Chubb Ltd

We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available-for-sale and reported at fair value.

The effect of market movements on our fixed maturities available-for-sale portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold, when we write down an asset, or when we record a change to the valuation allowance for expected credit losses. For a further discussion related to how we assess the valuation allowance for expected credit losses and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 1 f) to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2025 Form 10-K. For more information on the effect of market movements and their impact on Net income and Accumulated other comprehensive income, refer to Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Item 7 in our 2025 Form 10-K.

The following table presents our net realized and unrealized gains (losses):

Pre-tax net unrealized losses of $4,836 million and losses of $6,305 million in our investment portfolio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, respectively, were primarily driven by changes in interest rates.

Pre-tax net realized losses of $455 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026, were primarily driven by mark-to-market losses on equities, net realized losses on fixed maturities, and foreign exchange losses, partially offset by gains on derivatives. Pre-tax net realized losses of $700 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, were primarily driven by mark-to-market losses on public equities, net realized losses on fixed maturities, and foreign exchange losses, partially offset by gains on sales of equities.