Gogo Inc

Basis of Presentation

The Business – Gogo Inc. (“Gogo,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is the world’s largest provider of broadband connectivity services for the business aviation market. We have served this market for more than 25 years. Our mission is to enrich the lives of passengers and the efficiency of operators with the world’s best business aviation in-flight connectivity and customer support. We have always sought to provide the best connectivity for the business aviation market regardless of technology, and we have a successful history of doing so. Until recently, we focused primarily on business aviation aircraft in North America, which comprise approximately 63% of the worldwide business aviation fleet, and we are the leading provider of in-flight connectivity in that market. Gogo started in analogue air-to-ground (“ATG”) technology in the late 1990s, then, as analogue cellular backhaul disappeared, migrated to narrowband satellite connectivity in the early 2000s, then back to ATG with our digital broadband 3G and 4G networks beginning in 2010. We are currently developing our fourth ATG network – Gogo 5G – that we expect to commercially launch a few months later than the previously stated fourth quarter 2024 launch date, and we are working with our vendors to finalize the schedule. Simultaneous with the development of Gogo 5G, we are actively working with a subset of AVANCE customers and customers utilizing our legacy Gogo Biz ATG airborne system operating on our ground 3G and 4G networks to upgrade to an AVANCE system compatible with a new LTE network. We anticipate this subset of customers will see improved performance because of this network transition, which is expected to occur in early 2026. The cost for the transition to the new LTE network is partially being reimbursed through our participation in the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program (the “FCC Reimbursement Program”).

We also continue to provide narrowband satellite services to customers in North America and internationally through distribution agreements with satellite providers. In May 2022, in order to further serve our existing customers and expand our target market, we announced plans to expand our broadband offerings beyond ATG by launching the first global broadband service designed for business aviation (“Gogo Galileo”). The service will use an electronically steered antenna, specifically designed to address a broad range of business aviation aircraft, operating on a low earth orbit (“LEO”) satellite network and is targeted for commercial launch in the fourth quarter of 2024. We believe that Gogo Galileo, in combination with, or as an alternative to, our ATG systems will allow us to increase our penetration of the North American heavy jet market and provide an upgrade path for our existing ATG customer base. In addition, we believe that Gogo Galileo will allow us to penetrate the business aviation market outside of North America, where only approximately 6% of business aviation aircraft are installed with in-flight connectivity systems.

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conformity with Article 10 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our annual audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 28, 2024 (the “2023 10-K”). These Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all material adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary to fairly state, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

The results of operations and cash flows for the three-month period ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024.

We hadone class of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the significant estimates and bases such estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

As a result of our determination to participate in the FCC Reimbursement Program, we reassessed and shortened the estimated useful lives of affected network equipment to be consistent with our estimated date to complete the program. This change in accounting estimate was effective beginning the second quarter of 2023 and resulted in increased depreciation expense of $1.2 million for thethree-month period ended March 31, 2024. Net income per basic share was unchanged, while net income per diluted share decreased by $0.01 for thethree-month period ended March 31, 2024.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Accounting standards not yet adopted:

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This guidance is effective retrospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that this guidance will have upon our consolidated financial statements and related notes.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, most notably in the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that this guidance will have upon our consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share have been calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share was computed using the treasury stock method for stock-based compensation.

The diluted earnings per share calculations exclude the effect of stock options, deferred stock units and restricted stock units when the computation is anti-dilutive. For the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted average number of shares excluded from the computation was 2.8 million and 0.6 million, respectively.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for thethree-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Revenue Recognition

Remaining performance obligations

As of March 31, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price in our contracts allocated to the remaining unsatisfied performance obligations (“RPO”) was approximately$292 million and excludes consideration from contracts that have an original duration of one year or less. Approximately$276 million of the RPO primarily represents connectivity and entertainment service revenues which are recognized as services are provided, which is expected to occur through the remaining term of the contracts. Our contracts vary in length and generally have terms oftwototen years. We expect to recognize approximately 20% of our connectivity and entertainment service RPO within the next year, approximately 45% inoneto five years and the remaining 35% infive toten years. The remaining$16 million of the RPO represents future equipment revenue that is expected to be recognized primarily within the next three years as equipment is shipped.

Disaggregation of revenue

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by category(in thousands):

Contract balances

Our current and non-current contract asset balances totaled $16.5 million and $16.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Contract assets represent the aggregate amount of revenue recognized in excess of billings and recoverable contract costs primarily for certain sales programs.

Our current and non-current deferred revenue balances totaled $2.2 million and $1.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Deferred revenue includes, among other things, prepayments for equipment and subscription connectivity products.

Government Assistance

FCC Reimbursement Program

On July 15, 2022, the Company was notified that it was approved for participation in the FCC Reimbursement Program, designed to reimburse providers of advanced communications services for reasonable costs incurred in the required removal, replacement, and disposal of covered communications equipment or services, that have been deemed to pose a national security risk, from their networks. Pursuant to the FCC Reimbursement Program, the FCC approved up to approximately $334 million in reimbursements to the Company to cover documented and approved costs to (i) remove and securely destroy all ZTE communications equipment and services in the Company’s terrestrial U.S. networks and replace such equipment and (ii) remove and replace certain equipment installed on aircraft operated by the Company’s ATG customers that is not compatible with the terrestrial equipment that will replace ZTE equipment. Due to a shortfall in the amount appropriated by Congress to fund the FCC Reimbursement Program, approximately $132 million of the approved amount is currently allocated to the Company under the program. If Congress appropriates additional funds for this purpose, the allocations of the Company and other approved applicants will be increasedpro rata. Program participants are subject to a number of conditions and requirements under the FCC’s rules including a requirement that they submit their first reimbursement request by July 17, 2023 and certify that they have developed a plan to permanently remove, replace and dispose of covered equipment or services within one year following the first reimbursement request. The rules permit participants to petition the FCC for one or more six-month extensions of the completion deadline. The Company, with the assistance of an advisor engaged to help administer the program, submitted and received its first reimbursement claim in July 2023. The Company’s original one year term to complete the program is set for July 21, 2024, however, based on discussions with our vendors supporting the program regarding lead times for network equipment, we plan to petition the FCC for multiple extensions, as outlined in our application for the FCC Reimbursement Program. On March 29, 2024 the Company was granted its first six-month extension by the FCC extending the program completion deadline to January 21, 2025.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we have recorded a$15.2 million and $18.3 million receivable from the FCC, respectively, which is included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following are the deductions to the carrying value of asset balances in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023(in thousands):

No amounts were recorded to Net income during the three-month period ended March 31, 2023. The following are the increases to Net income in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three-month period ended March 31, 2024(in thousands):

Composition of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Inventories consist primarily of telecommunications systems and parts and are recorded at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. We evaluate the need for write-downs associated with obsolete, slow-moving and nonsalable inventory by reviewing net realizable inventory values on a periodic basis.

Inventories as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Property and equipment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Other non-current assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Accrued liabilities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Research and Development Costs

Expenditures for research and development are charged to expense as incurred and totaled$9.2 million and$7.9 million, respectively, during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Research and development costs are reported as Engineering, design and development expenses in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets are comprised of both indefinite-lived and finite-lived intangible assets. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized; rather, they are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We perform our annual impairment test of our indefinite-lived intangible assets during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, and the results from the test performed in the fourth quarter of 2023 indicated no impairment. We also reevaluate the useful life of indefinite-lived intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life.

As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our goodwill balance was$0.6 million.

Our intangible assets, other than goodwill, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except for weighted average remaining useful life):

Amortization expense was$0.2 million and$0.6 million, respectively, for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Amortization expense for the remainder of 2024, each of the next four years and thereafter is estimated to be as follows (in thousands):

Actual future amortization expense could differ from the estimated amount as a result of future investments and other factors.

Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities

Long-term debt as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

2021 Credit Agreement

On April 30, 2021, Gogo and Gogo Intermediate Holdings LLC (“GIH”) (a wholly owned subsidiary of Gogo) entered into a credit agreement (the “Original 2021 Credit Agreement,” and, as it may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “2021 Credit Agreement”) among Gogo, GIH, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, which provides for (i) a term loan credit facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $725.0 million, issued with a discount of 0.5%, and (ii) a revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Facilities”) of up to $100.0 million, which includes a letter of credit sub-facility.

The Term Loan Facility amortizes in nominal quarterly installments equal to one percent of the aggregate initial principal amount thereof per annum, with the remaining balance payable upon final maturity of the Term Loan Facility on April 30, 2028. There are no amortization payments under the Revolving Facility, and all borrowings under the Revolving Facility mature on April 30, 2026.

The Term Loan Facility bears annual interest at a floating rate measured by reference to, at GIH’s option, either (i) an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“SOFR”) (subject to a floor of 0.75%) plus an applicable margin of 3.75% and a credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of 0.11%, 0.26% or 0.43% per annum based on 1-month, 3-month or 6-month term SOFR, respectively or(ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.75%.

Loans outstanding under the Revolving Facility bear annual interest at a floating rate measured by reference to, at GIH’s option, either (i) an adjusted term SOFR rate (subject to a floor of 0.00%) plus an applicable margin ranging from 3.25% to 3.75% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio and a credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of 0.11%,0.26% or 0.43% per annum based on 1-month, 3-month or 6-month term SOFR, respectively or(ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 2.25% to 2.75% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio. Additionally, unused commitments under the Revolving Facility are subject to a fee ranging from 0.25% to 0.50% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio. As of March 31, 2024, the fee for unused commitments under the Revolving Facility was 0.25% and the applicable margin was 3.25%.

The Facilities may be prepaid at GIH’s option at any time without premium or penalty (other than customary breakage costs), subject to minimum principal payment amount requirements.

Subject to certain exceptions and de minimis thresholds, the Term Loan Facility is subject to mandatory prepayments in an amount equal to:

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100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales, insurance recovery and condemnation events, subject to reduction to 50% and 0% if specified senior secured first lien net leverage ratio targets are met;

•

100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt offerings; and

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50% of annual excess cash flow (as defined in the 2021 Credit Agreement), subject to reduction to 25% and 0% if specified senior secured first lien net leverage ratio targets are met.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants. The negative covenants include restrictions on, among other things: incurrence of indebtedness or issuance of disqualified equity interests; incurrence or existence of liens; consolidations or mergers; activities of Gogo and any subsidiary holding a license issued by the FCC; investments, loans, advances, guarantees or acquisitions; asset sales; dividends or other distributions on equity; purchase, redemption or retirement of capital stock; payment or redemption of certain junior indebtedness; entry into other agreements that restrict the ability to incur liens securing the Facilities; and amendment of organizational documents; in each case subject to customary exceptions.

The Revolving Facility includes a financial covenant set at a maximum senior secured first lien net leverage ratio of 7.50:1.00, which will apply if the outstanding amount of loans and unreimbursed letter of credit drawings thereunder at the end of any fiscal quarter exceeds 35% of the aggregate of all commitments thereunder.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, which, if any of them occurred, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all of the then outstanding obligations under the Facilities to be due and payable immediately and the commitments under the Revolving Facility to be terminated.

The Revolving Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes of GIH and its subsidiaries and was undrawn as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Facility was$605.1 million and $606.9 million, respectively, the unaccreted debt discount was$2.0 million and$2.1 million, respectively, and the net carrying amount was$603.1 million and $604.8 million, respectively.

We paid approximately $19.7 millionof loan origination and financing costs related to the Facilities which are being accounted for as deferred financing costs on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized over the terms of the

Facilities. Total amortization expense was$0.6 million for both the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and is included in interest expense in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Facilities was$10.5 million and $11.1 million, respectively.

On April 30, 2021, Gogo, GIH, and each direct and indirect wholly-owned U.S. restricted subsidiary of GIH (Gogo and such subsidiaries collectively, the “Guarantors”) entered into a guarantee agreement (the “Guarantee Agreement”) in favor of Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as collateral agent (the “Collateral Agent”), whereby GIH and the Guarantors guarantee the obligations under the Facilities and certain other secured obligations as set forth in the Guarantee Agreement, and GIH and the Guarantors entered into a collateral agreement (the “Collateral Agreement”), in favor of the Collateral Agent, whereby GIH and the Guarantors grant a security interest in substantially all of their respective tangible and intangible assets (including the equity interests in each direct material wholly-owned U.S. restricted subsidiary owned by GIH or any Guarantor, and 65% of the equity interests in any non-U.S. subsidiary held directly by GIH or any Guarantor), subject to certain exceptions, to secure the obligations under the Facilities and certain other secured obligations as set forth in the Collateral Agreement.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

We are exposed to interest rate risk on our variable rate borrowings. We currently use interest rate caps to manage our exposure to interest rate changes, and have designated these interest rate caps as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the earnings impact of the derivatives designated as cash flow hedges is recorded upon the recognition of the variable interest payments related to the hedged debt.

In May 2021, we purchased interest rate caps with an aggregate notional amount of $650.0 million for $8.6 million. The cost of the interest rate caps will be amortized to interest expense using the caplet method, from the effective date through termination date. We receive payments in the amount calculated pursuant to the caps for any period in which the daily compounded SOFR rate plusa credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rate Committee of 0.26% increases beyond the applicable strike rate. The notional amounts of the interest rate caps periodically decrease over the life of the caps.

The notional amounts, strike rates and end dates of the cap agreements are as follows(notional amounts in thousands):

We record the effective portion of changes in the fair value of our cash flow hedges to other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, and subsequently reclassify these amounts into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction is recognized. The amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified to interest expense in the event the hedges are no longer considered effective, in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. No gains or losses of our cash flow hedges were considered to be ineffective and reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings for thethree-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. We estimate that approximately$2.6 million currently recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be recognized in earnings over the next 12 months. We assess the effectiveness of the hedges on an ongoing basis, and the remaining outstanding caps are still considered to be highly effective, and remain designated as a cash flow hedge. Cash flows from interest rate caps are classified in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as investing activities.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a decrease in fair value on the interest rate caps of $1.5 million, net of tax of $0.2 million, and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023, we recorded a decrease in fair value on the interest rate caps of$7.3 million, net of tax of $2.3 million. Increases and decreases in fair value on interest rate caps above exclude amortization of the purchase price paid for the interest rate caps.

When derivatives are used, we are exposed to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties; however, non-performance is not anticipated. ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, requires companies to recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in the balance sheet. The fair values of the interest rate derivatives are based on quoted market prices for similar instruments from commercial banks (based on significant observable inputs - Level 2 inputs).

The following table presents the fair value of our interest rate derivatives included in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for the periods presented (in thousands):

Fair Value Measurement

Our derivative assets and liabilities consist principally of interest rate caps, which are carried at fair value based on significant observable inputs (Level 2 inputs). Derivatives entered into by us are typically executed over-the-counter and are valued using discounted cash flows along with fair value models that primarily use market observable inputs. These models take into account a variety of factors including, where applicable, maturity, interest rate yield curves, and counterparty credit risks.

Interest Costs

We capitalize a portion of our interest on funds borrowed during the active construction period of major capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the underlying assets and amortized over the useful lives of the assets.

The following is a summary of our interest costs for thethree-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023(in thousands):

Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

A three-tier fair value hierarchy has been established which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

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Level 1 - defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

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Level 2 - defined as observable inputs other than Level 1 inputs such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

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Level 3 - defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

Refer to Note 9, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” for fair value information relating to our interest rate caps.

Investment in Convertible Note:

On February 26, 2024, Gogo invested $5 million in a convertible note offering (“Investment in Convertible Note”). The Investment in Convertible Note accrues interest at 5% per annum, payable upon maturity of the note or upon conversion, and matures two years after the date of issuance. We have elected to measure our Investment in Convertible Note using the fair value option and record changes in fair value, including accrued interest, in Other (income) expense, net on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company elected the fair value option for the Investment in Convertible Note to eliminate complexities of applying certain accounting models.

The fair value of the Investment in Convertible Note is measured using Level 3 (unobservable) inputs. The Company, with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist, determined the fair value using a binomial lattice model. The significant assumptions used in the model include the yield, equity volatility, outstanding principal, remaining term, stated interest rate, risk-free interest rate and the current publicly available stock price. The yield is estimated using similar security yields for companies with similar credit ratings. Equity volatility is estimated based on observed equity volatility for similar companies. The outstanding principal, remaining term and stated interest rate are all determined based on contractually defined terms and the risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to the remaining time to maturity. Subsequent to March 31, 2024, the Company observed a significant decrease in the publicly available stock price of the issuer. Should the decrease be sustained, the fair value of the Investment in Convertible Note could be materially and negatively impacted.

The reconciliation of beginning and ending balances of the Investment in Convertible Note as of March 31, 2024 were as follows(in thousands):

Long-Term Debt:

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our only financial asset and liability disclosed but not measured at fair value is the Term Loan Facility, which is reflected on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at cost. The fair value measurement is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy since it is based on quoted market prices of our instrument in markets that are not active. We estimated the fair value of the Term Loan Facility by calculating the upfront cash payment a market participant would require to assume this obligation. The upfront cash payment used in the calcula tion of fair value on our March 31, 2024 Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding any issuance costs, is the amount that a market participant would be willing to lend at such date to an entity with a credit rating similar to ours and that would allow such an entity to achieve sufficient cash inflows to cover the scheduled cash outflows under the Term Loan Facility.

The fair value and carrying value of long-term debt as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows(in thousands):

(1)

Fair value amounts are rounded to the nearest million.

(2)

Carrying value of the Term Loan Facility reflects the unaccreted debt discount of$2.0 million and $2.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See Note 8, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” for further information.

Stock-Based Compensation and 401(k) Plan

Stock-Based Compensation —As of March 31, 2024, we maintained the Second Amended and Restated Gogo Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2016 Omnibus Plan”). The 2016 Omnibus Plan provides for the grant of both equity and cash awards, including non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance awards (shares and units), restricted stock, Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), deferred share units and other stock-based awards and dividend equivalents to eligible employees, directors and consultants, as determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors. See Note 12, “Stock-Based Compensation and 401(k) Plan,” in our 2023 10-K for further information regarding these plans. The majority of our equity grants are awarded on an annual basis.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2024, no options to purchase shares of common stock were granted, options to purchase 31,136 shares of common stock were exercised, no options to purchase shares of common stock were forfeited and 13,053 options to purchase shares of common stock expired.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2024,30,908 RSUs were granted,1,017,609 RSUs vested and 13,436 RSUs were forfeited. The fair value of the RSUs granted during thethree-month period ended March 31, 2024 was approximately$0.3 million, which will generally be recognized over a period offour years.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2024,49,256 deferred stock units were granted, none vested and 169,683 were settled. The fair value of the deferred stock units granted during thethree-month period ended March 31, 2024 was approximately$0.4 million, which will generally be recognized over a period ofone year.

The following is a summary of our stock-based compensation expense by operating expense line in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations(in thousands):

401(k) Plan — Under our 401(k) plan, all employees who are eligible to participate are entitled to make tax-deferred contributions, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations. We match 100% of the employee’s first 4% of contributions made, subject to annual limitations. Our matching contributions were$0.6 million and$0.5 million, respectively, during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Income Tax

The effective income tax rates for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were 26.4% and 17.7%, respectively. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2024, our effective income tax rate was higher than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state income taxes, nondeductible officer’s compensation, and stock-based compensation, partially offset by tax benefits related to domestic research and development tax credits. For thethree-month period ended March 31, 2023, our effective income tax rate was lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to a partial release of the valuation allowance on certain of our deferred income tax assets, tax benefits related to domestic research and development tax credits and stock-based compensation, partially offset by state income taxes.

We regularly assess the need for a valuation allowance related to our deferred income tax assets to determine, based on the weight of all available positive and negative evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of such deferred assets will not be realized. In our assessments, the Company considers recent financial operating results, the scheduled expiration of our net operating losses, future taxable income, the reversal of existing taxable differences, and tax planning strategies. The remaining valuation allowance is still required for deferred tax assets related to certain state credits, foreign net operating losses and capital loss carryforwards as it is more likely than not as of March 31, 2024 that these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We are subject to taxation and file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and many states and Canada. With few exceptions, as of March 31, 2024 we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2020.

We record penalties and interest relating to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision line item in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. No penalties or interest related to uncertain tax positions were recorded for thethree-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we didnot have a liability recorded for interest or potential penalties.

Leases

Operating and Financing Leases — We determine whether a contract contains a lease at contract inception. Lease liabilities are calculated using a discount rate based on our incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement. We have operating lease agreements primarily related to cell sites and office space. Certain cell site and office space leases have renewal option terms that have been deemed reasonably certain to be exercised. These renewal options extend a lease by up to 15 years. We recognize operating lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As of March 31, 2024, there were no significant leases which had not commenced.

The following is a summary of our lease expense included in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands):

Other information regarding our leases is as follows(in thousands, except lease terms and discount rates):

Annual future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2024(in thousands):

Commitments and Contingencies

Contractual Commitments – We have agreements with various vendors under which we have remaining commitments to purchase hardware components and development services. Such commitments will become payable as we receive the hardware components, or as development services are provided.

SmartSky Litigation – On February 28, 2022, SmartSky Networks, LLC brought suit against Gogo Inc. and its subsidiary Gogo Business Aviation LLC in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (the “Court”) alleging that Gogo 5G infringes four patents owned by the plaintiff. On February 21, 2023, the plaintiff amended its complaint to allege that Gogo 5G infringes two additional patents recently issued to the plaintiff. The suit seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages as well as treble damages for alleged willful infringement and reimbursement of plaintiff's costs, disbursements and attorneys' fees. Under a schedule agreed upon by the parties, fact discovery and claim construction proceedings will be substantially completed by early-to-mid 2024, and expert discovery by mid 2024, with dispositive motions to follow. A trial date has been scheduled for April 14, 2025. Also on February 28, 2022, the plaintiff filed a motion (the “PI Motion”) requesting that the Court preliminarily enjoin the Company from making, using, offering to sell or selling the Gogo 5G system. On September 26, 2022, the Court issued an order denying the PI Motion. The plaintiff has appealed the denial to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. On January 31, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the decision of the Court to deny the PI Motion. We intend to continue to vigorously defend our position in the infringement suit and defend against any further appeal of the PI Motion decision. The outcomes of the appeal and the underlying litigation are inherently uncertain. No amounts have been accrued for any potential losses under this matter, as we cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation or any potential losses.

On March 5, 2024, Gogo Inc. and its subsidiary Gogo Business Aviation LLC filed counterclaims in the same suit, alleging that SmartSky’s ATG network, Flagship equipment, and LITE ATG equipment infringe three patents owned by Gogo. Gogo’s counterclaim suit seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages as well as reimbursement of Gogo's costs and attorneys' fees. On April 10, 2024, the Court held that Gogo's counterclaims would proceed under a separate schedule and would be tried separately from SmartSky's claims. At this time, no schedule has been adopted for Gogo's counterclaims.

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot predict with certainty the outcome of any litigation or the potential for future litigation. Regardless of the outcome of any particular litigation and the merits of any particular claim, litigation can have a material adverse impact on our company due to, among other reasons, any injunctive relief granted, which could inhibit our ability to operate our business, amounts paid as damages or in settlement of any such matter, diversion of management resources and defense costs.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following is a summary of changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component(in thousands):

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding our industry, business strategy, plans, goals and expectations concerning our market position, international expansion, future technologies, future operations, margins, profitability, future efficiencies, capital expenditures, liquidity and capital resources and other financial and operating information. When used in this discussion, the words “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “budget,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “future” and the negative of these or similar terms and phrases are intended to identify forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations regarding future events, results or outcomes. These expectations may or may not be realized. Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give you no assurance these expectations will prove to have been correct. Some of these expectations may be based upon assumptions, data or judgments that prove to be incorrect. Actual events, results and outcomes may differ materially from our expectations due to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. Although it is not possible to identify all of these risks and factors, they include, among others, the following:

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our ability to continue to generate revenue from the provision of our connectivity services;

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our reliance on our key OEMs and dealers for equipment sales;

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our ability to develop and deploy Gogo 5G, Gogo Galileo or other next generation technologies;

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the impact of competition;

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our ability to expand our business outside of the United States;

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the impact of pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases, and the measures implemented to combat them;

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the impact of global supply chain and logistics issues and increasing inflation;

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our ability to evaluate or pursue strategic opportunities;

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our reliance on third parties for equipment components and services;

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our ability to recruit, train and retain highly skilled employees;

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the impact of adverse economic conditions;

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our ability to maintain our rights to use our licensed 3MHz of ATG spectrum in the United States and obtain rights to additional spectrum if needed;

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the impact of our use of open-source software;

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the impact of equipment failure or material defects or errors in our software;

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the impact of service interruptions or delays, technology failures, equipment damage or system disruptions or failures, including any arising from cyber-attacks;

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the impact of assertions by third parties of infringement, misappropriation or other violations;

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our ability to innovate and provide products and services;

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risks associated with participation in the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) Reimbursement Program;

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our ability to comply with applicable foreign ownership limitations;

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our ability to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws;

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our possession and use of personal information;

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the extent of expenses, liabilities or business disruptions resulting from litigation;

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our ability to protect our intellectual property rights;

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the impact of global climate change and legal, regulatory or market responses to it;

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our substantial indebtedness, limitations and restrictions in the agreements governing our current and future indebtedness and our ability to service our indebtedness;

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fluctuations in our operating results;

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our ability to fully utilize portions of our deferred income tax assets; and

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other risks and factors listed under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 28, 2024 (the “2023 10-K”) and in Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Any one of these factors or a combination of these factors could materially affect our financial condition or future results of operations and could influence whether any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ultimately prove to be accurate. Our forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and you should not place undue reliance on them. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and unless required by law we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

In addition, while we do, from time to time, communicate with securities analysts, it is against our policy to disclose to them any material non-public information or other confidential information. Accordingly, stockholders should not assume that we agree with any statement or report issued by any analyst irrespective of the content of the statement or report. Thus, to the extent that reports issued by securities analysts contain any projections, forecasts, or opinions, such reports are not our responsibility.