NEW YORK COMMUNITY BANCORP INC

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 -Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization

New York Community Bancorp, Inc. (on a stand-alone basis, the “Parent Company” or, collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or "we") was organized under Delaware law on July 20, 1993 and is the holding company for Flagstar Bank N.A. (hereinafter referred to as the “Bank”). The Company is headquartered in Hicksville, New York with regional headquarters in Troy, Michigan.

The Company is subject to regulation, examination and supervision by the Federal Reserve. The Bank is a National Association, subject to federal regulation and oversight by the OCC.

On November 23, 1993, the Company issued its initial offering of common stock (par value: $0.01 per share) at a price of $25.00 per share ($0.93 per share on a split-adjusted basis, reflecting the impact of nine stock splits between 1994 and 2004). The Company has grown organically and through a series of accretive mergers and acquisitions, culminating in its acquisition of Flagstar Bancorp, Inc., which closed on December 1, 2022 and the Signature Transaction which closed on March 20, 2023.

Flagstar Bank, N.A. currently operates 419 branches across twelve states, including strong footholds in the Northeast and Midwest and exposure to markets in the Southeast and West Coast. Flagstar Mortgage operates nationally through a wholesale network of approximately 3,600 third-party mortgage originators.

Liquidity

On a consolidated basis, our funding primarily stems from a combination of the following sources: retail, institutional, and brokered deposits; borrowed funds, primarily in the form of wholesale borrowings; cash flows generated through the repayment and sale of loans; and cash flows generated through the repayment and sale of securities.

We manage our liquidity to ensure that our cash flows are sufficient to support our operations, to protect against temporary mismatches between sources and uses of funds caused by variable loan and deposit demand, and to meet our financial obligations.

Basis of Presentation

See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for information on the Company's accounting policies.

The accompanying financial statements of the Company and other entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest, have been prepared using GAAP for interim financial statements. The accompanying financial statements of the Company conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and to general practices within the banking industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are used in connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses, mortgage servicing rights and the acquisition method of accounting.

All inter-company accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. The Company currently has certain unconsolidated subsidiaries in the form of wholly-owned statutory business trusts, which were formed to issue guaranteed capital securities. See Note 11 “Borrowed Funds,” for additional information regarding these trusts.

When necessary, certain reclassifications have been made to prior-year amounts to conform to the current-year presentation.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Note 2 -Computation of Earnings per Common Share

Earnings per Common Share (Basic and Diluted)

Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed using the same method as basic EPS, however, the computation reflects the potential dilution that would occur if outstanding in-the-money stock options were exercised and converted into common stock. Diluted earnings per share is the amount of earnings available to each common share outstanding during the reporting periods adjusted to include the effects of potentially dilutive common shares. Potentially dilutive common shares include warrants, convertible preferred stock, stock options and other stock-based awards. Potentially dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share in the periods where the effect would be antidilutive.

Unvested stock-based compensation awards containing non-forfeitable rights to dividends paid on the Company’s common stock are considered participating securities, and therefore are included in the two-class method for calculating EPS. Under the two-class method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends on the common stock. The Company grants restricted stock to certain employees under its stock-based compensation plan. Recipients receive cash dividends during the vesting periods of these awards, including on the unvested portion of such awards. Since these dividends are non-forfeitable, the unvested awards are considered participating securities and therefore have earnings allocated to them.

The following table presents the Company’s computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share:

Note 3 -Business Combinations

Signature Bridge Bank

On March 20, 2023, the Company’s wholly owned bank subsidiary, Flagstar Bank N.A. (the “Bank”), entered into a Purchase and Assumption Agreement (the “Agreement”) with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), as receiver (the "FDIC Receiver") of Signature Bridge Bank, N.A. (“Signature”) to acquire certain assets and assume certain liabilities of Signature (the “Signature Transaction”). Headquartered in New York, New York, Signature Bank was a full-service commercial bank that operated 29 branches in New York, seven branches in California, two branches in North Carolina, one branch in Connecticut, andone branch in Nevada. In connection with the Signature Transaction the Bank assumed all of Signature’s branches. The Bank acquired only certain parts of Signature it believes to be financially and strategically complementary that are intended to enhance the Company’s future growth.

Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the Company was not required to make a cash payment to the FDIC on March 20, 2023 as consideration for the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. The final settlement process between the Company and the FDIC concluded upon theone-year anniversary of the Signature Transaction.

In addition, as part of the consideration for the Signature Transaction, the Company granted the FDIC equity appreciation rights in the common stock of the Company under an equity appreciation instrument (the "Equity Appreciation Instrument"). On March 31, 2023, the Company issued 39,032,006 shares of Company common stock to the FDIC pursuant to the Equity Appreciation Instrument. On May 19, 2023, the FDIC completed the secondary offering of those shares.

The Company has determined that the Signature Transaction constitutes a business combination as defined by ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). ASC 805 establishes principles and requirements as to how the acquirer of a business recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree. Accordingly, the Company recorded the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of March 20, 2023, which was subject to adjustment for up toone year after March 20, 2023 (the “Measurement Period”). As of March 31, 2024 the Measurement period has concluded and the Company has finalized its review of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Under the Agreement, the Company provided certain services to the FDIC to assist the FDIC in its administration of certain assets and liabilities which were not assumed by the Company and which remain under the control of the FDIC (the “Interim Servicing”). The Interim Servicing includes activities related to the servicing of loan portfolios not acquired on behalf of the FDIC for a period of up to one year from the date of the Signature Transaction unless such loans are sold or transferred at an earlier time by the FDIC or until cancelled by the FDIC upon 60-days’ notice. The FDIC reimbursed the Company for costs associated with the Interim Servicing based upon an agreed upon fee which approximates the cost to provide such services. As the FDIC reimbursed the Company for the costs to service the loans, neither a servicing asset nor servicing liability was recognized as part of the Signature Transaction. The Interim Servicing was completed in March 2024.

The Company did not enter into a loss sharing arrangement with the FDIC in connection with the Signature Transaction.

The determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed required management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and subject to change.

A summary of the net assets acquired and the estimated fair value adjustments resulting in the bargain purchase gain is as follows:

In connection with the Signature Transaction, the Company recorded a bargain purchase gain, as adjusted, of approximately $2.0 billion. This includes a $121 million reduction in the bargain purchase gain during the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to final adjustments to the fair value of assets received and liabilities assumed, including the in-transit and other shared accounts. This adjustment is included in non-interest income in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income.

The bargain purchase gain represents the excess of the estimated fair value of the assets acquired (including cash payments received from the FDIC) over the estimated fair value of the liabilities assumed and was influenced significantly by the FDIC-assisted transaction process. Under the FDIC-assisted transaction process, only certain assets and liabilities are transferred to the acquirer and, depending on the nature and amount of the acquirers bid, the FDIC may be required to make a cash payment to the Company and the Company may be required to make a cash payment to the FDIC.

The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and consideration paid in the Signature Transaction were recorded at their estimated fair values based on management’s best estimates using information available at the date of the Signature Transaction. The following table provides the purchase price allocation to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the date of the Signature Transaction:

During the Measurement Period, the Company recorded measurement period adjustments to adjust the estimated fair value of loans and leases acquired and adjust other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities for balances ultimately retained by the FDIC. The Company also recognized a net change in the deferred tax liability due to the measurement period adjustments and the secondary offering of shares completed by the FDIC.

The Company incurred approximately $236 million in acquisition costs related to the Signature Transaction primarily for legal, advisory, system conversion and other professional services. These costs are recorded within Merger-related and restructuring expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, reflecting assumptions that a market participant would use when pricing an asset or liability. In some cases, the estimation of fair values requires management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions, and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and are subject to change. Described below are the methods used to determine the fair values of the significant assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Signature Transaction.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The estimated fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates their stated face amounts, as these financial instruments are either due on demand or have short-term maturities.

Loans and leases

The fair value for loans was based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered credit loss expectations, market interest rates and other market factors such as liquidity from the perspective of a market participant. Loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics and were treated in the aggregate when applying various valuation techniques. The probability of default, loss given default and prepayment assumptions were the key factors driving credit losses which were embedded into the estimated cash flows. These assumptions were informed by internal data on loan characteristics, historical loss experience, and current and forecasted economic conditions. The interest and liquidity component of the estimate was determined by discounting interest and principal cash flows through the expected life of each loan. The discount rates used for loans are based on current market rates for new originations of comparable loans and include adjustments for liquidity. The discount rates do not include a factor for credit losses as that has been included as a reduction to the estimated cash flows. Acquired loans were marked to fair value and adjusted for any PCD gross up as of the date of the Signature Transaction.

Deposit Liabilities

The fair value of deposit liabilities with no stated maturity (i.e., non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing checking accounts) is equal to the carrying amounts payable on demand. The fair value of certificates of deposit represents contractual cash flows, discounted using interest rates currently offered on deposits with similar characteristics and remaining maturities.

Core Deposit Intangible

Core deposit intangible (“CDI”) is a measure of the value of non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing checking accounts, savings accounts, and money market accounts that are acquired in a business combination. The fair value of the CDI was determined using a discounted cash flow methodology which considered discount rate, customer attrition rates, and other relevant market assumptions. This method estimated the fair value by discounting the present value of the expected cost savings attributable to the core deposit funding, relative to an alternative source of funding. The CDI relating to the Signature Transaction will be amortized over an estimated useful life of 10 years using the sum of years digits depreciation method. The Company evaluates such identifiable intangibles for impairment when an indication of impairment exists. CDI does not significantly impact our liquidity or capital ratios.

PCD loans

Purchased loans that reflect a more than insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. For PCD loans and leases, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as other loans and leases held-for-investment. The following table provides a summary of loans and leases purchased as part of the Signature Transaction with credit deterioration and the associated credit loss reserve at acquisition:

Unaudited Pro Forma Information – Signature Transaction

The Company’s operating results for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the three months ended March 31, 2024 include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of Signature subsequent to the acquisition on March 20, 2023. Due to the use of multiple systems and integration of the operating activities into those of the Company, historical reporting for the former Signature operations is impracticable and thus disclosures of the revenue from the assets acquired and income before income taxes is impracticable for the period subsequent to acquisition.

Signature was only in operation from March 12, 2023 to March 20, 2023 and does not have historical financial information on which we could base pro forma information. Additionally, we did not acquire all assets or assume all liabilities of Signature and the historical operations are not consistent with the transaction. Therefore, it is impracticable to provide pro forma information on revenues and earnings for the Signature Transaction in accordance with ASC 805-10-50-2.

Note 4 -Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table sets forth the components in accumulated other comprehensive income:

(1)Amounts in parentheses indicate expense items.

(2)See Note 12 - Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits for additional information.

Note 5 -Investment Securities

The following tables summarize the Company’s portfolio of debt securities available for sale and equity investments with readily determinable fair values:

(1)The amortized cost of investment securities is reported net of allowance for credit losses of $1 million.

(2)The underlying assets of the asset-backed securities are substantially guaranteed by the U.S. Government.

(3)Excludes accrued interest receivable of $35 million included inother assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

(1)The underlying assets of the asset-backed securities are substantially guaranteed by the U.S. Government.

(2)Excludes accrued interest receivable of $38 million included inother assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

At March 31, 2024, the Companyhad $1.0 billionof FHLB-NY stock, at costand $329 million of FHLB-Indianapolis stock, at cost. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $861 million of FHLB-NY stock, at cost and $329 millionof FHLB-Indianapolis stock, at cost. The Company maintains an investment in FHLB stock partly in conjunction with its membership in the FHLB and partly related to its access to the FHLB funding it utilizes. In addition, at March 31, 2024, the Company had $203 million of Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost. The Company had $203 million of Federal Reserve Bank stock, at December 31, 2023.

There wereno net unrealized losses on equity securities recognized in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table summarizes, by contractual maturity, the amortized cost of securities at March 31, 2024:

(1)Includes corporate bonds, capital trust notes, foreign notes, and asset-backed securities.

The following table presents securities having a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and for twelve months or longer as of March 31, 2024:

The following table presents securities having a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and for twelve months or longer as of December 31, 2023:

The investment securities designated as having a continuous loss position for twelve months or more at March 31, 2024 consisted ofone hundred eighty agency collateralized mortgage obligations, six capital trusts notes, seven asset-backed securities, twelve corporate bonds, thirty-nine US government agency bonds, three hundred twenty-six mortgage-backed securities, one mutual fund, one municipal bond, one private collateralized mortgage obligations andone foreign note. The investment securities designated as having a continuous loss position for twelve months or more at December 31, 2023 consisted ofeighty-four agency collateralized mortgage obligations, six capital trusts notes, eight asset-backed securities, twelve corporate bonds, thirty-seven US government agency bonds, three hundred two mortgage-backed securities, one mutual fund, one foreign debt andone municipal bond.

The Company evaluates available-for-sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions at least quarterly to determine if an allowance for credit losses is required. We also assess whether (i) we intend to sell, or (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, any previously recognized allowances are charged off and the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. If neither of the aforementioned criteria are met, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded a $1 million allowance for credit losses related to a corporate debt security.

None of the remaining unrealized losses identified as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023 relates to the marketability of the securities or the issuers’ ability to honor redemption obligations. Rather, the unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and do not indicate credit-related impairment. Management based this conclusion on an analysis of each issuer including a detailed credit assessment of each issuer. The Company does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell, the positions before the recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. As such, no additional allowance for credit losses was recorded with respect to debt securities as of March 31, 2024.

Note 6 -Loans and Leases

The Company classifies loans that we have the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity as LHFI. We report LHFI loans at their amortized cost, which includes the outstanding principal balance adjusted for any unamortized premiums, discounts, deferred fees and unamortized fair value adjustments for acquired loans:

(1)Excludes accrued interest receivable of $410 million and $410 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which is included in other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

(2)Includes specialty finance loans and leases of $4.8 billion and $5.2 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Loans Held-for-Sale

Loans held-for-sale at March 31, 2024 totaled $981 million, down from $1.2 billion at December 31, 2023. We classify loans as held for sale when we originate or purchase loans that we intend to sell. We have elected the fair value option for nearly all of this portfolio, except the SBA loans. We estimate the fair value of mortgage loans based on quoted market prices for securities backed by similar types of loans, where available, or by discounting estimated cash flows using observable inputs inclusive of interest rates, prepayment speeds and loss assumptions for similar collateral.

Asset Quality

All asset quality information excludes loans with government guarantees that are insured by U.S government agencies. As of March 31, 2024, these loans totaled $507 million.

A loan generally is classified as a non-accrual loan when it is 90 days or more past due or when it is deemed to be impaired because the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, management ceases the accrual of interest owed, and previously accrued interest is charged against interest income. A loan is generally returned to accrual status when the loan is current and management has reasonable assurance that the loan will be fully collectible. Interest income on non-accrual loans is recorded when received in cash. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 we hadno loans that were nonperforming and still accruing.

The following table presents information regarding the quality of the Company’s loans held for investment at March 31, 2024:

(1)Includes lease financing receivables.

The following table presents information regarding the quality of the Company’s loans held for investment at December 31, 2023:

(1)Includes lease financing receivables.

The Company conducted a thorough review of its largest 350 real estate loans at the end of the first quarter of 2024. This review included both internal collateral valuation analysis, and obtaining third-party estimates of collateral values, given the potential reliance on the underlying assets as part of the Borrower’s ability to repay debt. The review also included analysis of the most currently available borrower financial information to evaluate the ability of the underlying collateral to generate sufficient cash flow as the primary source of repayment. The Company downgraded certain loans in the first quarter of 2024 as a result of this review. The downgrades were principally related to loans with upcoming maturities or repricing where the estimated property net operating income would not be sufficient to fully cover pro-forma debt service when applying current market rates and terms, and the underlying collateral values are estimated to have declined to at or below the loan carrying amount. These downgrades increased loans classified as substandard or worse by $2.3 billion. Downgrades to substandard or below reflect the potential a loss may occur if deficiencies in the primary source of repayment for these loans are unable to be corrected.

The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment by credit quality indicator at March 31, 2024:

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(1)Includes loans carried under the fair value option

The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2023:

The preceding classifications are the most current ones available and generally have been updated within the last twelve months. In addition, they follow regulatory guidelines and can generally be described as follows: pass loans are of satisfactory quality; special mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention; substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged (these loans have a well-defined weakness and there is a possibility that the Company will sustain some loss); and doubtful loans, based on existing circumstances, have weaknesses that make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. In addition, one-to-four family loans are classified based on the duration of the delinquency.

The following table presents, by credit quality indicator, loan class, and year of origination, the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans and leases as of March 31, 2024:

When management determines that foreclosure is probable, for loans that are individually evaluated the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral adjusted for selling costs. When the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the collateral-dependent practical expedient has been elected and expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. For CRE loans, collateral properties include office buildings, warehouse/distribution buildings, shopping centers, apartment buildings, residential and commercial tract development. The primary source of repayment on these loans is expected to come from the sale, permanent financing or lease of the real property collateral. CRE loans are impacted by fluctuations in collateral values, as well as the ability of the borrower to obtain permanent financing.

The following table summarizes the extent to which collateral secures the Company’s collateral-dependent loans held for investment by collateral type as of March 31, 2024:

Other collateral type consists of taxi medallions, cash, accounts receivable and inventory.

There were no significant changes in the extent to which collateral secures the Company’s collateral-dependent financial assets during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $74 million and $81 million of residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure, respectively.

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

When borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty, the Company may make certain loan modifications as part of loss mitigation strategies to maximize expected payment. Modifications in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, or an other-than-insignificant payment delay or a term extension that have occurred in the current reporting period to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty are disclosed along with the financial impact of the modifications.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis of loans modified during the reporting period to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification:

The following table describes the financial effect of the modification made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

As of March 31, 2024, there were $3 million one-to-four family first mortgages that were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that received term extension and subsequently defaulted during the period and $3 million one-to-four family first mortgages that were combination modifications and subsequently defaulted during the period.

The performance of loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in which modifications were made is closely monitored to understand the effectiveness of modification efforts. The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified during the twelve-month period ended March 31, 2024:

Note 7 -Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases

The following table summarizes activity in the allowance for credit losses for the periods indicated:

At March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases was $1.2 billion compared to $992 million at December 31, 2023, up $223 million reflecting changes in market conditions over the quarter. In the first quarter we completed an in-depth review of our largest multi-family and commercial real estate loans, which in combination with our modeling, suggested credit losses as of March 31 had increased. In the first quarter, we now expect market interest rates to be higher for a longer period of time which is expected to put additional pressure on the ability for some borrowers whose rates reset to current levels to cover debt service because, when combined with inflationary pressure on operating costs and limits on the ability to increase rental rates, debt service levels may approach or exceed some properties' net operating income, which increases the risk of loss. We also have continuing pressure in the office portfolio due to remote working and other factors leading to a decline in occupancy levels that reduces operating income and has led to declining property values.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the allowance for unfunded commitments totaled $73 million and $52 million, respectively.

The allowance for credit losses on loans and leases to total loans held for investment ratio increased to 1.48 percent at March 31, 2024, compared to 1.17 percent at December 31, 2023. Excluding loans with government guarantees and warehouse loans, the allowance for credit losses was 1.59 percent at March 31, 2024, compared to 1.26 percent at December 31, 2023.

The following table presents additional information about the Company’s nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2024:

The following table presents additional information about the Company’s nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2023:

Note 8 -Leases

Lessor Arrangements

The Company is a lessor in the equipment finance business where it has executed direct financing leases (“lease finance receivables”). The Company produces lease finance receivables through a specialty finance subsidiary that participates in syndicated loans that are brought to them, and equipment loans and leases that are assigned to them, by a select group of nationally recognized sources, and are generally made to large corporate obligors, many of which are publicly traded, carry investment grade or near-investment grade ratings, and participate in stable industries nationwide. Lease finance receivables are carried at the aggregate of lease payments receivable plus the estimated residual value of the leased assets and any initial direct costs incurred to originate these leases, less unearned income, which is accreted to interest income over the lease term using the interest method.

The standard leases are typically repayable on a level monthly basis with terms ranging from 24 to 120 months. At the end of the lease term, the lessee usually has the option to return the equipment, to renew the lease or purchase the equipment at the then fair market value (“FMV”) price. For leases with a FMV renewal/purchase option, the relevant residual value assumptions are based on the estimated value of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, including evaluation of key factors, such as, the estimated remaining useful life of the leased asset, its historical secondary market value including history of the lessee executing the FMV option, overall credit evaluation and return provisions. The Company acquires the leased asset at fair market value and provides funding to the respective lessee at acquisition cost, less any volume or trade discounts, as applicable. Therefore, there is generally no selling profit or loss to recognize or defer at inception of a lease.

The residual value component of a lease financing receivable represents the estimated fair value of the leased equipment at the end of the lease term. In establishing residual value estimates, the Company may rely on industry data, historical experience, and independent appraisals and, where appropriate, information regarding product life cycle, product upgrades and competing products. Upon expiration of a lease, residual assets are remarketed, resulting in either an extension of the lease by the lessee, a lease to a new customer or purchase of the residual asset by the lessee or another party. Impairment of residual values arises if the expected fair value is less than the carrying amount. The Company assesses its net investment in lease financing receivables (including residual values) for impairment on an annual basis with any impairment losses recognized in accordance with the impairment guidance for financial instruments. As such, net investment in lease financing receivables may be reduced by an allowance for credit losses with changes recognized as provision expense. On certain lease financings, the Company obtains residual value insurance from third parties to manage and reduce the risk associated with the residual value of the leased assets. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of residual assets with third-party residual value insurance for at least a portion of the asset value was $294 million and $280 million, respectively.

The Company uses the interest rate implicit in the lease to determine the present value of its lease financing receivables.

The components of lease income were as follows:

(1)Included in Interest Income – Loans and leases in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

The increase in interest income on lease financing for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, was driven by lease finance receivables acquired in the Signature Transaction.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of net investment in leases, excluding purchase accounting adjustments was $3.3 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively. The components of net investment in direct financing leases, including the carrying amount of the lease receivables, as well as the unguaranteed residual asset were as follows:

The following table presents the remaining maturity analysis of the undiscounted lease receivables, as well as the reconciliation to the total amount of receivables recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Condition:

Lessee Arrangements

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, branch locations, and certain equipment. These leases generally have terms of 20 years or less, determined based on the contractual maturity of the lease, and include periods covered by options to extend or terminate the lease when the Company is reasonably certain that it will exercise those options. For the vast majority of the Company’s leases, we are not reasonably certain we will exercise our options to renew to the end of all renewal option periods. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the vast majority of the leases do not provide an implicit rate, the incremental borrowing rate (FHLB borrowing rate) is used based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The implicit rate is used when readily determinable. The operating lease ROU asset is measured at cost, which includes the initial measurement of the lease liability, prepaid rent and initial direct costs incurred by the Company, less incentives received.

Variable costs such as the proportionate share of actual costs for utilities, common area maintenance, property taxes and insurance are not included in the lease liability and are recognized in the period in which they are incurred.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

Supplemental cash flow information related to the leases for the following periods:

Supplemental balance sheet information related to the leases for the following periods:

(1)Included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

(2)Included in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Note 9 -Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company has investments in MSRs that result from the sale of loans to the secondary market for which we retain the servicing. The Company accounts for MSRs at their fair value. A primary risk associated with MSRs is the potential reduction in fair value as a result of higher than anticipated prepayments due to loan refinancing prompted, in part, by declining interest rates or government intervention. Conversely, these assets generally increase in value in a rising interest rate environment to the extent that prepayments are slower than anticipated. The Company utilizes derivatives as economic hedges to offset changes in the fair value of the MSRs resulting from the actual or anticipated changes in prepayments stemming from changing interest rate environments. There is also a risk of valuation decline due to higher than expected default rates, which we do not believe can be effectively managed using derivatives. For further information regarding the derivative instruments utilized to manage our MSR risks, see Note 14 - Derivative and Hedging Activities.

Changes in the fair value of residential first mortgage MSRs were as follows:

(1)Changes in fair value are included within net return on mortgage servicing rights on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

(2)Represents estimated MSR value change resulting primarily from market-driven changes which we manage through the use of derivatives.

The following table summarizes the hypothetical resulting fair value of servicing rights using adverse changes of 10 percent and 20 percent to the weighted average of certain significant assumptions used in valuing these assets:

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. Changes in fair value based on adverse changes in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in assumption to the change in fair value may not be linear. To isolate the effect of the specified change, the fair value shock analysis is consistent with the identified adverse change, while holding all other assumptions constant. In practice, a change in one assumption generally impacts other assumptions, which may either magnify or counteract the effect of the change. For further information on the fair value of MSRs, see Note 16 - Fair Value Measures.

Contractual servicing and subservicing fees, including late fees and other ancillary income are presented below. Contractual servicing fees are included within net return on mortgage servicing rights on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. Contractual subservicing fees including late fees and other ancillary income are included within loan administration income on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. Subservicing fee income is recorded for fees earned on subserviced loans, net of third-party subservicing costs.

The following table summarizes income and fees associated with owned MSRs:

(1)Servicing fees are recorded on an accrual basis. Ancillary income and late fees are recorded on a cash basis.

(2)Changes in the derivatives utilized as economic hedges to offset changes in fair value of the MSRs.

]The following table summarizes income and fees associated with our mortgage loans subserviced for others:

(1)Servicing fees are recorded on an accrual basis. Ancillary income and late fees are recorded on a cash basis.

(2)Charges on subserviced custodial balances represent interest due to MSR owner.

We also earned approxima tely $10 million in service fee income for loans being serviced for the FDIC related to the Signature transaction.

Note 10 -Variable Interest Entities

We haveno consolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

In connection with our non-qualified mortgage securitization activities, we have retained afive percent interest in the investment securities of certain trusts ("other MBS") and are contracted as the subservicer of the underlying loans, compensated based on market rates, which constitutes a continuing involvement in these trusts. Although we have a variable interest in these securitization trusts, we are not their primary beneficiary due to the relative size of our investment in comparison to the total amount of securities issued by the VIE and our inability to direct activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. As a result, we have not consolidated the assets and liabilities of the VIE in our Consolidated Statements of Condition. The Bank’s maximum exposure to loss is limited to ourfive percent retained interest in the investment securities that had a fair value of $176 million as of March 31, 2024 as well as the standard representations and warranties made in conjunction with the loan transfers.

Note 11 -Borrowed Funds

The following table summarizes the Company’s borrowed funds:

Accrued interest on borrowed funds is included in “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Statements of Condition and amounted to $120 million and $50 million, respectively, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

FHLB Advances

The contractual maturities and the next call dates of FHLB advances outstanding at March 31, 2024 were as follows:

(1)Does not included the effect interest rate swap agreements.

FHLB advances include both straight fixed-rate advances and advances under the FHLB convertible advance program, which gives the FHLB the option of either calling the advance after an initial lock-out period of up tofive years and quarterly thereafter until maturity, or a one-time call at the initial call date.

Junior Subordinated Debentures

The Company had $609 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, of outstanding junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures (“junior subordinated debentures”) held by statutory business trusts (the “Trusts”) that issued guaranteed capital securities, excluding purchase accounting adjustments.

The following table presents contractual terms of the junior subordinated debentures outstanding at March 31, 2024:

(1)Callable subject to certain conditions as described in the prospectus filed with the SEC on November 4, 2002.

(2)Callable at any time.

(3)Excludes Flagstar Acquisition fair value adjustments of $30 million.

Subordinated Notes

The Company had $439 million in subordinated notes outstanding at March 31, 2024, and $438 million outstanding at December 31, 2023. All of the subordinated notes include a fixed rate of interest for a contractual period of time and then are floating thereafter as summarized in the table and information below.

(1)From and including the date of original issuance to, but excluding November 6, 2023, the Notes bore interest at an initial rate of 5.90% per annum payable semi-annually. From and including November 6, 2023 to but excluding the maturity date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an annual interest rate equal to the then-current three-month SOFR rate plus 304.16 basis points payable quarterly.

(2)From and including the date of original issuance, the Notes will bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.125 percent through October 31, 2025, and a variable rate tied to SOFR thereafter until maturity. The Company has the option to redeem all or a part of the Notes beginning on November 1, 2025, and on any subsequent interest payment date.

Note 12 -Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits

The following table sets forth certain disclosures for the Company’s pension and post-retirement plans for the periods indicated:

(1)Amounts are included in General and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

(2)Post-retirement benefits balances round to zero.

The Company expects to contribute $1 million to its post-retirement plan to pay premiums and claims for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect to make any contributions to its pension plan in 2024.

Note 13 -Stock-Related Benefits Plans

Stock Based Compensation

At March 31, 2024, the Company had a total of 11,938,776 shares available for grants as restricted stock, options, or other forms of related rights under the 2020 Incentive Plan, which includes the remaining shares available, converted at the merger conversion factor from the legacy Flagstar Bancorp, Inc. 2016 Stock Plan. The Company granted 1,971,715 shares of restricted stock, with an average fair value of $3.98 per share on the date of grant, during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The shares of restricted stock that were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 vest overone tofive years. Compensation and benefits expense related to the restricted stock awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and totaled $7 million and $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table provides a summary of restricted stock award activity:

As of March 31, 2024, unrecognized compensation cost relating to unvested restricted stock totaled $108 million. This amount will be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.3 years.

The following table provides a summary of activity with regard to Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units ("PSUs") in the three months ended March 31, 2024:

PSUs are subject to adjustment or forfeiture, based upon the achievement by the Company of certain performance standards. Compensation and benefits expense related to PSUs is recognized using the fair value as of the date the units were approved, on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and totaled $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. As of March 31, 2024, unrecognized compensation cost relating to unvested restricted stock totaled $2 million. This amount will be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 1.6 years.

Forfeitures of RSAs and PSUs are accounted for as they occur.

Stock Options

On March 6, 2024 the Company granted 19,000,000 stock options (4,000,000 vest on March 6, 2025 and 15,000,000 shares vest in 12 equal quarterly installments on the final day of each quarter beginning June 30, 2024) to senior executives of the Company. These options expire on March 6, 2034. There wereno options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company generally utilizes the Black- Scholes option pricing model to measure the fair value of stock option grants, although measurements for long-dated options are difficult due to lack of market data appropriate for the instrument lives. No stock options vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company estimates the options granted in the first quarter of 2024 to have a value of $40 million, which will be recognized in compensation expense over the vesting period.

The following table summarizes stock options activity for the period indicated:

The following table summarizes outstanding and exercisable stock options by exercise price per share at March 31, 2024(1):

(1) There were no options exercisable as of March 31, 2024.

Note 14 -Derivative and Hedging Activities

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposure to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate and liquidity risks, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and, the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates.

Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Condition. The Company's policy is to present our derivative assets and derivative liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Condition on a gross basis, even when provisions allowing for set-off are in place. However, for derivative contracts cleared through certain central clearing parties, variation margin payments are recognized as settlements. We are exposed to non-performance risk by the counterparties to our various derivative financial instruments. A majority of our derivatives are centrally cleared through a Central Counterparty Clearing House or consist of residential mortgage interest rate lock commitments further limiting our exposure to non-performance risk. We believe that the non-performance risk inherent in our remaining derivative contracts is minimal based on credit standards and the collateral provisions of the derivative agreements.

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments. The Company maintains a derivative portfolio of interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, futures, swaptions and forward commitments used to manage exposure to changes in interest rates and MSR asset values and to meet the needs of customers. The Company also enters into interest rate lock commitments, which are commitments to originate mortgage loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the customers have locked into that interest rate. Market risk on interest rate lock commitments and mortgage LHFS is managed using corresponding forward sale commitments and US Treasury futures. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments. The Company has designated certain interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges on overnight SOFR-based variable interest payments on federal home loan bank advances. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Condition and reclassified into interest expense in the same period in which the hedged transaction is recognized in earnings. At March 31, 2024, the Company had $61 million (net-of-tax) of unrealized gains on derivatives classified as cash flow hedges recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Company had $10 million (net-of-tax) of unrealized gains on derivatives classified as cash flow hedges recorded other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2023.

Derivatives that are designated in hedging relationships are assessed for effectiveness using regression analysis at inception and qualitatively thereafter, unless regression analysis is deemed necessary. All designated hedge relationships were, and are expected to be, highly effective as of March 31, 2024.

Subsequent to March 31, 2024 we terminated all of our derivatives that were designated in a cash flow or fair value hedge relationship. This action was taken to reduce our asset sensitivity and bring the balance sheet to an interest rate neutral position and did not have any immediate impact to earnings. The remaining impact from the cash flow hedge relationships will be reclassified from other comprehensive income into income over the life of the hedged items.

Fair Value of Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain of its fixed-rate assets due to changes in interest rates. The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for the Company receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. Such derivatives were used to hedge the changes in fair value of certain of its pools of prepayable fixed rate assets. For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest income.

The Company has interest rate swaps with a notional amounts of $2.0 billion to hedge certain multi-family loans using the portfolio layer method. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the floating rate received related to the net settlement of these interest rate swaps was greater than the fixed rate payments. As such, interest income from loans and leases in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income was increased by $9 million for three months ended March 31, 2024.

The fair value basis adjustment on our hedged real estate loans is included in loans and leases held for investment on our Consolidated Statements of Condition. The carrying amount of our hedged loans was $6.0 billion at March 31, 2024, of which unrealized gains of $26 million were due to the fair value hedge relationship. We have designated $2.0 billion of this portfolio of loans in a hedging relationship as of March 31, 2024.

The following tables set forth information regarding the Company’s derivative financial instruments:

The following table presents the derivatives subject to a master netting agreement, including the cash pledged as collateral:

(1)Variation margin pledged to, or received from, a Central Counterparty Clearing House to cover the prior days fair value of open positions is considered settlement of the derivative position for accounting purposes.

The following table presents the derivatives subject to a master netting agreement, including the cash pledged as collateral:

(1)Variation margin pledged to, or received from, a Central Counterparty Clearing House to cover the prior days fair value of open positions is considered settlement of the derivative position for accounting purposes.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of amounts subject to variability caused by changes in interest rates from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges are initially recorded in other comprehensive income and are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $5.5 billion and $5.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were designated as cash flow hedges of certain FHLB borrowings.

The following table presents the effect of the Company’s cash flow derivative instruments on AOCL:

Amounts reported in AOCL related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate borrowings. We will recognize $106 million lower interest expense over the next rolling twelve month period related to the reclassification.

Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The following table presents the net gain (loss) recognized in income on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, net of the impact of offsetting positions:

(1) Includes customer-initiated commercial interest rate swaps.

Note 15 -Intangible Assets

Finite-lived Intangible Assets

At March 31, 2024, intangible assets consisted of the following:

As of March 31, 2024 the weighted average amortization period for core deposit intangible and other intangible assets is 10 years and 5.1 years, respectively.

The estimated amortization expense of CDI and other intangible assets for the next five years is as follows:

Note 16 -Fair Value Measures

GAAP sets forth a definition of fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value, and requires disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or non-recurring basis. GAAP also clarifies that fair value is an “exit” price, representing the amount that would be received when selling an asset, or paid when transferring a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value is thus a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

•Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

•Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability.

A financial instrument’s categorization within this valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The following tables present assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and that were included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition at those dates:

The Company reviews and updates the fair value hierarchy classifications for its assets on a quarterly basis. Changes from one quarter to the next that are related to the observability of inputs for a fair value measurement may result in a reclassification from one hierarchy level to another.

A description of the methods and significant assumptions utilized in estimating the fair values of securities follows:

Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government securities and exchange-traded securities.

If quoted market prices are not available for a specific security, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models. These pricing models primarily use market-based or independently sourced market parameters as inputs, including, but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, equity or debt prices, and credit spreads. In addition to observable market information, models incorporate transaction details such as maturity and cash flow assumptions. Securities valued in this manner would generally be classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, and primarily include such instruments as mortgage-related and corporate debt securities.

Periodically, the Company uses fair values supplied by independent pricing services to corroborate the fair values derived from the pricing models. In addition, the Company reviews the fair values supplied by independent pricing services, as well as their underlying pricing methodologies, for reasonableness. The Company challenges pricing service valuations that appear to be unusual or unexpected.

While the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate, and consistent with those of other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair values of certain financial instruments could result in different estimates of fair values at a reporting date.

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs

The following tables include a roll forward of the Consolidated Statements of Condition amounts (including the change in fair value) for financial instruments classified by us within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy:

(1)We utilized swaptions, futures, forward agency and loan sales and interest rate swaps to manage the risk associated with mortgage servicing rights and rate lock commitments. Gains and losses for individual lines do not reflect the effect of our risk management activities related to such Level 3 instruments.

(2)Rate lock commitments are reported on a fallout-adjusted basis. Transfers out of Level 3 represent the settlement value of the commitments that are transferred to LHFS, which are classified as Level 2 assets.

The following tables present the quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value financial instruments and the fair value measurements as of March 31, 2024:

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by their relative fair value of the instruments.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Such instruments are subject to fair value adjustments under certain circumstances (e.g., when there is evidence of impairment). The following tables present assets that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and that were included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition at those dates:

(1)Represents the fair value of repossessed assets, based on the appraised value of the collateral subsequent to its initial classification as repossessed assets and equity securities without readily determinable fair values. These equity securities are classified as Level 3 due to the infrequency of the observable prices and/or the restrictions on the shares.

(2)Represents the fair value of impaired loans, based on the value of the collateral.

(1)Represents the fair value of repossessed assets, based on the appraised value of the collateral subsequent to its initial classification as repossessed assets and equity securities without readily determinable fair values. These equity securities are classified as Level 3 due to the infrequency of the observable prices and/or the restrictions on the shares.

(2)Represents the fair value of impaired loans, based on the value of the collateral.

The fair values of collateral-dependent impaired loans are determined using various valuation techniques, including consideration of appraised values and other pertinent real estate and other market data.

Other Fair Value Disclosures

For the disclosure of fair value information about the Company’s on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments, when available, quoted market prices are used as the measure of fair value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on present-value estimates or other valuation techniques. Such fair values are significantly affected by the assumptions used, the timing of future cash flows, and the discount rate.

Because assumptions are inherently subjective in nature, estimated fair values cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent market quotes. Furthermore, in many cases, the estimated fair values provided would not necessarily be realized in an immediate sale or settlement of such instruments.

The following tables summarize the carrying values, estimated fair values, and fair value measurement levels of financial instruments that were not carried at fair value on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(1)Carrying value and estimated fair value are at cost.

(2)Interest-bearing checking and money market accounts, savings accounts, and non-interest-bearing accounts.

(3)Certificates of deposit.

(1)Carrying value and estimated fair value are at cost.

(2)Interest-bearing checking and money market accounts, savings accounts, and non-interest-bearing accounts.

(3)Certificates of deposit.

The methods and significant assumptions used to estimate fair values for the Company’s financial instruments follow:

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks and federal funds sold. The estimated fair values of cash and cash equivalents are assumed to equal their carrying values, as these financial instruments are either due on demand or have short-term maturities.

Securities

If quoted market prices are not available for a specific security, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows. These pricing models primarily use market-based or independently sourced market parameters as inputs, including, but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, equity or debt prices, and credit spreads. In addition to observable market information, pricing models also incorporate transaction details such as maturities and cash flow assumptions.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Ownership in equity securities of the FHLB is generally restricted and there is no established liquid market for their resale. The carrying amount approximates the fair value.

Loans and leases

The Company discloses the fair value of loans measured at amortized cost using an exit price notion. The Company determined the fair value on substantially all of its loans for disclosure purposes, on an individual loan basis. The discount rates reflect current market rates for loans with similar terms to borrowers having similar credit quality on an exit price basis. For those loans where a discounted cash flow technique was not considered reliable, the Company used a quoted market price for each individual loan.

MSRs

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the MSRs are option adjusted spreads, prepayment rates and cost to service. Significant increases (decreases) in all three assumptions in isolation result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Weighted average life (in years) is used to determine the change in fair value of MSRs. For March 31, 2024, the weighted average life (in years) for the entire portfolio was 7.06.

Rate lock commitments

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the rate lock commitments is the pull through rate. The pull through rate is a statistical analysis of our actual rate lock fallout history to determine the sensitivity of the residential mortgage loan pipeline compared to interest rate changes and other deterministic values. New market prices are applied based on updated loan characteristics and new fallout ratios (i.e. the inverse of the pull through rate) are applied accordingly. Significant increases (decreases) in the pull through rate in isolation result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement.

Deposits

The fair values of deposit liabilities with no stated maturity (i.e., interest-bearing checking and money market accounts, savings accounts, and non-interest-bearing accounts) are equal to the carrying amounts payable on demand. The fair values of CDs represent contractual cash flows, discounted using interest rates currently offered on deposits with similar characteristics and remaining maturities. These estimated fair values do not include the intangible value of core deposit relationships, which comprise a portion of the Company’s deposit base.

Borrowed Funds

The estimated fair value of borrowed funds is based either on bid quotations received from securities dealers or the discounted value of contractual cash flows with interest rates currently in effect for borrowed funds with similar maturities and structures.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

The fair values of commitments to extend credit and unadvanced lines of credit are estimated based on an analysis of the interest rates and fees currently charged to enter into similar transactions, considering the remaining terms of the commitments and the creditworthiness of the potential borrowers. The estimated fair values of such off-balance sheet financial instruments were insignificant at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Fair Value Option

We elected the fair value option for certain items as discussed throughout the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements to more closely align the accounting method with the underlying economic exposure. Interest income on LHFS is accrued on the principal outstanding primarily using the "simple-interest" method.

The following table reflects the change in fair value included in earnings of financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding for assets and liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected:

Note 17 -Mezzanine and Stockholders Equity

The following table summarizes the Company's preferred stock at March 31, 2024:

(1)Shares outstanding for Series C excludes 6,751 shares converted to common shares following issuance.

Series A Preferred stock

Each Series A preferred share represent 1/40th interest in a share of the Company’s Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series A Noncumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, with a liquidation preference of $1.00 per share (equivalent to $25 per share). Dividends accrue on the shares at a fixed rate equal to 6.375 percent per annum until March 17, 2027, and a floating rate equal to three-month SOFR plus 408.26 basis points per annum beginning on March 17, 2027. Dividends will be payable in arrears on March 17, June 17, September 17, and December 17 of each year, which commenced on June 17, 2017. In the first quarter of 2024, we paid dividends on our Series A preferred stock of $15.94 per share.

Series B Preferred Stock

Each share of Series B Noncumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”), is automatically convertible into 1,000 shares of our common stock (orone share of Series C Preferred Stock in limited circumstances) in the event of a transfer consistent with the rules and limitations of Regulation Y (a "Reg Y Transfer"). As of March 31, 2024, all the issued and outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock represented the right (on an as converted basis) to receive approximately 192 million shares of our common stock. Series B Preferred Stock shareholders do not have voting rights, except in limited circumstances.

Series B Preferred Stock provides for quarterly non-cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 13 percent, if declared by the Board, until the receipt of the requisite shareholder approval of both (a) an amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock from 900,000,000 to at least 1,700,000,000; and (b) the issuance of shares of our common stock in connection with the March 2024 capital raise pursuant to NYSE listing rules (the “Stockholder Approvals”). Until receipt of the Stockholder Approvals, each share of Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to a liquidation preference equal to $2,000 per share.

Series C Preferred Stock

Each share of Series C Noncumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per shares (“Series C Preferred Stock”), is automatically convertible into 1,000 shares of our common stock upon the occurrence of certain events (including receipt of the Stockholder Approvals). In addition, in connection with Reg Y Transfers, the Series C Preferred Stock is automatically convertible into 1,000 shares of our common stock. As of March 31, 2024, all the issued and outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock represented the right (on an as converted basis) to receive approximately 249.6 million shares of our common stock. Series C Preferred Stock shareholders do not have voting rights, except in limited circumstances.

Series C Preferred Stock provides for quarterly non-cumulative cash dividends at an annual rate of 13 percent, if declared by the Board. Each share of Series C Preferred Stock is entitled to a liquidation preference equal to $2,000 per share.

The Series B and C Preferred Stock is classified in mezzanine equity as it is redeemable for cash, contingent on an event that is not solely in the control of the Company. The Series B and C Preferred Stock is not remeasured because it is currently not probable that it will become redeemable.

Warrants

Warrants were issued to purchase shares of a new class of non-voting, common-equivalent preferred stock of the Company, par value $0.01 per share (the "Series D NVCE Stock") for $2,500 per share. The warrants are not exercisable until September 10, 2024 and expire 7 years after issuance. Each share of Series D NVCE Stock is convertible into 1,000 shares of our common stock (or, in certain limited circumstances, one share of Series C Preferred Stock) in a Reg Y Transfer. All shares of Series D NVCE Stock represent the right (on an as converted basis) to receive 315 million shares of our common stock for an exercise price of $2.50 per common share. The terms of the warrant allow net settlement in shares and will not be exercisable for 180 days after closing.