CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORP
For the period ended Dec 31, 2025. Filed Feb 19, 2026.
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FY2025 · Filed Feb 19, 2026
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Operations and Business Segments
Our consolidated total net revenues are derived primarily from lending to consumer and commercial customers net of funding costs associated with our deposits, long-term debt and other borrowings. We also earn non-interest income which primarily consists of discount and interchange income, net of reward expenses, and service charges and other customer-related fees. Our expenses primarily consist of the provision for credit losses, operating expenses, marketing expenses and income taxes.
Our principal operations are organized for management reporting purposes into three major business segments, which are defined primarily based on the products and services provided or the types of customers served: Credit Card, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. The operations of acquired businesses have been integrated into or managed as a part of our existing business segments. Certain activities that are not part of a business segment are included in the Other category, such as the management of our corporate investment portfolio and asset/liability positions performed by our centralized Corporate Treasury group and any residual tax expense or benefit beyond what is assessed to our business segments in order to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate. The Other category also includes unallocated corporate expenses that do not directly support the operations of the business segments or for which the business segments are not considered financially accountable in evaluating their performance, such as certain restructuring charges, integration expenses and certain liabilities incurred by Discover ahead of the Transaction.
Credit Card: Consists of our domestic consumer card lending, personal loans, domestic small business card lending and international card businesses in the U.K. and Canada.
Consumer Banking: Consists of our deposit gathering and lending activities for consumers and small businesses, national auto lending and services offered by the Global Payment Network.
Commercial Banking: Consists of our lending, deposit gathering, capital markets and treasury management services to commercial real estate and commercial and industrial customers. Our customers typically include companies with annual revenues between $20 million and $2 billion.
The results related to the acquired Home Loan business have been reflected as discontinued operations. As such, the related results have been excluded from continuing operations and business segment result.
Customer usage and payment patterns, estimates of future expected credit losses, levels of marketing expense and operating efficiency all affect our profitability. In our Credit Card business, we generally experience fluctuations in purchase volume and the level of outstanding loan receivables from seasonal variances in consumer spending and payment patterns which, for example, have historically been the highest around the winter holiday season. Net charge-off rates for our credit card loan portfolio have historically exhibited seasonal patterns as well and generally tend to be the highest in the first quarter of the year.
The Global Payment Network earns fees, which are paid by network participants (primarily acquirers, merchants and issuers), for transactions on the Global Payment Network. Additionally, for transactions on Bank-issued credit and debit cards processed on the Global Payment Network, a portion of the amount that merchants pay to the Global Payment Network is passed through to the Bank. The Bank is also an issuer of credit and debit cards that use other networks, and for these cards the Bank earns interchange fees, which are paid by merchants, when customers use its cards.
For additional information on our business segments, including the financial performance of each business, see “Part II—Item 7. MD&A—Executive Summary,” “Part II—Item 7. MD&A—Business Segment Financial Performance” and “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 18—Business Segments and Revenue from Contracts with Customers” of this Report.
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