SR Bancorp Inc

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Conversion, Stock Offering and Merger

The conversion of Somerset Savings Bank, SLA from the mutual to stock form of organization and related stock offering by SR Bancorp, Inc. (the "Company"), the holding company for Somerset Savings Bank, SLA, was completed on September 19, 2023. The Company’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “SRBK” on September 20, 2023.

The Company sold 9,055,172 shares of its common stock at a price of$10.00 per share, which included 760,634 shares sold to Somerset Regal Bank’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan. Additionally, the Company contributed 452,758 shares and$905,517 in cash to the Somerset Regal Charitable Foundation, Inc., a charitable foundation formed in connection with the conversion. Upon the completion of the conversion and offering,9,507,930 shares of Company common stock were outstanding.

Promptly following the completion of the conversion and related stock offering, Regal Bancorp, Inc., a New Jersey corporation (“Regal Bancorp”), merged with and into the Company, with the Company as the surviving entity (the “Merger”). Immediately following the Merger, Regal Bank, a New Jersey chartered commercial bank headquartered in Livingston, New Jersey and the wholly-owned subsidiary of Regal Bancorp, merged with and into Somerset Bank, which had converted into a commercial bank charter, and was renamed Somerset Regal Bank (the “Bank”). In connection with the Merger, each outstanding share of Regal Bancorp common stock converted into the right to receive$23.00 in cash. The Merger was completed on September 19, 2023.

Business

SR Bancorp, Inc., a Maryland corporation, is the holding company for Somerset Regal Bank. The Bank, which was formed in 1887, serves Essex, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Morris, Somerset and Union counties in New Jersey. The Bank is a New Jersey chartered commercial bank subject to the laws and regulations of federal and state agencies. As a locally managed community bank, the Bank provides customary retail and commercial banking services to individuals, businesses and local municipalities through its 15 full-service branch locations.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SR Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary the Bank, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries Somerset Investment Co. (the “Investment Co.”), RB Properties, LLC and Somerset Consumer Service Corp. (“SCS”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Investment Co. is a special purpose entity subject to the investment company provisions of the New Jersey Corporation Business Tax Act whose activities are limited to holding investment securities and recognizing income and other gains/losses thereon. RB Properties, LLC was formed to own and manage real estate property acquired through foreclosure or in lieu of foreclosure in connection with loans. RB Properties, LLC is currently inactive. SCS has had limited activity.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

The financial information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as of and for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 is for the Company and the Bank, unless indicated otherwise. However, due to the timing of the Merger, the statement of income (loss) and related disclosures only includes operations of the combined entity since September 19, 2023. Financial information as of June 30, 2023 and for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023 is for Somerset Savings Bank, SLA, on a stand-alone basis.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated statement of financial condition and revenues and expenses for the periods then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Prior period amounts have been reclassified when necessary to conform to the current year’s presentation. Such reclassifications did not have a material impact on the operating results or financial position of the Company.

Valuation and possible credit related impairment of investment securities that are particularly susceptible to significant changes relate to the allowance for credit losses and the valuation of our deferred tax assets. Management believes that the evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is adequate. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions in the market area.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company's lending activity is concentrated in loans secured by real estate located primarily in the State of New Jersey. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is mitigated by adhering to conservative underwriting practices and policies, and close monitoring of the loan portfolio. The Company does not have any significant concentrations to any one industry or customer.

Notes 4 and 5 discuss the types of investment securities in which the Company invests. Credit risk as it relates to investment activities is mitigated through the monitoring of ratings and the purchase of government-sponsored agency securities, backed by the full faith and credit of the United States.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks and interest-earning deposits in other banks with original maturities of three months or less. The Company maintains accounts at other financial institutions with balances in excess of federal deposit insurance limits. The Company has not experienced any loss in such accounts.

Adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses ("ASC 326")

On July 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASC 326 ("CECL"), which requires the earlier recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments based on an expected loss model, replacing the incurred loss model that was in use through June 30, 2023. Under this guidance, an entity measures all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The CECL model applies to loans and leases, unfunded lending commitments, held-to-maturity debt securities and other debt instruments measured at amortized cost. The Company recorded the effect of implementing CECL using a modified-retrospective approach through a cumulative effect adjustment through retained earnings as of July 1, 2023, the beginning of the reporting period in which CECL became effective. The adoption of the new standard resulted in an increase to the allowance for credit losses on loans of$34. No allowances were recorded for investment securities or unfunded lending commitments at adoption, as the estimates of those losses were de minimus.

Securities

Investments in debt securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity securities and reported at amortized cost. Debt and equity securities that are bought and held principally to sell in the near term are classified as trading securities and reported at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses included in earnings.

Debt and equity securities not classified as trading securities or as held-to-maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale securities and reported at fair value, with unrealized holding gains or losses, net of deferred income taxes, reported in the accumulated other comprehensive income/loss component of equity.

Premiums/discounts on all securities are amortized/accreted to maturity by use of the level yield method. Gain or loss on sales of securities is based on the specific identification method.

Sales or dispositions of securities whose fair value exceed amortized cost are recognized in earnings. On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses investments with unrealized losses in its available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios regarding its ability and intent to hold those investments until fair value equals or exceeds amortized cost.

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value. Any realized or unrealized gains or losses are recognized in earnings. Dividends are included in interest income.

In compliance with ASC 326, the Company conducted a review of its investment portfolio to determine the appropriate level of credit losses to reserve for. A determination was made that for certain classes of securities it would be appropriate to assume the expected credit loss to be zero. This zero credit loss assumption applies to debt issuances of the U.S. Treasury and agencies and instrumentalities of the United States government that are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, and its agencies. As of the date of adoption, the Company's estimated allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity under ASC 326 was deemed immaterial due to the composition of the underlying securities in these portfolios, which consist primarily of U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities. Therefore, the Company did not recognize a cumulative effect adjustment through retained earnings related to these securities.

Loans Receivable

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are stated at their outstanding unpaid principal balances, net of an allowance for credit losses and any deferred fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance and credited to income. Loan origination fees and costs are deferred and recognized over the life of the loans as an adjustment to yield (interest income). Discounts and premiums on purchased loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the expected lives of the loans.

Following the completion of the Merger, the loans receivable portfolio was segmented as follows: multi-family real estate loans, owner occupied commercial real estate loans, other commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, residential mortgage loans and consumer loans.

The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even when the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income in the current year is reversed and unpaid interest accrued in prior years is charged against the allowance for credit losses. Interest received on nonaccrual loans generally is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management’s judgment as to the collectability of principal. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time (generally six months) and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. The past due status of all classes of loans receivable is determined based on contractual due dates for loan payments.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses ("ACL") is a significant accounting estimate used in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements. Upon adoption of ASC 326 on July 1, 2023, the Company replaced the incurred loss impairment model with a requirement to recognize lifetime expected credit losses on loans and other financial instruments immediately when a financial asset is originated or purchased. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the allowance when they are deemed uncollectible. The allowance is comprised of reserves measured on a collective (pool) basis based on a lifetime loss-rate model when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Arriving at an appropriate level of ACL involves a high degree of judgment. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, changing economic conditions and the economic prospects of the borrowers may necessitate future additions or reductions to the allowance.

The Company estimates expected credit losses using a combination of the cohort method and weighted average remaining maturities method. The loan portfolio is segmented into pools of loans by similar attributes and risk characteristics, as of a particular point in time, to which expected losses are calculated over their remaining lives, or until sufficiently attrited (i.e., have reached an acceptable stage at which a significant majority of all losses are expected to have been recognized). Each model factors historical loss rates into quantitative adjustments, to which management applies qualitative adjustments.

The ACL is increased by the provision for credit losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the ACL, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans receivable are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. Because all identified losses are immediately charged off, no portion of the allowance for credit losses is restricted to any individual loan or groups of loans, and the entire allowance is available to absorb any and all credit losses.

Mortgage loans are secured by the borrower’s residential or non-residential real estate in a first lien position. Mortgage loans have varying loan rates depending on the financial condition of the borrower and the loan to value ratio. Commercial real estate loans consist of multi-family real estate, owner-occupied, mixed use and other commercial real estate, as well as other commercial loans. Commercial and industrial loans are extended to businesses as either unsecured or secured by various types of collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and/or real estate. Consumer loans are primarily home equity loans and are generally secured by the borrower’s personal residence in a second lien position.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 on July 1, 2023, a loan was individually evaluated when the loan was considered impaired. A loan is considered individually impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining whether a loan is individually impaired include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as individually impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

With the adoption of ASC 326, loans that do not share risk characteristics with existing pools are evaluated on an individual basis, such as collateral dependent loans. The Company considers a loan to be collateral dependent when management has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, the specific credit loss reserve is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the net present value from the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, the specific credit loss reserve is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The allowance may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.

In addition, Federal and state regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for credit losses and may require the Company to recognize adjustments to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination, which may not be currently available to management. Based on management’s comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio, management believes the current level of the allowance for credit losses is adequate.

Upon adoption of ASC 326 on July 1, 2023, the Company made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (i) present accrued interest receivable balances separately on the consolidated statements of condition; (ii) exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the ACL, including investments and loans; and (iii) continue to write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income when a loan is placed on non-accrual. The Company's policy is to write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. Historically, the Company has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on investment debt securities.

The exposure for unfunded commitments is a component of other liabilities on the Company's consolidated statement of financial condition and represents the estimate for current expected credit losses inherent in unfunded commitments to extend credit. Unfunded commitments to extend credit include unused portions of lines of credit, unfunded loan commitments, availability on construction and land development loans and standby and commercial letters of credit. The process used to determine the ACL for these exposures is consistent with the process for determining the allowance for loans, as adjusted for estimated funding probabilities or loan equivalency factors. A charge (credit) to provision for unfunded commitments on the consolidated statements of income is made to account for the change in the ACL on unfunded commitment exposures between reporting periods.

Premises and Equipment, net

Bank premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Routine maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, while significant expenditures for improvements are capitalized. Gains or losses upon disposition are reflected in earnings as realized. Bank premises and equipment are reviewed by management for potential impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

Leases

The lease liability for operating leases is measured and recognized as the present value of all future lease payment obligations. The right-of-use asset for operating leases is measured as the amount of the lease liability, plus any unamortized initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received, and any impairment recognized.

The discount rate used to compute the lease liability is the implicit rate in the lease contract, if readily determinable, or the Company's incremental borrowing rate. The implicit rates of the Company's operating leases are not readily determinable, therefore the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date of each lease. The Company's incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest it would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms and in a similar economic environment.

For all underlying classes of assets, the Company has elected to not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases that have a term of 12 months or less at lease commencement. Leases containing termination clauses in which either party may terminate the lease without cause and the notice period is less than 12 months are also deemed short-term leases. The Company recognizes short-term lease costs on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Leases acquired in a business combination are evaluated as of the acquisition date to determine if the terms of the acquired leases are more or less favorable than the market terms of similar agreements on the acquisition date. If the lease terms are favorable as compared to the market, the Company records an asset. If the lease terms are unfavorable as compared to the market, the Company records a liability. The Company acquired$3.4 million of operating leases in the acquisition of Regal Bancorp.

Restricted Equity Securities

Restricted stock, which represents a required investment in the capital stock of correspondent banks related to available credit facilities, was carried at cost as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023. As of those dates, restricted stock consisted of investments in the capital stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (the “FHLB”), Atlantic Community Bankers Bank (“ACBB”) and Bankers Compliance Group (“BCG”).

At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company held$1.3 million and$726, in stock of the FHLB of New York, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company held$120 and $0, in stock of ACBB and BCG combined, respectively.

Management evaluates the stock for impairment in accordance with guidance on accounting by certain entities that lend or finance the activities of others. Management’s determination of whether these investments are impaired is based on their assessment of the ultimate recoverability of their cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of their cost is influenced by criteria such as: (1) the significance of the decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared to the capital stock amount for the FHLB and the length of time this situation has persisted; (2) commitments by the FHLB to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance of the FHLB; and (3) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on institutions and, accordingly, on the customer base of the FHLB.

Management believesno impairment charge was necessary related to the FHLB, ACBB or BCG stock as of March 31, 2024 or June 30, 2023.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Company invests in bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) as a source of funding for employee benefit expenses. BOLI involves the purchasing of life insurance by the Company on a chosen group of employees. The Company is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. This investment is carried as an asset in the consolidated statement of financial condition at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Increases in the cash surrender value of the policies, as well as proceeds, are recorded as income in the consolidated statement of income (loss).

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The Company acquired goodwill through the acquisition of Regal Bancorp that it tests for impairment and adjusts as conditions warrant. At March 31, 2024, goodwill was$20.5 million. No impairment loss was recognized since the date of the Merger through March 31, 2024.

The Company acquired a core deposit premium intangible through the acquisition of Regal Bancorp that is amortized on an accelerated basis overten years. At March 31, 2024, the core deposit premium intangible asset had a gross carrying amount of$9.1 million and accumulated amortization of$933.

Revenue Recognition

The Company earns income from various sources, including loans, investment securities, bank-owned life insurance, deposit accounts, and sales of assets. The revenue is recognized as it is earned and when collectability is reasonably assured.

Interest income on loans is accrued on the unpaid principal balance and recorded daily. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment to the related loan yield using the interest method. Other loan fees, including late charges, are recognized as the transactions occur.

Interest income on debt securities, including purchase premiums and discounts, is also accrued using the interest method over the term of the securities. Income from dividends on equity securities are recorded when declared.

Noninterest income is accounted for under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and is discussed in greater detail below. Fees and service charges related to deposit accounts are largely based on contracts with customers that are short-term in nature and where the performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered. Fees are either fixed at a specific amount or assessed as a percentage of the transaction amount. No judgments or estimates are required by management to determine the amount and timing of the related revenue. Descriptions of the primary revenue contracts included as components of noninterest income are as follows:

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Monthly service charges - general service fees for monthly account maintenance. These fees are charged as earned within the monthly statement period that the transactions occurred.

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Account fees and charges - activity or transaction-based fees for deposit related services including, but not limited to, account overdraft fees, wire transfer fees and stop payment fees. Fees are received at the time of transaction execution concurrent with the fulfillment of performance obligations.

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ATM debit card fees - include interchange fees from debit cardholder transactions or ATM surcharges for non-customer usage of Somerset Regal Bank ATMs. These fees are recognized as earned at the time of the transaction occurrence.

Other income items are transactional in nature and are recorded as they occur.

Gains or losses on sales of assets are generally recognized when the asset has been legally transferred to the buyer and the Company has no continuing involvement with the asset. The Company does not generally finance the sale of foreclosed assets.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

U.S. GAAP requires comprehensive income (loss) and its components to be reported when a company presents a full set of financial statements. The term comprehensive income (loss) refers to net income (loss) plus other comprehensive income, that is, certain revenues, expenses, gains, and losses that are reported as separate components of equity instead of net income. For the Company, the primary component of other comprehensive income (loss) is the unrealized holding gains or losses on available-for-sale investment securities. The Company has elected to report these effects on the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred and recorded as non-interest expense in the consolidated statement of income (loss). Advertising expense was approximately$204 and$155 for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Income Taxes

SR Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. Income taxes are allocated to SR Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries based on their respective income or loss included in the consolidated income tax return. Separate state income tax returns are filed by SR Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Federal and state income taxes have been provided on the basis of reported income. The amounts reflected on SR Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries’ tax returns differ from these provisions due principally to temporary differences in the reporting of certain items for financial reporting and income tax reporting purposes.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method in accordance with accounting guidance ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Under this guidance, deferred income tax expense or benefit is determined by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. The realization of deferred tax assets is assessed and a valuation allowance provided, when necessary, for that portion of the asset that is not likely to be realized. Management believes, based upon current facts, that it is more likely than not that there will be sufficient taxable income in future years to realize the deferred tax assets.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting guidance which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. As a result of the Company’s evaluation, no significant income tax uncertainties were identified. Therefore, the Company recognizedno adjustment for unrecognized tax benefits at March 31, 2024 or June 30, 2023.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the consolidated statement of income. No interest and penalties were recorded during thenine months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

Retirement Benefits

The Bank has a funded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan that covered substantially all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements as of April 30, 2023. The cost of the pension plan is based on actuarial computations of current and future benefits for employees. The Bank froze the pension plan with respect to participation and benefit accounts effective as of April 30, 2023.

The Bank follows the accounting guidance applicable to a defined benefit pension plan that requires an employer to: (a) recognize in its statement of financial condition an asset for a plan’s overfunded status or a liability for a plan’s underfunded status; (b) measure a plan’s assets and its obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the employer’s fiscal year (with limited exceptions); and (c) recognize changes in the funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan in the year in which the changes occur.

The Bank also maintains a 401(k) Plan. Eligible employees who are at least 21 years old become participants in the 401(k) Plan after they have been employed for six consecutive months. Under the 401(k) Plan, a participant may elect to defer, on a pre-tax basis, between 2% and 100% of their eligible compensation. In addition to salary deferral contributions, the Bank makes contributions equal to 3% of the participant’s plan compensation. A participant is immediately 100% vested in his or her salary deferral contributions and employer contributions.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the “ESOP”)

As part of the Conversion and stock offering, the Bank established the Somerset Regal Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan to provide eligible employees of the Bank the opportunity to own Company stock. The ESOP is a tax-qualified retirement plan for the benefit of Bank employees. The ESOP was funded through the purchase of 760,634 shares through a loan from the Company. The cost of shares issued to the ESOP, but not yet allocated to participants, is shown as a reduction of stockholders' equity. The Company records compensation expense for the ESOP equal to fair market value of shares when they are committed to be released from the suspense account to participants' accounts under the plan.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASC 326 Leases (Topic 842), which requires organizations that lease assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Consistent with current U.S. GAAP, the recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by the lessee will primarily depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. However, unlike previous U.S. GAAP, which requires only capital leases to be recognized on the balance sheet, the new ASU will require both types of leases to be recognized on the balance sheet. ASC 326 will also require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The new disclosures will include both qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. ASC 326 and all subsequent amendments (collectively, “ASC 842”) required adoption by the Company on July 1, 2022, though early adoption was permitted. The Company adopted ASC 842 during thefirst quarter of the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, at which time the Company maintained only one equipment lease with an initial term greater than 12 months and had determined that the impact on its consolidated financial statements wasnot material. Upon completion of the Merger, the Company acquired 10 operating leases for office space. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had not entered into any material leases that have not yet commenced.

The Company adopted ASC 326 on July 1, 2023. The transition to the new ASU resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment to the allowance for credit losses of$47, an increase in deferred tax assets of$13, and a decrease in retained earnings of$34 as of the adoption date. The impact of the reserve for unfunded liabilities to the consolidated financial statements was not material. The Company did not record an allowance for held-to-maturity securities on July 1, 2023 as the investment portfolio consists almost entirely of debt securities backed by the full faith of the U.S. Government for which credit risk is deemed negligible. The impact of this ASU could change in the future depending on the composition, characteristics, and credit quality of the securities portfolio as well as the economic conditions at future reporting periods.

The following table below presents the impact of ASC 326 on the consolidated balance sheet:

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This standard eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance for troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) by creditors and enhances disclosure requirements for certain loan restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. For public business entities, these amendments require that an entity disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross charge-off information must be included in the vintage disclosures required for public business entities in accordance with paragraph 326-20-50-6, which requires that an entity disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. ASU No. 2022-02 was effective for the Company on July 1, 2023.

Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events for recognition or disclosure through May 15, 2024, the date consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.

Business Combination

On September 19, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of Regal Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary Regal Bank, under which Regal Bancorp merged with and into the Company, with the Company as the resulting entity. Immediately following the Merger, Regal Bank merged with and into Somerset Bank, which had converted to a commercial bank charter, with Somerset Bank as the surviving entity, and was renamed Somerset Regal Bank. In connection with the Merger, each outstanding share of Regal Bancorp common stock converted into the right to receive$23.00 in cash.

The assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The assets and liabilities, both tangible and intangible, were recorded at their fair values as of September 19, 2023 based on management’s best estimate using the information available as of the merger date. The application of the acquisition method of accounting resulted in the recognition of goodwill of$20.5 million and a core deposit intangible of$9.1 million. Accounting guidance provides that an acquirer must recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period, which runs through September 19, 2024. The acquirer must record in the financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, if any, as a result of the changes to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. Items that could be subject to adjustment include credit fair value adjustments on loans, core deposit intangible and the deferred income tax assets resulting from the acquisition.

Merger-related expenses of$3,856 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 were recorded in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and were expensed as incurred. The following table sets forth assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of Regal Bancorp, at their estimated fair values as of the closing date of the transaction:

(a)

Adjustment for interest rate and credit risk to reduce loans to fair value, to be amortized as an increase to interest income over their remaining term

(b)

Elimination of Regal Bank allowance for loan losses.

(c)

Elimination of pre-existing goodwill.

(d)

Recording of new intangible asset for the fair value of core deposits, to be amortized on an accelerated basis over the estimated average life of the deposit base.

(e)

Elimination of pre-existing intangible asset for the fair value of core deposits.

(f)

Elimination of deferred costs

(g)

Recording of the deferred income tax effects of fair value adjustments.

(h)

Adjustment to reduce time deposits to fair value, to be amortized as an increase to interest expense over their remaining term.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded one-time merger-related expenses of $3.9 million, consisting of$2.6 million for change in control payments,$612 for investment banking services,$414 related to the termination of a data processing contract,$99 for legal related expenses,$42 for severance payments,$17 in other professional services and$30 in other miscellaneous expenses. In addition, the Company recorded a$5.4 million charitable contribution expense for the establishment of the Somerset Regal Charitable Foundation, as well as a$4.2 million provision for estimated credit losses in connection with the acquired loan portfolio.

The fair value of loans acquired from Regal Bank was estimated using cash flow projections based on the remaining maturity and repricing terms. Cash flows were adjusted by estimating future credit losses and the rate of prepayments. Projected monthly cash flows were then discounted to present value using a risk-adjusted market rate for similar loans. There was no carryover of Regal Bank’s allowance for credit losses associated with the loans that were acquired. The core deposit intangible asset recognized is being amortized over its estimated useful life of approximately 10 years utilizing the sum-of-the-years digits method. The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the Company recognizes amounts for identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated acquisition date fair value. Due to the complexity in valuing the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the significant amount of data inputs required, the valuation of the assets and liabilities acquired is not yet final. Fair value estimates are based on the information available, and are subject to change for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as additional information relative to the closing date fair values becomes available.

The fair value of retail demand and interest-bearing deposit accounts was assumed to approximate the carrying value as these accounts have no stated maturity and are payable on demand. The fair value of time deposits was estimated by discounting the contractual future cash flows using market rates offered for time deposits of similar remaining maturities. The fair value of borrowings was based on the FHLB calculation to prepay borrowings with associated penalties.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share represent income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Unallocated ESOP shares are not deemed outstanding for earnings (loss) per share calculations. There wereno potentially dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for thethree and nine months ended March 31, 2024. Earnings (loss) per share data is not applicable for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023 because the Company had not yet been formed and hadno shares outstanding.

The following table presents the composition of the weighted average common shares used in the earnings per share calculation:

Securities Available-for-Sale

The amortized cost and approximate fair value of securities available-for-sale at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 are as follows:

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities available-for-sale by contractual maturity at March 31, 2024 are shown in the following table. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Securities are assigned to categories based on contractual maturity except for mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs"), which are based on the estimated average life of the securities.

The unrealized losses as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, categorized by the length of time of continuous loss position, and the fair value of related available-for-sale are as follows:

All mortgage-backed securities are U.S. Government agency backed and collateralized by residential mortgages. During the nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company acquired$21.3 million of available-for-sale securities from the Regal Bancorp acquisition. The Company didnot purchase any other available-for-sale securities during thethree and nine months ended March 31, 2024. Following the completion of the Merger, the Company sold$19.2 million of its available-for-sale portfolio, which resulted in a realized gain of$17. During the nine months ended March 31, 2024, there wereno other sales of securities available-for-sale. During thenine months ended March 31, 2023, gross gains of $0 and gross losses of $6 resulting from sales of $457 of securities available-for-sale were realized.

Securities Held-to-Maturity

The amortized cost and approximate fair values of securities held-to-maturity at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 are as follows:

The amortized cost and fair value of securities held-to-maturity by contractual maturity at March 31, 2024 are shown in the following table. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Securities are assigned to categories based on contractual maturity except for mortgage-backed securities and CMOs, which are based on the estimated average life of the securities.

The unrealized losses as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, categorized by the length of time of continuous loss position, and the fair value of related securities held-to-maturity are as follows:

Upon adoption of ASC 326, management no longer evaluates securities for other than temporary impairment. On a quarterly basis, management evaluates whether there is a credit loss associated with any declines in fair value. Management considers the nature of the collateral, default rates, delinquency rates, credit ratings and interest rate changes, among other factors. However, the Company has determined that U.S. government agencies and mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government and government-sponsored agencies have a zero expected credit loss as they are all backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government, or one of its agencies.

At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company had $27 and 24, respectively, in equity securities recorded at fair value. The following is a summary of unrealized and realized gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities for thenine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, mortgage-backed securities with a carrying value of approximately$2,108 and$1, respectively, were pledged as collateral to secure public funds on deposit. During the nine months ended March 31, 2024, there wereno sales of securities held-to-maturity. During thenine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 gross gains of $4 and gross losses of $117 resulting from sales of securities held-to-maturity were realized.

Loans Receivable

Loans at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 are summarized as follows:

The Company engages primarily in the lending of fixed-rate and adjustable-rate commercial real estate and residential mortgage loans. Lending activities are targeted to individuals within the Company's geographic footprint. Risks associated with lending activities include economic conditions and changes in interest rates, which can adversely impact both the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and the value of the associated collateral. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is minimized by the evaluation of the creditworthiness of the borrower, including debt-to-income ratios, credit scores and conservative underwriting standards that emphasize conservative loan-to-value ratios of generally no more than 75% for commercial loans,80% for multifamily loans and 80% for residential loans. Residential mortgage loans granted in excess of the 80% loan-to-value ratio criterion are generally insured by private mortgage insurance. The real estate home equity portfolio consists of fixed-rate home equity loans and variable-rate home equity lines of credit. Risks associated with second lien loans secured by residential properties are generally lower than commercial loans and include general economic risks, such as the strength of the job market, employment stability and the strength of the housing market.

At March 31, 2024, commercial loans represented 45.0% of total loans receivable, net, while residential mortgage, consumer and other loans represented 55.0%, nearly all of which is concentrated within our primary market area in New Jersey. The Company holds 96.1% of its commercial loan portfolio in commercial real estate, consisting of multi-family, mixed use and owner occupied loans, with less than 1% secured by office buildings. At March 31, 2024, the Company hadone non-accrual commercial loan in the amount of$72.

The Company adopted ASC 326 on July 1, 2023. All disclosures are presented in accordance with ASC 326 as of March 31, 2024. The following tables summarize the activity in the allowance for credit losses by loan class for thethree and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, prior to the adoption of ASC 326, and information in regards to the allowance for credit losses and the recorded investment in loans receivable by loan class as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, prior to the adoption of ASC 326:

The following table presents the credit risk profile of loans by class and fiscal year of origination as of March 31, 2024:

The following table presents the recorded investment in loans receivable by major category and credit quality indicators at March 31, 2024:

The following table presents the recorded investment in loans receivable by major category and credit quality indicators at June 30, 2023, prior to the adoption of ASC 326:

The following table presents a distribution of the recorded investment and unpaid principal balance of impaired loans and the related allowance as of June 30, 2023, prior to the adoption of ASC 326.

The following table presents the amortized cost of collateral-dependent non-accrual loans by portfolio segment and type of collateral as of March 31, 2024.

The following tables present the classes of loans summarized by the past due status as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023:

At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company hadno foreclosed real estate owned.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 are summarized as follows:

Depreciation expense amounted to $520 and$310 for thenine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Leases

The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842. The Company's right-of-use asset and operating lease liability are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payment obligations using discount rates that represent the Company’s incremental borrowing rate as of the lease commencement dates. The Company leases only office space and equipment under operating leases, with original lease terms ranging from five toten years. The Company elected not to include short-term leases with initial terms of twelve months or less on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Theoperating lease agreements recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability, as well as other information related to the Company's operating leases, are summarized in the table below.

Future undiscounted minimum lease payments for operating leases with initial terms of one year or more as of March 31, 2024 are as follows:

Deposits

Deposits at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 consisted of the following:

Certificates of deposit with balances in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the"FDIC") insurance limit of $250 at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 amounted to approximately$21.5 million and$13.4 million, respectively.

At March 31, 2024, the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit are as follows:

Borrowings

At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company can borrow overnight funds from the FHLB under a redesigned overnight advance program up to the Company’s maximum borrowing capacity based on the Company’s ability to collateralize such borrowings. At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company's maximum borrowing capacity was$100.0 million.

At March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors authorized borrowings of up to$25.0 million from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRB-NY”), secured by pledges of the Company’s qualifying loan portfolio and generally on overnight terms with an interest rate quoted at the time of the borrowing.

In March 2023, the Federal Reserve established the Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”) to make available funding to eligible depository institutions in order to help ensure they have the ability to meet the needs of their depositors following the events that occurred in the banking industry earlier in 2023. The program allows for advances for up to one year secured by eligible high-quality securities at par value extended at the one-year overnight index swap (“OIS”) rate, plus 10 basis points, as of the day the advance is made. The interest rate is fixed for the term of the advance and there areno prepayment penalties. On March 29, 2023, Company borrowed $20.0 million under the BTFP at a borrowing rate of 4.76%, which it repaid in full during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2024, the Company hadno outstanding borrowings. At June 30, 2023, the Company had $20.0 million of outstanding borrowings.

Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit. Such commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the statement of financial position.

The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

At March 31, 2024, total unfunded loan related commitments, including lines of credit, amounted to$69.4 million, comprised of$36.6 million for unused equity lines of credit and$32.8 million to originate and purchase loans, expiring within three months.

At June 30, 2023, total unfunded loan related commitments, including lines of credit, amounted to$30.5 million, comprised of$23.7 million for unused equity lines of credit and$6.7 million to originate and purchase loans, expiring within three months.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty.

A reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized and included in other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Periodic adjustments to either increase or decrease the reserve are recognized in non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of income. The balance for unfunded commitments was$13 at March 31, 2024. Upon the adoption of ASC 326 on July 1, 2023, the Company recorded an additional reserve for unfunded commitments of$1. For the nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded a provision for unfunded commitments, which resulted in an increase to the reserve for unfunded commitments of$12.

Regulatory Capital

The Bank is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk-weightings and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the maintenance of minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the following table) of total capital, Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) and common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. A capital conservation buffer of 2.50%, comprised of common equity Tier I capital, is also established above the regulatory minimum capital requirements and must be maintained to avoid limitations on capital distributions.

In 2021, the Bank adopted the new community bank leverage ratio framework. This framework simplifies the regulatory capital requirements by requiring the Bank to meet only the Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage) ratio. The Bank must only maintain a leverage ratio greater than the 9.0% required minimum to be considered well capitalized under this framework. The Bank can opt out of the new framework and return to the risk-weighting framework at any time.

Market risk, credit risk, operational risk and deposit outflows are some of the factors that can impact the capital adequacy ratio and in turn, adversely affect the performance of the Bank. As of March 31, 2024, management believes that the Bank meets all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. As of March 31, 2024, the most recent notification from the FDIC categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum ratios as set forth in the following tables. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank's category. The Bank's actual capital amounts and ratios are as follows:

Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The Company’s securities available-for-sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets or liabilities on a non-recurring basis. These non-recurring fair value adjustments involve the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value as an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or settle a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. A three-level hierarchy has been established for fair value measurements based upon the inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability.

Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 - Valuation is determined from quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument;

Level 3 - Valuation is derived from model-based and other techniques in which at least one significant input is unobservable and which may be based on the Company’s own estimates about the assumptions that a market participant would use to value the asset or liability.

The Company's available-for-sale portfolio is carried at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, with any unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. The securities available-for-sale portfolio consists of U.S. government-sponsored enterprise and mortgage-backed securities. The fair values of these securities were obtained from an independent nationally recognized pricing service. The independent pricing service provided prices categorized as Level 2, as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets are generally not available for the securities.

For financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy used are as follows:

The classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Other securities are measured at fair value using quoted market prices in an active market for identical assets and are classified as Level 1 in the hierarchy. The estimated fair values of equity securities are determined by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized exchanges (Level 1 inputs).

All debt securities are measured at fair value using matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices and are classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy.

There wereno transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy during thenine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company discloses fair value information about financial assets, whether or not recognized in the statements of financial condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The fair value of financial assets that are not measured at fair value in the financial statements were based on the exit price notion. The following estimated fair value amounts have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, the estimates below are not necessarily indicative of amounts that could be realized in the marketplace. The use of different market assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

For financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy used at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 were as follows:

Loans

The fair values of performing loans was estimated by segregating the portfolio into its primary loan categories—owner occupied commercial real estate, other commercial real estate, multi-family, commercial and industrial, residential and consumer. These categories were further disaggregated based upon significant financial characteristics such as type of interest rate (fixed/variable). The Company discounts the contractual cash flows for each loan category using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar quality and incorporates estimates of future loan prepayments.

Deposits

The fair value of deposits with no defined maturities (e.g. demand deposits, interest-bearing demand accounts, money market accounts and savings accounts) is the amount payable on demand of the liabilities at the reporting date (i.e. their carrying amounts). This approach to estimating fair value excludes the significant benefit that results from the low -cost funding provided by such deposit liabilities, as compared to alternative sources of funding. Deposits with stated maturities (time deposits) have been valued using the present value of cash flows discounted at rates approximating the current market for similar deposits.

Borrowed Funds

The fair value of federal funds purchased is equal to the amount borrowed. The fair value of FRB-NY advances represents contractual repayments discounted using interest rates currently available for borrowings with similar characteristics and remaining maturities. The discount rates used are representative of approximate rates currently offered on borrowings with similar characteristics and maturities.