CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORP

We manage our funding and liquidity risk in an integrated manner in support of the current and future cash flow needs of our business. We maintained liquidity reserves of $143.1 billion and $123.8 billion as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, as shown in Table 27 below. Included in liquidity reserves are cash and cash equivalents, investment securities and FHLB borrowing capacity secured by loans.

As of September 30, 2025, we had available issuance capacity of $53.2 billion under shelf registrations associated with our credit card and auto loan securitization programs. We also maintain a shelf registration that enables us to issue an indeterminate amount of senior or subordinated debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock, purchase contracts, warrants and units. Our ability to issue under each shelf registration is subject to market conditions.

Finally, as of September 30, 2025, we had access to available contingent liquidity sources totaling $100.6 billion through the prepositioning of collateral, including a portion of the investment securities included in the liquidity reserves amount in the following table, at the Federal Reserve Discount Window, the Standing Repo Facility, FHLB and the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation—Government Securities Division (“FICC - GSD”).

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our funding sources totaled $520.3 billion and $408.3 billion, resp ectively, primarily composed of consumer deposits, as shown in “Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis—Table 7: Funding Sources Composition.”

Our liquidity reserves, borrowing capacity, contingent liquidity sources and total funding sources are all discussed in more detail in the following sections.