First Seacoast Bancorp Inc

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”), its wholly-owned subsidiary, First Seacoast Bank (the “Bank”), and the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, FSB Service Corporation, Inc. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim consolidated financial information, general practices within the banking industry and with instructions for Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these interim financial statements do not include all the information or footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statements. However, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements have been included. The results of operations for the interim periods disclosed herein are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for the entire year. These statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 29, 2024.

Corporate Structure

On January 19, 2023, the conversion of First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC from mutual to stock form and the related stock offering by First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc., the new holding company for First Seacoast Bank, was completed. As a result, both First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC and First Seacoast Bancorp ceased to exist. First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “FSEA” on January 20, 2023. As a result of the subscription offering, the community offering and the syndicated community offering, First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. sold a total of 2,805,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $10.00 per share, which includes 224,400 shares sold to First Seacoast Bank’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan. As part of the conversion transaction, each outstanding share of First Seacoast Bancorp (a federal corporation) common stock owned by the public stockholders of First Seacoast Bancorp (a federal corporation) (stockholders other than First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC) as of the closing date was converted into shares of First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. common stock based on an exchange ratio of 0.8358 shares of First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. common stock for each share of First Seacoast Bancorp (a federal corporation) common stock.

The Bank offers a full range of banking and wealth management services to its customers. The Bank focuses onfour core services that center around customer needs. The core services include residential lending, commercial banking, personal banking and wealth management. The Bank offers a full range of commercial and consumer banking services through its network of five full-service branch locations.

The Bank is engaged principally in the business of attracting deposits from the public and investing those funds in various types of loans, including residential and commercial real estate loans, and a variety of commercial and consumer loans. The Bank also invests its deposits and borrowed funds in investment securities. Deposits at the Bank are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) for the maximum amount permitted by law.

The Company hasone reportable segment, “Banking Services.” All of the Company’s activities are interrelated, and each activity is dependent and assessed based on how each of the activities of the Company supports the others. For example, lending is dependent upon the ability of the Company to fund itself with deposits and other borrowings and manage interest rate and credit risk. Accordingly, all significant operating decisions are based upon analysis of the Company as one segment or unit.

Investment management services are offered through FSB Wealth Management. FSB Wealth Management is a division of First Seacoast Bank. The division currently consists of two financial advisors who are located in Dover, New Hampshire. FSB Wealth Management provides access to non-FDIC insured products that include retirement planning, portfolio management, investment and insurance strategies, business retirement plans and college planning to individuals throughout our primary market area. These investments and services are offered through a third-party registered broker-dealer and investment advisor. FSB Wealth Management receives fees from advisory services and commissions on individual investment and insurance products purchased by clients. The assets held for wealth management customers are not assets of the Company and, accordingly, are not reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

On August 17, 2021, the Bank entered into a definitive agreement with an investment advisory and wealth management firm (the “seller”) to purchase certain of its client accounts and client relationships for a final adjusted purchase price of $324,000. The client accounts purchased are recorded as a customer list intangible asset. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization will be reviewed for impairment, at least annually, based on their fair value. Any impairment will be recognized as a charge to earnings and the adjusted carrying amount of the intangible asset will become its new accounting basis. The remaining useful life of the intangible asset will also be evaluated each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. The Company is amortizing the customer list intangible on a straight-line basis over a ten-year period. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, $8,000 and $9,000 of amortization expense was recorded in other expense, respectively. Customer list intangible balances included in other assets are $239,000 and $247,000 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Yet To Be Adopted

As an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Title 1 of Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act, the Company has elected to use the extended transition period to delay adoption of new or reissued accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. As a result, the Company’s consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards without an extended transition period. As of March 31, 2024, there was no significant difference in the comparability of the Company’s consolidated financial statements as a result of this extended transition period. The Company’s status as an “emerging growth company” will end on the earlier of:(i) the last day of the fiscal year of the Company during which it had total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion (as adjusted for inflation) or more; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year of the Company following the fifth anniversary of the effective date of the Company’s initial public offering; (which will be December 31, 2024 for the Company) (iii) the date on which the Company has, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which the Company is deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under Securities and Exchange Commission regulations (generally, at least $700 million of voting and non-voting equity held by non-affiliates).

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have an immaterial impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02,“Codification Improvements,” amends the Codification to remove references to various concepts statements and impacts a variety of topics in the Codification. The amendments apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance, but in most instances the references removed are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. Generally, the amendments in ASU 2024-02 are not intended to result in significant accounting changes for most entities. ASU 2024-02 is effective January 1, 2025 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Securities Available-for-Sale

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, are as follows as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

The amortized cost and fair values of securities available-for-sale at March 31, 2024 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

(1)Actual maturities for these debt securities are dependent upon the interest rate environment and prepayments on the underlying loans.

The following is a summary of gross unrealized losses and fair value for those investments with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Management evaluates securities available-for-sale in unrealized loss positions to determine whether the impairment is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Consideration is given to (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. At March 31, 2024, the Company had 111 securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position without an allowance for credit losses. Management does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Accordingly, as of March 31, 2024, management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in interest rates and other market conditions, and therefore the Company carried no allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale as of March 31, 2024.

Proceeds from sales, maturities, principal payments received and gross realized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale were as follows for thethree months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $72.7 million and $74.1 million of securities available-for-sale were pledged as collateral for the Company's Bank Term Funding Program and Borrower-In-Custody secured credit facilities, respectively (see Note 6 Borrowings for more information).As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there wereno holdings of securities of any issuer, other than the SBA, FHLMC, GNMA and FNMA, whose aggregate carrying value exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity.

Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The Company's lending activities are primarily conducted in and around Dover, New Hampshire, and in the areas surrounding its branches. The Company grants commercial real estate loans, multifamily 5+ dwelling unit loans, commercial and industrial loans, acquisition, development and land loans, 1–4 family residential loans, home equity line of credit loans and consumer loans. Most loans are collateralized by real estate. The ability and willingness of real estate, commercial and construction loan borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the health of the real estate sector in the borrowers’ geographic area and the general economy.

Loans consisted of the following at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans ("ACL")

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the accounting standard for credit losses, ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended ("ASU 2016-13"). This new accounting standard, commonly referred to as "CECL," significantly changed the methodology for accounting for reserves on loans and unfunded off-balance sheet credit exposures, including certain unfunded loan commitments and standby guarantees. ASU 2016-13 replaced the "incurred loss" methodology used to establish an allowance on loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures, with an "expected loss" approach. Under CECL, the ACL at each reporting period serves as a best estimate of projected credit losses over the contractual life of certain assets, adjusted for expected prepayments, given an expectation of economic conditions and forecasts as of the valuation date. Upon adoption of CECL, the Company made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (i) present accrued interest receivable balances separately on the balance sheet on the consolidated statements of condition; (ii) exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the ACL, including investments and loans; and (iii) continue to write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income. The Company has a policy in place to write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. Accrued interest is written-off by reversing previously recorded interest income. For loans, write-off typically occurs when a loan has been in default for 90 days or more. An immaterial amount of accrued interest on non-accrual loans was written off during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, by reversing interest income. Historically, the Company has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on its securities available-for-sale.

The ACL is the sum of various components including the following: (a) historical loss experience, (b) a reasonable and supportable forecast, (c) loans evaluated individually, and (d) changes in relevant environmental factors. The historical loss component is segmented by loan type and serves as the core of the ACL adequacy methodology. The Company has selected the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity Model (“WARM”), for the loss calculation of each of the Bank’s loan pools utilizing a third-party software application. The WARM uses a quarterly loss rate and future expectations of loan balances to calculate an ACL. A loss rate is applied to pool balances over time.

CECL may create more volatility in the ACL, specifically the ACL on loans and ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures. Under CECL, the ACL may increase or decrease period to period based on many factors, including, but not limited to: (i) macroeconomic forecasts and conditions; (ii) forecast period and reversion speed; (iii) prepayment speed assumption; (iv) loan portfolio volumes and changes in mix; (v) credit quality; and (vi) various qualitative factors outlined in ASU 2016-13.

The significant key assumptions used with the ACL calculation at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 using the CECL methodology, included:

•Macroeconomic factors (loss drivers): Monitoring and assessing local and national unemployment, changes in national GDP and other macroeconomic factors which may be the most predictive indicator of losses within the loan portfolio. The macroeconomic factors considered in determining the ACL may change from time to time.

•Forecast Period and Reversion speed: ASU 2016-13 requires a company to use a reasonable and supportable forecast period in developing the ACL, which represents the time period that management believes it can reasonably forecast the identified loss drivers. Generally, the forecast period management believes to be reasonable and supportable will be set annually and validated through an assessment of economic leading indicators. In periods of greater volatility and uncertainty, such as the current interest rate environment, management will likely use a shorter forecast period, whereas when markets, economies, interest rate environment, political matters, and other factors are considered to be more stable and certain, a longer forecast period may be used. Also, in times of greater uncertainty, management may consider a range of possible forecasts and evaluate the probability of each scenario. Generally, the forecasted period is expected to range from one to three years. Once the reasonable and supportable forecast period is determined, ASU 2016-13 requires a company to revert its loss expectations to the long-run historical mean for the remainder of the contract life of the asset, adjusted for prepayments. In determining the length of time over which the reversion will take place (i.e. "reversion speed"), factors such as, historical credit loss experience over previous economic cycles, as well as where the Company believes it is within the current economic cycle, will be considered. The Company has chosen a forecast period of six quarters which will be similar to the historical loss period between January 2014 and December 2016 and then reverting to the long-term average over the following two quarters using the straight-line reversion method. The Company believes this historical forecast period to be representative of potential economic conditions over the next eighteen months.

•Prepayment speeds: Prepayment speeds are determined for each loan segment utilizing the Company's historical loan data, as well as consideration of current environmental factors. The prepayment speed assumption is utilized with the WARM method to forecast expected cash flows over the contractual life of the loan, adjusted for expected prepayments. A higher prepayment speed assumption will drive a lower ACL, and vice versa.

•Qualitative factors: As within previous accounting guidance used for the "incurred loss" model, ASU 2016-13 requires companies to consider various qualitative factors that may impact expected credit losses. The Company continues to consider qualitative factors in determining and arriving at an ACL at each reporting period such as: (i) actual or expected changes in economic trends and conditions, (ii) changes in the value of underlying collateral for loans, (iii) changes to lending policies, underwriting standards and/or management personnel performing such functions, (iv) delinquency and other credit quality trends, (v) credit risk concentrations, if any, (vi) changes to the nature of the Company's business impacting the loan portfolio, (vii) and other external factors, that may include, but are not limited to, results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies.

Certain loans which may not share similar risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio may be tested individually for estimated credit losses, including (i) loans classified as special mention, substandard or doubtful and are on non-accrual, (ii) a loan modified for a borrower experiencing financial difficulty or (iii) loans that have other unique characteristics. Factors considered in measuring the extent of the expected credit loss for these loans may include payment status, collateral value, borrower's financial condition, guarantor support and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due.

January 1, 2023 CECL Transition (Day 1) Impact

The CECL methodology reflects the Company's view of the state of the economy and forecasted macroeconomic conditions and their impact on the Company's loan portfolio as of the adoption date.

The following table illustrates the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13:

Changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, by portfolio segment, are summarized as follows:

The following is an aging analysis of past due loans by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 including non-accrual loans without an ACL:

March 31, 2024:

December 31, 2023:

The Company's collateral-dependent non-accrual RES and HELOC loans with one borrower had an amortized cost basis of $141,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and was secured by real estate with an appraised value of $216,000. There was no significant change in the extent to which the collateral secures the loan. Interest income recognized on non-accrual loans during three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $-0-. There wereno loans past due over 90 days still accruing interest at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There wereno loans collateralized by residential real estate property in the process of foreclosure at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

There were no loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification, if applicable. The ACL incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon origination. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty would already be included in the ACL as a result of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change in the ACL is generally not recorded upon modification.

Credit Quality Information

The Company utilizes a ten-grade internal loan rating system for its commercial real estate, multifamily, commercial and industrial, and acquisition, development, and land loans. Residential real estate, home equity line of credit and consumer loans are considered “pass” rated loans until they become delinquent. Once delinquent, loans can be rated an 8, 9 or 10 as applicable.

Loans rated 1 through 6: Loans in these categories are considered “pass” rated loans with low to average risk.

Loans rated 7: Loans in this category are considered “special mention.” These loans are starting to show signs of potential weakness and are being closely monitored by management.

Loans rated 8: Loans in this category are considered “substandard.” Generally, a loan is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. There is a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the weakness is not corrected.

Loans rated 9: Loans in this category are considered “doubtful.” Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans rated 10: Loans in this category are considered uncollectible (“loss”) and of such little value that their continuance as loans is not warranted and should be charged off.

On an annual basis, or more often if needed, the Company formally reviews the ratings on its commercial and industrial, commercial real estate and multifamily loans. On a periodic basis, the Company engages an independent third party to review a significant portion of loans within these segments and to assess the credit risk management practices of its commercial lending department. Management uses the results of these reviews as part of its annual review process, adequacy of the ACL on loans and overall credit risk administration.

On a quarterly basis, the Company formally reviews the ratings on its applicable residential real estate and home equity loans if they have become classified as non-accrual. Criteria used to determine ratings consist of loan-to-value ratios and days delinquent.

Based upon the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by portfolio segment by vintage, reported under the CECL methodology, was as follows as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

March 31, 2024:

December 31, 2023:

Certain directors and executive officers of the Company and entities in which they have significant ownership interests are customers of the Company. Loans outstanding to these persons and entities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $5.0 million and $5.2 million, respectively.

Loan Servicing

Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The unpaid principal balances of such loans were $33.2 million and $33.9 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Substantially all of these loans were originated by the Bank and sold to third parties on a non-recourse basis with servicing rights retained. These retained servicing rights are recorded as a servicing asset and are initially recorded at fair value (see Note 15, Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities, for more information). Changes to the balance of mortgage servicing rights are recorded in loan servicing income in the Company’s consolidated statements of (loss) income.

The Company’s mortgage servicing activities include: collecting principal, interest and escrow payments from borrowers; making tax and insurance payments on behalf of borrowers; monitoring delinquencies and executing foreclosure proceedings; and accounting for and remitting principal and interest payments to investors. Loan servicing income, including late and ancillary fees, was $11,000 and $15,000 for thethree months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company's residential mortgage investor loan servicing portfolio is primarily comprised of fixed rate loans concentrated in the Company’s market areas.

The following summarizes activity in mortgage servicing rights for thethree months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

Deposits

Deposits consisted of the following at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

At March 31, 2024, the scheduled maturities of time deposits were as follows:

There were $23.6 million of brokered time deposits which were bifurcated into amounts below the FDIC insurance limit at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Additionally, there were $21.2 million and $20.9 million of brokered deposits included in savings deposits at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Reciprocal deposits were $920,000 and $1.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Deposits from related parties totaled $11.9 million and $10.7 million at of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Borrowings

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”)

All borrowings from the FHLB are secured by a blanket security agreement on qualified collateral, principally residential mortgage loans and certain U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed securities, in an aggregate amount equal to outstanding advances. The Bank’s unused remaining available borrowing capacity at the FHLB was approximately $66.4 million and $71.8 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank had sufficient collateral at the FHLB to support its obligations and was in compliance with the FHLB’s collateral pledging program.

A summary of borrowings from the FHLB is as follows:

Included in the above borrowings from the FHLB at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is a $25.0 million long-term advance, with an interest rate of 4.48%, which is callable by the FHLB on May 2, 2024 and quarterly thereafter, and a $25.0 million long-term advance, with an interest rate of 4.38%, which is callable by the FHLB on December 8, 2025 and quarterly thereafter (see Note 15, Subsequent Events, for more information). As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 borrowings from the FHLB also include $2.7 million of advances through the FHLB’s Jobs for New England program where certain qualifying small business loans that create or preserve jobs, expand woman-, minority- or veteran-owned businesses, or otherwise stimulate the economy in New England communities are offered at an interest rate of 0%.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank had an overnight line of credit with the FHLB that may be drawn up to $3.0 million. Additionally, the Bank had a total of $5.0 million of unsecured Fed Funds borrowing lines of credit with two correspondent banks. The entire balance of all these credit facilities was available at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (“FRB”)

The Bank has established two secured credit facilities with the FRB – Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”) and Borrower-In-Custody of Collateral Program (“BIC”). As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, a $20.0 million BTFP advance is outstanding and collateralized by eligible collateral consisting primarily of government-sponsored enterprise obligations, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by various U.S. Government agencies, owned as of March 12, 2023, December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024. The advance matures on December 13, 2024 at a fixed annual rate of 4.89%. The interest rate for term advances under the BTFP are based upon the one-year overnight index swap rate plus 10 basis points and fixed for the term of the advance – up to one year - on the day the advance is made. Advances under the BIC would be collateralized by eligible collateral - principally general obligation municipal bonds. The entire $49.5 million borrowing capacity of the BIC was available at March 31, 2024.

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to originate loans, unadvanced funds on loans and standby letters of credit. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The contract amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for loan commitments and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

Commitments to originate loans are agreements to lend to a customer provided there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the borrower. Collateral held varies, but generally includes secured interests in mortgages.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee performance by a customer to a third-party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, believes that the liabilities, if any, arising from such proceedings will not be material to the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statements of (loss) income.

Notional amounts of financial instruments with off-balance sheet credit risk are approximately as follows as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

The Company records an ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are not unconditionally cancelable through a charge to the provision for credit losses on the Company’s consolidated statements of (loss) income. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposure totaled $341,000 and $391,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The (release) provision for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $(50,000) and $30,000, respectively.

Employee Benefits

401(k) Plan

The Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution plan for substantially all employees pursuant to which employees of the Company could elect to make contributions to the plan subject to Internal Revenue Service limits. The Company makes matching and profit-sharing contributions to eligible participants in accordance with plan provisions. The Company’s contributions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were $59,000 and $56,000, respectively.

Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans

Salary Continuation Plan

The Company maintains a nonqualified supplemental retirement plan for its current President and its former President. The plan provides supplemental retirement benefits payable in installments over a period of years upon retirement or death. The recorded liability at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 relating to this supplemental retirement plan was $758,000 and $735,000, respectively. The discount rate used to determine the Company’s obligation was 5.00%. The projected rate of salary increase for its current President was 3%. The expense of this salary retirement plan was $37,000 and $33,000 for thethree months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Directors Deferred Supplemental Retirement Plan

The Company has a supplemental retirement plan for eligible directors that provides for monthly benefits based upon years of service to the Company, subject to certain limitations as set forth in the agreements. The present value of these future payments is being accrued over the estimated period of service. The estimated liability at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 relating to this plan was $566,000 and $581,000, respectively. The discount rate used to determine the Company’s obligation was 6.25% at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Total supplemental retirement plan expense amounted to $15,000 and $18,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company enacted a “hard freeze” for this supplemental retirement plan as of January 1, 2022. On February 10, 2022, the Bank and the non-employee members of the board of directors of the Bank entered into amendments to the Supplemental Director Retirement Agreements (the “Agreements”) previously entered into by the Bank and the directors. The amendments eliminate the formula for determining the normal annual retirement benefit (previously “70% of Final Base Fee”) and replaces it with a fixed annual benefit of $20,000. The amendments also eliminate the formula for determining the benefit payable on a change in control (previously tied to the normal annual retirement formula with certain imputed increases in the Base Fee) and replacing it with a fixed amount equal to the present value of $200,000. The effect of the amendments is to eliminate the variable and increasing costs associated with the Agreements. Instead, since the normal annual retirement benefit will be a fixed amount, the future costs associated with the Agreements is now more predictable. It is the intention of the Bank that no new directors of the Bank would enter into similar agreements.

Additionally, the Company has a deferred director’s fee plan, which allows members of the board of directors to defer the receipt of fees that otherwise would be paid to them in cash. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total deferred directors' fees amounted to $757,000 and $718,000, respectively.

Stock Based Compensation

Employee Stock Ownership Plan

The Company maintains the First Seacoast Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) to provide eligible employees of the Company the opportunity to own Company stock. The ESOP is a tax-qualified retirement plan for the benefit of Company employees. Contributions are allocated to eligible participants on the basis of compensation, subject to federal limits. The numberof shares committed to be released per year through 2047 is 15,354. The Company uses the principal and interest method to determine the release of shares amount.

The ESOP funded its purchase of 423,715 shares through a loan from the Company equal to 100% of the aggregate purchase price of the common stock. The ESOP trustee is repaying the loan principally through the Bank’s contributions to the ESOP over the remaining loan term that matures on December 31, 2047. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the remaining principal balance on the ESOP debt was $4.2 million.

Under applicable accounting requirements, the Company records compensation expense for the ESOP equal to fair market value of shares when they are committed to be released from the suspense account to participants’ accounts under the plan. Total compensation expense recognized in connection with the ESOP for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $32,000 and $38,000, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total unearned compensation for the ESOP was $4.0 million.

The fair value of unallocated shares was approximately $3.1 million and $2.8 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Equity Incentive Plan

Effective May 27, 2021, the Company adopted the First Seacoast Bancorp 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). The Company’s stockholders approved the 2021 plan on that date. The 2021 Plan provides for the granting of incentive and non-statutory stock options to purchase shares of common stock and the granting of shares of restricted stock awards and restricted stock units.

The 2021 Plan authorizes the issuance or delivery to participants of up to 348,801 converted shares of common stock (adjusted for the second step conversion transaction). Of this number, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of stock options is 249,144 shares (adjusted for the second step conversion transaction) and the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued as restricted stock awards or restricted stock units is 99,657 shares (adjusted for the second step conversion transaction). The exercise price of stock options may not be less than the fair market value on the date the stock option is granted. Further, stock options may not be granted with a term that is longer than 10 years.

On May 25, 2023,249,144 incentive and non-statutory stock options to purchase shares of common stock were granted to directors for their services on the board of directors and certain members of management. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of each option using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The use of the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires management to make assumptions with respect to the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the common stock consistent with the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yields of the common stock. Since it was determined that the Company lacked sufficient historical closing stock prices, the expected volatility assumption was based upon a combination of actual historical volatility combined with the historical volatility developed for comparable companies. Also, since the Company lacked the appropriate historical data, the expected term of the option was calculated using the simplified method. Forfeitures are required to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The estimated grant date fair value of each option is expensed as employee benefits expense ratably over the vesting period. The expense recognized for this equity incentive plan was $62,000 and $-0-, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which provided a tax benefit of $17,000 and $-0-, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense for this equity incentive plan was $536,000 and $598,000, respectively, with a 2.2 and 2.4 year weighted average future recognition period, respectively.

A summary of stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is presented below:

On June 1, 2023,2,478 restricted stock awards were granted to a certain member of management at $7.99 per share. The total fair value related to the June 1, 2023 grant was $20,000. These restricted stock awards time-vest 50% as of November 18, 2023 and 50% as of November 18, 2024 and have been fair valued as of the date of grant. On November 18, 2021,98,850 restricted stock awards were granted to directors and certain members of management at $11.95 per share (adjusted for the second step conversion transaction). The total fair value related to the November 18, 2021 grant was $1.2 million. Restricted stock awards time-vest over athree year period and have been fair valued as of the date of grant. The holders of restricted stock awards participate fully in the rewards of stock ownership of the Company, including voting rights when granted and dividend rights when vested.

A summary of non-vested restricted shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and changes during the periods then ended is presented below:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the expense recognized for this equity incentive plan was $102,000 and $97,000, respectively, which provided a tax benefit of $27,000 and $26,000, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense for this equity incentive plan was $248,000 and $350,000, respectively, with a 0.6 and 0.9 year weighted average future recognition period, respectively.

Leases

The Company is obligated under various lease agreements for one of its branch offices and certain equipment. These agreements are accounted for as operating leases and their terms expire between 2024 and 2031 and, in some instances, contain options to renewfor periods up tofour years. The Company has no financing leases.

The Company recognizes its operating leases on the consolidated balance sheet by recording a net lease liability, representing the Company’s legal obligation to make these lease payments, and a Right-Of-Use (“ROU”) asset, representing the Company’s legal right to use the leased assets. The Company, by policy, does not include renewal options for leases as part of its ROU asset and lease liabilities unless they are deemed reasonably certain to exercise. The Company does not have any sub-lease agreements.

The following table summarizes information related to the Company’s right-of-use asset and net lease liability:

The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease based on whether a contract, or a part of a contract, conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The discount rate is either implicit in the lease or, when a rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate is used. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term.

During 2023, the Company completed a conversion of all of its branch ATMs from owned equipment to leased equipment and recognized a $2,000 loss on the disposition of all ATM-related equipment. The Company's obligation under the operating lease related to these ATMs expires in August 2030 and has future lease payments of $490,000 as of March 31, 2024. Total lease expense was $19,000 and $-0- for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company's obligation under the operating lease related to one of its branches expires in August 2027 and has future lease payments of $142,000 as of March 31, 2024. Total lease expense was $10,000 and $9,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This lease agreement contains clauses calling for escalation of minimum lease payments contingent on increases in LIBOR, or a similar replacement index, and the consumer price index.

The components of operating lease cost and other related information are as follows for the three months ended March 31:

The total minimum lease payments due in future periods for lease agreements in effect at March 31, 2024 were as follows:

Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The Company reports certain items as “other comprehensive (loss) income” and reflects total accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (“AOCI”) in the consolidated financial statements for all periods containing elements of other comprehensive income or loss. The following table presents a reconciliation of the changes in the components of other comprehensive income or loss for the dates indicated, including the amount of income tax expense or benefit allocated to each component of other comprehensive income or loss:

The following tables present the changes in each component of AOCI for the periods indicated:

(1)

All amounts are net of tax.

Regulatory Matters

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below). As of March 31, 2024, the most recent notification from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency categorized the Bank, as well capitalized under the regulatory framework, for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum capital amounts and ratios as set forth in the following tables. There are no conditions or events since the notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category. Management believes that, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it was subject, including the capital conservation buffer, at those dates.

The following table presents actual and required capital ratios as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for the Bank under the Basel Committee on Banking Supervisions capital guidelines for U.S. banks (“Basel III Capital Rules”) as fully phased-in on January 1, 2019. Capital levels required to be considered well capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, as amended to reflect the changes under the Basel III Capital Rules.

Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. These derivative financial instruments are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities and are not reported on a net basis.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed rate payments or the receipt of fixed rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The Company entered intotwo $5 million notional interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges on 90-day advances from FHLB. The purpose of these cash flow hedges was to reduce potential interest rate risk by swapping a variable rate borrowing to a fixed rate. Management deemed it prudent to limit the variability of these interest payments by entering into these interest rate swap agreements. These agreements provided for the Company to receive payments at a variable rate determined by a specific index (three-month LIBOR) in exchange for making payments at a fixed rate. Publication of LIBOR is expected to cease in September of 2024. The swap agreements allowed for substitution of an alternative reference rate such as the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) at that time.

On January 17, 2023, the Company terminated both of its interest rate swap derivative instruments at a gain of $849,000. The Company recognized the change in fair value of these hedging instruments, previously accumulated in AOCI, as a gain on termination of interest rate swaps in its consolidated statement of (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as it was determined that it was probable that the hedged forecasted transaction - the variability in cash flows related to 90-day advances from the FHLB - would not occur by the end of the original maturity dates of the hedging instruments. The use of derivatives for debt hedging as part of the Company's overall interest rate risk management strategy has been infrequent as the Company has utilized other interest rate risk management activities to achieve similar business purposes. Also, $536,000 of cash posted to the counterparty as collateral on these interest rate swaps contracts was returned to the Company. The changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps were reported in other comprehensive (loss) income and were subsequently reclassified into interest expense or income in the period that the hedged transactions affected earnings. The change in fair value for these derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, was $-0- and $(112,000), respectively.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

During 2023, the Company entered into interest rate contracts that were designated as fair value hedges utilizing a pay fixed interest rate swap to hedge portions of the residential mortgage loan portfolio's change in fair value attributable to the movement in the one-month SOFR. Additionally, the Company entered into an interest rate contract that was designated as fair value hedge utilizing a pay fixed interest rate swap to hedge a portion of the securities available-for-sale municipal bond portfolio's change in fair value attributable to the movement in the one-month SOFR. The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain pools of fixed-rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate. The Company's interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for the Company receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreement without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. The hedging strategy effectively converts these fixed-rate assets to SOFR floating rate assets for the term of the swap starting on the effective date.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest income.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustment for fair value hedges:

The carrying amount of the hedged asset located in “total loans” includes the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios of fixed-rate residential loans used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged items are the stated amount of assets anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedged period. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios of fixed-rate residential loans used in the hedging relationship was $60.0 million and $62.2 million, respectively; the cumulative basis adjustments associated with this hedging relationship was $(58,000) and $632,000, respectively; and the notional amount of the designated hedged item was $50.0 million. Under the "portfolio layer" approach, the Company designated a $50.0 million notional amount of portfolio assets that are not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults and other factors affecting the timing and amount of cash flows of the designated hedged layer.

The carrying amount of the hedged asset located in “securities available-for-sale, at fair value” includes the principal amount of municipal bonds used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged items are the stated amount of assets anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedged period. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the par value of the municipal bonds used in this hedging relationship was $19.3 million; the cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was $(23,000) and $126,000, respectively; and the notional amount of the designated hedged items were $10.0 million. Under the "portfolio layer" approach, the Company designated a $10.0 million notional amount of portfolio assets that are not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults and other factors affecting the timing and amount of cash flows of the designated hedged layer.

The notional amounts of these agreements do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, thus, are not a measure of potential loss exposure. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s fair value hedges had a remaining maturity of 2.48 and 2.73 years, respectively, an average pay fixed rate of 4.29% and an average received rate of 5.32%.

Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Customer Loan Swaps

Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain commercial banking customers. On May 19, 2023, the Company entered into an interest rate swap with a commercial loan borrower. The Company executes interest rate swaps with customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. The interest rate swap contract with the commercial loan borrower allows them to convert floating-rate loan payments based on SOFR to fixed-rate loan payments. This interest rate swap is simultaneously hedged by an offsetting derivative that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivative and the offsetting derivative are recognized directly in earnings.

The following table presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the consolidated balance sheet:

Credit-risk-related Contingent Features

By entering into derivative transactions, the Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as required. Should a counterparty fail to perform under the terms of a derivative contract, the Company’s credit exposure on interest rate swaps is limited to the net positive fair value and accrued interest of all swaps with each counterparty. The Company seeks to minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, and other monitoring procedures. Institutional counterparties must have an investment grade credit rating and be approved by the Company’s board of directors. As such, management believes the risk of incurring credit losses on derivative contracts with institutional counterparties is remote. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company posted $1.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of cash to the counterparties as collateral on its interest rate swap contracts and customer loan swaps, which was presented within cash and due from banks on the consolidated balance sheets.

Balance Sheet Offsetting

Certain financial instruments may be eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet and/or subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. The Company’s derivative transactions with institutional counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association (“ISDA”) master agreements which include “right of set-off” provisions. In such cases there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. Generally, the Company does not offset such financial instruments for financial reporting purposes.

The following tables present the information about derivative positions that are eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(1) The amount presented was the lesser of the amount pledged (received) or the net amount presented in the consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Interest rate swap contracts were completed with the same dealer bank. The Company maintains a master netting arrangement with the counterparty and settles collateral on a net basis for all contracts.

(3)The Company manages its net exposure on its commercial customer loan swaps by obtaining collateral as part of the normal loan policy and underwriting practices. The Company does not post collateral to its commercial customers as part of its contract.

Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

Determination of Fair Value

The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified from one level to another. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various assets and liabilities. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value of cash flows or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The Company groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded, and the observability and reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

Level 1 - Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 - Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

For assets and liabilities, fair value is based upon the lowest level of observable input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and, therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amounts presented therein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value is set forth below. A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. These valuation methodologies were applied to all the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities carried at fair value at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities: Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include the following:

Securities Available-for-Sale: The Company’s investment in U.S. Government-sponsored entities bonds, U.S Government agency small business administration pools guaranteed by the SBA, collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the FHLMC, residential mortgage-backed securities and other municipal bonds is generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from independent pricing services. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include reported trades, dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S.

treasury yield curve, trading levels, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the instrument’s terms and conditions.

Mortgage Servicing Rights: Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The valuation model utilizes interest rate, prepayment speed and default rate assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income and that can be validated against available market data (see Note 4, Loan Servicing, for more information). These assumptions are inherently sensitive to change as these unobservable inputs are not based on quoted prices in active markets or otherwise observable.

Derivative Instruments and Hedges: The valuation of these instruments is determined using the discounted cash flow method on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities.

The following table summarizes financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

(1)

Realized and unrealized gains and losses related to mortgage servicing rights are reported as a component of loan servicing fee income in the Company’s consolidated statements of (loss) income.

For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

(1)

Unobservable inputs for mortgage servicing rights were weighted by loan amount.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights are the weighted-average prepayment rate, weighted-average discount rate, weighted average delinquency rate and weighted-average default rate. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Although the prepayment rate and the discount rate are not directly interrelated, they generally move in opposite directions of each other.

The Company estimates the fair value of mortgage servicing rights by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. Observable and unobservable inputs are entered into this model as prescribed by an independent third party to arrive at an estimated fair value.

Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). Financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the reported periods may include certain individually evaluated loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral. Fair value is measured using appraised values of collateral and adjusted as necessary by management based on unobservable inputs for specific properties. However, the choice of observable data is subject to significant judgment, and there are often adjustments based on judgment in order to make observable data comparable and to consider the impact of time, the condition of properties, interest rates and other market factors on current values. Additionally, commercial real estate appraisals frequently involve discounting of projected cash flows, which relies inherently on unobservable data. Therefore, real estate collateral related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 3.

Estimates of fair value used for other collateral supporting commercial loans generally are based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3. Financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the reported periods also include loans held for sale. Residential mortgage loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value and are therefore measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The fair values for loans held for sale are estimated based on commitments in effect from investors or prevailing market prices for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality and are included in Level 3. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there wereno assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

Non-Financial Assets and Non-Financial Liabilities: The Company hasno non-financial assets or non-financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis generally include certain foreclosed assets which, upon initial recognition, were remeasured and reported at fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for loan losses and certain foreclosed assets which, subsequent to their initial recognition, are remeasured at fair value through a write-down included in other non-interest expense. There wereno foreclosed assets at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

ASC Topic 825,“Financial Instruments,”requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are discussed above. ASU 2016-01 requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. The exit price notion is a market-based measurement of fair value that is represented by the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) on the measurement date. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, fair values of loans are estimated on an exit price basis incorporating discounts for credit, liquidity and marketability factors.

Summary of Fair Values of Financial Instruments not Carried at Fair Value

The estimated fair values, and related carrying or notional amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

Subsequent Events

On April 11, 2024, the board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program for up to 507,707 shares of common stock, representing approximately 10% of shares currently outstanding. The Company intends to conduct the repurchases on the open market, including by means of a trading plan adopted under SEC Rule 10b5-1,subject to market conditions and other factors. There is no guarantee as to the number of shares that the Company may ultimately repurchase. The program will expire 12 months after the effective date, regardless of whether all shares will have been repurchased. The Company may suspend or discontinue the program at any time.

On April 17, 2024, the Bank signed a purchase and sale agreement for the sale and leaseback offive properties owned and operated by the Bank, which consists of its main office and branch, a building annex used primarily by its FSB Wealth Management division andthree standalone branches for an aggregate cash purchase price of $7.9 million. Each of the sold branches include an adjacent drive thru. All of the sold properties include an adjacent parking lot. The Bank will concurrently enter into absolute net lease agreements with the purchaser under which the Bank will lease each of the properties under an initial term of 15 years. We will not close any branches or exit any markets as a result of the sale-leaseback trans action. This transaction is expected to close during the second quarter of 2024.

On April 29, 2024, the Company borrowed $25.0 million from the FHLB at a rate of 4.75%, which is callable by the FHLB on October 29, 2024 and quarterly thereafter to replace the callable advance which was called on May 2, 2024(see Note 6, Borrowings, for more information).

On May 3, 2024, the Company purchased $5.7 million of brokered deposits, for a term ofone year, at an annual rate of 5.20%. The brokered deposits are callable, at the option of the Company, in whole, prior to thematurity date beginning on August 3, 2024 and quarterly thereafter. Also on May 3, 2024, the Company purchased $2.4 million of brokered deposits, for a term oftwo years, at an annual rate of 5.20%. The brokered deposits are callable, at the option of the Company, in whole, prior to thematurity date beginning on November 3, 2024 and quarterly thereafter.