REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA INC

(in millions)

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) is engaged in providing traditional reinsurance, which includes individual and group life and health, disability and critical illness reinsurance. The Company also provides financial solutions, which includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive products (primarily annuities), financial reinsurance, capital solutions and stable value products.

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”).

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Consolidation

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries and all intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported under the equity method of accounting.

NOTE 2 EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in millions, except per share information):

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of stock awards with a conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance share awards as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period.

NOTE 3 EQUITY

Common stock

The changes in number of common stock shares issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:

(1)Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s equity based compensation programs.

Common Stock Held in Treasury

Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are credited to additional paid-in capital. Losses resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are charged first to additional paid-in capital to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to retained earnings.

On January 23, 2024, the Company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $500 million of its outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock under this program.

Noncontrolling Interest

In 2022, Papara Financing LLC (“Papara”), a subsidiary of RGA Reinsurance Company, issued nonconvertible preferred interests to an unaffiliated third party. The membership interests in Papara consist of (1) common interests, which are held by RGA Reinsurance Company, and (2) preferred interests. The preferred interests, included in noncontrolling interest, total $90 million.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The balance of and changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $(229) and $(218) as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and $(351) and $(205) as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

(1)See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

(2)This AOCI component is included in the computation of the net periodic pension cost. See Note 14 – “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional details.

Equity Based Compensation

Equity compensation expense was $37 million and $35 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company granted 106,233 stock appreciation rights at $185.28 weighted average exercise price per share,116,883 performance shares and 81,527 restricted stock units to employees. As of September 30, 2024,1,221,419 share awards at a weighted average strike price per share of $121.74 were vested and exercisable with a remaining weighted average exercise period of 4.4 years. As of September 30, 2024, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the financial statements was $44 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 0.8 years.

NOTE 4 FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS

Liability for Future Policy Benefits– Traditional Business

The Company reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits on a quarterly basis and will update those assumptions if evidence suggests that they should be revised. It is the Company’s policy to complete its annual assumption review during the third quarter of each year. However, updates may occur in other quarters if information becomes available during the quarter that indicates an assumption update is necessary.

Significant assumptions used to compute the liability for future policy benefits for the Traditional business include mortality, morbidity, lapse rates and discount rates (both accretion and current). During the third quarter of 2024 and 2023, the Company completed its annual assumption review resulting in a $39 million and $85 million increase in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits for its Traditional business during 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in the liability in 2024 and 2023 was primarily the result of updating the mortality and lapse assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits. The Company also updated the underlying market data used to determine the current discount rate resulting in changes to the discount rate assumption used to measure the net liability for future policy benefits.

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits for long-duration reinsurance contracts for its Traditional business, which primarily consists of individual life, group life and critical illness reinsurance for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

(1)Issuances: The present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new reinsurance contracts that became effective during the current period and new policies assumed on existing contracts.

(4)Derecognition: Includes the effects of treaty recaptures and treaty amendments that resulted in the termination of an existing treaty and the issuance of a new treaty under the internal replacement model.

(5)Benefit payments: The release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal, and other benefit payments based on current assumptions.

(1)Issuances: The present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new reinsurance contracts that became effective during the current period and new policies assumed on existing contracts.

(4)Derecognition: Includes the effects of treaty recaptures and treaty amendments that resulted in the termination of an existing treaty and the issuance of a new treaty under the internal replacement model.

(5)Benefit payments: The release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal, and other benefit payments based on current assumptions.

The Company’s Traditional business actual-to-expected variances and the effects of changes in cash flow and discount rate assumptions for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the tables below:

Liability for Future Policy Benefits– Financial Solutions Business

The Company reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits on a quarterly basis and will update those assumptions if evidence suggests that they should be revised. The Company expects to complete its annual review and any necessary updates of cash flow assumptions used to calculate the liability for future policy benefits during the third quarter of each year. Updates may occur in other quarters if information becomes available during the quarter that indicates an assumption update is necessary.

Significant assumptions used to compute the liability for future policy benefits for the Financial Solutions business include mortality, morbidity, lapse rates and discount rates (both accretion and current). During the third quarter of 2024 and 2023, the Company completed its annual assumption review resulting in a $20 million increase and $78 million decrease in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits for its Financial Solutions business during 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase and decrease in the liability in 2024 and 2023 were primarily the result of updating the lapse and mortality assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits. The Company also updated the underlying market data used to determine the current discount rate resulting in changes to the discount rate assumption used to measure the net liability for future policy benefits.

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits, including the deferred profit liability related to the longevity business, for its Financial Solutions business, which primarily consists of longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive products, primarily annuities and financial reinsurance for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

(1)Issuances: The present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new reinsurance contracts that became effective during the current period and new policies assumed on existing contracts.

(4)Derecognition: Includes the effects of treaty recaptures and treaty amendments that resulted in the termination of an existing treaty and the issuance of a new treaty under the internal replacement model.

(5)Benefit payments: The release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal, and other benefit payments based on current assumptions.

(1)Issuances: The present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new reinsurance contracts that became effective during the current period and new policies assumed on existing contracts.

(4)Derecognition: Includes the effects of treaty recaptures and treaty amendments that resulted in the termination of an existing treaty and the issuance of a new treaty under the internal replacement model.

(5)Benefit payments: The release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal, and other benefit payments based on current assumptions.

The Company’s Financial Solutions business actual-to-expected variances (including the effects of model updates) and the effects of changes in cash flow and discount rate assumptions for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the tables below:

Reconciliation and Other Disclosures

The reconciliation of the rollforward of the liability for future policy benefits to the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

The amount of undiscounted and discounted expected future gross premiums and expected future benefit payments for the liability for future policy benefits included in the rollforwards as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

The amount of gross premiums and interest expense recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the liability for future policy benefits included in the rollforwards for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, no material charges were incurred resulting from net premiums exceeding gross premiums.

NOTE 5 POLICYHOLDER ACCOUNT BALANCES

Policyholder Account Balances

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in the Company’s liability for its policyholder account balances, reflected in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

(1)Net amount at risk is defined as the guaranteed amount less the account value as of the balance sheet date. The balance represents the amount of the claim the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date.

Information regarding the Company’s policyholder account balances as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

The balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

NOTE 6 UNPAID CLAIMS AND CLAIM EXPENSE – SHORT-DURATION CONTRACTS

Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

The liability for unpaid claims for short-duration contracts is reported in other policy claims and benefits on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Activity associated with unpaid claims is summarized below (dollars in millions):

Incurred claims associated with prior periods are primarily due to the development of claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims.

NOTE 7 MARKET RISK BENEFITS

The following table provides the balances of and changes in the Company’s market risk benefits for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

The reconciliation of the rollforward for market risk benefits to the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

(1)Included in Other assets.

Fair Value Measurement

See Note 12 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for information about fair value measurement of assets and liabilities, except for market risk benefits.

Market risk benefits are classified within Level 3 on the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of market risk benefits is monitored through the use of attribution reports to quantify the effect of underlying sources of fair value change, including capital market inputs based on policyholder account values, interest rates and short-term and long-term implied volatility from period to period.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no material changes made to the inputs in the market risk benefits calculations, and nonfinancial assumptions were unchanged.

NOTE 8 DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in deferred policy acquisition costs for the Company’s Traditional business for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in deferred policy acquisition costs for the Company’s Financial Solutions business for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

The reconciliation of deferred policy acquisition costs to the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

NOTE 9 REINSURANCE

Ceded Reinsurance

In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of the benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance or reinsurance companies under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts. Claims in excess of this retention amount are retroceded to retrocessionaires; however, the Company remains fully liable to the ceding company for the entire amount of risk it assumes. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company decided to increase its per life retention limit to $8 million to $30 million on January 1, 2025, and began notifying the Company’s retrocessionaires of the increased per life retention limit and the Company’s intention to recapture risk ceded to the Company’s retrocessionaires in the future. The increased retention limit and updated recapture assumption resulted in a future policy benefits remeasurement loss of $136 million recognized in the third quarter of 2024.

Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no allowances were deemed necessary.

Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of September 30, 2024, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated“B++ (Good)” or better. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or trust assets have been posted. In addition, the Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance.

Ruby Reinsurance Company (Ruby Re), a Missouri-domiciled life reinsurance company to reinsure U.S. asset-intensive business was launched in 2023 with the Company as a sponsor. The Company, which is not an investor in Ruby Re, does not consolidate the entity. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company completed a coinsurance funds withheld transaction under which it retroceded $390 million of asset-intensive business to Ruby Re. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has a ceded reinsurance recoverable from Ruby Re of approximately $2.7 billion.

Two reinsurance companies, including Ruby Re, account for approximately 77.2% of reinsurance ceded receivables and other as of September 30, 2024.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $4 million and $10 million of claims recoverable were in excess of 90 days past due, respectively. Also included in reinsurance ceded receivables and other is a deposit asset on reinsurance of $2.8 billion and $3.1 billion as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Funds Withheld

Certain of the Company’s retrocession agreements, including those with Ruby Re, are on a modco or funds withheld basis. While the economic benefits of the funds withheld assets are passed on to the assuming company, the Company retains legal ownership of the assets within the funds withheld account and established a funds withheld liability. Net investment income related to the funds withheld assets are reported in other reinsurance expense, and net realized gains (losses) related to the assets are reported net of the amount that is passed on to the assuming company. The following assets were held in support of the Company’s funds withheld arrangements and are reported in the line items shown in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Certain assets are reported at amortized cost while the fair value of those assets is reflected in the funds withheld payable. The Company had a $4,809 million and $4,483 million funds withheld payable as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, net of an embedded derivative asset of $51 million and $206 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

NOTE 10 INVESTMENTS

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), Japanese government and agencies (“Japanese government”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). ABS, CMBS, and RMBS are collectively “structured securities.”

The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by type as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio that limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers, including certain agencies, greater than 10% of the Company’s equity are disclosed below, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2024, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.

Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

The tables below show the major sectors of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments–Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

As discussed in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report, allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The Company estimates the amount of the credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in OCI.

The following tables present the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses in fixed maturity securities by type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023(dollars in millions):

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment.

The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses for the 5,308 and 5,788 fixed maturity securities for which both the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost and an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has continuously remained below amortized cost.

The Company did not intend to sell, and more likely than not would not be required to sell, the securities outlined in the tables above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in risk-free interest rates and credit spreads.

Net Investment Income

Major categories of net investment income consist of the following (dollars in millions):

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Investment related gains (losses), net consist of the following (dollars in millions):

Collateral Arrangements

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of invested assets as collateral. Pledged invested assets are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Invested assets received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged.

The Company also holds invested assets on deposit to meet regulatory requirements and holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties.

The following table includes invested assets on deposit, invested assets pledged and received as collateral, assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements and FHLB common stock restricted as to sale as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Securities Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The following table provides the estimated fair value of securities relating to securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

(1)Securities loaned or pledged through securities lending transactions or sold to counterparties through repurchase transactions are included within fixed maturity securities. Collateral associated with certain securities lending transactions is not included within this table as the collateral pledged to the counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows. Certain securities lending transactions do not require collateral.

(2)Securities borrowed or received as collateral through securities lending transactions or purchased from counterparties through reverse repurchase transactions are not reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3)A payable for the cash received by the Company is included within other liabilities.

The following tables present the estimated fair value of securities by the remaining contractual maturity of the Company’s securities lending and repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Mortgage Loans

As of September 30, 2024, mortgage loans were geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest concentrations in California (12.4%), Texas (9.7%) and Washington (6.3%), in addition to loans secured by properties in Canada (7.6%) and the United Kingdom (2.6%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans by property type as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

The following table sets forth credit quality grades by year of origination of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

The following table presents the current and past due composition of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company modified eight mortgage loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty providing interest only payments and maturity extensions. The total recorded investment before allowance for credit losses for the modified loans was $90 million as of September 30, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company modified six mortgage loans providing interest only payments and maturity extensions. The total recorded investment before allowance for credit losses for modified loans was $68 million as of September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company converted three mortgage loans totaling $23 million to owned properties through deed in lieu of foreclosure. Additionally, the Company reclassified one property in the amount of $21 million, that was previously held for sale, to held for use. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company converted two mortgage loans in the total amount of $36 million to owned properties as a result of foreclosures.

The Company had one mortgage loan in the amount of $23 million and two mortgage loans in the amount of $41 million that were on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Policy Loans

The majority of policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk as the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

Funds Withheld at Interest

As of September 30, 2024, $3.1 billion of the funds withheld at interest balance is primarily associated with two clients. For reinsurance agreements written on a modco basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The carrying values of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts and FHLB common stock. Other invested assets also includes real estate held for investment, which is included in “Other” in the table below. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses for lifetime mortgages was not material. The carrying values of other invested assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

NOTE 11 DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. See Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report for additional disclosures related to the fair value hierarchy for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives.

Commonly used derivative instruments include, but are not necessarily limited to: interest rate swaps, interest rate options, total return swaps, interest rate futures, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options, equity options, equity futures, credit default swaps, consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps, forward bond purchase commitments, synthetic guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”), other derivatives and embedded derivatives. For detailed information on these derivative instruments and the related strategies, see Note 12 – “Derivative Instruments” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report.

Summary of Derivative Positions

Freestanding derivatives are included in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on modco or funds withheld arrangements are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest or funds withheld payable, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity products are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and reports the following as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging:(i) certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets; and (ii) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate liabilities to floating rate liabilities. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in interest rates or foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related interest rate or foreign currency swaps for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

The following table presents the balance sheet classification, carrying amount and cumulative fair value hedging adjustments for items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges (dollars in millions):

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets and liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which floating rate assets are converted to fixed rate assets; (iii) forward bond purchase commitments; and (iv) certain foreign currency swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps.

The following table presents the cash flow hedge components of AOCI, before income taxes, and where the gain or loss related to cash flow hedges is recognized on the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

As of September 30, 2024, approximately $28 million of before-tax deferred net losses on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to net investment income during the next twelve months. For the same time period, approximately $6 million of before-tax deferred net gains on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to interest expense during the next twelve months.

The following table presents the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

The Company uses foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges and the gains (losses) deferred in OCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was $207 million and $183 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. If a hedged foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the condensed consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a hedged foreign operation. There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from AOCI into investment income during the periods presented.

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been elected for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net, except where otherwise noted.

A summary of the effect of non-qualifying derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

Credit Derivatives

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

(1)The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).

(2)Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.

(3)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

Netting Arrangements and Credit Risk

Certain of the Company’s freestanding derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

The Company has elected to include all freestanding derivatives in the table below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 10 – “Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements.

The following table provides information relating to the netting of the Company’s derivative instruments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner for financial instruments and excludes the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value and accrued interest of non-collateralized derivative contracts in an asset position at the reporting date. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had credit exposure of $16 million.

Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”) and others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties. Additionally, the Company is required to pledge initial margin for certain OTC-bilateral derivative transactions. The Company manages its credit risk related to OTC derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. The Company is only exposed to the default of the central clearing counterparties for OTC cleared derivatives, and these transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings. Exchange-traded derivatives are settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing the credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.

NOTE 12 FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Fair Value Measurement

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a three-level fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Active markets are defined through various characteristics for the measured asset/liability, such as having many transactions and narrow bid/ask spreads.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities and include those whose value is determined using market standard valuation techniques described above. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with those other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities.

For a discussion of the Company’s valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy, see Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report.

See Note 7 – “Market Risk Benefits” for information about fair value measurement of market risk benefits.

Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of such investments was $921 million.

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of such investments was $856 million.

Quantitative Information Regarding Internally Priced Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Transfers out of Level 3 are primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third-party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities.

For further information on the Company’s valuation processes, see Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report.

The reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows (dollars in millions):

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial recognition if they are determined to be impaired. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any material assets that were measured at fair value due to impairment.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions). For additional information regarding the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company to estimate these fair values, see Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report. This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

(1)Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

(2)Carrying values and estimated fair values presented herein include a reinsurance recoverable of $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

NOTE 13 INCOME TAX

The effective tax rate on pre-tax income for the three and nine months ending September 30, 2024, was 26.7% and 24.2%, respectively. The tax rate was higher than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to adjustments related to tax returns filed during the quarter as well as Subpart F income. These increases were partially offset with benefits received in certain foreign jurisdictions and adjustments to the valuation allowance.

The effective tax rate on pre-tax income for the three and nine months ending September 30, 2023, was 24.2% and 24.9%, respectively. The tax rate was higher than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to income earned in foreign jurisdictions and adjustments to the valuation allowance. These increases were partially offset with benefits received in certain foreign jurisdictions.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“the Act”) was enacted in 2022. For tax years ending after December 31, 2022, the Act imposes a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income for “applicable corporations” with average financial statement income over $1 billion for the previous 3-year period ending in 2022 or after. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of recent proposed guidance to determine applicability. The Act also imposes a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks of a publicly traded corporation. The Act is not expected to have a material impact to the Company’s tax expense.

Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act of 2023 on December 27, 2023. The Bermuda regime, which is effective for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025, establishes a statutory tax rate of 15%, applicable to companies with annual revenue of EUR 750 million or more. This enactment did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results from operations.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development developed the Model Global Anti-Base Erosion (“GloBE”) rules under Pillar II establishing a Global Minimum Tax to ensure multinational enterprises with consolidated revenue of more than EUR 750 million pay at least an effective tax rate of 15% on income arising in each jurisdiction in which they operate. The

GloBE model rules serve as a template to allow for each jurisdiction to modify and incorporate into domestic law. As of September 30, 2024, many of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates enacted Pillar II legislation into domestic law with an effective date of January 1, 2024. Guidance is expected to continue throughout 2024 and beyond. The Company continues to evaluate the expected impact of the new law.

NOTE 14 EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

The components of net periodic benefit cost, included in other operating expenses on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (dollars in millions):

NOTE 15 COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND GUARANTEES

Commitments

Funding of Investments

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are presented in the following table (dollars in millions):

The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Bank loans and private placements are included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale.

The Company has an immaterial liability, included in other liabilities, for current expected credit losses associated with unfunded commitments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Funding Agreements

Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines

The Company is a member of the FHLB and, through membership, has issued funding agreements to the FHLB in exchange for cash advances. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $1.4 billion and $1.1 billion of FHLB funding agreements outstanding, respectively. The Company is required to provide collateral in excess of the funding agreement amounts outstanding, considering any discounts to the securities posted and prepayment penalties.

Funding Agreement Backed Notes

The Company’s Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”) program allows RGA Global Funding, a special-purpose, unaffiliated statutory trust, to offer its senior secured medium-term notes to investors. RGA Global Funding uses the net proceeds from each sale to purchase one or more funding agreements from the Company. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $2.7 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, of FABN agreements outstanding and are included within interest-sensitive contract liabilities.

Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to litigation and regulatory investigations or actions from time to time. Based on current knowledge, management does not believe that loss contingencies arising from pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters will have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in future or pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and indeterminate or potentially substantial amount of damages sought in any such matters, an adverse outcome could be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action or is notified that an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Other Contingencies

The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

Guarantees

Statutory Reserve Support

Certain RGA subsidiaries have committed to provide statutory reserve support to third parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). In addition, certain subsidiaries have also committed to provide capital support to a third party, in exchange for a fee, by agreeing to assume real estate leases in the event of a severe and prolonged decline in the commercial lease market. Upon assumption of a lease, the Company would recognize a right of use asset and lease obligation. As of September 30, 2024, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in millions):

NOTE 16 SEGMENT INFORMATION

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report. The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into Traditional and Financial Solutions businesses. Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes and total assets of the Company for each reportable segment are summarized below (dollars in millions):

NOTE 17 FINANCING ACTIVITIES

On May 13, 2024, the Company issued 5.75% fixed rate Senior Notes due 2034 with a face amount of $650 million and will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issuance costs were $6 million.

NOTE 18 NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have a minimal impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.