from the location in which the sale originated to the shipped-to location of the end customer. Prior periods have been recast to reflect this change, which was made to better align with how management reviews geographic net revenues. Intercompany sales between geographic areas are at tax transfer prices and have been eliminated from consolidated net revenues.

Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, net, right-of-use assets, net and certain other assets.

(16)

Restructuring and Other

The Company recorded restructuring and other charges of$1 and$6 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, primarily related to severance costs incurred as a result of a global cost-saving initiative implemented in the fourth quarter of 2023. Restructuring and other charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 also included a $1 charge related to a legal matter. The Company recorded restructuring charges of$1 and$13 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, primarily related to severance costs incurred as a result of a global cost-saving initiative implemented in each of the first and second quarters of 2023.

The activity related to the Company’s restructuring accrual is shown below:

(17)

Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

(18)

Subsequent Event

On October 23, 2024, the Company made a voluntary prepayment of €200 principal amount, which equates to $216, of its Euro Tranche B loan under the Term Loan Facility.