ACHIEVE LIFE SCIENCES INC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS, BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND LIQUIDITY RISK

Achieve Life Sciences, Inc. (referred to as “Achieve,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company committed to the global development and commercialization of cytisinicline for smoking cessation and nicotine addiction. We were incorporated in the state of Delaware, and operate out of Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia.

The unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required to be presented for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring items) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. The accompanying consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year then ended. The unaudited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures have been prepared with the assumption that users of the interim financial information have read or have access to the audited consolidated financial statements for the preceding fiscal year. Accordingly, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on March 28, 2024.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Achieve and our wholly owned subsidiaries, Achieve Life Sciences Technologies Inc., Achieve Life Science, Inc., Extab Corporation, and Achieve Pharma UK Limited. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Liquidity

We have historically experienced recurring losses from operations and have incurred an accumulated deficit of $172.2 million through March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $66.4 million and a positive working capital balance of $47.1 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we incurred a net loss of $6.5 million and net cash used in operating activities was $5.3 million. We have historically financed our operations through equity and debt financings. While we believe that we will be able to settle our commitments and liabilities in the normal course of business as they fall due during the next 12 months, as a development-stage company with no current sources of revenue, we are dependent on our ability to raise funds (through public or private securities offerings, debt financings, government funding or grants, or other sources, which may include licensing, collaborations or other strategic transactions or arrangements) to support the ongoing advancement of our clinical trials and corporate activities.

2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. We have discussed those estimates that we believe are critical and require the use of complex judgment in their application in our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC, on March 28, 2024. Since December 31, 2023, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies or the methodologies or assumptions we apply under them.

3. GOVERNMENT GRANT

In July 2021, we announced that we were awarded a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, or NIDA, of the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, to evaluate the use of cytisinicline as a treatment for cessation of nicotine e-cigarette use. This initial grant award, in the amount of $0.3 million, commenced on August 1, 2021, and was utilized to complete critical regulatory and clinical operational activities, such as protocol finalization, clinical trial site identification, drug packaging, and submission of a new Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for investigating cytisinicline in nicotine e-cigarette users.

In November 2021, we announced that the FDA had completed their review and accepted the Investigational New Drug Application to investigate cytisinicline as a cessation treatment in this population. In June 2022, following NIH review of completed milestones, we announced that we were awarded the next grant funding from the NIDA in the amount of approximately $2.5 million, which we have used to conduct the ORCA-V1 Phase 2 clinical trial.

In June 2022, we announced the initiation of the ORCA-V1 Phase 2 clinical trial. ORCA-V1 will evaluate the efficacy and safety of 3 mg cytisinicline dosed three times daily compared to placebo in approximately 160 adult e-cigarette users at five clinical trial locations in the United States. Participants were randomized to receive cytisinicline or placebo for 12 weeks in combination with standard cessation behavioral support.

From inception of the grant award to March 31, 2024, we have received the full amount of approximately $2.5 million in reimbursements from NIDA/NIH. For thethree months ended March 31, 2024, we incurred $16,000 in qualifying research and development, or R&D, expenditures under the NIDA/NIH grant, which has been recorded as a reduction in R&D expense. The NIDA/NIH grant for ORCA-V1 was fully utilized in the first quarter of 2024 and we do not expect to receive any further reimbursements from this grant.

The grant award covered approximately half of the total ORCA-V1 clinical study costs. The Primary Investigators for the grant are our Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Cindy Jacobs, and Dr. Nancy Rigotti, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Director, Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital.

4. INTANGIBLES

All of our intangible assets are subject to amortization and are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful life.

We acquired license and supply agreements in relation to cytisinicline upon the acquisition of Extab Corporation, or Extab, on May 18, 2015. The agreements were determined to have a fair value of $3.1 million with an estimated useful life of 14 years.

The components of intangible assets were as follows:

For each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded license agreement amortization expense of $0.1 million. The following table outlines the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets held as of March 31, 2024:

We evaluate the carrying amount of intangible assets periodically by taking into account events or circumstances that may warrant revised estimates of useful life or that indicate the asset may be impaired. We conducted an analysis of potential impairment indicators for long lived assets, including the license and supply agreements for the active pharmaceutical ingredient cytisinicline, and concluded that there wereno indicators of impairment identified as of March 31, 2024.

5. LICENSE AGREEMENTS

Sopharma License and Supply Agreements

We are party to a license agreement, or the Sopharma License Agreement, and a supply agreement, or the Sopharma Supply Agreement, with Sopharma, AD, or Sopharma. Pursuant to the Sopharma License Agreement, we were granted access to all available manufacturing, efficacy and safety data related to cytisinicline, as well as a granted patent in several European countries related to new oral dosage forms of cytisinicline providing enhanced stability. Additional rights granted under the Sopharma License Agreement include the exclusive use of, and the right to sublicense, certain cytisinicline trademarks in all territories described in the Sopharma License Agreement. Under the Sopharma License Agreement, we agreed to pay a nonrefundable license fee. In addition, we agreed to make certain royalty payments equal to a mid-single digit percentage of all net sales of cytisinicline products in our territory during the term of the Sopharma License Agreement, including those sold by a third party pursuant to any sublicense which may be granted by us. To date, any amounts paid to Sopharma pursuant to the Sopharma License Agreement have been immaterial.

Share Purchase Agreement

On May 14, 2015, we entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Sopharma to acquire 75% of the outstanding shares of Extab for $2.0 million in cash and $2.0 million in a deferred payment, contingent on regulatory approval of cytisinicline by the FDA or the European Medicines Agency. The fair value of the contingent consideration on the acquisition date was nil. The contingent consideration liability is measured at fair value in our financial statements.

As of March 31, 2024, the fair value of the contingent consideration was estimated to be $0.6 million. We recognized a loss of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

University of Bristol License Agreement

In July 2016, we entered into a license agreement with the University of Bristol, or the University of Bristol License Agreement. Under the University of Bristol License Agreement, we received exclusive and nonexclusive licenses from the University of Bristol to certain patent and technology rights resulting from research activities into cytisinicline and its derivatives, including a number of patent applications related to novel approaches to cytisinicline binding at the nicotinic receptor level.

In consideration of rights granted by the University of Bristol Agreement, we paid a nominal license fee and agreed to pay amounts of up to $3.2 million, in the aggregate, tied to a financing milestone and to specific clinical development and commercialization milestones resulting from activities covered by the University of Bristol License Agreement. Additionally, if we successfully commercialize any product candidates subject to the University of Bristol License Agreement, we are responsible for royalty payments in the low-single digits and payments up to a percentage in the mid-teens of any sublicense income, subject to specified exceptions, based upon net sales of such licensed products.

On January 22, 2018, we and the University of Bristol entered into an amendment to the University of Bristol License Agreement. Pursuant to the amended University of Bristol License Agreement, we received exclusive rights for all human medicinal uses of cytisinicline across all therapeutic categories from the University of Bristol from research activities into cytisinicline and its derivatives. In consideration of rights granted by the amended University of Bristol License Agreement, we agreed to pay an initial amount of $37,500 upon the execution of the amended University of Bristol License Agreement, and additional amounts of up to $1.7 million, in the aggregate, tied to a financing milestone and to specific clinical development and commercialization milestones resulting from activities covered by the amended University of Bristol License Agreement, in addition to amounts under the original University of Bristol License Agreement of up to $3.2 million in the aggregate, tied to specific financing, development and commercialization milestones. Additionally, if we successfully commercialize any product candidate subject to the amended University of Bristol License Agreement or to the original University of Bristol License Agreement, we will be responsible, as provided in the original University of Bristol License Agreement, for royalty payments in the low-single digits and payments up to a percentage in the mid-teens of any sublicense income, subject to specified exceptions, based upon net sales of such licensed products. As of March 31, 2024, we had paid the University of Bristol an aggregate amount of $125,000 pursuant to the amended University of Bristol License Agreement.

6. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. For certain of our financial instruments including amounts receivable and accounts payable the carrying values approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. In accordance with ASC 820, these inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below:

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Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical securities.

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Level 2 – Other significant inputs that are observable through corroboration with market data (including quoted prices in active markets for similar securities).

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Level 3 – Significant unobservable input that reflects management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

As quoted prices in active markets are not readily available for certain financial instruments, we obtain estimates for the fair value of financial instruments through third-party pricing service providers.

In determining the appropriate levels, we performed a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities that are subject to ASC 820.

We invest our excess cash in accordance with investment guidelines that limit the credit exposure to any one financial institution other than securities issued by the U.S. Government. These securities are not collateralized and mature withinone year.

A description of the valuation techniques applied to our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis follows.

Financial Instruments

The following table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques we utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands):

Money Market Securities

Money market securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy and are valued based on quoted prices in active markets for identical securities.

Cash equivalents consist of the following (in thousands):

We only invest in A (or equivalent) rated securities. All securities included in cash and cash equivalents had maturities of 90 days or less at the time of purchase.

Concentration of Cash and Cash Equivalents Risk

We place our cash in a custodial account and in commercial checking and sweep accounts with various financial institutions.

As of March 31, 2024, approximately $55.9 million in cash equivalents is held in a custodial account with U.S. Bank, for which SVB Asset Management is the advisor; and approximately $1.0 million of our cash and $8.5 million of our cash equivalents is held in a single financial institution, SVB, as required by the covenants of the Debt Agreement (Note 7 – Convertible Debt).

Our commercial bank balances exceed federal insurance limits. We have not experienced any losses in our cash and cash equivalents for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Fair Value of Debt

December 2021 Convertible Debt

The principal amount, carrying value and related estimated fair value of our convertible debt reported in the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands). The aggregate fair value of the principal amount of the convertible debt is a Level 2 fair value measurement.

Fair Value of Sopharma Share Purchase Agreement Contingent Consideration

We determine the fair value of the contingent consideration using a probability based discounted cash flow model whereby we forecast the timing of the cash flow of the related future payment based on cytisinicline’s current clinical development phase and the remaining requirements for regulatory approval. We then discount the expected payment amount to calculate the present value and then apply a probability of success in obtaining regulatory approval as of the valuation date. We evaluate the underlying projection used in determining the fair value each period and make updates as necessary.

The significant assumptions we use to value the contingent consideration are the forecasted timing of the future payment, the risk-adjusted discount rate and the probability of success which are all considered significant unobservable inputs, and as such, the liability is classified as a Level 3 measurement. The risk-adjusted discount rate is adjusted for credit risk.

An increase in the discount rate and decrease in the probability of success will result in a decrease in the fair value of the contingent consideration. Conversely, a decrease in the discount rate and increase in the probability of success will result in an increase in the fair value of the contingent consideration. At March 31, 2024 the risk adjusted discount rate was 38.0% and the probability of success was 67.2%. Adjustments to the fair value of the contingent liabilities, other than payments, are recorded as a gain or loss in the Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of our total Level 3 financial liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

7. CONVERTIBLE DEBT

Convertible Debt

On December 22, 2021, we entered into a $25.0 million contingent convertible debt agreement, or Original Debt Agreement, with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, and SVB Innovation Credit Fund VIII, L.P., or, together with SVB, the Lenders. As part of the Original Debt Agreement, the Lenders funded $15.0 million in the form of convertible indebtedness, or Convertible Debt, at closing. On April 26, 2022, we entered into (i) a loan and security agreement, or Loan Agreement, with SVB for the remaining $10.0 million remaining in the Original Debt Agreement, pursuant to which SVB provided a commitment to extend term loans having an aggregate original principal amount of up to $10.0 million, or Term Loans, and (ii) a first amendment to the Original Debt Agreement, or the Amendment, and as amended by the Amendment, the Debt Agreement. The availability of Term Loans under the Loan Agreement expired on April 30, 2023, withno amounts drawn under the facility.

On May 15, 2023, we entered into a contingent convertible debt agreement, or Debt Agreement, with the Lenders, pursuant to which the Lenders provided term loans having an aggregate original principal amount of $16.6 million, or the Convertible Term Loan. The Convertible Debt under the Original Debt Agreement was refinanced as the Convertible Term Loan pursuant to the Debt Agreement. Our obligations under the Loan Agreement, Original Debt Agreement and Convertible Debt were satisfied in full and the Loan Agreement, Original Debt Agreement and Convertible Debt were terminated in connection with the entrance into the Debt Agreement and Convertible Term Loan.

The Convertible Term Loan matures on December 22, 2024; provided that (a) in the event we fail to receive written notice, or a Filing Communication, that the FDA has accepted for filing our New Drug Application, or NDA, with respect to cytisinicline for a smoking cessation indication, on or prior to July 31, 2024, the maturity date shall be August 1, 2024 or (b) in the event we receive a Filing Communication with respect to cytisinicline for a smoking cessation indication on or prior to August 14, 2024, but where such Filing Communication specifies any material deficiencies or material filing review issues with respect to such NDA, the maturity date shall be August 15, 2024; provided, further, that in the event we have submitted the NDA on or prior to June 30, 2024, the dates listed in (a) and (b) above shall be extended by one calendar month. Interest is calculated on the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Term Loan at the aggregate of (a) a floating rate per annum equal to the greater of (i)2.25% and (ii) the prime rate minus 1.0%, which interest shall be payable in cash monthly in arrears, and (b)7.0% per annum, compounded monthly, which shall be payable on the earlier to occur of the maturity date and the date that the Convertible Term Loan is converted into our common stock.

Subject to certain terms and conditions, the Lenders may convert all or any part of the outstanding Convertible Term Loan principal and accrued and unpaid interest at any time prior to maturity into shares of our common stock at a conversion price equal to $9.34 per share, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. Additionally, all outstanding Convertible Term Loan principal and accrued and unpaid interest will mandatorily convert into shares of our common stock, at the conversion price, on such date, if any, when the closing price per share of our common stock has been equal to or greater than $24.00 forthirty consecutive trading days prior to such date.

We have the right, or Call Right, at any time to repay and retire all (but not less than all) of the outstanding Convertible Term Loan and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, prior to its conversion by payment of a premium equal to 150% of the outstanding principal balance (including any compounded interest), plus accrued and unpaid interest; provided, however, that we may not exercise the Call Right at any time when the Liquidity Conditions (as defined in the Debt Agreement) are not satisfied. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if we (x) elect to repay the Lenders earlier than the maturity date and (y) in the twelve month period following such repayment, (i) enter into an agreement or similar commitment, binding or nonbinding, with any third-party respecting an acquisition, and (ii) such acquisition is subsequently consummated, if the aggregate gross proceeds that would have been payable to the Lenders or, pursuant to an assignment, any designee thereof, or collectively, the Conversion Rights Holders, in connection with such acquisition had we not repaid the Convertible Term Loan and the Conversion Right Holders had exercised, in connection with such acquisition, the right to convert the Convertible Term Loan into shares of our common stock, then (z) we shall pay to the Lenders as an additional call price, the difference between such proceeds as would have been payable to the Conversion Right Holders in connection with such acquisition and the payment actually paid to the Lenders.

The Debt Agreement contains customary affirmative and restrictive covenants, including covenants regarding the incurrence of additional indebtedness or liens, investments, transactions with affiliates, delivery of financial statements, payment of taxes, maintenance of insurance, dispositions of property, mergers or acquisitions, among other customary covenants. We are also restricted from paying dividends or making other distributions or payments on our capital stock, subject to limited exceptions. The Debt Agreement also includes customary representations and warranties, events of default and termination provisions. The Lenders may not engage in any short sales of, or other hedging transactions in, our common stock while any amounts are outstanding under the Debt Agreement. Our obligations under the Debt Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets, other than intellectual property.

On February 26, 2024, we entered into a non-binding term sheet, or the Term Sheet, for an extension of the maturity date for the term loans outstanding pursuant to our Debt Agreement with Lenders. There is no guarantee that we will be able to enter into a definitive agreement with the Lenders on the terms provided in the Term Sheet or any at all. (See “Part II Other Information. Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements.") In light of our recent discussions with the FDA and our current plans for the submission of an NDA for cytisinicline, if we are unable to secure a waiver or renegotiate the terms of the Debt Agreement, we expect that the Convertible Term Loan will mature on August 1, 2024.

Under ASU 2020-06 for the Original Debt Agreement, the embedded conversion feature was not required to be bifurcated and recognized separately, as a result the convertible debt including the conversion feature has been recognized as a single unit of debt. The debt issuance costs related to Convertible Debt under the Original Debt Agreement have been recognized against the single unit of debt and will be amortized into interest expense over the term of the Convertible Term Loan.

The debt refinancing in May 2023 was recognized as a debt modification under ASU 470-50 and the associated third-party issuance costs were expensed.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Convertible Term Loan balance, including the Convertible Debt balance, was comprised of the following:

8. COMMON STOCK

[a] Authorized

150,000,000 authorized common shares, par value of $0.001, and 5,000,000 preferred shares, par value of $0.001.

[b] Issued and outstanding shares

At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On December 21, 2021, we entered into an At-the-Market Offering Sales Agreement, or ATM, with Virtu Americas, LLC, as sales agent. The ATM was terminated on February 29, 2024, andno further sales of our common stock will be made pursuant to the ATM.

Since entry into the ATM, through the date of termination of the ATM, we offered and sold an aggregate of 200,000 shares of our common stock. These aggregate sales resulted in gross proceeds to us of approximately $1.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we didnot sell any shares of our common stock pursuant to the ATM.

May 2023 Registered Direct Offering

In May 2023, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers, pursuant to which we sold 3,000,000 shares of common stock at a price of $5.50 per share in a registered direct offering. The offering of the shares was made pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 including the prospectus dated January 5, 2022 contained therein, and the prospectus supplement dated May 25, 2023.

We received approximately $15.3 million in net proceeds from the registered direct offering after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses.

February 2024 Registered Direct Offering and Concurrent Private Placement

In February 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers, pursuant to which we sold 13,086,151 shares of common stock at a price of $4.585 per share in a registered direct offering. The offering of the shares was made pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3, including the prospectus dated January 5, 2022 contained therein, and the prospectus supplement dated February 28, 2024.

In a concurrent private placement, we issued unregistered warrants to purchase up to 13,086,151 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.906 per share (provided, however, that the purchaser may elect to exercise the warrants for pre-funded warrants in lieu of shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.906, minus $0.001, the exercise price of each pre-funded warrant). These warrants are immediately exercisable for shares of common stock or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof, and will expire on the earlier of (i) three and one-half years following the date of issuance and (ii) 30 days following our public disclosure of the acceptance of an NDA for cytisinicline by the FDA in a Day 74 Letter or equivalent correspondence. The shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants (or pre-funded warrants, as applicable) were subsequently registered pursuant to our registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective on May 6, 2024.

The registered direct offering raised total gross proceeds of approximately $60.0 million, and after deducting approximately $3.9 million in placement agent fees and offering expenses, we received net proceeds of approximately $56.1 million.

Equity Award Issuances and Settlements

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we didnot issue any shares of common stock to satisfy stock option exercises, and we did not issue any common stock to satisfy restricted stock unit settlements.

[c] Stock options

2023 Non-Employee Director Equity Incentive Plan

As of March 31, 2024, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2023 Non-Employee Director Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2023 Non-Employee Director Plan,300,000 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of stock options by non-employee directors, of which 290,250 shares were reserved for options currently outstanding and 9,750 shares were available for future equity grants.

Under the 2023 Non-Employee Director Plan, we may grant options to purchase shares of our common stock or restricted stock units to our non-employee directors. The exercise price of the options is determined by our board of directors, or Board, but will be at least equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, typically overone tothree years. The expiration date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiration date often years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2023 Non-Employee Director Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

As of March 31, 2024, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2018 Plan,2,780,541 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units by employees, directors, officers and consultants of ours, of which 1,489,905 were reserved for options currently outstanding,1,228,875 for restricted stock units currently outstanding, and 61,761 were available for future equity grants.

Under the 2018 Plan, we may grant options to purchase common shares or restricted stock units to our employees, directors, officers and consultants. The exercise price of the options is determined by our Board, but will be at least equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, typically over three tofour years for options issued to employees and consultants, and overone tothree years for members of our Board. The expiry date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiration date often years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2018 Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. The terms for accelerated vesting, in the event of a change in control, is determined at our discretion and defined under the employment agreements for our officers and certain of our employees.

New Employee Inducement Grants

We grant stock options as a material inducement to new employees for entering into employment agreements with us in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). The stock options approved under the inducement grants are issued pursuant to a stock option agreement on terms substantially similar to those described in our 2018 Plan. The exercise price of the options is determined by our board of directors but will be at least equal to the fair value of the common shares at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board. The expiration date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiration date often years from the date of grant. For thethree months ended March 31, 2024, we didnot grant any inducement stock options to new employees. As of March 31, 2024,135,000 stock options granted as new employee inducement grants were outstanding.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan

As of March 31, 2024, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan,13,156 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of currently outstanding stock options by employees, directors and officers of ours. Upon the effectiveness of our 2018 Plan, we ceased granting equity awards under our 2017 Plan.

Under the 2017 Plan, we granted options to purchase shares of common stock or restricted stock units to our employees, directors, officers and consultants. The exercise price of the options was determined by our Board but was at least equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, typically over three tofour years for options issued to employees and consultants, and overone tothree years for members of our Board. The expiration date for each option was set by our Board with a maximum expiration date often years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2017 Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. The terms for accelerated vesting, in the event of a change in control, is determined at our discretion and defined under the employment agreements for our officers and certain of our employees.

2010 Performance Incentive Plan

As of March 31, 2024, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2010 Performance Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan,132 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of currently outstanding stock options by employees, directors and officers of ours. Upon the effectiveness of our 2017 Plan, we ceased granting equity awards under our 2010 Plan.

Under the 2010 Plan we granted options to purchase shares of common stock and restricted stock units to our employees, directors, officers and consultants. The exercise price of the options was determined by our board of directors and was at least equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, typically over three tofour years for options issued to employees and consultants, and overone tothree years for members of our Board. The expiration date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiration date often years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2010 Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. The terms for accelerated vesting, in the event of a change in control, is determined at our discretion and defined under the employment agreements for our officers and certain of our employees.

Stock Option Summary

We grant stock options that vest over time in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, which are typically four years for employee and consultant grants andone tothree years for Board option grants. We also grant stock option awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to executive officers, employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. The expiration date for each option is set by our Board, which is typically seven toten years. The exercise price of the options is determined by our Board.

Stock option transactions and the number of stock options outstanding are summarized below:

The fair value of each stock award for employees and directors is estimated on the grant date and for consultants at each reporting period, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the weighted-average assumptions noted in the following table:

The expected life was calculated based on the simplified method as permitted by the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin 110, Share-Based Payment. We consider the use of the simplified method appropriate because of the lack of sufficient historical exercise data following the 2017 Merger Agreement between Achieve Life Sciences, Inc. and OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals. The computation of expected volatility was calculated based on the historical volatility of the shares of our common stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on a U.S. Treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. In addition to the assumptions above, as required under ASC 718, management made an estimate of expected forfeitures and is recognizing compensation costs only for those equity awards expected to vest. Forfeiture rates are estimated using historical actual forfeiture rates.

These rates are adjusted on a quarterly basis and any change in compensation expense is recognized in the period of the change. We have never paid or declared cash dividends on our common stock and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The results for the periods set forth below included share-based compensation expense for stock options, restricted stock units and employee share purchase plan compensation expenses in the following expense categories of the consolidated statements of loss (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options granted was $4.3 million, which is expected to be recognized as expense over a period of approximately 1.78 years from March 31, 2024.

[d] Loss Per Share

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, a total of 21,332,497 shares, consisting of warrants to purchase 18,175,179 shares, options exercisable for 1,928,443 shares and 1,228,875 restricted stock units, have not been included in the loss per share computation, as their effect on diluted per share amounts would have been anti-dilutive. For the same period in 2023, a total of 7,276,204 shares underlying options, restricted stock units and warrants have not been included in the loss per share computation. Additionally, the outstanding Convertible Term Loan is included in the calculation of diluted per share amounts only if its inclusion is dilutive for periods during which the notes were outstanding. As of March 31, 2024, the outstanding Convertible Term Loan was not included in the calculation of diluted per share amounts as its effect would have been anti-dilutive.

[e] Restricted Stock Unit Awards

We grant restricted stock unit awards that generally vest and are expensed over afour-year period. We also grant restricted stock unit awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to certain executive officers, key employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. For thethree months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a compensation expense of $0.5 million, related to these awards, compared to $0.5 million for thethree months ended March 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit award activity during thethree months ended March 31, 2024:

As of March 31, 2024, we had approximately $3.1 million in total unrecognized compensation expense related to our restricted stock unit awards that is to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.44 years.

[f] Non-employee options and restricted stock units

We recognize non-employee stock-based compensation expense over the period of expected service by the non-employee. As the service is performed, we are required to update our valuation assumptions, re-measure unvested options and restricted stock units and record the stock-based compensation using the valuation as of the vesting date. This differs from the accounting for employee awards where the fair value is determined at the grant date and is not subsequently adjusted. This re-measurement may result in higher or lower stock-based compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss. As such, changes in the market price of our stock could materially change the value of an option or restricted stock unit and the resulting stock-based compensation expense.

[g] Employee Share Purchase Plan

Our Board and stockholders approved the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, in August 2017. Contributions are made by eligible employees, subject to certain limits defined in the ESPP. The number of shares available for future purchases under the ESPP is 566,270 shares. All shares purchased under the ESPP are new share issuances. During thethree months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, no shares were purchased under the ESPP.

[h] Common Stock Warrants

The following is a summary of outstanding warrants to purchase common stock as of March 31, 2024:

*The pre-funded warrants do not have an expiration date.

**These warrants, the 2024 Warrants, have an exercise price of $4.906 per share (provided, however, that the purchaser may elect to exercise the warrants for pre-funded warrants in lieu of shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.906, minus $0.001, the exercise price of each pre-funded warrant). These warrants are immediately exercisable for shares of common stock or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof, and will expire on the earlier of (i) three and one-half years following the date of issuance and (ii) 30 days following our public disclosure of the acceptance of an NDA for cytisinicline by the FDA in a Day 74 Letter or equivalent correspondence.

The agreements governing the above warrants include the following terms:

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certain warrants have exercise prices which are subject to adjustment for certain events, including the issuance of stock dividends on our common stock and, in certain instances, the issuance of our common stock or instruments convertible into our common stock at a price per share less than the exercise price of the respective warrants (specifically those issued under the December 2019 Public Offering and November 2022 Private Placement);

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warrant holders may exercise the warrants through a cashless exercise if, and only if, we do not have an effective registration statement then available for the issuance of the shares of our common stock. If an effective registration statement is available for the issuance of our common stock a holder may only exercise the warrants through a cash exercise;

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the exercise price and the number and type of securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants are subject to adjustment upon certain corporate events, including certain combinations, consolidations, liquidations, mergers, recapitalizations, reclassifications, reorganizations, stock dividends and stock splits, a sale of all or substantially all of our assets and certain other events;

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in the event of an “extraordinary transaction” or a “fundamental transaction” (as such terms are defined in the respective warrant agreements), generally including any merger with or into another entity, sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, tender offer or exchange offer, or reclassification of its common stock, in which the successor entity (as defined in the respective warrant agreements) that assumes the successor entity is not a publicly traded company, the Company or any successor entity will pay the warrant holder, at such holder’s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with or within 30 days after the consummation of the extraordinary transaction or fundamental transaction, an amount of cash equal to the value of such holder’s warrants as determined in accordance with the Black Scholes option pricing model and the terms of the respective warrant agreement. In some circumstances, we or successor entity may be obligated to make such payments regardless of whether the successor entity that assumes the warrants is a publicly traded company; and

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with respect to the 2024 Warrants, in the event we consummate a “fundamental transaction,” as described in the 2024 Warrants and generally including a merger or consolidation with or into another person or other reorganization event in which our common shares are converted or exchanged for securities, cash or other property and we are not the surviving entity and in which our stockholders immediately prior to the merger or consolidation do not own, directly or indirectly, at least 50% of the voting power of the surviving entity immediately after such merger or consolidation (excluding any merger effected solely to change the company’s name), or we sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets or we or another person acquire 50% or more of our outstanding shares of common stock, then following such event, the holders of the 2024 Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of such 2024 Warrants the same kind and amount of securities, cash or property which the holders would have received had they exercised their 2024 Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction. Any successor to us or surviving entity shall assume the obligations under the 2024 Warrants. Additionally, as more fully described in the 2024 Warrants, in the event of certain fundamental transactions, the holders of the 2024 Warrants will be entitled to receive consideration in an amount equal to the Black Scholes value of the 2024 Warrants on the date of consummation of such transaction.

No warrants were exercised for thethree months ended March 31, 2024. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, warrants to purchase 33,333 shares, issued in the December 2019 financing, were exercised at a per share price of $2.31, for proceeds of $0.1 million. As of March 31, 2024, all of our outstanding warrants were classified as equity.

9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Leases

We have operating leases for our corporate offices.

Operating leases with a term of 12 months or longer are included in ROU assets, other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use the incremental borrowing rate of comparable companies from a representative peer group selected based on industry and market capitalization. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Vancouver lease arrangement

On November 19, 2018, we entered into a lease agreement, or the Vancouver Lease, for office space in Vancouver, British Columbia, which commenced on February 1, 2019 and had afour-year term. Pursuant to the terms of the lease agreement, we rent approximately 2,367 square feet of office space. On December 16, 2022, we entered into an agreement to extend the lease for another two-year term, which commenced on February 1, 2023. The annual rent is approximately $0.1 million.

Future minimum lease payments under the Vancouver Lease are as follows (in thousands):

Consolidated rent expense relating to the Vancouver, British Columbia office, for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $29,000.

Other information related to leases was as follows:

Guarantees and Indemnifications

We indemnify our officers, directors and certain consultants for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while the officer or director is or was serving at its request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is equal to the officer’s or director’s lifetime.

The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however, we have obtained director and officer insurance that limits our exposure and may enable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. We believe that the fair value of these indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, we havenot recognized any liabilities relating to these obligations as of March 31, 2024.

We have certain agreements with certain organizations with which we do business that contain indemnification provisions pursuant to which we typically agree to indemnify the party against certain types of third-party claims. We accrue for known indemnification issues when a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. There wereno accruals for, or expenses related to, indemnification issues for any period presented.