PARSONS CORP

Description of Operations

Organization

Parsons Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) provide sophisticated design, engineering and technical services, and smart and agile software to the United States federal government and Critical Infrastructure customers worldwide. The Company performs work in various foreign countries through local subsidiaries, joint ventures and foreign offices maintained to carry out specific projects.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of Parsons Corporation and its subsidiaries and affiliates which it controls. Interests in joint ventures that are controlled by the Company, or for which the Company is otherwise deemed to be the primary beneficiary, are consolidated. For joint ventures in which the Company does not have a controlling interest, but exerts significant influence, the Company applies the equity method of accounting. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Certain amounts may not foot due to rounding.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates. The Company’s most significant estimates and judgments involve revenue recognition with respect to the determination of the costs to complete contracts and transaction price; determination of self-insurance reserves; useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets; valuation of deferred income tax assets and uncertain tax positions, among others.

ESOP

The Company maintains a non-leveraged ESOP for eligible employees, for which the Company contributes shares of its own stock to the ESOP trust each year. Throughout the year, as employee services are rendered, the Company records compensation expense based on salaries of eligible employees. At each reporting period, the shares held within the ESOP or committed to be contributed to the ESOP are adjusted to their redemption value through an offsetting charge or credit to retained earnings/accumulated deficit.

Treasury Stock

The Company records treasury stock purchases under the cost method whereby the entire cost of the acquired stock is recorded as treasury stock. The Company records the reissuance of treasury stock using the first-in, first-out method of accounting. Contributions of 915,113 shares,1,188,129 shares, and 1,631,477 shares of common stock were made to the ESOP in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Share Repurchases

During the third quarter of 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to acquire a number of shares of Common Stock having an aggregate market value of not greater than $100,000,000 from time to time. Repurchased shares of common stock are retired and included in “Repurchases of common stock” in cash flows from financing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing Net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per common share is calculated using the if-converted method by dividing adjusted net income by adjusted weighted average outstanding shares, assuming conversion of all potentially dilutive securities. Upon contribution to the ESOP, the shares become outstanding and are included within the earnings per share computations.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC 606, the Company follows the five-step process in ASC 606 to recognize revenue:

Identify the contract

Identify performance obligations

Determine the transaction price

Allocate the transaction price

Recognize revenue

Contracts—Revenue is derived from long-term contracts with customers whereby the Company provides planning, design, engineering, technical, and construction and program management services. The Company has contracts with the United States federal government that contain provisions requiring compliance with the United States Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) and the United States Cost Accounting Standards (“CAS”). These regulations are generally applicable to all of the Company’s federal government contracts and are partially or fully incorporated in some local and state agency contracts. Most of the Company’s federal government contracts are subject to termination at the convenience of the client. These contracts typically provide for reimbursement of costs incurred and payment of fees earned through the date of such termination.

The Company enters into the following types of contracts with its customers:

Cost-Plus—Under cost-plus contracts, the Company is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs incurred, plus a fee. The contracts may also include incentives for various performance criteria, including quality, timeliness, safety and cost-effectiveness. In addition, costs are generally subject to review by clients and regulatory audit agencies, and such reviews could result in costs being disputed as non-reimbursable under the terms of the contract.

Time-and-Materials—Under time-and-materials contracts, hourly billing rates are negotiated and charged to clients based on the actual time spent on a project. In certain cases, these contracts may be subject to maximum contract values. In addition, clients reimburse actual out-of-pocket costs for materials and other direct incidental expenditures that are incurred in connection with the performance under the contract.

Fixed-Price—The Company enters into two types of fixed-price contracts: firm fixed-price (“FFP”) and fixed-price per unit (“FPPU”). Under FFP contracts, clients pay an agreed fixed-amount negotiated in advance for a specified scope of work.

Contract Costs—Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor and materials, amounts payable to subcontractors, direct overhead costs and equipment expense (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance and repairs). All contract costs are recorded as incurred. Changes to estimated contract costs, either due to unexpected events or revisions to management’s initial estimates, for a given project are recognized in the period in which they are determined. Pre-contract costs are expensed as incurred unless they are expected to be recovered from the client, generate or enhance resources that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future and directly relate to an existing or anticipated contract. Costs to mobilize equipment and labor to a job site, prior to substantive work beginning (“mobilization costs”) are capitalized as incurred and amortized over the expected duration of the contract. Additionally, the Company may incur incremental costs to obtain certain contracts, such as selling and market costs, bid and proposal costs, sales commissions, and legal fees, certain of which can be capitalized if they are recoverable under the contract. Capitalized contract costs are included in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and were not material as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Performance Obligations—A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. To the extent a contract is deemed to have multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The Company determines the relative standalone selling price utilizing observable prices for the sale of the underlying goods or services. Contracts are considered to have a single performance obligation if the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts or is not distinct in the context of the contract, which is mainly because the Company provides a significant service of integrating a complex set of tasks and components into a single project or capability. Engineering and construction contracts are generally accounted for as a single performance obligation while our engineering and construction supervision contracts are accounted for as two separate performance obligations. When providing construction supervision services, the Company is not liable for the construction of the asset, but has an overall responsibility to oversee, coordinate, measure, and evaluate the quality of construction work and the performance of the construction contractor on behalf of the customer. Customers are generally billed as the Company satisfies its performance obligations and payment terms typically range from 30 to 120 days from the invoice date. Billings under certain fixed-price contracts may be based upon the achievement of specified milestones, while some arrangements may require advance customer payment. The Company’s contracts generally do not include a significant financing component.

Variable Consideration—The transaction price for the Company’s contracts may include variable consideration, which includes increases to transaction price for approved and unpriced change orders, claims and incentives, and reductions to transaction price for liquidated damages. Change orders, claims and incentives are generally not distinct from the existing contract due to the significant integration service provided in the context of the contract and are accounted for as a modification of the existing contract and performance obligation. The Company estimates variable consideration for a performance obligation utilizing one of the two prescribed methods, depending on which method better predicts the amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled (or the amount the Company expects to incur in the case of liquidated damages). Such methods are: (a) the expected value method, whereby the amount of variable consideration to be recognized represents the sum of probability weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts, and (b) the most likely amount method, whereby the amount of variable consideration to be recognized represents the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts. When applying these methods, the Company considers all information that is reasonably available, including historical, current and estimates of future performance. The expected value method is utilized in situations where a contract contains a large number of possible outcomes, while the most likely amount method is utilized in situations where a contract has only two possible outcomes.

The Company includes variable consideration in the estimated transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur or when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company’s estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in transaction price are based largely on an assessment of anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. The effect of variable consideration on the transaction price of a performance obligation is recognized as an adjustment to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Change Orders—Change orders, which are a normal and recurring part of business, may include changes in specifications or design, manner of performance, facilities, equipment, materials, sites and period of completion of the work. The Company or customer may initiate change orders. Most change orders are not distinct from the existing contract and are accounted for as part of that existing contract. The effect of a change order on the transaction price and measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenues (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenues) on a cumulative catch-up basis. Revenues from unpriced change orders are recognized to the extent of the amounts the Company expects to recover, consistent with the variable consideration policy discussed above. If it is probable that a reversal of revenues will occur, the costs attributable to change orders are treated as contract costs without incremental revenues. To the extent change orders included in the price are not resolved in the Company’s favor, there could be reductions in, or reversals of previously reported amounts of, revenues and profits, and charges against current earnings, which could be material.

Claims Revenue—Claims revenue are amounts in excess of agreed contract prices that the Company seeks to collect from clients or others for customer-caused delays, errors in specifications and designs, contract terminations, change orders that are in dispute, or other causes of unanticipated additional contract costs, including factors outside of our control, and therefore the Company believes it is entitled to additional compensation. Claims revenue, when recorded, is only recorded to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. The Company includes certain claims in the transaction price when the claims are legally enforceable, the Company considers collection to be probable and believes it can reliably estimate the ultimate value. The Company continues to engage in negotiations with its customers on outstanding claims. However, these claims may be resolved at amounts that differ from current estimates, which could result in increases or decreases in future estimated contract profits or losses.

Warranties—In most cases, contracts include assurance-type warranties that the Company’s performance is free from material defect and consistent with the specifications of the Company’s contracts, which do not give rise to a separate performance obligation. To the extent the warranty terms provide the customer with an additional service, such as extended maintenance services, such warranty is accounted for as a separate performance obligation.

Revenue recognized over time—The Company’s performance obligations are generally satisfied over time as work progresses because of continuous transfer of control to the customer and the Company has the right to bill the customer as costs are incurred. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using an input measure (i.e. costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion) to measure progress. The Company generally uses the cost-to-cost measure of progress method because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as the Company incurs costs on its contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of total costs incurred to-date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Any expected losses on construction-type contracts in progress are charged to earnings, in total, in the period the losses are identified. The Company recognizes adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance is recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, the Company recognizes the total loss in the period it is identified.

Right to invoice practical expedient—For performance obligations satisfied over time where the Company has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the Company’s performance to-date, the Company recognizes revenue in the amount to which it has a right to invoice. For the Company’s reimbursable services contracts, revenue is recognized using the right to invoice practical expedient, or on a cost-to-cost measure of progress method. The Company will select the method that best represents progress on a project.

Revenue recognized at a point in time—For performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, revenue is recognized when the services are performed, control is transferred, and the performance obligation is complete. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time for vehicle inspection services. Revenue related to the inspection service is recognized for each vehicle inspection at the point the Company has completed the inspection.

In the Company’s industry, recognition of profit on long-term contracts requires the use of assumptions and estimates related to total contract revenue and in particular estimated claims revenue, total estimated cost at completion, and the measurement of progress towards completion. Estimates are continually evaluated as work progresses and are revised when necessary. When a change in estimate is determined to have an impact on contract profit, the Company records a positive or negative adjustment to the consolidated statements of income.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalent investments are carried at cost, which approximates fair value, and consist primarily of United States Treasuries, time deposits, and other forms of short-term fixed income investments.

Restricted Cash and Investments

Restricted cash and investments held in trust accounts represent collateral for certain incentive programs.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable includes billed and unbilled amounts and are recognized in the period when the Company’s rights to receive consideration are unconditional.

The Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based on consideration of trends in actual and forecasted credit quality of clients, including delinquency and payment history, type of client, such as a government agency or commercial sector client, and general economic conditions and particular industry conditions that may affect a client’s ability to pay. Past due receivable balances are written off when internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful in collecting the amounts due.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Projects with performance obligations recognized over time that have revenue recognized to-date in excess of cumulative billings and unbilled accounts receivable are reported on our consolidated balance sheets as “Contract assets”. Contract retentions, included in contract assets, represent amounts withheld by clients, in accordance with underlying contract terms, until certain conditions are met or the project is completed. The operating cycle for certain long-term contracts may extend beyond one year, and, accordingly, collection of retainage on those contracts may extend beyond one year. Contract assets are reclassified to accounts receivable when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.

Contract liabilities on uncompleted contracts represent the excess of cash collected from clients and billings to clients on contracts in advance of work performed over the amount of revenue recognized and provisions for losses. The majority of these amounts are expected to be earned within 12 months and are classified as current liabilities.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivables. The Company’s cash is primarily held with major banks and financial institutions throughout the world. At times, cash balances may be in excess of the amount insured.

The Company is involved in a significant volume of contracts with the United States federal government and state and local governments. Approximately 55%,53%, and 52% of consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and approximately 18% and 17% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022,respectively were derived from contracts with the United States federal government. No other customers represented 10% or more of consolidated revenues or accounts receivable in any of the periods presented.

In order to mitigate the credit risk associated with customers, the Company performs periodic credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost and are shown net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciation of leasehold improvements is computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the lease.

The cost of assets retired or otherwise disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts, and any gain or loss thereon is included in net income. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment when events or circumstances change that indicate they may not be recoverable. Impairment losses are recognized when estimated future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition are less than their carrying amount, in which case the asset is written down to its fair value.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets and current and long-term operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in other noncurrent assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, incremental borrowing rates are used based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components where the lease consideration is allocated between the components based on relative standalone prices. For real property leases, allocations of lease consideration between lease and non-lease components are immaterial. For certain equipment leases, such as vehicles, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Additionally, for certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities.

Equity-Based Compensation

The Company measures the value of services received from employees and directors in exchange for an equity-based award based on the grant date fair value. The Company issues equity-based awards that settle in shares of the Company’s common stock. Awards containing performance measures are adjusted at each reporting period for the number of shares expected to be earned. Compensation cost for performance awards are trued-up at each reporting period for the number of shares expected to be earned pro-rated for the portion of the requisite service period rendered. The Company recognizes compensation costs for these awards on either a straight-line or accelerated basis over the vesting period of the award in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of income. For awards that include market conditions, the grant date fair value is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation.

Business Combinations

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method, under which the purchase price of an acquired company is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed on the basis of their fair values at the date of acquisition. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated to goodwill. The determination of fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires the Company to make estimates and use valuation techniques when a market value is not readily available.

In determining the fair value of acquired intangible assets from our business acquisitions, the Company uses the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships and backlog and values developed technologies using the relief-from royalty method. The Company’s determination of the fair value of the intangible assets acquired involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to discount rates, revenue growth rates, projected margins, and customer revenue attrition rates.

Certain business acquisitions include contingent consideration. Contingent consideration is recorded at its fair value, using a Black-Scholes model, within other liabilities or other long-term liabilities, as appropriate. The fair value of contingent consideration involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to risks associated with earnout, i.e. risk in the underlying metric, risk in the earnout structure, counterparty credit risk, projected revenue, the revenue discount rate, the revenue volatility, and the Company's credit adjusted discount rate. Subsequent adjustments to these assumptions can cause changes to the measure of contingent consideration.

The Company adjusts the preliminary purchase price allocation, as necessary, during the measurement period of up to one year after the acquisition closing date as the Company obtains more information as to facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are recognized separate from the acquisition and are expensed as incurred.

Consolidation of Joint Ventures and Variable Interest Entities

The Company participates in joint ventures, which include partnerships and partially owned limited liability corporations, to bid, negotiate and complete specific projects. The Company is required to consolidate these joint ventures if it holds the majority voting interest or if the joint venture is determined to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary, as described below.

A VIE is an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack the ability to make certain decisions, the obligation to absorb expected losses or the right to receive expected residual returns; or (c) an equity investor has voting rights that are disproportionate to its economic interest and substantially all of the entity’s activities are on behalf of the investor with disproportionately low voting rights. The Company’s VIEs may be funded through contributions, loans and/or advances from the joint venture partners or by advances and/or letters of credit provided by clients. Certain VIEs are directly governed, managed, operated and administered by the joint venture partners. Others have no employees and, although these entities own and hold the contracts with the clients, the services required by the contracts are typically performed by the joint venture partners or by other subcontractors.

The Company is considered the primary beneficiary and required to consolidate a VIE if it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact that VIE’s economic performance, and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of that VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In determining whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, significant assumptions and judgments include the following: (1) identifying the significant activities and the parties that have the power to direct them; (2) reviewing the governing board composition and participation ratio; (3) determining the equity, profit and loss ratio; (4) determining the management-sharing ratio; (5) reviewing employment terms; and (6) reviewing the funding and operating agreements. Examples of significant activities currently being performed by the Company’s significant consolidated and unconsolidated joint ventures include engineering and design services; management consulting services; procurement and construction services; program management; construction management; and operations and maintenance services. If the Company determines that the power to direct the significant activities is shared by two or more joint venture parties, then there is no primary beneficiary and no party consolidates the VIE. In making the shared-power determination, the Company analyzes the key contractual terms, governance, related party and de facto agency as they are defined in the accounting standard, and other arrangements.

Goodwill

The Company performs a goodwill impairment test annually, on October 1 st of each year and additionally, performs a quarterly qualitative assessment to address whether a triggering event has occurred that would require an impairment test in the interim period.

For purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to the applicable reporting units based on the current reporting structure. Reporting units are operating segments or components of operating segments where discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, the Company may decide to first perform a qualitative assessment, or “step zero” impairment test, to determine whether it is more likely than not that impairment has occurred. If the Company does not perform a qualitative assessment, or if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting units exceeds their carrying amounts, the Company performs a quantitative assessment and calculates the estimated fair value of the respective reporting unit. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount the carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

The Company’s decision to perform a qualitative impairment assessment in a given year is influenced by a number of factors, including the significance of the excess of the Company’s estimated fair value over carrying value at the last quantitative assessment date, the amount of time in between quantitative fair value assessments, and the date of its acquisitions, if any.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with finite lives arise from business acquisitions and are amortized based on the period over which the contractual or economic benefit of the intangible assets are expected to be realized or on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the underlying assets, ranging fromone tosixteen years. These primarily consist of customer relationships, developed technology, backlog, and covenants not to compete. When indicators of a potential impairment exist, the Company assesses the recoverability of the unamortized balance of its intangible assets by first comparing undiscounted expected cash flows associated with the asset, or the asset group they are part of, to its carrying value. Should the review indicate that the carrying value is not fully recoverable, the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the intangible assets would be recognized as an impairment loss.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets to reflect the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the asset or liability is recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are evaluated for future realization and valuation allowances are established when, in our opinion, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the asset will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements on a particular tax position are measured based on the largest benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits (“UTB”) is adjusted as appropriate for changes in facts and circumstances, such as significant amendments to existing tax law, new regulations or interpretations by the taxing authorities, new information obtained during a tax examination, or resolution of an examination. The Company recognizes both accrued interest and penalties, where appropriate, related to UTBs in income tax expense.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. Dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s foreign entities is typically the currency of the primary environment in which they operate. For foreign entities whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, the assets and liabilities are translated based on exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, while the income and expense accounts are translated using the average exchange rates during the period. Translation gains or losses, net of income tax effects, are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets. Transaction gains and losses due to movements in exchange rates between the functional currency and the currency in which a foreign currency transaction is denominated are recognized as “Other income (expense), net” in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Self-Insurance

The Company typically utilizes third-party insurance subject to varying retention levels or self-insurance. The Company is self-insured for a portion of the losses and liabilities primarily associated with workers’compensation, general, professional, automobile, employee matters, certain medical plans, and project-specific liability claims. Losses are accrued based upon the Company’s estimates of the aggregate liability for claims incurred using historical experience and certain actuarial assumptions, as provided by an independent actuary. The estimate of self-insurance liability includes an estimate of incurred but not reported claims, based on data compiled from historical experience.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In the fourth quarter of 2023, The Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740)" ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 addresses investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Theadoption of this ASU willnot have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, The FASB Issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280)". ASU 2023-07 introduces enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses along with other enhanced segment disclosures. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Theadoption of this ASU willnot have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

During July 2023, the FASB Issued ASU 2023-03. ASU 2023-03 incorporates, into certain accounting standards, amendments to SEC paragraphs pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280—General Revisions of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. These rules are effective immediately. The adoption of this ASU will not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In the first quarter of 2022, the Company early adopted ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805) ("ASU 2021-08"): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers”. The new guidance requires that the approach of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, should be used to measure an acquired revenue contract in a business combination. This guidance is to be applied (1) retrospectively to all business combinations for which the acquisition date occurs on or after the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period of early application and (2) prospectively to all business combinations that occur on or after the date of initial application. The early adoption of ASU 2021-08 didnot have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In the first quarter of 2021, the Company early adopted ASU 2020-06, "Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)" (“ASU 2020-06"). The update simplified the accounting for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock by reducing the number of accounting models and limiting the number of embedded conversion features separately recognized from the primary contract. The guidance also included targeted improvements to the disclosures for convertible instruments and earnings per share. ASU 2020-06 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption was permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 in the first quarter of 2021 using the modified retrospective method which resulted in a reduction in non-cash interest expense and reclassification of the equity portion of the Convertible Senior Notes to “Long-term debt” on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.

Acquisitions

I.S. Engineers, LLC

On October 31, 2023, the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement to acquired a 100% ownership interest in I.S. Engineers, LLC (“I.S. Engineers”), a privately-owned company, for $12.2 million in cash. Headquartered in Texas, I.S. Engineers provides full service consulting specializing in transportation engineering, including roads and highways, and program management. The acquisition was entirely funded by cash on-hand. In connection with this acquisition, the Company recognized $0.3 million of acquisition related “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2023, including legal fees, consulting fees, and other miscellaneous direct expenses associated with the acquisition. The Company allocated the purchase price to the appropriate classes of tangible assets and liabilities and assigned the excess of $11.9 million entirely to goodwill. The entire value of goodwill was assigned to the Critical Infrastructure reporting unit and represents synergies expected to be realized from this business combination. No goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes. The amount of revenue generated by I.S. Engineers and included within consolidated revenues for 2023 is $1.0 million.

Sealing Technologies, Inc.

On August 23, 2023, the Company acquired a 100% ownership interest in Sealing Technologies, Inc (“SealingTech”), a privately-owned company, for $179.3 million in cash and up to an additional $25 million in the event an earn out revenue target is exceeded. The Company borrowed $175 million under the Credit Agreement, as described in “Note 11 –Debt and Credit Facilities”, to fund the acquisition. Headquartered in Maryland, SealingTech expands Parsons’ customer base across the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community, and further enhances the company’s capabilities in defensive cyber operations; integrated mission-solutions powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML); edge computing and edge access modernization; critical infrastructure protection; and secure data management. In connection with this acquisition, the Company recognized $3.3 million of acquisition-related expenses in “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2023, including legal fees, consulting fees, and other miscellaneous direct expenses associated with the acquisition.

The Company has agreed to pay the selling shareholders up to an additional $25 million in the event an earn out revenue target of $110 million is exceeded during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The earn out payment due and payable by the Company to the selling shareholders shall be equal to (i) five-tenths (0.5), multiplied by (ii) the difference of (A) the actual earn out revenue minus (B) the earn out revenue target; provided, however, that in no event shall the earn out payment exceed $25 million. In the event that the earn out revenue is less than or equal to the earn out revenue target, the earn out payment shall bezero. The earn out payment, if any, shall be paid by the Company to the selling shareholders within 15 days following the date the earn out statement becomes final and binding on both parties. The fair value of the earn out (contingent consideration in the table below) was calculated using a Black-Scholes model. See "Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further information on how the fair value of contingent consideration is determined.

The following table summarizes the acquisition date fair value of the purchase consideration transferred (in thousands):

The estimated fair value of the SealingTech contingent consideration as of December 31, 2023 is $2.3 million, a $0.9 million decrease from the quarter ended September 30, 2023. The change in the estimated fair value was recorded to "other income (expense), net" in the consolidated financial statements.

Of the total purchase price, the following values were preliminarily assigned to intangible assets (in thousands, except for years):

Amortization expense of $7.0 million related to these intangible assets was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023. The entire value of goodwill was assigned to the Federal Solutions reporting unit and represents synergies expected to be realized from this business combination. The entire value of goodwill is deductible for tax purposes.

The amount of revenue generated by SealingTech and included within consolidated revenue is $34.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company has determined that the presentation of net income from the date of acquisition is impracticable due to the integration of general corporate functions upon acquisition.

The Company is still in the process of finalizing its valuation of the net assets acquired.

Supplemental information of unaudited pro forma operating results assuming the SealingTech acquisition had been consummated as of the beginning of fiscal year 2022 (in thousands) is as follows:

The unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions which the Company believes are reasonable and reflects the pro forma impact of additional amortization related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets, and the pro forma impact of reflecting acquisition costs, which consisted of legal, advisory and due diligence fees and expenses. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition been consummated during the periods for which pro forma information is presented.

IPKeys Power Partners

On April 13, 2023, the Company entered into a merger agreement to acquire a 100% ownership interest in IPKeys Power Partners (“IPKeys”), a privately-owned company, for $43.0 million in cash. The merger brings IPKeys' established customer base, expanding Parsons' presence in two rapidly growing end markets: grid modernization and cyber resiliency for critical infrastructure. Headquartered in Tinton Falls, New Jersey, IPKeys is a trusted provider of enterprise software platform solutions that is actively delivering cyber and operational security to hundreds of electric, water, and gas utilities across North America. The acquisition was entirely funded by cash on-hand. In connection with this acquisition, the Company recognized $0.6 million of acquisition-related expenses in “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively, including legal fees, consulting fees, and other miscellaneous direct expenses associated with the acquisition.

(1)The acquired business is a SaaS commercial business. Backlog for this type of business is included as customer relationships.

Amortization expense of $1.4 million related to these intangible assets was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023. The entire value of goodwill was assigned to the Critical Infrastructure reporting unit and represents synergies expected to be realized from this business combination. $0.9 million of goodwill is deductible for tax purposes.

The amount of revenue generated by IPKeys and included within consolidated revenue is $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company has determined that the presentation of net income from the date of acquisition is impracticable due to the integration of general corporate functions upon acquisition.

Supplemental information of unaudited pro forma operating results assuming the IPKeys acquisition had been consummated as of the beginning of fiscal year 2022 (in thousands) is as follows:

The unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions which the Company believes are reasonable and reflects the pro forma impact of additional amortization related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets, and the pro forma impact of reflecting acquisition costs, which consisted of legal, advisory and due diligence fees and expenses. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition been consummated during the periods for which pro forma information is presented.

Xator Corporation

On May 31, 2022, the Company acquired a 100% ownership interest in Xator Corporation (“Xator”), a privately-owned company, for $387.5 million in cash. The Company borrowed $300 million under the Credit Agreement, as described in “Note 11 –Debt and Credit Facilities”, to partially fund the acquisition. Xator expands Parsons’ customer base and brings differentiated technical capabilities in critical infrastructure protection, counter-unmanned aircraft systems (cUAS), intelligence and cyber solutions, biometrics, and global threat assessment and operations. In connection with this acquisition, the Company recognized $7.7 million of acquisition-related expenses in “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2022, including legal fees, consulting fees, and other miscellaneous direct expenses associated with the acquisition.

Amortization expense of $18.1 million and $11.9 million related to these intangible assets was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The entire value of goodwill was assigned to the Federal Solutions reporting unit and represents synergies expected to be realized from this business combination. Goodwill in its entirety is deductible for tax purposes.

The amount of revenue generated by Xator and included within consolidated revenue is $157.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company has determined that the presentation of net income from the date of acquisition is impracticable due to the integration of general corporate functions upon acquisition.

Supplemental information of unaudited pro forma operating results assuming the Xator acquisition had been consummated as of the beginning of fiscal year 2021 (in thousands) is as follows:

The unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions which the Company believes are reasonable and reflects the pro forma impact of additional amortization related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets, and the pro forma impact of reflecting acquisition costs, which consisted of legal, advisory and due diligence fees and expenses. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition been consummated during the periods for which pro forma information is presented. From the year ended December 31, 2022 the results of the acquisition have been included in full year results.

BlackHorse Solutions, Inc.

On July 6, 2021, the Company acquired a 100% ownership interest in BlackHorse Solutions, Inc (“BlackHorse”), a privately-owned company, for $205.0 million paid in cash. BlackHorse expands Parsons’ capabilities and products in next-generation military, intelligence, and space operations, specifically in cyber electronic warfare and information dominance. The acquisition was entirely funded by cash on-hand. In connection with this acquisition, the Company recognized $3.1 million of acquisition-related expenses in “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021, including legal fees, consulting fees, and other miscellaneous direct expenses associated with the acquisition.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition (in thousands):

Amortization expense of $14.0 million and $5.4 million related to these intangible assets was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The entire value of goodwill of $143.1 million was assigned to the Federal Solutions reporting unit and represents synergies expected to be realized from this business combination. Goodwill of $10.6 million is deductible for tax purposes.

The amount of revenue generated by BlackHorse and included within consolidated revenues was $35.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company has determined that the presentation of net income from the date of acquisition is impracticable due to the integration of general corporate functions upon acquisition.

Supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if the acquisition closed as of the beginning of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 as follows (in thousands):

The unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions which the Company believes are reasonable and reflects the pro forma impact of additional amortization related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets, and the pro forma impact of reflecting acquisition costs, which consisted of legal, advisory and due diligence fees and expenses. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition been consummated during the periods for which pro forma information is presented. From the year ended December 31, 2021 the results of the acquisition have been included in full year results.

Echo Ridge LLC

On July 30, 2021, the Company acquired a 100% ownership interest in Echo Ridge LLC (“Echo Ridge”), a privately-owned company, for $9.0 million in cash. Echo Ridge adds position, navigation, and timing devices; modeling, simulation, test, and measurement tools; and deployable software defined radio products and signal processing services to Parsons’ space portfolio. The acquisition was entirely funded by cash on-hand. In connection with this acquisition, the Company recognized $0.3 million of acquisition related “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021, including legal fees, consulting fees, and other miscellaneous direct expenses associated with the acquisition. The Company allocated the purchase price to the appropriate classes of tangible assets and liabilities and assigned the excess of $7.2 million entirely to goodwill. The entire value of goodwill was assigned to the Federal Solutions reporting unit and represents synergies expected to be realized from this business combination. Goodwill in its entirety is deductible for tax purposes. The amount of revenue generated by Echo Ridge and included within consolidated revenues for 2021 was $2.9 million.

Contracts with Customers

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company’s contracts contain both fixed price and cost reimbursable components. Contract types are based on the component that represents the majority of the contract. The following table presents revenue disaggregated by contract type (in thousands):

Refer to “Note 20—Segments Information” for the Company’s revenues by business lines.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Contract assets and contract liabilities balances at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

(1) Total contract retentions included in net contract assets (liabilities) were$73.8 million as of December 31, 2023, of which$32.1 million are not expected to be paid in 2024. Total contract retentions included in net contract assets (liabilities) were$73.5 million as of December 31, 2022. Contract assets at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include approximately$109.5 million and $127.9 million, respectively, related to net claim recovery estimates. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no material losses recognized related to the collectability of claims, unapproved change orders, and requests for equitable adjustment.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company recognized revenue of approximately$126.0 million and $94.1 million, respectively, that was included in the corresponding contract liability balance at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Certain changes in contract assets and contract liabilities consisted of the following:

There wasno significant impairment of contract assets recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Revisions in estimates, such as changes in estimated claims or incentives, related to performance obligations partially satisfied in previous periods that individually had an impact of $5 million or more on revenue resulted in the following changes in revenue.

Certain financial statement impacts from revisions in estimates were as follows (in thousands):

The amounts for 2023, in the table above, include the impact from contracts in the Critical Infrastructure segment related to a change in estimate increasing direct costs of contracts by $8.0 million related to net write-downs and a decrease in direct costs of contracts of $37.9 million related to a legal matter. These impacts do not include the operating income impacts disclosed below in "Note 16—Investments in and Advances to Joint Ventures."

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Billed accounts receivable represents amounts billed to clients that have not been collected. Unbilled accounts receivable represents amounts where the Company has a present contractual right to bill but an invoice has not been issued to the customer at the period-end date. Receivables from contracts with the U.S. federal government and its agencies were 18% and 17% as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The allowance for doubtful accounts was determined based on consideration of trends in actual and forecasted credit quality of clients, including delinquency and payment history, type of client, such as a government agency or commercial sector client, and general economic conditions and particular industry conditions that may affect a client’s ability to pay.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Unsatisfied Performance Obligations

The Company’s remaining unsatisfied performance obligations (“RUPO”) as of December 31, 2023 represent a measure of the total dollar value of work to be performed on contracts awarded and in progress. The Company had$6.4 billion in RUPO as of December 31, 2023.

RUPO will increase with awards of new contracts and decrease as the Company performs work and recognizes revenue on existing contracts. Projects are included within RUPO at such time the project is awarded and agreement on contract terms has been reached. The difference between RUPO and backlog relates to unexercised option years that are included within backlog and the value of Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (“IDIQ”) contracts included in backlog for which task orders have not been issued.

RUPO is comprised of: (a) original transaction price, (b) change orders for which written confirmations from our customers have been received, (c) pending change orders for which the Company expects to receive confirmations in the ordinary course of business, and (d) claim amounts that the Company has made against customers for which it has determined that it has a legal basis under existing contractual arrangements and a significant reversal of revenue is not probable, less revenue recognized to-date.

The Company expects to satisfy its RUPO as of December 31, 2023 over the following periods (in thousands):

Leases

The Company has operating and finance leases for corporate and project office spaces, vehicles, heavy machinery and office equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms ofone year toeight years, some of which may include options toextend the leases for up tofive years, and some of which may include options toterminate the leases after thethird year.

The components of lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental balance sheet and other information related to leases as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023, the Company hasno additional operating leases that have not yet commenced.

A maturity analysis of the future undiscounted cash flows associated with the Company’s operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands):

Rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was$81.0 million,$81.0 million and$73.1 million, respectively, and is recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of income.

Employee Stock Purchase and Equity-Based Compensation Plans

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2023 regarding compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance.

(1)

Consists of the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

(2)

Amount represents 1,463,790 shares remaining available for future issuance under the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (of which 52,364 shares were purchased pursuant to the offering period that ended on December 31, 2023).

(3)

Amount represents the sum of 2,093,336 shares of common stock subject to outstanding RSU and PSU awards under the 2019 Incentive Plan (with PSU awards reflected at “target” levels),

(4)

Amount represents 8,238,003 shares remaining available for future issuance under the 2019 Incentive Plan.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Parsons Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) was adopted effective March 1, 2020. Under the ESPP, eligible employees who elect to participate are granted the right to purchase shares of Parsons common stock at a discount of 5% of the market value on the last trading day of the offering period.

The following table presents stock issuance activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

The average purchase price for the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $51.94 and $40.95 per share, respectively.

Equity-Based Compensation Plans

The Company issues stock-based awards through the Incentive Award Plan. The compensation expense for these awards is recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Stock-based compensation expense was $27.5 million, $20.0 million, and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, net of recognized tax benefits of $8.6 million, $4.4 million, and $2.8 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The tax benefit realized related to awards vested during 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $4.3 million, $2.7 million, and $6.3 million, respectively. We recognize forfeitures as they occur.

At December 31, 2023, the amount of compensation cost relating to non-vested awards not yet recognized in the consolidated financial statements is $43.4 million. The majority of these unrecognized compensation costs will be recognized by the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025.

Prior to the adoption of the Incentive Award Plan on April 15, 2019, the Company issued awards under the Shareholder Value Plan, Long-Term Growth Plan and Restricted Award Plan. With the adoption of the Incentive Award Plan, the Company discontinued issuing awards under the Shareholder Value Plan, Long-Term Growth Plan and Restricted Award Plan. Awards granted out of the discontinued plans settled in cash.

The following table presents the final amount paid for cash settled awards through the discontinued Shareholder Value Plan, Long-Term Growth Plan and Restricted Award Plan, by award type, for the year ended December 31, 2021 (there wereno awards outstanding as of the year ended December 31, 2021):

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted Stock Units awards are issued under the Incentive Award Plan and are settled by the issuance of the Company’s common stock. Outstanding awards have been granted based on either service or service and performance conditions. Awards vest over three-year periods, either annually or cliff. Expense is recognized on an accelerated basis for awards with service conditions only and on a straight-line basis for awards that include performance conditions. Expense recognition of awards with performance criteria are subject to the probability of meeting the performance conditions and adjusted for the number of shares expected to be earned. Compensation cost for awards with performance conditions are trued-up at each reporting period for changes in the expected shares pro-rated for the portion of the requisite service period rendered.

The following table presents the number of shares of restricted stock units granted (at target shares for awards with performance conditions) for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

The number of units granted for awards with performance conditions in the above table is based on performance at the target amount. The number of shares ultimately issued, which could be greater or less than target, will be based on achieving specific performance conditions related to the awards. During the year ended December 31, 2023, certain restricted stock unit grants with performance conditions vested with performance different from the target share amounts. As a result,97,551 additional shares were granted and vested.

The following table presents the number and weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units (at target shares for awards with performance conditions) for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

For the year ended December 31, 2023,484,988 shares of restricted stock units were issued, and 159,281 shares of common stock related to employee statutory income tax withholding were retired. For the year ended December 31, 2022,458,952 shares of restricted stock units were issued, and 160,212 shares of common stock related to employee statutory income tax withholding were retired. For the year ended December 31, 2021,188,408 shares of restricted stock units were issued, and 63,482 shares of common stock related to employee statutory income tax withholding were retired.

The following table presents the number of shares of restricted stock outstanding (at target shares for awards with performance conditions) at December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

7. Goodwill

The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company performed a quantitative impairment analysis for all reporting units. It was determined that the fair value of all reporting units exceeded their carrying values. No goodwill impairments were identified for the three years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Intangible Assets

The gross amount and accumulated amortization of acquired identifiable intangible assets included in “Intangible assets, net” on the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in thousands except for years):

The aggregate amortization expense of intangible assets was$76.6 million, $78.2 million, and $103.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense in each of the next five years and beyond is as follows (in thousands):

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Depreciation expense of$39.1 million, $39.0 million, and $38.6 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Debt and Credit Facilities

Debt consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Revolving Credit Facility

In June 2021, the Company entered into a $650 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”). The Company incurred $1.9 million of costs in connection with this Credit Agreement. The 2021 Credit Agreement replaced an existing Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of November 15, 2017. Under the new agreement, the Company’s revolving credit facility was increased from $550 million to $650 million. The credit facility has afive-year maturity, which may be extended up totwo timesfor periods determined by the Company and the applicable extending lenders, and permits the Company to borrow in U.S. dollars, certain specified foreign currencies, and each other currency that may be approved in accordance with the 2021 Facility. The borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at either a eurocurrency rate plus a margin between 1.0% and 1.625% or a base rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus a margin of between 0% and 0.625%. The rates on December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were 6.7% and 5.7%, respectively. Borrowings under this Credit Agreement are guaranteed by certain Company operating subsidiaries. Letters of credit commitments outstanding under this agreement aggregated approximately $43.8 million and $44.5 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which reduced borrowing limits available to the Company. Interest expense related to the Credit Agreement was $3.9 million, $4.3 million and $0.7 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. There wereno loan amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The Credit Agreement includes various covenants, including restrictions on indebtedness, liens, acquisitions, investments or dispositions, payment of dividends and maintenance of certain financial ratios and conditions. The Company was in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Convertible Senior Notes

In August 2020, the Company issued an aggregate $400.0 million of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, including the exercise of a $50.0 million initial purchasers’ option. The Company received proceeds from the issuance and sale of the Convertible Senior Notes of $389.7 million, net of $10.3 million of transaction fees and other third-party offering expenses. The Convertible Senior Notes accrue interest at a rate of 0.25% per annum, payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year beginning on February 15, 2021, and will mature on August 15, 2025, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.

The Convertible Senior Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Notes; equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries.

Each $1,000 of principal of the Notes will initially be convertible into 22.2913 shares of our common stock, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of $44.86 per share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. On or after March 15, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the Convertible Senior Notes, holders may convert all or a portion of their Convertible Senior Notes, regardless of the conditions below.

Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 15, 2025, the Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders thereof only under the following circumstances:

•

during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on December 31, 2020, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter, is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;

•

during thefive business day period after anyfive consecutive trading day period in which, for each trading day of that period, the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes for such trading day was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;

•

if the Company calls such Convertible Senior Notes for redemption; or

•

upon the occurrence of specified corporate events described in the Indenture.

The Company may redeem all or any portion of the Convertible Senior Notes for cash, at its option, on or after August 21, 2023 and before the 51 st scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price for a specified period of time. In addition, calling any Convertible Senior Note for redemption will constitute a Make-Whole Fundamental Change with respect to that Convertible Senior Note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that Convertible Senior Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption.

Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change prior to the maturity date of the Convertible Senior Notes, holders of the Convertible Senior Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the Convertible Senior Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

Upon conversion, the Company may settle the Convertible Senior Notes for cash, shares of the Company’s common stock, or a combination thereof, at the Company’s option. If the Company satisfies its conversion obligation solely in cash or through payment and delivery of a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, the amount of cash and shares of common stock due upon conversion will be based on a daily conversion value calculated on a proportionate basis for each trading day in a 50-trading day observation period.

Under existing GAAP at the time of issuance during 2020, convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash on conversion were required to be separated into liability and equity components in a manner that reflects the issuer’s non-convertible debt borrowing rate. The carrying amount of the liability component was based on the fair value of a similar instrument that does not contain an equity conversion option. The carrying amount allocated to the equity component, which was recognized as a debt discount, represents the difference between the proceeds from the issuance of the notes and the fair value of the liability component of the notes. Based on this debt-to-equity ratio, debt issuance costs are then allocated to the liability and equity components in a similar manner. Accordingly, at issuance the Company allocated $336.1 million to the debt liability and $53.6 million to additional paid-in capital. The difference between the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes and the liability component, inclusive of issuance costs, represents the debt discount, which the Company amortized to interest expense over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes using an effective interest rate of 3.25%. The Company recognized interest expense of $3.1 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the carrying value of the Notes was $400.0 million, respectively.

In the first quarter of 2021, the Company early adopted ASU 2020-06. The Company used the modified retrospective method which resulted in a reduction in non-cash interest expense and reclassification of the equity component of the convertible senior notes of $55.0 million and equity component of the debt issuance costs of $1.4 million to liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company also adjusted the carrying amount of the convertible senior notes to what it would have been if the Company had applied ASU 2020-06 from the inception of the Notes and recorded the offset of the carrying amount adjustment of $3.7 million in retained earnings on January 1, 2021.

Delayed Draw Term Loan

In September 2022, the Company entered into a $350 million unsecured Delayed Draw Term Loan with an increase option of up to $150 million (the “2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan”). The 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan may be borrowed in a single draw during the period from and including the Closing Date to the earlier to occur of (a) the date of termination of the 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan by the Company pursuant to the terms of the 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement and (b) six (6) months following the Closing Date. Proceeds of the 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement may be used (a) to pay off in full, or partially payoff, the Company’s existing Senior Notes, (b) to prepay revolving loans outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement (as defined below), or (c) for working capital, capital expenditures and other lawful corporate purposes. The Company drew $350.0 million from the 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan in November 2022. The Company incurred $0.9 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the delayed draw term loan as of December 31, 2022. These costs are presented as a direct deduction from the debt on the face of the balance sheet. Interest expense related to the Delayed Draw Term Loan was $22.4 million and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The amortization of debt issuance costs and interest expense is recorded in “Interest expense” on the consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $350.0 million outstanding under the Delayed Draw Term Loan.

The 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan has athree-year maturity and permits the Company to borrow in U.S. dollars. The 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan does not require any amortization payments by the Company. Depending on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio (or debt rating after such time as the Company has such rating), borrowings under the 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement will bear interest at either an adjusted Term SOFR benchmark rate plus a margin between 0.875% and 1.500% or a base rate plus a margin of between 0% and 0.500% and will initially bear interest at the middle of this range. The Company will pay a ticking fee on unused term loan commitments at a rate of 0.175% commencing with the date that is ninety (90) days after the Closing Date. Amounts outstanding under the 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement may be prepaid at the option of the Company without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage fees in connection with the prepayment of benchmark rate loans. The interest rates on December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were 6.6% and 5.6%, respectively.

Letters of Credit

The Company also has in place several secondary bank credit lines for issuing letters of credit, principally for foreign contracts, to support performance and completion guarantees. Letters of credit commitments outstanding under these bank lines aggregated approximately $320.7 million and $222.5 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant

Transactions

In connection with the sale of the Convertible Senior Notes, the Company purchased a bond hedge designed to mitigate the potential dilution from the conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes. Under thefive-year term of the bond hedge, upon a conversion of the bonds, the Company will receive the number of shares of common stock equal to the remaining common stock deliverable upon conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes if the conversion value exceeds the principal amount of the Notes. The aggregate number of shares that the Company could be obligated to issue upon conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes is approximately 8.9 million shares. The cost of the convertible note hedge transactions was $55.0 million.

The cost of the convertible note hedge was partially offset by the Company’s sale of warrants to acquire approximately 8.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants were initially exercisable at a price of at least $66.46 pershare and are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrenceof certain events, such as the payment of dividends. The Company received $13.8 million in cash proceeds from the sales of these warrants.

The bond hedge and warrant transactions effectively increased the conversion price associated with the Convertible Senior Notes during the term of these transactions from 35%, or $44.86, to 100%, or $66.46, at their issuance, thereby reducing the dilutive economic effect to shareholders upon actual conversion.

The bond hedges and warrants are indexed to, and potentially settled in, shares of the Company’s common stock. The net cost of $41.2 million for the purchase of the bond hedges and sale of the warrants was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets.

At issuance, the Company recorded a deferred tax liability of $16.2 million related to the Convertible Senior Notes debt discount and the capitalized debt issuance costs. The Company also recorded a deferred tax asset of $16.5 million related to the convertible note hedge transactions and the tax basis of the capitalized debt issuance costs through additional paid-in capital. The deferred tax liability and deferred tax asset were included net in “Deferred tax assets” on the consolidated balance sheets. Upon adoption of ASU2020-06, the Company reversed the deferred tax liability of $13.9 million that the Company had recorded at issuance related to the Convertible Senior Note debt discount and recorded an additional deferred tax liability of $0.4 million related to the capitalized debt issuance costs. In addition, the Company recorded a $0.9 million adjustment to the deferred tax asset through retained earnings related to the tax effect of book accretion recorded in 2020 and reversed upon adoption.

Other Long-term Liabilities

Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Refer to “Note 13—Income Taxes” for further discussion of the Company’s reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of uncertain tax positions.

Income Taxes

The following table presents the components of our income from continuing operations before income taxes (in thousands):

The income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 consists of the following (in thousands):

Income tax expense (benefit) was different from the amount computed by applying the United States federal statutory rate to pre-tax income from continuing operations as a result of the following (in thousands):

The effective tax rate in 2023 decreased to 21.3% from 23.9% in 2022. The change in the effective tax rate was due primarily to tax benefits related to increases in the foreign-derived intangible income (FDII) deduction and a change in jurisdictional mix of earnings, partially offset by an increase in valuation allowance on foreign tax credits originating from foreign withholding taxes.

The effective tax rate in 2022 increased to 23.9% from 21.0% in 2021. The change in the effective tax rate was due primarily to a net increase of uncertain tax positions during 2022, an income tax benefit recognized in 2021 for foreign tax credits which did not reoccur in 2022, partially offset by a decrease in valuation allowance on foreign tax credit carryovers originating from foreign withholding taxes, a benefit from a change in jurisdictional mix of earnings, and a tax expense recognized in 2021 related to a nonrecurring write down of a foreign tax receivable.

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 differs from the federal statutory tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, valuation allowance on foreign tax credit carryovers originating from foreign withholding taxes partially offset by benefits related to untaxed income attributable to noncontrolling interests, earnings in lower tax jurisdictions, the FDII deduction, and federal business tax credits.

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 differs from the federal statutory tax rate primarily due to state income taxes and a recorded valuation allowance on foreign tax credit carryovers, partially offset by benefits related to income attributable to noncontrolling interests, earnings in lower tax jurisdictions and federal business tax credits.

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities consists of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

The Company assesses the realizability of its deferred tax assets each reporting period through an analysis of potential sources of taxable income, including prior year taxable income available to absorb carryback of tax losses, reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and forecasts of taxable income. The Company considers all negative and positive evidence, including the weight of the evidence, to determine if a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is required. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets to reflect the amount of deferred tax assets that is determined to be more-likely-than-not to be realized.

The Company is not asserting that any of the earnings of the foreign subsidiaries will be permanently reinvested. Therefore, the Company has recorded a deferred tax liability for the undistributed earnings net of applicable foreign tax credits.

As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s valuation allowance against deferred tax assets was $34.8 million and $28.7 million, respectively. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance against certain tax attributes that the Company has determined are not more-likely-than-not to be realized, including certain foreign net operating loss carryforwards, foreign tax credit carryforwards, and capital loss carryforwards. From December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, the Company’s valuation allowance increased by $6.1 million. This increase relates to deferred tax assets recorded for foreign tax credit carryforwards, offset in part by a decrease related to net operating loss carryforwards. The valuation allowance is recorded because the Company does not expect to have sufficient taxable income and foreign source income to support the net operating loss carryforwards and the foreign tax credit carryforwards before they expire.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has NOLs of $1.6 million, $30.5 million, and $30.8 million for U.S. Federal, U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions, respectively. The utilization of the U.S. federal and U.S. state NOLs are subject to certain annual limitations. Of these NOL amounts, $1.6 million, $16.7 million and $14.5 million in U.S. Federal, U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions, respectively, do not expire. The remaining amounts of NOLs in U.S. states and in foreign jurisdictions will expire if not used between 2024 and 2044.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has foreign tax credit carryforwards of $29.8 million. The Company has provided a valuation allowance of $29.8 million as the Company considers it is not more likely than not that these credits will be realized. These foreign tax credits start expiring in the year 2030.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there are $25.1 million and $21.8 million of unrecognized tax benefits that if recognized would affect the Company’s effective tax rate.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of its income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Company recognized approximately $0.5 million, $0.7 million, and $(0.9) million in interest and penalties, respectively, in the consolidated statements of income. The total amount of interest and penalties accrued in the consolidated balance sheets was $4.6 million, $4.1 million, and $3.5 million at December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Company conducts business globally and, as a result, the Company or one or more of its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various U.S. states, and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is subject to examination by tax authorities in several jurisdictions, including jurisdictions where the Company has significant activities, such as Canada, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United States. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns for tax years 2020 and forward remain subject to examination. U.S. states and foreign income tax returns remain subject to examination based on varying local statutes of limitations.

The Company estimates that, within 12 months, it may decrease its uncertain tax positions by approximately $5.5 million as a result of concluding various tax audits and closing tax years.

Although the Company believes its reserves for its tax positions are reasonable, the final outcome of tax audits could be significantly different, both favorably and unfavorably. It is reasonably possible that these audits may conclude in the next 12 months and that the unrecognized tax benefits the Company has recorded in relation to these tax years may change compared to the liabilities recorded for these periods. However, it is not currently possible to estimate the amount, if any, of such change.

Contingencies

The Company is subject to certain lawsuits, claims and assessments that arise in the ordinary course of business. Additionally, the Company has been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injuries as a result of contact with asbestos products at various project sites. Management believes that any significant costs relating to these claims will be reimbursed by applicable insurance and, although there can be no assurance that these matters will be resolved favorably, management believes that the ultimate resolution of any of these claims will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. A liability is recorded when it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. When using a range of loss estimate, the Company records the liability using the low end of the range unless some amount within the range of loss appears at that time to be a better estimate than any other amount in the range. The Company records a corresponding receivable for costs covered under its insurance policies. Management judgment is required to determine the outcome and the estimated amount of a loss related to such matters. Management believes that there areno claims or assessments outstanding which would materially affect the consolidated results of operations or the Company’s financial position.

In September 2015, a former Parsons employee filed an action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama against us as a qui tam relator on behalf of the United States (the “Relator”) alleging violation of the False Claims Act. The plaintiff alleges that, as a result of these actions, the United States paid in excess of $1 million per month between February and September 2006 that it should have paid to another contractor, plus $2.9 million to acquire vehicles for the contractor defendant to perform its security services. The lawsuit sought (i) that we cease and desist from violating the False Claims Act, (ii) monetary damages equal to three times the amount of damages that the United States has sustained because of our alleged violations, plus a civil penalty of not less than $5,500 and not more than $11,000 for each alleged violation of the False Claims Act, (iii) monetary damages equal to the maximum amount allowed pursuant to §3730(d) of the False Claims Act, and (iv) Relator’s costs for this action, including recovery of attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in the lawsuit. The United States government did not intervene in this matter as it is allowed to do so under the statute. The court heard dispositive motions in 2023, including Parsons’ motion for summary judgment. We are awaiting the court’s rulings upon such motions, which will determine whether a trial will be necessary for this matter in 2024.

On November 28, 2023, a Proposed Statement of Decision was filed with the clerk of the Superior Court of the State of California In and For the County of San Mateo proposing an award of damages in the total amount of approximately $102.5 million in favor of Parsons Transportation Group, Inc. and against Alstom Signaling Operations LLC (Alstom") (including approximately $62.5 million relating to claims assigned to Parsons pursuant to a prior settlement with the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board and approximately $40 million attributable to Parsons’ contractual and indemnification claims). This proposed award relates back to a lawsuit Parsons initially filed against the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board for breach of contract and wrongful termination in February 2017 (which was settled between Parsons and the Joint Powers Board in 2021) and a cross-complaint filed against Alstom Signaling Operations LLC in November 2017, as subsequently amended, for breach of contract, negligence and intentional misrepresentation. Alstom filed objections to the Proposed Statement of Decision, and Parsons has filed its responses to the objections. It is anticipated that the court will enter a final decision in the first quarter of 2024.

At this time, the Company is unable to determine the probability of the outcome of the litigation.

Federal government contracts are subject to audits, which are performed for the most part by the Defense Contract Audit Agency (“DCAA”). Audits by the DCAA and other agencies consist of reviews of our overhead rates, operating systems and cost proposals to ensure that we account for such costs in accordance with the Cost Accounting Standards (“CAS”). If the DCAA determines we have not accounted for such costs in accordance with the CAS, the DCAA may disallow these costs. The disallowance of such costs may result in a reduction of revenue and additional liability for the Company. Historically, the Company has not experienced any material disallowed costs as a result of government audits. However, the Company can provide no assurance that the DCAA or other government audits will not result in material disallowances for incurred costs in the future. All audits of costs incurred on work performed through 2018 have been closed, and years thereafter remain open.

Although there can be no assurance that these matters will be resolved favorably, management believes that their ultimate resolution will not have a material adverse impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Retirement and Other Benefit Plans

The Company’s principal retirement benefit plan is the ESOP, a stock bonus plan, established in 1975 to cover eligible employees of the Company and certain affiliated companies. Contributions of treasury stock to ESOP are made annually in amounts determined by the Company’s board of directors and are held in trust for the sole benefit of the participants. Shares allocated to a participant’s account are fully vested after three years of credited service, or in the event(s) of reaching age 65, death or disability while an active employee of the Company. As of December 31, 2023, the total shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding were 105,839,978, of which 59,879,857 were held by the ESOP. As of December 31, 2022, the total shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding were 104,702,996, of which 63,742,151 were held by the ESOP.

A participant’s interest in their ESOP account is redeemable upon certain events, including retirement, death, termination due to permanent disability, a severe financial hardship following termination of employment, certain conflicts of interest following termination of employment, or the exercise of diversification rights. Distributions from the ESOP of participants’ interests are made in the Company’s common stock based on quoted prices of a share of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE. A participant will be able to sell such shares of common stock in the market, subject to any requirements of the federal securities laws.

Total ESOP contribution expense was approximately$58.2 million, $54.7 million and $54.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is recorded in “Direct costs of contracts” and “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of income.

The Company also maintains a defined contribution plan (the “401(k) Plan”). Substantially all domestic employees are entitled to participate in the 401(k) Plan, subject to certain minimum requirements. The Company’s contributions to the 401(k) Plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 amounted to $35.4 million, $30.2 million, and $25.5 million, respectively.

As part of an acquisition in 2014, the Company acquired a defined contribution pension plan, a defined benefit pension plan, and supplemental retirement plan. For the defined contribution pension plan, the Company contributes a base amount plus an additional amount based upon a predetermined formula. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the defined benefit pension plan was in a net asset position of$1.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively, which is recorded in “Other noncurrent assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

16. Investments in and Advances to Joint Ventures

The Company participates in joint ventures to bid, negotiate and complete specific projects. The Company is required to consolidate these joint ventures if it holds the majority voting interest or if the Company meets the criteria under the consolidation model, as described below.

The Company performs an analysis to determine whether its variable interests give the Company a controlling financial interest in a VIE for which the Company is the primary beneficiary and should, therefore, be consolidated. Such analysis requires the Company to assess whether it has the power to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company analyzed all of its joint ventures and classified them into two groups: (1) joint ventures that must be consolidated because they are either not VIEs and the Company holds the majority voting interest, or because they are VIEs and the Company is the primary beneficiary; and (2) joint ventures that do not need to be consolidated because they are either not VIEs and the Company holds a minority voting interest, or because they are VIEs and the Company is not the primary beneficiary.

Many of the Company’s joint venture agreements provide for capital calls to fund operations, as necessary; however, such funding is infrequent and is not anticipated to be material.

Letters of credit outstanding described in ‘Note 11—Debt and Credit Facilities” that relate to project ventures are approximately $147.7 million and $106.8 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

In the table below, aggregated financial information relating to the Company’s joint ventures is provided because their nature, risk and reward characteristics are similar. None of the Company’s current joint ventures that meet the characteristics of a VIE are individually significant to the consolidated financial statements.

Consolidated Joint Ventures

The following represents financial information for consolidated joint ventures included in the consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

The assets of the consolidated joint ventures are restricted for use only by the particular joint venture and are not available for the Company’s general operations.

Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

The Company accounts for its unconsolidated joint ventures using the equity method of accounting. Under this method, the Company recognizes its proportionate share of the net earnings of these joint ventures as “Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures” in the consolidated statements of income. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its investments in unconsolidated VIEs is typically limited to the aggregate of the carrying value of the investment and future funding commitments.

The following represents the financial information of the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures as presented in their unaudited financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

The Company had net contributions to its unconsolidated joint ventures of$65.2 million and $13.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2021, respectively and received net distributions from its unconsolidated joint ventures of $20.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following table presents certain financial statement impacts from changes in estimates on unconsolidated joint ventures in the Critical Infrastructure segment.

Related Party Transactions

The Company often provides services to unconsolidated joint ventures and revenues include amounts related to recovering overhead costs for these services. For the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, revenues included$213.8 million, $217.4 million, and $204.7 million, respectively, related to services the Company provided to unconsolidated joint ventures. For the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company incurred approximately$153.7 million, $157.6 million and $155.5 million, respectively, of reimbursable costs. Amounts included in the consolidated balance sheets related to services the Company provided to unconsolidated joint ventures are as follows (in thousands):

Amounts presented above for comparable periods have been updated to reflect all unconsolidated joint ventures.

Fair Value

The authoritative guidance on fair value measurement defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (referred to as an “exit price”). At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company’s financial instruments include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other liabilities. The fair values of these financial instruments approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturities.

Investments measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques:

•

Market approach—Prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities;

•

Cost approach—Amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (i.e., replacement cost); and

•

Income approach—Techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on market expectations (including present value techniques, option-pricing models and lattice models).

In addition, the guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:

Fair value as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Fair value as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

As described in “Note 15—Retirement and Other Benefits Plans”, the Company acquired a defined contribution pension plan, a defined benefit pension plan, and supplemental retirement plans. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company measured the mutual funds held within the defined benefit pension plan at fair value using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets. The Company measured the fixed income securities using market bid and ask prices. The inputs that are significant to the valuation of fixed income securities are generally observable, and therefore have been classified as Level 2.

In determining the fair value of acquired intangible assets from our business acquisitions, the Company uses the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships and backlog and values developed technologies using the relief-from royalty method. These valuation methods use significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. See "Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."

We measure contingent consideration at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. See "Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and "Note 3—Acquisitions" for further information.

With respect to equity-based compensation, for restricted stock units containing service conditions or service and performance conditions, the grant date fair value is based on the closing stock price of a share of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE on the grant date. For awards that include market conditions, the grant date fair value is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation.

Earnings Per Share

The tables below reconcile the denominator and numerator used to compute basic earnings per share (“EPS”) to the denominator and numerator used to compute diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Basic EPS is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period and income available to shareholders.

Diluted EPS is computed similar to basic EPS, except the income available to shareholders is adjusted to add back interest expense, after tax, related to the Convertible Senior Note, and the weighted average number of shares outstanding is adjusted to reflect the dilutive effects of stock-based awards and shares underlying the Convertible Senior Note.

Convertible Senior Note dilution impact is calculated using the if-converted method. In connection with the offerings of our note, the Company entered into a convertible note hedge and warrants (see Note 11 -Debt and Credit Facilities); however, the convertible note hedge is not considered when calculating dilutive shares given its impact is anti-dilutive. The impact of the bond hedge would offset the dilutive impact of the shares underlying the Convertible Senior Note. The warrants have a strike price above our average share price during the period and are out of the money and not included in the tables below.

Dilutive potential common shares include, when circumstances require, shares the Company could be obligated to issue from its Convertible Senior Notes and warrants (see Note 11 -Debt and Credit Facilities for further discussion) and stock-based awards. Shares to be provided to the Company from its bond hedge purchased concurrently with the issuance of Convertible Senior Notes are anti-dilutive and are not included in its diluted shares. Anti-dilutive stock-based awards excluded from the calculation of earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 were 5,423,15,113, and 11,986, respectively.

The following table reconciles the numerator and denominator used to compute basic EPS and the numerator and denominator used to computed diluted EPS (in thousands):

Share Repurchases

On August 9, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to acquire a number of shares of Common Stock having an aggregate market value of not greater than $100,000,000 from time to time, commencing on August 12, 2021. The Board further amended this authorization in August 2022 to remove the prior expiration date and grant executive leadership the discretion to determine the price for such share repurchases. Repurchased shares of common stock are retired and included in “Repurchases of common stock” in cash flows from financing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The primary purpose of the Company’s share repurchase program is to reduce the dilutive effect of shares issued under the Company’s ESOP and other stock benefit plans. The timing, amount and manner of share repurchases may depend upon market conditions and economic circumstances, availability of investment opportunities, the availability and costs of financing, the market price of the Company's common stock, other uses of capital and other factors.

The following table summarizes the repurchase activity under the stock repurchase program.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has $45.3 million remaining under the stock repurchase program.

Segments Information

The Company operates intwo reportable segments: Federal Solutions and Critical Infrastructure.

The Federal Solutions segment provides advanced technical solutions to the U.S. government, delivering timely, cost-effective hardware, software and services for mission-critical projects. The segment provides advanced technologies, supporting national security missions in cybersecurity, missile defense, and military facility modernization, logistics support, hazardous material remediation and engineering services.

The Critical Infrastructure segment provides integrated engineering and management services for complex physical and digital infrastructure around the globe. The Critical Infrastructure segment is a technology innovator focused on next generation digital systems and complex structures. Industry leading capabilities in engineering and project management allow the Company to deliver significant value to customers by employing cutting-edge technologies, improving timelines and reducing costs.

The Company defines its reportable segments based on the way the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), its Chief Executive Officer, evaluates the performance of each segment and manages the operations of the Company for purposes of allocating resources among the segments. The CODM evaluates segment operating performance using segment Revenue and segment Adjusted EBITDA attributable to Parsons Corporation.

The following tables summarize business segment information for the periods presented (in thousands):

The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA attributable to Parsons Corporation as Adjusted EBITDA excluding Adjusted EBITDA attributable to noncontrolling interests. The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to Parsons Corporation, adjusted to include net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and to exclude interest expense (net of interest income), provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization and certain other items that are not considered in the evaluation of ongoing operating performance. These other items include net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, asset impairment charges, income and expense recognized on litigation matters, expenses incurred in connection with acquisitions and other non-recurring transaction costs and expenses related to our prior restructuring. The following table summarizes business segment Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation to net income attributable to Parsons Corporation for the periods presented (in thousands):

(a)

Reflects costs incurred in connection with acquisitions, and other non-recurring transaction costs, primarily fees paid for professional services and employee retention.

(b)

Reflects costs associated with and related to our corporate restructuring initiatives.

(c)

Includes a combination of gain/loss related to sale of fixed assets, software implementation costs, and other individually insignificant items that are non-recurring in nature.

Asset information by segment is not a key measure of performance used by the CODM.

The following table presents revenues and property and equipment, net by geographic area (in thousands):

North America revenue includes $4.1 billion, $3.2 billion and $2.7 billion of United States revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. North America property and equipment, net includes$83.9 million, $84.4 million and $95.0 million of property and equipment, net in the United States at December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The geographic location of revenue is determined by the location of the customer.

The following table presents revenues by business lines (in thousands):

Effective June 1, 2022, the Company made changes to its Federal Solutions business units by transferring a portion of legacy Defense and Intelligence business unit to the Engineered Systems business unit. Effective October 1, 2023, the Company reorganized its Critical Infrastructure business units from Mobility Solutions and Connected Communities to Infrastructure – North America and Infrastructure –Europe, Middle East and Africa. The prior year information in the table above has been reclassified to conform to the business unit changes.

Subsequent Events

None

Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts