VAALCO ENERGY INC /DE/

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. ORGANIZATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Vaalco Energy, Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries “we”, “us”, “our”, “Vaalco” or the “Company”) is a Houston, Texas-based independent energy company engaged in the acquisition, exploration, development and production of crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (“NGLs”) properties. We have a diversified African-focused asset portfolio in Gabon, Egypt, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea, as well as producing properties in Canada.

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (“Financial Statements”) reflect the opinion of management and all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of results for the interim periods presented. All adjustments are of a normal recurring nature unless disclosed otherwise. Interim period results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for the full year.

These Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and do not include all the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. They should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which includes a summary of the significant accounting policies.

Allowance for credit losses and other– The Company estimates the current expected credit losses based primarily using either an aging analysis or discounted cash flow methodology that incorporates consideration of current and future conditions that could impact its counterparties’ credit quality and liquidity. Uncollectible receivables are written off when a settlement is reached for an amount that is less than the outstanding historical balance or when the Company has determined that the balance will not be collected.

The following table provides an analysis of the change of the aggregate credit loss allowance and other allowances.

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments–The following table, set forth by level within the fair value hierarchy, shows the Company’s derivatives that were accounted for at fair value as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company’s commodity price derivatives primarily represent crude oil collar contracts and fixed price swap contracts and differential swap contracts. The asset and liability measurements for the Company’s commodity price derivative contracts are determined using Level 2 inputs. The asset and liability values attributable to the Company’s commodity price derivatives were determined based on inputs that include, but not limited to, the contractual price of the underlying position, current market prices, crude oil forward curves, discount rates, and volatility factors.

2. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new guidance to improve income tax disclosures to provide information to assess how an entity’s operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The rules became effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The standard modifies required income tax disclosures. This ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements other than increased disclosure requirements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses to improve financial reporting by requiring that public business entities disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU to our notes to the consolidated financial statements and processes.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. The ASU introduces a practical expedient and, for non-public business entities, an accounting policy election to simplify the application of credit loss guidance to short-term receivables and contract assets by allowing consideration of post-balance-sheet collections. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU to our notes to the consolidated financial statements and processes.

3. ACQUISITIONS

Acquisition of Interest in CI-705 Block

In March 2025, the Company farmed into the CI-705 block offshore Côte d’Ivoire. The Company is the operator of the CI-705 block with a 70% working interest and a 100% paying interest through a commercial carry arrangement and is partnering with two other parties. The CI-705 block is located in the Tano basin, west of the Company's CI-40 Block, where the Baobab and Kossipo oil fields are located. The total amount of acquisition costs for this transaction is approximately $3.0 million.

FPSO Acquisition

In February 2025, the Company, through the joint operating agreement operator, completed the acquisition of the Baobab floating, production, storage and offloading vessel (the “Baobab FPSO”) in Côte d'Ivoire for a total purchase price of $20.0 million, or approximately $5.5 million net cost to the Company.

Svenska Acquisition

On April 30, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the issued shares in the capital of Svenska Petroleum Exploration Aktiebolag, a company incorporated in Sweden (the “Svenska Acquisition”). The total purchase price consideration was $40.2 million and was funded with Vaalco’s cash-on-hand. Cash acquired in the business combination included $31.8 million of cash and cash equivalents as well as restricted cash of $8.8 million which nets to $0.4 million cash received on the business combination within the purchase price allocation.

As a result of comparing the purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, an initial $19.9 million bargain purchase gain was recognized as of the close date. The purchase price allocation was finalized in the fourth quarter of 2024 and the Company made adjustments to the amounts assigned to the net assets acquired based on new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the Svenska Acquisition date. As a result, the bargain purchase gain was reduced by $6.4 million. The bargain purchase gain is primarily attributable to a stronger forward pricing curve for oil and gas reserves on the date of the closing of the acquisition than was used for the purposes of the negotiations of the purchase price paid for Svenska. The Svenska Acquisition qualified as a business combination and was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.

4. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company’s operations are based in Gabon, Egypt, Côte d'Ivoire, Canada, Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea. Each of the reportable operating segments are organized and managed based upon geographic location. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), evaluates segment performance based on the operation of each geographic segment separately primarily based on Operating income (loss) and allocates financial and capital resources for each segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process. The CODM also considers budget-to-actual variances on a quarterly basis for the performance measure when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel to the segments.

The operations of all segments include exploration for and production of hydrocarbons where commercial reserves have been found and developed. Revenues are based on the location of hydrocarbon production. Corporate and other is primarily corporate and operations support costs that are not allocated to the reportable operating segments and are shown in the tables to reconcile the business segments to consolidated totals. No transactions occurred between operating segments. “Other operating income (expense)” below are those items that are included in Net income (loss) but are not regularly provided to the CODM, or are reported to the CODM but are not considered to be significant segment expenses.

Segment activity of continuing operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, as well as long-lived assets and segment assets at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

5. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated using the average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. For the calculation of diluted shares, the Company assumes that restricted stock is outstanding on the date of vesting, and the Company assumes the issuance of shares from the exercise of stock options using the treasury stock method.

A reconciliation of reported net income to net income used in calculating EPS as well as a reconciliation from basic to diluted shares follows:

6. REVENUE

Production Sharing Contracts

Exploration and production activities of our assets in Gabon, Egypt, Côte d'Ivoire, and Equatorial Guinea are generally governed by PSCs.

Our oil entitlement under the PSCs is generally the sum of cost oil, profit oil and excess cost oil, if applicable. Under the terms of the PSCs, the Company is typically the contractor partner (“Contractor”) and bears the risk and cost of exploration, development, and production activities. In return, if exploration is successful, the Contractor receives entitlement to variable physical volumes of hydrocarbons, representing recovery of the costs incurred (“Cost Oil”) and a stipulated share of production after cost recovery (“Profit Oil”).

The Contractor may be obligated to make royalty payments to the host government of each country using a variable percentage based on gross daily production levels. The remaining oil production, after deducting the gross royalty, if any, is split between Cost Oil and Profit Oil. Cost Oil is up to a maximum percentage and is allocated to recover approved operating and capital costs spent on specific projects. Excess Cost Oil, which is Cost Oil less the actual cost recovery, is further shared between the host government and the Contractor. Except as otherwise disclosed, all crude oil sales are priced at current market rates at the time of sale.

Our share of royalties are paid out of the government's share of production. Additionally, the income tax to which the Contractor is subject (“Profit Oil Tax”) is deemed to have been paid to the host government as part of the payment of Profit Oil or is captured in the entitled share of Profit Oil production paid in-kind to the host government, and therefore no additional tax burden is due. Under this arrangement taxation is based on a set percentage of average daily production volume.

Gabon

The following table presents revenues from contracts with customers as well as revenues associated with the obligations under the Etame PSC.

(1) Crude oil sales and purchase agreements (“COSPAs”) or crude oil sales and marketing agreements (“COSMA or COSMAs”).

With respect to the government’s share of Profit Oil, the Etame PSC provides that corporate income tax is satisfied through the payment of Profit Oil. In the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, the government’s share of revenues from Profit Oil is reported in revenues with a corresponding amount reflected in the current provision for income tax expense. Payments of the income tax expense are reported in the period that the government takes its Profit Oil in-kind, which is the period in which it lifts the crude oil. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $23.4 million and $40.0 million, of foreign income tax payable, respectively.

Egypt

The following table presents revenues in Egypt from contracts with customers:

Canada

The following table presents revenues in Canada from contracts with customers:

Revenues from contracts with customers are generated from sales in Côte d'Ivoire pursuant to crude oil sales and purchase agreements and revenues are recognized when a lifting is completed.

The following table presents revenues in Cote d'Ivoire from contracts with customers:

Similar to Gabon, the government’s share of Profit Oil attributable to the Company’s equity interest is reported in revenues with a corresponding amount reflected in the current provision for income tax expense. In addition, under the terms of the Côte d'Ivoire PSC, the tax payments to the Ivorian Government are deemed satisfied by its share of the Profit Oil. Payments of the income tax expense are reported in the period that the government takes its Profit Oil in-kind, which is the period in which it lifts the crude oil. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $0.4 million and $1.7 million of foreign income tax payable, respectively.

Information about the Company’s most significant customers

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, our revenue concentration by major customers are shown on the table below.

7. CRUDE OIL, NATURAL GAS AND NGLs PROPERTIES AND EQUIPMENT, NET

The Company’s crude oil, natural gas and NGLs properties and equipment is comprised of the following:

8. DERIVATIVES

We have entered into derivative contracts primarily with counterparties that are also lenders under the 2025 RBL Facility (defined below) to hedge price risk associated with a portion of our oil, natural gas and NGLs production. Pricing for these derivative contracts is based on certain market indexes and prices at our primary sales points. See table below for the list of outstanding contracts as of September 30, 2025:

(a) One gigajoule (GJ) equals one billion joules (J). A gigajoule of natural gas is approximately 25.5 cubic meters standard conditions.

The following table sets forth the gain (loss) on derivative instruments on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income:

9. CURRENT ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND OTHER

Accrued liabilities and other balances were comprised of the following:

10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Abandonment funding

Under the terms of the Etame PSC, the Company has a cash funding arrangement for the eventual abandonment of all offshore wells, platforms and facilities on the Etame Marin block. At September 30, 2025, $10.7 million ($6.3 million, net to Vaalco) of the abandonment fund has been funded on an undiscounted basis. The annual payments will be adjusted based on revisions in the abandonment estimate. This cash funding is reflected under “Other noncurrent assets” in the “Abandonment funding” line item of the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Future changes to the anticipated abandonment cost estimate could change the asset retirement obligation and the amount of future abandonment funding payments.

Share Buyback Program

On November 1, 2022, the Company announced that the Company’s board of directors formally ratified and approved a share buyback program. The board of directors also directed management to implement a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan (the “10b5-1 Plan”) to facilitate share purchases through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The 10b5-1 Plan provided for an aggregate purchase of currently outstanding common stock up to $30 million over a maximum period of 20 months. Payment for shares repurchased under the share buyback program were funded using the Company's cash on hand and cash flow from operations. The share buyback program was completed on March 12, 2024. Under the share buyback program, we purchased a total of 6,797,711 shares at an average price of $4.41 per share.

Merged Concession Agreement

The Company is a party to the Merged Concession Agreement with the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (“EGPC”). In accordance with the Merged Concession Agreement, the Company is required to make a $10.0 million annual modernization payment to EGPC each year through February 1, 2026. The $10.0 million modernization payment due February 1, 2025 was fully offset against receivables owed to the Company from EGPC. On the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025, the remaining modernization payment liability of $9.7 million was recorded in the line item “Accrued liabilities and other.”

The Company also has minimum financial work commitments of $50 million per each five-year period of the primary development term, commencing on February 1, 2020 for a total of $150 million over the 15-year license contract term. Through September 30, 2025, the Company's financial work commitments have exceeded thefive-year minimum $50 million threshold and any excess carries forward to offset against subsequent five-year commitments.

In addition, as of February 1, 2020 (the “Merged Concession Effective Date”), an effective date adjustment was owed to the Company for the difference in the historic commercial terms and the revised commercial terms applied against the production since the Merged Concession Effective Date (the “Effective Date Adjustment”). The Company recognized a receivable in connection with the Effective Date Adjustment of$67.5 million as of October 2022, based on historical realized prices (the “Backdated Receivable”). The Backdated Receivable was fully settled as of March 31, 2025.

Drilling Rig Commitment

The Company entered into a bareboat charter agreement (the “Bareboat Charter”) during the fourth quarter of 2024 to charter a drilling rig for its drilling program in Gabon that is expected to commence during the fourth quarter of 2025. Pursuant to the Bareboat Charter, the Company also entered into a service agreement with a third party for purposes of maintaining and operating the drilling rig on its behalf. The Bareboat Charter is expected to commence once the mobilization of the drilling rig towards the Company’s first well has commenced and has a noncancellable period of 300 days plus five single well options. The Bareboat Charter stipulates fixed day rates and other variable payments.

11. DEBT

In April 2025, the Company drew down $60.0 million under the 2025 RBL Facility. The borrowing accrues interest at a rate of 10.8% per annum which is based on the Term SOFR plus the applicable margin of 6.5% per annum. In addition, the borrowing is due to be repaid within three months from the drawdown date with, subject to certain conditions, the option to rollover the debt upon maturity.

As of September 30, 2025, there were $60.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the 2025 RBL Facility. There wereno outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2024.

In addition, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants.

2025 RBL Facility

On March 4, 2025, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries (the “Vaalco Energy Group”), entered into a reserves-based facility agreement (the “2025 Facility Agreement”) providing for a senior secured reserve-based revolving credit facility (the “2025 RBL Facility”) with The Standard Bank of South Africa Limited (acting through its Corporate and Investment Banking Division) as agent and security agent, The Standard Bank of South Africa Limited, Isle of Man Branch and the other financial institutions named in the 2025 Facility Agreement (the “Lenders”), providing for the 2025 RBL Facility.

The 2025 RBL Facility had initial aggregate commitments of $190.0 million (the “Initial Total Commitments”) as of March 4, 2025, with an initial borrowing base of $182.0 million. In accordance with the conditions that were met subsequent to entering into the 2025 Facility Agreement, the initial borrowing base was increased to $184.0 million in April 2025. The Initial Total Commitments originally would reduce semi-annually by $19.0 million starting from September 30, 2026. The borrowing base amount is calculated pursuant to the 2025 Facility Agreement and redetermined on March 31 and September 30 of each year beginning June 30, 2025 and in certain circumstances, other interim triggers set out in the 2025 Facility Agreement. The Company may, at any time prior to the date falling 30 months from the date of the 2025 Facility Agreement and subject to the conditions and process set out in the 2025 Facility Agreement, give notice to the agent to increase the Initial Total Commitment up to a maximum amount of $300.0 million. On June 30, 2025, the initial borrowing base redetermination was completed pursuant to the terms of the RBL Facility Agreement, which resulted in an increase to the borrowing base from $184.0 million to $186.6 million. As of September 30, 2025, we had $190.0 million of aggregate facility commitments and $126.6 million of available borrowing capacity under the 2025 RBL Facility.

Effective October 17, 2025, the Lenders unanimously approved an increase in the Company’s borrowing base under the 2025 RBL Facility from $186.6 million to $190.0 million after the Company completed its semi-annual borrowing base redetermination process. In addition, the Lenders approved to (i) extend the first date on which the Initial Total Commitments will be reduced from September 30, 2026 to March 31, 2027, and (ii) update the semi-annual commitment reduction amounts from $19.0 million to $10.0 million on March 31, 2027, and $22.5 million starting on September 30, 2027.

In addition, on November 7, 2025, subject to certain conditions precedent, certain existing Lenders under the 2025 RBL Facility agreed to increase their initial commitment effective January 23, 2026 (the “Effective Increase Date”) so that the aggregate borrowing base under the 2025 RBL Facility as of the Effective Increase Date would increase from

$190.0 million to $240.0 million. The increase in commitments was undertaken with the existing accordion feature included in the 2025 RBL Facility.

Each loan under the 2025 RBL Facility will bear interest at a rate equal to Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus the applicable margin (the “Applicable Margin”) of (i)6.50%, from the date of the 2025 Facility Agreement until the date on which the renovation and repair of the floating production storage and offloading tanker facility named Baobab Ivorian MV10 FPSO for use in connection with the development of the Baobab field (the “Baobab FPSO Renovation”) meets certain completion tests defined in the 2025 Facility Agreement and (ii) thereafter,6.00% until the Final Maturity Date (defined below). We shall pay the accrued interest on the last day of each applicable interest period, which interest period may be, at our option, one, three or six months or such other period as agreed between us and the Lenders.

The 2025 RBL Facility will mature on the earlier of (i) March 4, 2031, which is the sixth anniversary of the date of the 2025 Facility Agreement and (ii) the Reserve Tail Date (the “Final Maturity Date”). The Reserve Tail Date is the last day of the calculation period immediately preceding the first calculation period in which the aggregate remaining reserves for all of the borrowing base assets are projected in the then current banking case to be less than 25% of the initial approved reserves.

The 2025 RBL Facility is secured against certain assets of the Company and the other obligors under the 2025 Facility Agreement. The security package includes security over the shares in the obligors (other than in the Company), hedging agreements, intercompany loans, insurances, offtake agreements relating to the borrowing base assets and project accounts.

The 2025 Facility Agreement contains certain financial covenants, including that, beginning on June 30, 2025 and then as of each March 31 and September 30 until the Final Maturity Date, the ratio of Total Net Indebtedness to EBITDAX (each defined in the 2025 Facility Agreement) for the trailing 12 months shall not exceed 3.0 x. Additionally, following the Baobab FPSO renovation completion date, the debt service coverage ratio for the trailing 12 months commencing on the day immediately following each March 31 and September 30 (and any interim redetermination date) until the Final Maturity Date shall be at least 1.2:1. The Company also provides a liquidity forecast for the Vaalco Energy Group which shall demonstrate that the total corporate sources equal or exceed the total corporate uses. The liquidity forecast is delivered quarterly during the Baobab FPSO renovation period and otherwise on each redetermination of the banking case and any proposed distribution.

The Company is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee equal to (i)35% per annum of the Applicable Margin on the daily amount of the difference (if any) by which the borrowing base amount exceeds the then-outstanding amount of loans, plus (ii)20% per annum of the Applicable Margin on the daily amount by which the then-total commitments exceeds the higher of the total outstanding amount of loans and the borrowing base amount. The Company is also required to pay customary technical and modelling bank fees, agency fees and security agent fees. The 2025 Facility Agreement also contains customary information covenants as well as affirmative and negative covenants subject to customary threshold and materiality which include, among others, compliance with laws (including environmental laws, sanctions and anti-corruption laws), delivery of quarterly and annual financial statements and compliance certificates, no change of business, no merger and maintenance of corporate existence, field preservations and related contracts relating to the borrowing base assets, maintenance of insurance, entry into certain derivatives contracts which are regulated by the 2025 Facility Agreement and the hedging policy, restrictions on the incurrence of liens, indebtedness, asset dispositions, acquisitions, restricted payments, entry into offtake agreements and other customary covenants. If the aggregate borrowings exceeds 35% of the lower of (a) the available total commitments and (b) the applicable borrowing base amount, we are also required to enter into commodity price hedge positions covering certain volumes of anticipated future production set out in the banking case. There are other covenants that make the Company’s ability to pay dividends and to enter into certain acquisitions and disposition transactions subject to certain conditions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions.

Additionally, the 2025 Facility Agreement contains customary events of default, including non-payment and borrowing base deficiency, funding shortfall subject to certain liquidity cure rights, breach of financial covenants, misrepresentation, insolvency, changes in ownership or business, litigation, cross default, expropriation of any borrowing base assets, political events, cessation of production and the occurrence of a material adverse effect. The 2025 Facility Agreement also contains events of default related to the failure to complete the Baobab FPSO Renovation by the Baobab FPSO Renovation long stop date determined in the 2025 Facility Agreement and the failure to renew any field license on substantially the same terms three months before the expiration of such field license and if a change of operator occurs. The events of default contains thresholds and remedy periods customary for credit facilities of this nature. If the obligors do not comply with the financial and other covenants relating to non-payment, sanctions, anti-corruption, loans and guarantee or tax in the 2025 Facility Agreement, the Lenders may require immediate payment of all amounts outstanding under the 2025 Facility

Agreement and any outstanding unfunded commitments may be terminated. In addition, if any principal amount payable is not paid upon due date, interest shall accrue on the overdue amount from the due date up to the date of the actual payment at an additional interest rate of 2% per annum, and such interest shall be immediately payable on demand.

Fair Value Measurement

The fair value of the 2025 RBL Facility approximates its respective carrying amount as its interest rate is variable and reflective of market rates. The fair value measurement for the 2025 RBL Facility represents Level 2 inputs.

12. INCOME TAXES

Vaalco and its domestic subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return. Certain foreign subsidiaries also file tax returns in their respective local jurisdictions including Canada, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria.

The foreign taxes payable are attributable to Gabon and Côte d'Ivoire as of September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, excluding the impact of discrete items, was (81.21)% and 64.85%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, excluding the impact of discrete items, was 59.48% and 59.10%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s overall effective tax rate was primarily impacted by tax rates in foreign jurisdictions higher than the US statutory rate and by non-deductible items associated with operations.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the income tax benefit of $3.6 million includes a $3.9 million favorable oil price adjustment as a result of the change in value of the government of Gabon's allocation of Profit Oil between the time it was produced and the time it was taken in-kind. After excluding this impact, income taxes were $0.3 million for the period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the income tax expense of $19.5 million includes a $6.4 million favorable oil price adjustment as a result of the change in value of the government of Gabon's allocation of Profit Oil between the time it was produced and the time it was taken in-kind. After excluding this impact, income taxes were $25.9 million for the period.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company hadno material uncertain tax positions. The Company’s policy is to recognize potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.

Enactment of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025

On July 4, 2025, the budget reconciliation bill known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (“OBBBA”) was signed into law, which includes significant changes to federal tax law and other regulatory provisions that may impact the Company. Among other provisions, the OBBBA makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The impact of provisions effective in 2025 are not material and the Company is still assessing the impact of provisions that are not yet effective.

13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company has entered into various agreements with related parties. The Company paid approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million to these related parties for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The amounts were primarily for contract engineering services paid to an entity owned and controlled by a related party of an officer of the Company.

14. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The functional currency of our Canadian segment is the Canadian Dollar. All of the Company’s other comprehensive income arises from the currency translation of our Canadian segment to USD.

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows: