TITAN INTERNATIONAL INC

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Titan International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Titan or the Company) are leading manufacturers of wheels, tires, and undercarriage systems and components for off-highway vehicles used in the agricultural, earthmoving/construction, and consumer segments. Titan manufactures both wheels and tires for the majority of these market applications, allowing the Company to provide the value-added service of delivering complete wheel and tire assemblies. The Company offers a broad range of products that are manufactured to meet the specifications of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and/or the requirements of aftermarket customers.

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all majority-owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities in which Titan is the primary beneficiary. Investments in companies in which Titan does not own a majority interest, but which Titan has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in other companies are carried at cost. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Reclassifications

The Company has reclassified certain prior period amounts in the consolidated balance sheet, primarily lease liabilities and warranty liabilities and in the consolidated statement of operations, primarily interest expense and interest income, to conform with the current period presentation.

Business combinations

We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires an allocation of the consideration we paid to the identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values as of the closing date of the acquisition. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

Purchased intangibles other than goodwill are initially recognized at fair value and amortized over their useful lives unless those lives are determined to be indefinite. The valuation of acquired assets will impact future operating results. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is determined using an income approach on an individual asset basis. Specifically, we use the multi-period excess earnings method to determine the fair value of customer relationships and the relief-from-royalty approach to determine the fair value of the tradename and proprietary technology. Determining the fair value of acquired intangibles involves significant estimates and assumptions, including forecasted revenue growth rates, EBIT margins, percentage of revenue attributable to the tradename, contributory asset charges, customer attrition rate, market-participant discount rates, the assumed royalty rates and income tax rates.

The determination of the useful life of an intangible asset other than goodwill is based on factors including historical tradename performance with respect to consumer name recognition, geographic market presence, market share, plans for ongoing tradename support and promotion, customer attrition rate, and other relevant factors.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized. For goodwill, impairment tests are required at least annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that it may be impaired, when some portion but not all of a reporting unit is disposed of or classified as assets held for sale, or when a change in the composition of reporting units occurs for other reasons, such as a change in segments. Based on its current organizational structure, the Company identified reporting units for which cash flows are determinable and to which goodwill was allocated.

The Company performs its goodwill impairment test at least annually in the fourth quarter. For this goodwill impairment test, the Company used qualitative assessments. The Company performed this test by assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit was greater than its respective carrying value. Factors considered in the qualitative assessments include, among other things, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations and the financial performance of the respective reporting units. If based on the results of the qualitative assessment, the Company were to determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its

F- 12 carrying value, a quantitative assessment would be conducted. Based on the results of the annual goodwill impairment test, the Company determined there was no impairment.

A quantitative test is used to determine existence of goodwill impairment and the amount of the impairment loss at the reporting unit level. The quantitative test compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company uses an income-based valuation method, determining the present value of estimated future cash flows, to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Factors used in the impairment analysis require significant judgment, and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts. The Company uses its own market assumptions including internal projections of future cash flows, discount rates and other assumptions considered reasonable in the analysis and reflective of market participant assumptions. These forecasts are based on historical performance and future estimated results. The discount rates utilized are based on a capital asset pricing model and published relevant industry rates, which take into consideration the risks and uncertainties inherent to the reporting units and in the internally developed forecasts.

Other intangible assets with determinable lives primarily consist of customer lists/relationships and trademarks. Refer to Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for further information.

Long-lived assets (including definite-lived intangible assets) are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, such as a significant sustained change in the business climate. If an indicator of impairment exists for any grouping of assets, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows is prepared and compared to its carrying value. If an asset group is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured by the excess of the carrying amount of the asset group over its fair value, as determined by an estimate of discounted future cash flows.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers short-term debt securities with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The cash in the Company's U.S. banks is not fully insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company had $185.3 million and $186.1 million of cash in foreign bank accounts at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company's cash in its foreign bank accounts is not fully insured.

Accounts receivable and allowance for credit loss

The Company carries its accounts receivable at their face amounts less an allowance for credit loss. The allowance is an estimate based on historical collection experience, current and future economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of customers' trade accounts receivable. In order to monitor credit risks associated with our customer base, credit worthiness of our existing customer base is reviewed on a periodic basis. At the end of each reporting period, the allowance for credit loss is reviewed relative to management's collectability assessment and adjusted if deemed necessary. The factors considered in this review include known bad debt risks and past loss history. Actual collection experience may differ from the current estimate of net receivables.

Concentration of credit risk

Net sales to Deere & Company in Titan's agricultural, earthmoving/construction, and consumer segments combined represented 11%,13% and 15% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of Titan's net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022 .

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company’s inventories are valued under the first in, first out (FIFO) method or average cost method. Net realizable value is estimated based on current selling prices. Estimated provisions are established for slow-moving and obsolete inventory.

Fixed assets

Property, plant, and equipment have been recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the related assets:

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Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When property, plant, and equipment are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are eliminated, and any gain or loss on disposition is included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company reviews fixed assets to assess recoverability from future operations whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable. Factors that could result in an impairment review include, but are not limited to, a current period cash flow loss combined with a history of cash flow losses, current cash flows that may be insufficient to recover the investment in the property over the remaining useful life, or a projection that demonstrates continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets, or significant changes in business strategies. Impairment losses are recognized in operating results when expected undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset. Impairment losses are measured as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over the discounted expected future cash flows or the estimated fair value of the asset.

Fair value of financial instruments

The Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis include investments in marketable equity securities of $5.3 million and $30.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are Level 1 fair value measurements as the Company uses quoted market prices. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments. The Company’s revolving credit facility and notes payable are carried at cost, which approximates fair value due to their short terms or stated rates, which are considered Level 2 fair value measurements. Our 7.0% senior secured notes due 2028 (the senior secured notes due 2028) were carried at cost of $397.2 million and $396.3 million at December 31, 2024 and and 2023, respectively. The fair value of the senior secured notes due 2028, as determined with the assistance of an independent pricing platform using real-time trade data, was approximately $390.0 million and $401.4 million, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which was determined to be a level 2 fair value measurement.

Investments

The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in entities that are not consolidated since Titan is not the primary beneficiary, but can exert significant influence over the entities. Under the equity method, investments are reported in other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets and are recorded at cost and adjusted for the Company's proportionate share of the net income or loss in the investments. The carrying value of these investments was $7.9 million and $7.1 million as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Company assesses the carrying value of its equity method investments whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable. Investment write-downs, if necessary, are recognized in operating results when expected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset. These write-downs, if any, are measured as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over the discounted expected future cash flows or the estimated fair value of the asset.

Russia-Ukraine Military Conflict

In February 2022, in response to the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the United States, other North Atlantic Treaty Organization member states, as well as non-member states, announced targeted economic sanctions on Russia, certain Russian citizens and enterprises. The continuation of the conflict has triggered additional economic and other sanctions enacted by the United States and other countries throughout the world.

The Company currently owns 64.3% of the Voltyre-Prom, a leading producer of agricultural and industrial tires in Volgograd, Russia, which represents approximately 5% and 7% of consolidated assets of Titan as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Russian operations represent approximately 5%,6% and 6% of consolidated global sales for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The impact of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine has not had a significant impact on the Company's global operations. The Company continues to monitor the potential impacts on

F- 14 the business including the increased cost of energy in Europe and the ancillary impacts that the military conflict could have on other global operations.

Sale of Australian wheel business

On March 29, 2022, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the Agreement) for the sale of its Australian wheel business, to OTR Tyres, a leading Australian tire, wheel and service provider. The closing date of the transaction was March 31, 2022. The Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants for transactions of this type. The sale included gross proceeds and cash repatriated of approximately $17.5 million, and the assumption by OTR Tyres of all liabilities, including employee and lease obligations. Refer to footnote 18 for additional information on the loss on sale of the Australian wheel business.

Foreign currency translation

The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated to United States dollars. Assets and liabilities are translated to United States dollars at period-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. Translation adjustments are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in stockholders’ equity. Gains and losses that result from foreign currency transactions are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Hyperinflation in Argentina and Turkey

In July 2018 and March 2022, thethree-year cumulative rate of inflation for consumer prices and wholesale prices reached a level in excess of 100% for Argentina and Turkey, respectively. As a result, in accordance with ASC 830 Foreign Currency Matters, Argentina and Turkey were considered hyperinflationary economies and the Company applied the standard for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

In accordance with ASC 830, the Argentine and Turkish subsidiary's nonmonetary assets and liabilities, as well as related expenses such as depreciation, are remeasured into US dollars by applying the foreign exchange rate as of the date each respective entity became hyperinflationary. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into US dollars using the current exchange rates. Any resulting gains or losses on these monetary assets and liabilities are reported in net income within the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company recognized a net monetary loss of $3.2 million and $15.5 million recorded in foreign exchange (loss) gain in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The decrease in the net monetary loss is due to the application of the accounting standard for the year ended December 31, 2023 which included cumulative prior period impacts which were not material to the annual 2023 financial statements.

Revenue recognition

The Company derives revenues primarily from the sale of wheels, tires, tires/wheels assemblies, and undercarriage systems and components. The Company follows the five-step model to determine when to recognize revenue: (1) identify the contract(s) with the customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when the entity satisfies a performance obligation. In most arrangements within the Company, contracts with the customer are identified through the receipt of a purchase order, which also defines the terms of the contract including the performance obligations or products to be sold, and specific transaction prices associated with the products. In some other arrangements, a master agreement exists that defines pertinent contract terms such as products and price. Purchase orders are then issued under the master agreement for specific quantities of products, which are fulfilled at the specified price at a given point in time. Generally, the Company’s performance obligations under the contracts are satisfied when there is transfer of control of the products to our customers, which is primarily upon shipment or, in certain instances, upon delivery of the products to the named customer location. The payment terms and conditions in our contracts vary and are customary within the geographies that we serve. As the Company’s standard payment terms are less than one year, the Company has elected the practical expedient under ASC 606-10-32-18 to not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component.

Revenues are stated net of returns, discounts and allowances, which are determined based on historical experience. Customer discounts and allowances, consisting primarily of volume discounts and other short-term incentive programs, are recorded as a reduction of revenue at the time of sale because these allowances reflect a reduction in the transaction price.

Costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer, such as sales commissions to agents and internal sales employees, are recognized as an expense when incurred since the amortization period would be one year or less. Shipping and handling costs

F- 15 are included as a component of cost of sales. Revenue derived from shipping and handling costs billed to customers is included in sales.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales is comprised primarily of direct materials and supplies consumed in the manufacturing of the Company’s products, as well as manufacturing labor, depreciation expense, and overhead expense necessary to acquire and convert the purchased materials and supplies into a finished product. Cost of sales also includes all purchasing, receiving, inspection, internal transfers, and related distribution costs.

Selling, general, and administrative expense

Selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expense is comprised primarily of sales commissions, marketing expense, selling, and administrative wages, information system costs, legal fees, bank charges, professional fees, depreciation and amortization expense on non-manufacturing assets, and other administrative items.

Research and development expense

Research and development (R&D) expenses are expensed as incurred. R&D costs were $16.5 million, $12.5 million, and $10.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Advertising

Advertising expenses are included in SG&A expense and are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were approximately $4.8 million, $3.3 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Warranty costs

The Company provides limited warranties on workmanship on its products in all market segments. The provision for estimated warranty costs is made in the period when such costs become probable and is based on past warranty experience. See Note 12 for additional information.

Income taxes

Deferred income tax provisions are determined using the asset and liability method to recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities. This method is based upon differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the respective tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply in the years the temporary differences are expected to be settled or realized. Valuation allowances are recorded where it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Tax benefits are recognized only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing consolidated net earnings applicable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing adjusted consolidated net earnings applicable to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and the weighted average number of potential common shares outstanding. Potential common shares consist of outstanding options under the Company’s stock compensation plans.

Environmental liabilities

Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations and that do not contribute to current or future revenue are expensed. Liabilities are recorded when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable and can be reasonably estimated.

Stock-based compensation

Compensation expense for stock-based compensation is recognized over the requisite service period at the estimated fair value of the award at the grant date. See Note 21 for additional information.

Use of estimates

The policies utilized by the Company in the preparation of the financial statements conform to United States generally accepted accounting principles ("US GAAP" or "GAAP") and require management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual amounts could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

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Share repurchase program

On December 16, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program allowing for the expenditure of up to $50.0 million (the "Share Repurchase Program") for the repurchase of the Company's common stock. This authorization took effect immediately and will remain in place for up tothree years. Under the Share Repurchase Program, Titan repurchased 1,964,593 shares of its common stock totaling $16.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2,653,786 shares of its common stock totaling $32.6 million during 2023. As of December 31, 2024, $1.0 million remains available for future share repurchases under this program. The Company records treasury stock using the cost method.

In addition to the share repurchase program, the Company entered into a Stock Repurchase Agreement (the “Stock Repurchase Agreement”) with MHR Capital Partners Master Account LP, a limited partnership organized in Anguilla, British West Indies, MHR Capital Partners (100) LP, a Delaware limited partnership, and MHR Institutional Partners III L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (together, the “MHR Funds”, a related party) on October 18, 2024. Refer to Note 15 for additional information.

Supplier financing program

A subsidiary of Titan participates in supplier financing programs pursuant to credit agreements between certain suppliers and financial institutions. The program enables those suppliers to receive payment from participating financial institutions prior to the payment date specified in the terms between Titan and the supplier. Titan does not incur annual service fees associated with its enrollment in the supplier financing program. The transactions are at the sole discretion of both the suppliers and the financial institution, and Titan is not a party to the agreement and has no economic interest in the supplier's decision to receive payment prior to the payment date. The terms between Titan and a supplier, including the amount due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by a supplier's participation in the program. Amounts due to suppliers who participate in the program are included in the accounts payable line item in Titan's consolidated balance sheets and Titan’s payments made under the program are reflected in cash flows from operating activities in Titan's consolidated statements of cash flows. For suppliers who participate in a supplier financing program, Titan will pay the financial institution directly rather than the supplier. The confirmed obligations under the supplier financing programs included in theaccounts payable line item in Titan's consolidated balance sheet were $13.2 million at December 31, 2024, and $7.4 million at December 31, 2023.

Adoption of new accounting standards

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in the ASU require, among other things, disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to an entity's chief operating decision maker (CODM) and a description of other segment items (the difference between segment revenue less the segment expenses disclosed under the significant expense principle and each reported measure of segment profit or loss) by reportable segment, as well as disclosure of the title and position of the CODM, and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Annual disclosures are required for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim disclosures are required for periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Retrospective application is required, and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the impact of this ASU effective December 31, 2024 and incorporated the required disclosures within Note 25 to consolidated financial statements.

New accounting pronouncements to be adopted in future periods

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, may be applied prospectively or retrospectively, and allows for early adoption. These requirements will impact our income tax disclosures and we are currently evaluating the impact of adoption.

In November 2024, FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which requires additional disclosure about the specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. The amendments in this ASU do not change or remove current expense disclosure requirements but affect where this information appears in the notes to financial statements. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2024-03 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

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2. BUSINESS COMBINATION

Acquisition of The Carlstar Group

On February 29, 2024, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests of The Carlstar Group, LLC ("Carlstar") for the following purchase consideration and subject to a working capital adjustment based on an agreed upon working capital target (amounts in thousands):

Carlstar is a global manufacturer and distributor of wheels and tires for a variety of end-market verticals including outdoor power equipment, power sports, trailers, and small to midsize agricultural and construction equipment. Carlstar has 17 manufacturing and distribution facilities located infour countries and provides solutions to customers in North America, Europe and China.

Since the initial measurement of the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the Company has updated our initial allocation of the purchase consideration during 2024. The principal changes include (i) increase in the value of inventory to include inventory in-transit to a customer locations for which transfer of title has not occurred, (ii) decrease in the value of Property, Plant, and Equipment primarily to reflect updated assumptions surrounding disposed and idle assets, and (iii) decrease in the fair market value adjustment associated with a certain right-of-use asset based on updated underlying valuation assumptions.

The following table summarizes the measurement period changes since the first quarter of 2024, as well as the updated and the allocation of purchase price consideration to the major classes of assets and liabilities (amounts in thousands) as of February 29, 2024:

Goodwill represents value the Company expects to be created by combining the operations of the acquired business with the Company's operations, including the expansion of customer relationships, access to new customers, and potential cost savings

F- 18 and synergies. Goodwill related to the acquisition is deductible for tax purposes. The carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment as of December 31, 2024 is as follows:

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts and weighted average lives of the acquired intangible assets as of February 29, 2024 (amounts in thousands):

Through December 31, 2024, the actual revenue and income before taxes of Carlstar since the acquisition date of February 29, 2024 included in the consolidated statement of operations is as shown below (amounts in thousands). The net income includes the effect of fair value adjustments for the amortization of inventory, intangible assets, and depreciation of property, plant and equipment.

The following is the unaudited pro forma financial information for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 that reflects our results of our operations as if the acquisition of Carlstar had been completed on January 1, 2023. This unaudited pro forma financial information is provided for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations would have been had the transactions taken place on January 1, 2023, nor is it indicative of the future consolidated results of operations or financial position of the combined companies (amounts in thousands, except per share data).

These pro forma amounts have been calculated after applying Titan's accounting policies and making certain adjustments, which primarily relate to: (i) severance-related costs, (ii) adjustments relating to the fair value step-ups to inventory, (iii) transaction-related costs of both Titan and Carlstar, and (iv) gain of $56.2 million related to a sale-leaseback transaction of certain domestic manufacturing facilities for Carlstar for the year ended December 31, 2023 prior to the acquisition by the Company. These pro forma amounts were adjusted to be excluded from the unaudited pro forma information for the year ended December 31, 2024 and were adjusted to include these amounts for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Total acquisition-related costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $6.2 million.

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3. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET

Accounts receivable at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

Accounts receivable are reduced by an estimated allowance for credit losses which is based on known risks and historical losses.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the periods set forth below consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

4. INVENTORIES

Inventories at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

Inventories are reduced by estimated provisions for slow-moving and obsolete inventory. These provisions reduce the cost basis of the asset.

5. PREPAID AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid and other current assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

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6. PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property, plant, and equipment at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

Depreciation, including depreciation on capital leases, related to property, plant, and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $55.7 million, $41.0 million, and $41.5 million, respectively.

7. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

The components of intangible assets, net at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

Amortization related to intangible assets were $1.5 million, $0.6 million, and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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The estimated aggregate amortization expense at December 31, 2024, for each of the years set forth below was as follows (amounts in thousands):

8. OTHER LONG-TERM ASSETS

Other long-term assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

9. OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Other current liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

(a) The Company received government subsidies in 2023 associated with capital expenditure investments in technological and digital innovation in Europe. The amount of the government subsidy is used to offset existing payables to governmental entities in the future. In addition, during August 2014, the Company received an approximately $17.0 million capital grant from the Italian government for asset damages related to the earthquake that occurred in May 2012 at one of our Italian subsidiaries. The grant was recorded as deferred income innon-current liabilities which is being amortized over the life of the reconstructed building. There are no specific stipulations associated with the government grant.

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10. DEBT

Long-term debt consisted of the following as of the dates set forth below (amounts in thousands):

The weighted-average interest rates on total short-term borrowings, at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were approximately 4.1% and 3.1%, respectively.

Aggregate maturities of total debt at December 31, 2024, for each of the years (or other periods) set forth below were as follows (amounts in thousands):

7.00% senior secured notes due 2028

On April 22, 2021, the Company issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.00% senior secured notes due April 2028 (the senior secured notes due 2028), guaranteed by certain of the Company's subsidiaries. Including the impact of debt issuance costs, these notes had an effective yield of 7.27% at issuance. These notes are secured by the land and buildings of the following subsidiaries of the Company: Titan Wheel Corporation of Illinois, Titan Tire Corporation, Titan Tire Corporation of Freeport, and Titan Tire Corporation of Bryan.

Revolving credit facility

In connection with the acquisition of Carlstar, Titan entered into a new domestic credit facility which was effective on February 29, 2024. The new credit facility, with Bank of America as agent, consists of a $225.0 million revolving line of credit (the previous credit facility was $125.0 million) and is collateralized by accounts receivable and inventory of certain of the Company's domestic and Canadian subsidiaries. In addition, swingline loans and letters of credit are available under the facility

F- 23 up to an aggregate outstanding amount of $20.0 million for swingline loans and $50.0 million for letters of credit. The credit facility has afive-year term and can be expanded by up to $50.0 million through an uncommitted accordion provision within the agreement. It is scheduled to mature on February 28, 2029 or 91 days prior to the maturity of the Company's 7.00% secured notes due in 2028. The new credit facility has terms similar to those contained in the previous credit facility as well as other enhancements to further improve the availability within the borrowing base. The interest rate of the credit facility is based on the prevailing SOFR rate subject to certain debt levels within each month. As of December 31, 2024, the weighted average interest rate was 6.20%.

The Company's total amount available for borrowing under the new credit facility at December 31, 2024 totaled $177.1 million, based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory balances. With outstanding letters of credit totaling $9.9 million and $146.0 million in outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility, the net amount available for borrowing under the new credit facility totaled $21.2 million at December 31, 2024.

Prior to February 29, 2024, the Company had a $125.0 million revolving credit facility with BMO Harris Bank N.A., as agent, and other financial institutions party thereto, until the completion of the new credit facility noted above. The $125.0 million credit facility was collateralized by accounts receivable and inventory of certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries and was scheduled to mature in October 2026. The credit facility could have been expanded by up to $50.0 million through an accordion provision within the agreement. From time to time, Titan's availability under this credit facility could have been less than $125.0 million as a result of outstanding letters of credit and eligible accounts receivable and inventory balances at certain of its domestic subsidiaries. This credit facility was terminated in connection with the effectiveness of the new credit facility.

Titan Europe credit facilities

The Titan Europe credit facilities included borrowings from various institutions totaling $15.2 million and $22.6 million in aggregate principal amount at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Maturity dates on this primarily unsecured debt range from less thanone year tofive years. The interest rates range from 0.5% to 6.5%.

Other debt

The Company has working capital loans at Titan Pneus do Brasil Ltda at varying interest rates between approximately 6.9% to 7.6%, which totaled $7.1 million at December 31, 2024. Similarly, the Company held a working capital loan at Titan Pneus do Brasil Ltda at varying interest rates from approximately 5% to 6.5%, which totaled $7.2 million at December 31, 2023. The maturity dates on these loans range fromone year totwo years. The Company expects to negotiate an extension of the maturity date on these loans with the respective financial institutions or to repay the loan, as needed.

Debt restrictions

The Company’s $225 million revolving credit facility (credit facility) and indenture relating to the 7.00% senior secured notes due 2028 contain various restrictions, including:

•When remaining availability under the credit facility is less than the greater of (i) $17 million and (ii)10% of the credit facility’s line cap (the line cap being the lesser of our borrowing base or the lenders’ commitments under the credit facility), the Company will be required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.0 to 1.0 (calculated quarterly on a trailing four quarter basis);

•Limits on dividends and repurchases of the Company’s stock;

•Restrictions on the ability of the Company to make additional borrowings, or to consolidate, merge, or otherwise fundamentally change the ownership of the Company;

•Limits on investments, dispositions of assets, and guarantees of indebtedness; and

•Other customary affirmative and negative covenants.

These covenants are subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications that are described in the credit and security agreement and the indenture relating to the 7.00% senior secured notes due 2028. These restrictions could limit the Company’s ability to respond to market conditions, provide for unanticipated capital investments, raise additional debt or equity capital, pay dividends, repurchase stock or take advantage of business opportunities, including future acquisitions. The Company was in compliance with these debt covenants at December 31, 2024.

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11. OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

Other long-term liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

(a) The amount relates to foreign government grant programs related to certain capital development projects in Italy and Spain. The Company received an approximately $17 million capital grant. The grants were recorded as deferred income which will be amortized over the life of the capital development projects.

12. WARRANTY

Changes in the warranty liability for the periods set forth below consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

The Company provides limited warranties on workmanship on its products in all market segments. The majority of the Company’s products are subject to a limited warranty that ranges between less thanone year andten years, with certain product warranties being prorated after the first year. The Company calculates a provision for warranty expense based on past warranty experience. Warranty accruals are included as a component of other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

13. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company uses financial derivatives to mitigate its exposure to volatility in foreign currency exchange rates. Periodically, the Company enters into derivative transactions to hedge against fluctuations in commodity prices in North America. These derivative financial instruments are recognized at their fair value. The fair value of the hedges is recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability, depending on whether the value of the hedge is positive or negative. These derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges. Any changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) until the hedged item affects earnings. When the hedged item impacts earnings, the accumulated gains or losses in OCI are reclassified to the income statement in the same period or periods during which the hedged item affects earnings. The amount of unrealized gains and losses from cash flow hedges that are expected to be reclassified to earnings in the next twelve months, is not significant; therefore, additional disclosures are not presented.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a derivative loss of $0.2 million related to the derivative contracts entered into during the year. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a derivative loss of $0.5 million and derivative gain of $1.3 million, respectively.

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14. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted of the following at the dates set forth below (amounts in thousands):

15. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

On December 16, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the Share Repurchase Program allowing for the expenditure of up to $50.0 million for the repurchase of the Company's common stock. This authorization took effect immediately and will remain in place for up tothree years. Under the Share Repurchase Program Titan repurchased 1,964,593 shares of its common stock totaling $16.4 million during 2024. As of December 31, 2024, $1.0 million remains available for future share repurchases under this program. The Company records treasury stock using the cost method.

On October 18, 2024, the Company entered into a Stock Repurchase Agreement (the “Stock Repurchase Agreement”) with MHR Capital Partners Master Account LP, a limited partnership organized in Anguilla, British West Indies, MHR Capital Partners (100) LP, a Delaware limited partnership, and MHR Institutional Partners III L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (together, the “MHR Funds”, a related party). Pursuant to the Stock Repurchase Agreement, the Company purchased in a privately negotiated transaction from the MHR Funds, and the MHR Funds sold to the Company, an aggregate of 8,005,000 shares (the “MHR Shares”) of the Company’s Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, at a per share price of $7.20 per share, for aggregate cash consideration equal to $57.6 million (the “MHR Repurchase”). The Company records treasury stock using the cost method.

The Company and the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) own all of the equity interests in Voltyre-Prom, a leading producer of agricultural and industrial tires in Volgograd, Russia. On February 11, 2019, the Company entered into a definitive

agreement (the Agreement) with an affiliate of the RDIF relating to the put option included in the Voltyre-Prom Shareholders' Agreement that was exercised by RDIF. In November 2021, Titan received regulatory approval for the issuance of restricted Titan common stock to RDIF. On December 17, 2021, the Company issued 4,032,259 shares of restricted Titan common stock to the RDIF equity holders subject to the Company's right to repurchase the shares for $25.0 million until February 12, 2022. On February 1, 2022, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with the RDIF equity holders to buy back the restricted Titan common stock for the previously agreed amount of $25.0 million. The transaction was completed on February 1, 2022. Following the transaction, the Company and RDIF's ownership remained at 64.3% and 35.7%, respectively, of Voltyre-Prom.

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16. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company held a variable interest inone joint venture for which Titan is the primary beneficiary. Titan sold the ownership interest in a manufacturer of undercarriage components and complete track systems for earthmoving machines in India on September 30, 2024. Prior to September 30, 2024, as the primary beneficiary of this variable interest entity (VIE), the VIE's assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The other equity holder's interests are reflected in “Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests” in the consolidated statements of operations and “Noncontrolling interests” in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

All assets in the above table can only be used to settle obligations of the consolidated VIE to which the respective assets relate. Liabilities are non-recourse obligations. Amounts presented in the table above are adjusted for intercompany eliminations.

The Company holds variable interests in certain VIEs that are not consolidated because Titan is not the primary beneficiary. The Company's involvement with these entities is in the form of direct equity interests and prepayments related to purchases of materials. The maximum exposure to loss represents the loss of assets recognized by Titan relating to non-consolidated entities and amounts due to the non-consolidated assets. The assets and liabilities recognized in Titan's consolidated balance sheets related to Titan's interest in these non-consolidated VIEs and the Company's maximum exposure to loss relating to non-consolidated VIEs were as follows at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

17. ROYALTY EXPENSE

The Company has trademark license agreements with The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company to manufacture and sell certain farm tires under the Goodyear name. These agreements cover sales in North America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Russia, and other Commonwealth of Independent States countries. Each of these agreements is scheduled to expire in 2025 and is expected to be renewed with similar terms as the previous agreement. The Company also has a trademark license agreement with Carlisle Companies, Inc. to manufacture and sell certain tires under the Carlisle® brand. This trademark license agreement is scheduled to expire in 2033. Royalty expenses recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, were $10.1 million, $9.6 million, and $11.7 million, respectively.

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18. OTHER INCOME

Other income consisted of the following for the years set forth below (amounts in thousands):

(a) The gain on property insurance settlement relates to the receipt of insurance proceeds of $3.5 million offset by costs to repair one of the Company's operating facilities in Italy related to a 2023 hail storm weather event. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company also received insurance proceeds of $0.5 million associated with certain equipment at our North American wheel facility.

(b) In May 2022 and September 2022, the Brazilian tax authorities approved indirect tax credits to be applied against future tax obligations. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.

(c) The loss on sale of the Australian wheel business is comprised primarily of the release of the cumulative translation adjustment of approximately $10.0 million and closing costs associated with the completion of the transaction of approximately $0.9 million. Refer to Note 1 for additional information.

(d) For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received government subsidies associated with current year capital expenditure investments in technological and digital innovation in Europe, of which $0.3 million was recorded as other income.

In addition, during August 2014, the Company received approximately $17.0 million capital grant from the Italian government for asset damages related to the earthquake that occurred in May 2012 at one of our Italian subsidiaries. The grant was recorded as deferred income in non-current liabilities which is being amortized over the life of the reconstructed building. There are no specific stipulations associated with the government grant. The Company received proceeds of an additional $1.9 million from the grant for the year ended December 31, 2022, of which $1.3 million was recorded as other income to match to the historical depreciation recorded on the underlying assets. Refer to Note 9 for additional information.

(e) In September 2024, the Company sold its remaining ownership interest in an Indian undercarriage business and incurred a loss of $0.4 million as a result of the sale. The sale agreement includes a commitment to purchase approximately $1.7 million of products from the Indian undercarriage business over atwo year period.

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19. INCOME TAXES

Income (loss) before income taxes, consisted of the following for the years set forth below (amounts in thousands):

The income tax provision was as follows for the years set forth below (amounts in thousands):

The income tax provision differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to pre-tax income (loss) as a result of the following:

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024, was 143.4% compared to 23.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective rate for 2024 was negatively affected by the impacts of foreign income, which resulted in a net $10.6 million tax expense. For 2024 the rate was positively impacted by the valuation allowance and state income tax, which resulted in a federal benefit of $8.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively. After giving consideration to these items, the effective tax rate for 2024 of 143.4% was higher than the 21% U.S. federal statutory rate.

In December 2021, the U.S. Treasury Department released final regulations concerning the U.S foreign tax credit. In November 2022, the U.S. Treasury Department and IRS released proposed regulations which provided additional guidance relating to the

F- 29 credits for foreign taxes. As a result, for 2022 the Company did not expect to receive a credit for Brazilian income taxes paid for U.S. tax purposes. This resulted in US tax associated with the Brazilian income, which led to a higher impact of foreign income in the rate for 2022. In July 2023, the IRS released Notice 2023-55. This notice generally allows a taxpayer that determined foreign taxes were creditable prior to the 2022 FTC final regulations to continue to treat such foreign income taxes as creditable during 2022 and 2023. Thus, this notice allows Titan to continue to take the position Brazilian income taxes are creditable taxes for 2023. Furthermore, it allowed Titan to take the position on its 2022 tax return that the Brazilian income taxes are creditable, resulting in a $5.7 million federal benefit.

In jurisdictions where the Company operates, management continues to monitor the realizability of the deferred tax assets arising from losses in its cyclical business, taking into account multiple factors. As of each reporting date, management considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could affect its view of the future realization of deferred tax assets. The Company continues to record a valuation allowance in several major jurisdictions, including various U.S. states, Italy, and Luxembourg as these amounts remain more likely than not that the deferred tax assets would not be utilized. The Company did not release a valuation allowance in 2024 and released a valuation allowance of $0.6 million on the net deferred tax asset in 2023. These amounts are primarily related to net operating losses generated from operations in these certain countries.

The Company is involved in various tax matters, for some of which the outcome is uncertain. The Company believes that it has adequate tax reserves to address these open tax matters acknowledging that the outcome and timing of these events are uncertain.

Management records a reduction to the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing future profitability by year, including the impact of tax planning strategies, relative to the expiration dates, if any, of the assets.

Management considers both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. Management gives operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. Management considers whether positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. Management performs scheduling exercises as needed to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. Management also considers prudent tax planning strategies (including an assessment of their feasibility) to accelerate taxable income if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows (amounts in thousands):

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As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, certain net tax loss carryforwards of $101.8 million and $104.2 million were available with $2.8 million expiring between 2024 and 2029 and $99.0 million expiring after 2029. At December 31, 2024, a valuation allowance of $106.5 million has been established. The net change in the valuation allowance was $(13.0) million and $(1.5) million for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The majority of the valuation allowance is related to deferred tax assets in the U.S., Italy, and Luxembourg.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has $65.6 million of gross federal net operating loss carryforward, a portion of which expires starting in 2035 and a portion of which does not expire. Additionally, the Company has $324.9 million of gross state net operating losses and $291.7 million of gross foreign loss carryforwards.

The Company intends to permanently reinvest all undistributed earnings outside of the U.S. and, therefore, has not provided deferred income taxes on the outside basis differences in its investments in its foreign subsidiaries. Determination of the total amount of unrecognized deferred income taxes on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries is not practicable.

The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S., Federal and State, and various foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s major locations are in the U.S., Brazil, and Italy. Open tax years for the U.S. are from 2021-2024, Brazil has open tax years from 2018-2024, and Italy has open tax years from 2018-2024.

The Company has applied the provisions of ASC 740, “Income Taxes” related to unrecognized tax benefits. At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the unrecognized tax benefits were $1.2 million, $0.0 million, and $0.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, $1.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits would have affected income tax expense if the tax benefits were recognized. The majority of the accrual in unrecognized tax benefits relates to potential transfer pricing items and state tax exposures. Although management cannot predict with any degree of certainty the timing of ultimate resolution of matters under review by various taxing jurisdictions, it is possible that the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits balance will decrease by approximately $0.0 million within the next twelve months.

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A reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

The Company accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The amount of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits recorded in income tax expense was $0.0 million, $0.0 million, and $0.0 million at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There wereno accrued interest and penalties excluded at December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Pillar II

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the “OECD”) has issued various proposals that would change long-standing global tax principles. These proposals include a two-pillar approach to global taxation (BEPS 2.0/ Pillar Two), focusing on global profit allocation and a global minimum tax rate. On December 12, 2022, the European Union member states agreed to implement the OECD’s global corporate minimum tax rate of 15%, which became effective January 2024. The Company is assessing the impact of this proposal as countries are actively considering changes to their tax laws to adopt certain parts of the OECD's proposal but does not expect a material impact to the financials.

Brazilian Tax Credits

In June 2021, the Company’s Brazilian subsidiaries received a notice that they had prevailed on an existing legal claim in regards to certain non-income (indirect) taxes that had been previously charged and paid. The matter specifically relates to companies’ rights to exclude the state tax on goods circulation (a value-added-tax or VAT equivalent, known in Brazil as “ICMS”) from the calculation of certain additional indirect taxes (specifically the program of social integration (“PIS”) and contribution for financing of social security (“COFINS”) levied by the Brazilian States on the sale of goods.

During the second quarter of 2023, one of the Company’s Brazilian subsidiaries received a notice that they had prevailed on an additional legal claim in regards to the non-income (indirect) taxes credits that had been granted in a prior year ruling. The most recent ruling exempted from taxes, the interest benefit on the indirect tax credits granted in prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded indirect tax credits of $0.5 million within other income in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company also recorded a $2.6 million benefit within the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.

During the second and third quarter of 2022, the Company submitted the related supporting documentation and received the approval from the Brazilian tax authorities for two of its Brazilian subsidiaries. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $32.0 million within other income in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company also recorded $16.1 million of income tax expense associated with the recognition of these indirect tax credits for the year ended December 31, 2022. Of the $16.1 million income tax expense recorded, $9.4 million was recorded locally in Brazil, while the remaining $6.7 million was recorded to the US in accordance with the GILTI income tax requirements. The Company has fully utilized the credits against future PIS/COFINS and income tax obligations by the end of 2023.

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20. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Pension plans

The Company hasthree frozen defined benefit pension plans covering certain employees or former employees ofthree U.S. subsidiaries. The Company also has pension plans covering certain employees of several foreign subsidiaries. The Company’s policy is to fund pension costs as required by law, which is consistent with the funding requirements of federal laws and regulations. Certain foreign subsidiaries maintain unfunded pension plans consistent with local practices and requirements.

The Company’s recorded liability for pensions is based on a number of assumptions, including discount rates, rates of return on investments, mortality rates, and other factors. Certain of these assumptions are determined by the Company with the assistance of outside actuaries. Assumptions are based on past experience and anticipated future trends. These assumptions are reviewed on a regular basis and revised when appropriate.

The following table provides the change in benefit obligation, change in plan assets, funded status, and amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet of the defined benefit pension plans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

The pension benefit obligation included $57.4 million of pension benefit obligation for thethree frozen plans in the U.S. and $12.2 million of pension benefit obligation for plans at foreign subsidiaries. The fair value of plan assets included $85.4 million of plan assets for thethree frozen plans in the U.S. and $0.6 million of plan assets for foreign plans.

Information for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations and projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were (amounts in thousands):

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The following table provides the components of net periodic pension cost for the plans, settlement cost, and the assumptions used in the measurement of the Company’s benefit obligation for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

Service cost is recorded as cost of sales in the consolidated statement of operations while all other components are recorded in other income.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the actuarial computation that derived net periodic pension cost for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

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The allocation of the fair value of plan assets was as follows:

(a) Total equities may not exceed 80% of total plan assets.

The majority of the Company's foreign plans do not have plan assets. The foreign plans which have plan assets holds these plan assets in an insurance or money market fund.

The fair value of the plan assets by asset categories consisted of the following as of the dates set forth below (amounts in thousands):

The Company invests in a diversified portfolio consisting of an array of asset classes in an attempt to maximize returns while minimizing risk. These asset classes include U.S. equities, fixed income, cash and cash equivalents, international equities and REITs. The investment objectives are to provide for the growth and preservation of plan assets on a long-term basis through investments in: investment grade securities that provide investment returns that meet or exceed the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and investment grade fixed income securities that provide investment returns that meet or exceed the Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond Index. The U.S. equities asset category included the Company’s common stock in the amount of $0.6 million (approximatelyone percent of total plan assets) at December 31, 2024, and $1.9 million (approximatelytwo percent of total plan assets) at December 31, 2023.

The fair value of money market funds, stock, bonds, U.S. government securities and mutual funds is determined based on valuation for identical instruments in active markets.

The long-term rate of return for plan assets is determined using a weighted-average of long-term historical approximate returns on cash and cash equivalents, fixed income securities, and equity securities considering the anticipated investment allocation within the plans. The expected return on plan assets is anticipated to be 7.0% over the long-term. This rate assumes long-term historical returns of approximately 8.5% for equities and approximately 4.0% for fixed income securities using the plans’ target allocation percentages. Professional investment firms, none of which are Titan employees, manage the plan assets.

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Based on the 2024 minimum pension funding calculations, the Company does not anticipate any minimum funding requirements.

Projected benefit payments from the plans as of December 31, 2024, are estimated as follows (amounts in thousands):

401(k)/Defined contribution plans

The Company sponsors three 401(k) retirement savings plans in the U.S. and a number of defined contribution plans at foreign subsidiaries.

One U.S. plan is for the benefit of substantially all employees who are not covered by a collective bargaining arrangement. Titan provides a 50% matching contribution in the form of the Company’s common stock on the first 6% of the employee’s contribution in this plan. The Company issued 206,050 shares,144,439 shares and 124,645 shares of common stock in connection with this 401(k) plan during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Expenses to the Company related to this common stock matching contribution were $1.7 million, $1.8 million, and $1.7 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The second U.S. plan is for the benefit of Carlstar employees. The Company matches employee contributions in an amount equal to 100% of the first 3% and 50% of the next 2% of the employee’s compensation. The Company incurred $1.5 million related to matching contributions from the date of the acquisition through December 31, 2024.

The third U.S. 401(k) plan is for employees covered by collective bargaining agreements and doesnot include a Company matching contribution.

Expenses related to foreign defined contribution plans were $3.5 million, $3.7 million, and $4.1 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

21. STOCK COMPENSATION

The Company recorded stock compensation of $7.4 million, $6.0 million, and $4.3 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Titan International, Inc. Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan

The Company adopted a new Titan International, Inc. Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan at the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to provide stock compensation as a means of attracting and retaining qualified independent directors and employees for the Company. A total of 2.5 million shares are available for future issuance under the equity incentive plan at December 31, 2024.

Stock Options

Under the Company's Equity Incentive Plan (or its predecessor plan), the Company granted no stock options in 2024, 2023, and 2022. The exercise price of stock options may not be less than the fair market value of the common stock on the date of the grant. The vesting and term of each option is set by the Board of Directors. All options outstanding at December 31, 2024 are fully vested and expire 10 years from the grant date.

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The following is a summary of activity in stock options during the year ended December 31, 2024:

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of its stock options. The determination of the fair value of stock option awards on the date of grant using option pricing models is affected by the Company’s stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividends. The expected term of options represents the period of time over which options are expected to be outstanding and is estimated based on historical experience. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock calculated over the expected term of the option. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the date of grant.

Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units

Under the Company's Equity Incentive Plan (or its predecessor plan), the Company granted restricted stock units ("RSUs") to eligible employee and the members of the Company's Board of Directors. The restricted stock units to employees vest over a period ofthree years. The restricted stock units to the members of the Company's Board of Directors vest over a period ofone year. At the time of grant, the Company estimates forfeitures, based on historical experience, in order to estimate the portion of the award that will ultimately vest. During 2024, 2023 and 2022,665,473,571,530, and 552,992 RSUs were granted, respectively. The Company recorded $6.5 million, $5.1 million and $3.4 million stock compensation expense associated with RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

On December 28, 2021, the Company awarded certain named executive officers grants of long-term performance stock units (PSU) based on the achievement of certain adjusted-EBITDA targets for the fiscal years commencing January 1, 2021 and ending December 31, 2024. The number of shares earned could range between 0% and 125% of the target amount depending upon performance achieved over thefour year vesting period. The Company recorded $0.9 million, $0.9 million and $0.9 million of stock compensation expense associated with PSUs for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

A summary of RSU and PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2024, is presented in the following table:

(a) The PSU awards are presented at maximum payout of 125% of the target amount and vested at December 31, 2024. The PSU award agreements indicate the shares will be issued within 15 calendar days from the filing date of the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Pre-tax unrecognized compensation expense for unvested RSUs and PSUs was $8.2 million at December 31, 2024, and will be recognized as an expense over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years.

The fair value of shares vested, based on the stock's fair value on the vesting date, was $8.0 million, $5.1 million, and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

22. LITIGATION

The Company is a party to routine legal proceedings arising out of the normal course of business. Due to the difficult nature of predicting unresolved and future legal claims, the Company cannot anticipate or predict the material adverse effect on its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows as a result of efforts to comply with, or liabilities pertaining to, legal judgments. In the opinion of management, the Company is not currently involved in any legal proceedings which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

23. LEASES

The Company leases certain buildings and equipment under both operating and finance leases. Certain lease agreements provide for renewal options, fair value purchase options, and payment of property taxes, maintenance, and insurance by the Company. Under ASC 842, Leases, the Company made an accounting policy election, by class of underlying asset, not to separate non-lease components such as those previously stated from lease components and instead will treat the lease agreement as a single lease component for all asset classes. Operating right-of-use (ROU) assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent Titan's obligations to make lease payments arising from the lease. The majority of Titan's leases are operating leases. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of Titan's leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate (7.27%), based on the information available at the lease commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statement of operations. Amortization expense associated with finance leases is included in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses, and interest expense associated with finance leases is included in interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, operating lease expense was $24.5 million, $5.6 million, and $5.1 million, respectively, and finance lease amortization expense was $2.5 million, $3.0 million, and $2.6 million, respectively.

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (amounts in thousands):

At December 31, 2024, maturity of lease liabilities were as follows (amounts in thousands):

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows: operating cash flows from operating leases were $39.8 million and operating cash flows from finance leases were $0.4 million.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows: operating cash flows from operating leases were $6.8 million and operating cash flows from finance leases were $0.2 million.

24. PURCHASE OBLIGATIONS

The purchase obligations mainly consist of commitments for raw material purchases and equipment associated with our global manufacturing operations. At December 31, 2024, the Company's expected cash outflow resulting from non-cancellable purchase obligations are summarized by year in the table below (amounts in thousands):

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25. SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

The Company has aggregated its operating segments into reportable segments based on itsthree customer markets: agricultural, earthmoving/construction, and consumer. These segments are based on the information used by the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") to make certain operating decisions, allocate portions of capital expenditures and assess segment performance. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 1, “Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies” to these Notes to the consolidated financial statements. Segment external revenues, expenses, and income from operations are determined on the basis of the results of operations of operating units of manufacturing facilities. Segment assets are generally determined on the basis of an allocation of the tangible assets located at such operating units’ manufacturing facilities and the intangible assets associated with the acquisitions of such operating units. However, certain operating units’ property, plant, and equipment balances are carried at the corporate level.

Titan is organized primarily on the basis of products being included inthree marketing segments, with each reportable segment including wheels, tires, wheel/tire assemblies, and undercarriage systems and components. Given the integrated manufacturing operations and common administrative and marketing support, a substantial number of allocations primarily based on segment sales data must be made to determine operating segment data.

The chief operating decision maker of Titan is Paul Reitz (President and CEO of Titan). The CODM utilizes both forecasted and actual expense information on a consolidated basis to manage operations. The CODM utilizes segment gross profit and segment operating profit (loss), both in comparison to the prior year and the current forecasted level of gross profit, for purposes of analyzing the segment’s financial performance. The assessment of each segment’s financial performance by the CODM is then utilized to contemplate and execute on business decisions to allocate resources to manage the growth and profitability of each reportable segment and for the Company as a whole.

The table below presents information about certain operating results, separated by market segments, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

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The table below presents information by products and reportable segments as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

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Depreciation and amortization expense by segment were as follows for the fiscal years ended as set forth below (amounts in thousands):

Assets by segment were as follows as of the dates set forth below (amounts in thousands):

(a)Unallocated assets included cash of approximately $7 million, $32 million, and $20 million as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The table below presents information by geographic area. Revenues from external customers were determined based on the location of the selling subsidiary. Geographic information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was as follows (amounts in thousands):

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26. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings per share for 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

The effect of restricted stock and stock options has been excluded for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, as the effect would have been antidilutive. The weighted average shares excluded for equity awards for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 0.5 million.

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