CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORP

Table 27 below presents the composition of our liquidity reserves as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table 27: Liquidity Reserves

(1)Includes securities that have been pledged or otherwise encumbered within the below Liquidity Reserves line items “Outstanding FHLB advances and letters of credit secured by loans and investment securities” and “Other encumbrances of investment securities.”

Our liquidity reserves increased by $7.3 billion to $131.1 billion as of March 31, 2025 from December 31, 2024, primarilydue to increases in cash and cash equivalents. In addition to these liquidity reserves, we maintain access to a diversified mix of funding sources as discussed in the “Borrowing Capacity” and “Funding” sections below. See “Part II—Item 7. MD&A—Risk Management” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on our management of liquidity risk.

Liquidity Coverage Ratio

We are subject to the final rules published by the Basel Committee and as implemented by the Federal Reserve and the OCC for the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) in the United States (the “LCR Rule”). The LCR Rule requires each of the Company and the Bank to calculate its respective LCR daily. It also requires the Company to publicly disclose, on a quarterly basis, its LCR, certain related quantitative liquidity metrics, and a qualitative discussion of its LCR. Our average LCR during the first quarter of 2025 was 152%, which exceeded the LCR Rule requirement of 100%. The calculation and the underlying components are based on our interpretations, expectations and assumptions of relevant regulations, as well as interpretations provided by our regulators, and are subject to change based on changes to future regulations and interpretations. See “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.

Net Stable Funding Ratio

We are subject to the final rules published by the Basel Committee and as implemented by the Federal Reserve and the OCC for the Basel III Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) in the United States (the “NSFR Rule”). The NSFR Rule requires each of the Company and the Bank to maintain an NSFR of 100% on an ongoing basis. It also requires the Company to publicly disclose, on a semi-annual basis each second and fourth quarter, its NSFR, certain related quantitative liquidity metrics and qualitative discussion of its NSFR. Our average NSFR for the first quarter of 2025 exceeded the NSFR Rule requirement of 100%. The calculation and the underlying components are based on our interpretations, expectations and assumptions of the relevant regulations, as well as interpretations provided by our regulators, and are subject to change based on changes to future regulations and interpretations. See “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.

Borrowing Capacity

We maintain a shelf registration with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) so that we may periodically offer and sell an indeterminate aggregate amount of senior or subordinated debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock, purchase contracts, warrants and units. There is no limit under this shelf registration to the amount or number of such securities that we may offer and sell, subject to market conditions. In addition, we also maintain a shelf registration associated with our credit card securitization trust that allows us to periodically offer and sell up to $30.0 billion of securitized debt obligations and a shelf registration associated with our auto loan securitization trusts that allows us to periodically offer and sell up to $25.0 billion of securitized debt obligations, each as of March 31, 2025. The registered amounts under these shelf registration statements are subject to continuing review and change in the future, including as part of the routine renewal process. As of March 31, 2025, we had $21.6 billion and $18.6 billion of available issuance capacity in our credit card and auto loan securitization programs, respectively.

In addition to our issuance capacity under the shelf registration statements, we also have collateral pledged to support our access to FHLB advances, the Federal Reserve Discount Window, the Standing Repo Facility and FICC—GSD general collateral financing repurchase agreement service. For each of these programs, the ability to borrow utilizing these sources is dependent on meeting the respective membership requirements. Our borrowing capacity in each program is a function of the collateral the Bank has posted with each counterparty, including any respective haircuts applied to that collateral.

As of March 31, 2025, we pledged loans and securities to the FHLB to secure a maximum borrowing capacity of $34.9 billion, of which $48 million was used. Our FHLB membership is supported by our investment in FHLB stock of $18 million as of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

As a member of FICC—GSD, we have $21.4 billion of readily available borrowing capacity secured by securities from our investment portfolio as of March 31, 2025. Our FICC—GSD membership is supported by our investment in Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”) common stock of $488 thousand and $412 thousand as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025, we pledged loans to secure a borrowing capacity of $44.4 billion under the Federal Reserve Discount Window. Our membership with the Federal Reserve is supported by our investment in Federal Reserve stock, which totaled$1.3 billion as of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.