MORGAN STANLEY

Credit risk refers to the risk of loss arising when a borrower, counterparty or issuer does not meet its financial obligations to us. We are primarily exposed to credit risk from institutions and individuals through our Institutional Securities and Wealth Management business segments. For a further discussion of our credit risks, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk” in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Loans and Lending Commitments

Total exposure—consists of Total loans, net of ACL, and Lending commitments

1. FVO includes the fair value of certain unfunded lending commitments.

2. Investment Management business segment loans are related to certain of our activities as an investment adviser and manager. Loans held at fair value are the result of the consolidation of investment vehicles (including CLOs) managed by Investment Management, composed primarily of senior secured loans to corporations.

3. Lending commitments represent the notional amount of legally binding obligations to provide funding to clients for lending transactions. Since commitments associated with these business activities may expire unused or may not be utilized to full capacity, they do not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

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Risk Disclosures

We provide loans and lending commitments to a variety of customers, including large corporate and institutional clients, as well as high to ultra-high net worth individuals. In addition, we purchase loans in the secondary market. Loans and lending commitments are either held for investment, held for sale or carried at fair value. For more information on these loan classifications, see Note 2 to the financial statements in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Total loans and lending commitments increased by approximately $56 billion since December 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in secured lending facilities and event-driven corporate lending commitments within the Institutional Securities business segment and growth in securities-based loans within the Wealth Management business segment.

See Notes 4, 5, 9 and 13 to the financial statements for further information.

Allowance for Credit Losses—Loans and Lending Commitments

Provision for Credit Losses by Business Segment

Credit exposure arising from our loans and lending commitments is measured in accordance with our internal risk management standards. Risk factors considered in determining the allowance for credit losses for loans and lending commitments include the borrower’s financial condition, industry, facility structure, LTV ratio, debt service ratio, collateral and covenants. Qualitative and environmental factors such as economic and business conditions, nature and volume of the portfolio and lending terms, and volume and severity of past due loans may also be considered.

The allowance for credit losses for loans and lending commitments increased since December 31, 2024, primarily related to portfolio growth in corporate loans and secured lending facilities and provisions for certain specific commercial real estate loans. Charge-offs in the current year period were primarily related to commercial real estate lending.

The base scenario used in our ACL models as of September 30, 2025 was generated using a combination of consensus economic forecasts, forward rates, and internally developed and validated models. This scenario assumes modest economic growth in 2025, followed by a gradual improvement in 2026, as well as lower interest rates relative to the prior quarter forecast. Our ACL models incorporate key macroeconomic variables, including U.S. real GDP growth rate. The significance of key macroeconomic variables on our ACL models varies depending on portfolio composition and economic conditions.

Forecasted U.S. Real GDP Growth Rates in Base Scenario

Other key macroeconomic variables used in our ACL models include corporate credit spreads, interest rates and commercial real estate indices. See Note 2 to the financial statements in the 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s ACL methodology under CECL.

Status of Loans Held for Investment

1. Nonaccrual loans are loans where principal or interest is not expected when contractually due or are past due 90 days or more unless the obligation is well-secured and is in the process of collection.

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Risk Disclosures

Net Charge-off Ratios for Loans Held for Investment

1. Net charge-off ratio represents gross charge-offs net of recoveries divided by total average loans held for investment before ACL.

Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments 1

NIG–Non-investment grade

1. Counterparty credit ratings are internally determined by the CRM.

2. Unrated loans and lending commitments are primarily trading positions that are measured at fair value and risk-managed as a component of market risk. For a further discussion of our market risk, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Market Risk” herein.

Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments by Industry

Institutional Securities Lending Activities

The Institutional Securities business segment lending activities include Corporate, Secured lending facilities, Commercial and Residential real estate, and Securities-based lending and Other. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, over 90% of our Institutional Securities total exposure, which consisted of loans and lending commitments, was investment grade and/or secured by collateral. For a description of Institutional Securities’ lending activities, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk” in the 2024 Form 10-K.

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Risk Disclosures

Institutional Securities Event-Driven Loans and Lending Commitments

Event-driven loans and lending commitments are associated with certain underwritings and/or syndications to finance a specific transaction, such as a merger, acquisition, recapitalization or project finance activity. Balances may fluctuate as such lending is related to transactions that vary in timing and size from period to period.

Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments Held for Investment

Institutional Securities Commercial Real Estate Loans and Lending Commitments

By Region

By Property Type

LC–Lending Commitments

1. Amounts include HFI, HFS and FVO loans and lending commitments. HFI loans are presented net of ACL.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our lending against commercial real estate (“CRE”) properties within the Institutional Securities business segment totaled $10.8 billion and $10.7 billion, respectively. This represents 3.7% and 4.4%, respectively, of total exposure reflected in the Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments table above. Those CRE loans are originated for experienced sponsors and are generally secured by specific institutional CRE properties. In many cases, loans are subsequently syndicated or securitized on a full or partial basis, reducing our ongoing exposure.

In addition to the amounts included in the table above, we provide certain secured lending facilities which are typically collateralized by pooled CRE mortgage loans and are included in Secured lending facilities in the Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments Held for Investment table above. These secured lending facilities benefit from structural protections including cross-collateralization and diversification across property types.

While we continue to actively monitor all our loan portfolios, the commercial real estate sector remains under heightened focus given its sensitivity to economic and secular factors.

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Risk Disclosures

Institutional Securities Allowance for Credit Losses—Loans and Lending Commitments

Institutional Securities HFI Loans—Ratios of Allowance for Credit Losses to Balance Before Allowance

Wealth Management Loans and Lending Commitments

The principal Wealth Management business segment lending activities include Securities-based lending and Residential real estate loans.

For more information about our Securities-based lending and Residential real estate loans, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk” in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Wealth Management Commercial Real Estate Loans and Lending Commitments by Property Type

LC–Lending Commitments

1. Amounts include HFI loans and lending commitments. HFI loans are presented net of ACL.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our direct lending against CRE properties totaled $7.8 billion and $7.7 billion, respectively, within the Wealth Management business segment. This represents 4.0% and 4.3%, respectively, of total exposure reflected in the Wealth Management Loans and Lending Commitments table above, primarily included within Securities-based lending and Other loans. Such loans are originated through our private banking platform, are both secured and generally benefiting from full or partial guarantees from high or ultra-high net worth clients, which partially reduce associated credit risk. At both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, greater than 95% of the CRE loans balance in the Wealth Management business segment received guarantees. All of our lending against CRE properties within Wealth Management are in the Americas region.

Wealth Management Allowance for Credit Losses—Loans and Lending Commitments

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, more than 75% of Wealth Management residential real estate loans were to borrowers with “Exceptional” or “Very Good” FICO scores (i.e., exceeding 740). Additionally, Wealth Management’s securities-based lending portfolio remains well-collateralized and subject to daily client margining, which includes requiring customers to deposit additional collateral or reduce debt positions, when necessary.

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Risk Disclosures

Customer and Other Receivables

Margin Loans and Other Lending

The Institutional Securities and Wealth Management business segments provide margin lending arrangements that allow customers to borrow against the value of qualifying securities, primarily for the purpose of purchasing additional securities, as well as to collateralize short positions. Institutional Securities primarily includes margin loans in the Equity Financing business. Wealth Management includes margin loans as well as non-purpose securities-based lending on non-bank entities. Amounts may fluctuate from period to period as overall client balances change as a result of market levels, client positioning and leverage.

Credit exposures arising from margin lending activities are generally mitigated by their short-term nature, the value of collateral held and our right to call for additional margin when collateral values decline. However, we could incur losses in the event that the customer fails to meet margin calls and collateral values decline below the loan amount. This risk is elevated in loans backed by collateral pools with significant concentrations in individual issuers or securities with similar risk characteristics. For a further discussion, see “Risk Factors—Credit Risk” in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Employee Loans

For information on employee loans and related ACL, see Note 9 to the financial statements.

Derivatives

Fair Value of OTC Derivative Assets

1. Counterparty credit ratings are determined internally by the CRM.

We are exposed to credit risk as a dealer in OTC derivatives. Credit risk with respect to derivative instruments arises from the possibility that a counterparty may fail to perform according to the terms of the contract. For more information on derivatives, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk—Derivatives” in the 2024 Form 10-K and Note 6 to the financial statements.