BOK FINANCIAL CORP

Consolidated Statements of Earnings

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1)Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements of BOK Financial have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, including interpretations of U.S. GAAP issued by federal banking regulators and general practices of the banking industry. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of BOK Financial and its subsidiaries, principally BOKF, NA, BOK Financial Securities, Inc., BOK Financial Private Wealth, Inc. and Cavanal Hill Distributors, Inc. All significant intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the assets, liabilities, non-controlling interests and results of operations of VIEs when BOK Financial is determined to be the primary beneficiary. VIEs are generally defined as entities that either do not have sufficient equity to finance their activities without support from other parties or whose equity investors lack a controlling financial interest. Determination that the Company is the primary beneficiary considers the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the variable interest's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the variable interest or the right to receive benefits of the variable interest that could be significant to the variable interest.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

Nature of Operations

BOK Financial, through its subsidiaries, provides a wide range of financial services to commercial and industrial customers, other financial institutions, municipalities and consumers. These services include depository and cash management; lending and lease financing; mortgage banking; securities brokerage, trading and underwriting; and personal and corporate trust.

BOKF, NA operates as Bank of Oklahoma primarily in the Tulsa and Oklahoma City metropolitan areas of the state of Oklahoma and Bank of Texas primarily in the Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston and San Antonio metropolitan areas of the state of Texas. In addition, BOKF, NA does business as BOK Financial in the metropolitan areas of Phoenix, Arizona; Northwest Arkansas; Denver, Colorado; Kansas City, Kansas/Missouri; and as Bank of Albuquerque in Albuquerque, New Mexico. BOKF, NA also operates the TransFund electronic funds network and Cavanal Hill Investment Management.

Use of Estimates

Preparation of BOK Financial's Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates of future economic activities, including loan collectability, loss contingencies, prepayments and cash flows from customer accounts. These estimates are based upon current conditions and information available to management. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates.

Acquisitions

Assets and liabilities acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, are recorded at fair value on the acquisition date. The purchase price includes consideration paid at closing and the estimated fair value of contingent consideration that will be paid in the future, subject to achieving defined performance criteria. Premiums and discounts assigned to interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are amortized over the lives of the acquired assets and liabilities on either an individual instrument or pool basis. Goodwill is recognized as the excess of the purchase price over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Acquired loans with more than an insignificant credit deterioration since inception are recorded at fair value plus a gross-up amount which is offset by an allowance for credit losses. Acquired loans without a more than insignificant credit deterioration since inception are recorded at fair value. An allowance for credit losses is recognized through a provision for credit losses, similar to origination loans.

The Consolidated Statements of Earnings include the results of operations from the acquisition date.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill for each reporting unit is evaluated for impairment annually as of October 1st or more frequently if conditions indicate that impairment may have occurred. The evaluation of possible goodwill impairment involves significant judgment based upon short-term and long-term projections of future performance. Reporting units are defined by the Company as significant lines of business within each operating segment. This definition is consistent with the manner in which the CODM assesses the performance of the Company and makes decisions concerning the allocation of resources.

During the evaluation for impairment, management qualitatively assesses whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units is less than their carrying value. Reporting unit carrying value includes sufficient capital to exceed regulatory requirements plus goodwill. This assessment includes consideration of relevant events and circumstances including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, the financial and stock performance of the Company and other relevant factors. Specifically, the analysis may include:

•General economic conditions including overall economic activity, consumer spending and mobility, unemployment rates, consumer confidence, and duration and severity of any current market moving instability.

•Global health concerns including ongoing pandemics or potential for widespread health issues, the future course of a pandemic and the potential for medical advances.

•Regional economic conditions including demand for oil and price stability of oil, other overarching conditions that may be affecting any of the Company's primary states such as weather or other catastrophes, pandemics and health related lockdowns, or other state mandates.

•Industry conditions including federal funds rate movement by the Federal Reserve, the interest rate environment and the resulting effect on net interest income and operating revenue, and regulatory mandates that hinder or provide relief to the financial services industry.

•Company specific conditions including current and forecasted income, changes in stock price, the Company's stock price compared to peers and other indexes, book value per share compared to fair value per share, goodwill compared to total shareholders' equity, current capital and liquidity position, demand for products and services, health of the loan portfolio and other credit related factors, and current credit ratings with the ratings agencies, and regulatory ratings.

•Reporting unit performance and forecasts including any event that may significantly impact a reporting unit.

If management concludes based on the qualitative assessment that goodwill may be impaired, a quantitative impairment test will be applied to goodwill at all reporting units. The quantitative analysis compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated by the discounted future earnings method. Goodwill is considered impaired if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill.

Both the qualitative assessment and quantitative analysis require significant management judgment, including estimates of changes in future economic conditions and their underlying causes and duration, the reasonableness and effectiveness of management's responses to those changes, changes in governmental fiscal and monetary policies, and fair value measurements based largely on significant unobservable inputs. The results of these judgments may have a significant impact on the Company's reported results of operations.

Intangible assets are generally composed of customer relationships, naming rights, non-compete agreements and core deposit premiums. They are amortized using accelerated or straight-line methods, as appropriate, over the estimated benefit periods. These periods range from 3 years to 20 years. The net book values of identifiable intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when economic conditions indicate impairment may exist.

Cash Equivalents

Due from banks, funds sold (generally federal funds sold forone day), resell agreements (which generally mature withinone day to 30 days) and investments in money market funds are considered cash equivalents.

Securities are identified as trading, investment (held-to-maturity), or available for sale at the time of purchase based upon the intent of management, liquidity and capital requirements, regulatory limitations, and other relevant factors. Trading securities, which are acquired for profit through resale, are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in current period earnings. Investment securities are carried at amortized cost. Amortization is computed by methods that approximate level yield and is adjusted for changes in prepayment estimates. Securities identified as available for sale are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded, net of deferred income taxes, as accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity. Available for sale securities are separately identified as pledged to creditors if the creditor has the right to sell or repledge the collateral.

The purchase or sale of securities is recognized on a trade date basis. Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are based upon specific identification of the security sold. A receivable or payable is recognized for subsequent transaction settlement.

On a quarterly basis, the Company performs separate evaluations of debt investment and available for sale securities for the presence of impairment. We assess whether impairment is present on an individual security basis when the fair value of a debt security is less than the amortized cost.

Management determines whether it intends to sell or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell impaired securities. This determination considers current and forecasted liquidity requirements and securities portfolio management. If the Company intends to sell or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the impaired debt security, a charge is recognized against earnings for the entire unrealized loss. For all impaired debt securities for which there is no intent or expected requirement to sell, the evaluation considers all available evidence to assess whether it is more likely than not that all amounts due would not be collected according to the security's contractual terms and whether there is any impairment attributable to credit-related factors. If an impairment exists, the amount attributed to credit-related factors is measured and an allowance for credit loss is recognized. Declines in fair value that are not recorded in the allowance are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes.

BOK Financial may elect to carry certain securities that are not held for trading purposes at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. These securities are held with the intent that gains or losses will offset changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights or other financial instruments.

Restricted equity securities represent equity interests the Company is required to hold in the Federal Reserve Banks and Federal Home Loan Banks. Restricted equity securities are carried at cost as these securities do not have a readily determined fair value because ownership of these shares is restricted and they lack a market.

The fair value of our securities portfolio is generally based on a single price for each financial instrument provided to us by a third-party pricing service determined by one or more of the following:

•quoted prices for similar, but not identical, assets or liabilities in active markets;

•quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

•inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, such as interest rate and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and

•other inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market inputs.

The underlying methods used by the third-party pricing services are considered in determining the primary inputs used to determine fair values. We evaluate the methodologies employed by the third-party pricing services by comparing the price provided by the pricing service with other sources, including brokers' quotes, sales or purchases of similar instruments and discounted cash flows to establish a basis for reliance on the pricing service values. Significant differences between the pricing service provided value and other sources are discussed with the pricing service to understand the basis for their values. Based on all observable inputs, management may adjust prices obtained from third-party pricing services to more appropriately reflect the prices that would be received to sell assets or paid to transfer liabilities in orderly transactions in the current market.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments may be used by the Company as part of its internal risk management programs or may be offered to customers. All derivative instruments are carried at fair value and changes in fair value are generally reported in income as they occur. The determination of fair value of derivative instruments considers changes in interest rates, commodity prices and foreign exchange rates. Fair values for exchange-traded contracts are based on quoted prices in an active market for identical instruments. Fair values for over-the-counter contracts are generated internally using third-party valuation models. Inputs used in third-party valuation models to determine fair values are considered significant other observable inputs. Credit risk is also considered in determining fair value. Deterioration in the credit rating of customers or other counterparties reduces the fair value of asset contracts. Deterioration of our credit rating could decrease the fair value of our derivative liabilities.

When bilateral netting agreements or similar agreements exist between the Company and its counterparties that create a single legal claim or obligation to pay or receive the net amount in settlement of the individual derivative contracts, the Company reports derivative assets and liabilities on a net by derivative contract by counterparty basis.

Derivative contracts may also require the Company to provide or receive cash margin as collateral for derivative assets and liabilities. Derivative assets and liabilities are reported net of cash margin when certain conditions are met. In addition, derivative contracts executed with customers under Customer Risk Management Programs may be secured by non-cash collateral in conjunction with a credit agreement with that customer. Access to collateral in the event of default is reasonably assured.

BOK Financial offers programs that permit its customers to manage various risks, including fluctuations in energy prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and other commodities with derivative contracts. Customers may also manage interest rate risk through interest rate swaps used by the borrower to modify interest rate terms of their loans. Derivative contracts are executed between the customers and BOK Financial. Offsetting contracts are executed between BOK Financial and other selected counterparties to minimize market risk from changes in commodity prices, interest rates or foreign exchange rates. The counterparty contracts are identical to customer contracts, except for a fixed pricing spread or fee paid to BOK Financial as profit and compensation for administrative costs and credit risk which is recognized over the life of the contracts and included in Other Operating Revenue - Brokerage and trading revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

BOK Financial may offer derivative instruments such as to-be-announced U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities to mortgage banking customers to enable them to manage their market risk or to mitigate the Company's market risk of holding trading securities. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments for trading purposes or used to mitigate the market risk of holding trading securities are included in Other Operating Revenue - Brokerage and trading revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

BOK Financial may use derivative instruments in managing its interest rate sensitivity as part of its economic hedge of the changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments used in managing interest rate sensitivity and as part of its economic hedge of changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights are included in Other Operating Revenue - Gain (loss) on derivatives, net in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

BOK Financial also enters into mortgage loan commitments that are considered derivative contracts. Forward sales contracts that have not been designated as hedging instruments are used to economically hedge these mortgage loan commitments as well as mortgage loans held for sale. Mortgage loan commitments, forward sales contracts and residential mortgage loans held for sale are carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value are reported in Other Operating Revenue - Mortgage banking revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

Loans

Loans are either secured or unsecured based on the type of loan and the financial condition of the borrower. Repayment is generally expected from cash flow or proceeds from the sale of selected assets of the borrower. BOK Financial is exposed to risk of loss on loans due to the borrower's financial difficulties, which may arise from any number of factors, including problems within the respective industry or local economic conditions. Access to collateral, in the event of borrower default, is reasonably assured through adherence to applicable lending laws and through sound lending standards and credit review procedures. Accounting policies for all loans, excluding residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, are as follows.

Interest is accrued at the applicable interest rate on the outstanding principal amount. Loans are placed on nonaccruing status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal or interest is uncertain. Internally risk graded loans are individually evaluated for nonaccruing status quarterly. Non-risk graded loans are generally placed on nonaccruing status when 90 days or more past due or within 60 days of being notified of the borrower's bankruptcy filing. Interest previously accrued but not collected is charged against interest income when the loan is placed on nonaccruing status. Payments received on nonaccruing loans are applied to principal or recognized as interest income, according to management's judgment as to the collectability of principal. Loans may be returned to accruing status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest, including principal previously charged off, is probable based on improvements in the borrower's financial condition or a sustained period of performance.

For loans acquired with no evidence of credit deterioration, discounts are accreted on either an individual basis for loans with unique characteristics or on a pool basis for groups of homogeneous loans. Accretion is discontinued when a loan with an individually attributed discount is placed on nonaccruing status.

Modifications of loans to existing borrowers generally consist of interest rate reductions, extension of payment terms or a combination of these. Modifications may arise either voluntarily through negotiations with the borrower or involuntarily through court order. Payment deferrals up to six months are generally considered to be short-term modifications. Generally, principal and accrued but unpaid interest are not voluntarily forgiven. A change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance methodology.

Performing loans may be renewed under the then current collateral, debt service ratio and other underwriting standards. Nonaccruing loans may also be renewed and will remain classified as nonaccruing.

Occasionally, loans, other than residential mortgage loans, may be held for sale in order to manage credit concentration. These loans are carried at the lower of cost or fair value with gains or losses recognized in gain (loss) on assets.

All loans are charged off when the loan balance or a portion of the loan balance is no longer supported by the paying capacity of the borrower or when the required cash flow is reduced in a modification. The charge-off amount is determined through an evaluation of available cash resources and collateral value. Internally risk graded loans are evaluated quarterly and charge-offs are taken in the quarter in which the loss is identified. Non-risk graded loans that are past due between 60 days and 180 days, based on the loan product type, are charged off. Loans to borrowers whose personal obligation has been discharged through Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings are charged off within 60 days of notice of the bankruptcy filing, regardless of payment status.

Loan origination and commitment fees and direct loan acquisition and origination costs are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to yield over the life of the loan or over the commitment period, as applicable. Amortization does not anticipate loan prepayments. Net unamortized fees are recognized in full at time of payoff.

We sell qualifying residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies into GNMA pools. GNMA optional repurchase programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool for which the institution provides servicing. At the servicer's option and without GNMA's prior authorization, the servicer may repurchase a delinquent loan for an amount equal to 100% of the remaining principal balance of the loan. These loans no longer qualify for sale accounting and are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A portion of the principal balance continues to be guaranteed; however, interest accrues at a curtailed rate as specified in the programs. The carrying value of these loans is reduced based on an estimate of expected cash flows discounted at the original note rate plus a liquidity spread. These loans may be modified in accordance with U.S. government agency guidelines. Interest continues to accrue at the modified rate. Loans repurchased from GNMA under the program may either be resold into GNMA pools after a performance period specified by the program or foreclosed and conveyed to the guarantors.

Loans are disaggregated into portfolio segments and further disaggregated into classes. The portfolio segment is the level at which the Company develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for credit losses. Classes are based on the risk characteristics of the loans and the Company's method for monitoring and assessing credit risk.

Allowances for Credit Losses and Accrual for Off-balance Sheet Credit Risk from Unfunded Loans Commitments

The allowance for loan losses and accrual for off-balance sheet credit risk from unfunded loan commitments represent the portion of the amortized cost basis of loans and related unfunded commitments that we do not expect to collect over the asset’s contractual life, considering past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. Quarterly, a senior management Allowance Committee assesses the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses and accrual for off-balance sheet credit risk. This assessment requires judgment about effects of uncertain matters, resulting in a subjective calculation which is inherently imprecise. Because of the subjective forward-looking nature of the calculation, changes in these measures may not directly correlate with actual economic events. In future periods, management judgment may consider new or changed information which may cause significant changes in these allowances in those future periods.

The allowance for loan losses consists of specific allowances attributed to certain individual loans, generally nonaccruing loans, with dissimilar risk characteristics that have not yet been charged down to amounts we expect to recover and general allowances for estimated credit losses on pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics.

When full collection of principal or interest is uncertain, the loan’s risk characteristics have changed and we exclude the loan from the general allowance pool, typically designating it as nonaccruing. For these loans, a specific allowance reflects the expected credit loss.

We measure specific allowances for loans excluded from the general allowance pool by an evaluation of estimated future cash flows discounted at the loan's initial effective interest rate or the fair value of collateral for certain collateral-dependent loans. For a non-collateral-dependent loan, the specific allowance is the amount by which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds its net realizable value. We measure the specific allowance for collateral-dependent loans as the amount by which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds its fair value. When repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale of collateral, we deduct estimated selling costs from the collateral’s fair value. Generally, third-party appraisals that conform to Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice serve as the basis for the fair value of real property held as collateral. These appraised values are on an "as is" basis and generally are not adjusted by the Company. We obtain updated appraisals at least annually or more frequently if market conditions indicate collateral values may have declined. For energy loans, our internal staff of engineers generally determines collateral value of mineral rights based on projected cash flows from proven oil and gas reserves under existing economic and operating conditions. Our special assets staff generally determines the value of other collateral based on projected liquidation cash flows under current market conditions. We evaluate collateral values and available cash resources quarterly. Historical statistics may be used to estimate specific allowances in limited situations, such as when a collateral-dependent loan is removed from the general allowance pool near the end of a reporting period until an appraisal of collateral value is received or a full assessment of future cash flows is completed.

General allowances estimate expected credit losses on pools of loans sharing similar risk characteristics that are expected to occur over the loan’s estimated remaining life. The loan’s estimated remaining life represents the contractual term adjusted for amortization, estimates of prepayments and borrower-owned extension options. Approximately 90% of the committed dollars in the loan portfolio is risk graded loans with general allowance model inputs that include probability of default, loss given default and exposure at default. Probability of default is based on the migration of loans from performing to nonperforming using historical life of loan analysis periods. Loss given default is based on the aggregate losses incurred, net of estimated recoveries. Exposure at default represents an estimate of the outstanding amount of credit exposure at the time a default may occur.

Charge-off migration is used to calculate the general allowance for the majority of non-risk graded loans to individuals. The expected credit loss on less than 10% of the committed dollars in the portfolio is calculated using charge-off migration.

The expected credit loss on approximately 1% of the committed dollars in the portfolio is calculated using a non-modeled approach. Specifically, the calculation applies a long-term net charge-off rate to the loan balances, adjusted for the weighted average remaining maturity of each portfolio.

In estimating the expected credit losses for general allowances on performing risk-graded loans, each portfolio class is assigned relevant economic loss drivers which best explain variations in portfolio net loss rates. The probability of default estimates for each portfolio class are adjusted for current and forecasted economic conditions. The result is applied to the exposure at default and loss given default to calculate the lifetime expected credit loss estimate. Selection of relevant economic loss drivers is re-evaluated periodically and involves statistical analysis as well as management judgment. The unemployment rate factors significantly in the allowance for loan losses calculation, affecting commercial and loans to individuals segments. Other primary factors impacting the commercial portfolio include BBB corporate spreads, real gross domestic product growth rate and energy commodity prices. The primary commercial real estate variables are vacancy rate and BBB corporate spreads. In addition to the unemployment rate, the forecast for loans to individuals is tied to home price index. The forecasts may include regional economic factors when localized conditions diverge from national conditions.

An Economic Forecast Committee, consisting of senior management with members largely independent of the allowance process, develops a twelve-month forward-looking forecast for the relevant economic loss drivers. Management develops these forecasts based on external data as well as a view of future economic conditions, which may include adjustments for regional conditions. The forecast includes three economic scenarios and probability weights for each scenario. The base forecast represents management's view of the most likely outcome, while the downside forecast reflects reasonably possible worsening economic conditions, and the upside forecast projects reasonably possible improving conditions.

At the end of the one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period, we transition from shorter-term expected losses to long-term loss averages for the loan’s estimated remaining life. The difference between short-term loss forecasts and long-term loss averages is run-off over the reversion horizon, up to three years, depending on the forecasted economic scenarios.

General allowances also consider the estimated impact of factors that are not captured in the modeled results or historical experience. These factors may increase or decrease modeled results by amounts determined by the Allowance Committee. Factors not captured in modeled results or historical experience may include, for example, new lines of business, market conditions that have not been previously encountered, observed changes in credit risk that are not yet reflected in macro-economic factors or economic conditions that impact loss given default assumptions.

The accrual for off-balance sheet credit risk is maintained at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated losses associated with credit instruments that are not currently recognized as assets such as loan commitments, standby letters of credit or guarantees that are not unconditionally cancellable by the bank. This accrual is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The appropriateness of the accrual is determined in the same manner as the allowance for loan losses, with the added consideration of commitment usage over the remaining life for those loans that the bank cannot unconditionally cancel.

A provision for credit losses is charged against or credited to earnings in amounts necessary to maintain an appropriate allowance for credit losses. Recoveries of loans previously charged off are added to the allowance when received.

Real Estate and Other Repossessed Assets

Real estate and other repossessed assets are acquired in partial or total forgiveness of loans. These assets are carried at the lower of cost, which is the fair value at date of foreclosure less estimated disposal costs, or current fair value less estimated disposal costs. Decreases in fair value below cost are recognized as asset-specific valuation allowances which may be reversed when supported by future increases in fair value. Subsequent increases in fair value may be used to reduce the valuation allowance but not below zero.

Fair values of real estate are based on "as is" appraisals which are updated at least annually or more frequently for certain asset types or assets located in certain distressed markets. Fair values based on appraisals are generally considered to be based on significant other observable inputs. The Company also considers decreases in listing price and other relevant information in quarterly evaluations and reduces the carrying value of real estate and other repossessed assets when necessary. Fair values based on list prices and other relevant information are generally considered to be based on significant unobservable inputs. Additional costs incurred to complete real estate and other repossessed assets may increase the carrying value, up to current fair value based on "as completed" appraisals. The fair value of mineral rights included in repossessed assets is generally determined by our internal staff of engineers based on projected cash flows from proven oil and gas reserves under existing economic and operating conditions. Proven oil and gas reserves are estimated quantities that geological and engineering data demonstrate, with reasonable certainty, to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs using existing prices and costs. Projected cash flows incorporate assumptions related to a number of factors including production, sales prices, operating expenses, severance, ad valorem taxes, capital costs and appropriate discount rate. Fair values determined through this process are considered to be based on Level 3 inputs. The value of other repossessed assets is generally determined by our special assets staff based on projected liquidation cash flows under current market conditions.

Income generated by these assets is recognized as received. Operating expenses are recognized as incurred. Gains or losses on sales of real estate and other repossessed assets are based on the cash proceeds received less the cost basis of the asset, net of any valuation allowances. The estimated disposal costs of real estate and other repossessed assets are evaluated by the Company on an annual basis based on actual results.

Transfers of Financial Assets

BOK Financial regularly transfers financial assets as part of its mortgage banking activities and periodically may transfer other financial assets. Transfers are recorded as sales when the criteria for surrender of control are met.

The Company has elected to carry certain residential mortgage loans held for sale at fair value under the fair value option. Changes in fair value are recognized in net income as they occur. These loans are reported separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and changes in fair value are recorded in Other operating revenue - Mortgage banking revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

Fair value of conforming residential mortgage loans that will be sold to U.S. government agencies is based on sales commitments or market quotes considered Level 2 inputs. Fair value of mortgage loans that are unable to be sold to U.S. government agencies is based on Level 3 inputs using quoted prices of loans that are sold in securitization transactions with a liquidity discount applied. The fair value is corroborated with an independent third party on at least an annual basis.

BOK Financial retains a repurchase obligation under underwriting representations and warranties related to residential mortgage loans transferred and generally retains the right to service the loans. These are not credit obligations. The Company may incur a recourse obligation in limited circumstances. Separate accruals are recognized in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for repurchase and recourse obligations. These reserves reflect the estimated amount of probable loss the Company will incur as a result of repurchasing a loan, indemnifications, and other settlement resolutions.

Repurchases of loans with an origination defect that are also credit impaired are considered collateral-dependent and are initially recognized at net realizable value (appraised value less the cost to sell). The difference between unpaid principal balance and net realizable value is not accreted. Repurchases of loans with an origination defect that are not credit impaired are carried at fair value as of the repurchase date. Interest income continues to accrue on these loans and the discount is accreted over the estimated life of the loan.

The Company may also choose to purchase GNMA loans once certain mandated delinquency criteria are met. The loans that are eligible and are chosen to be repurchased are initially recognized at fair value based on expected cash flows discounted using the average agency guaranteed debenture rates, average actual principal loss rates and liquidity premium.

The Company may also retain a residual interest in excess cash flows generated by the assets. All assets obtained, including cash, servicing rights and residual interests, and all liabilities incurred, including recourse obligations, are initially recognized at fair value. All assets transferred are de-recognized and any gain or loss on the sale is recognized in earnings. Subsequently, servicing rights and residual interest are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings as they occur.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights may be purchased or may be recognized when mortgage loans are originated and sold with servicing rights retained. All mortgage servicing rights are carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value are recognized in earnings as they occur.

Mortgage servicing rights are not traded in active markets. A cash flow model is used to determine fair value. Key assumptions and estimates, including projected prepayment speeds and assumed servicing costs, earnings on escrow deposits, ancillary income and discount rates, used by this model are based on current market sources. Assumptions used to value mortgage servicing rights are considered significant unobservable inputs. A separate third-party model is used to estimate prepayment speeds based on interest rates, housing turnover rates, estimated loan curtailment, anticipated defaults and other relevant factors. The prepayment model is updated daily for changes in market conditions and adjusted to better correlate with actual performance of BOK Financial's servicing portfolio. Fair value estimates from outside sources are received at least quarterly to corroborate the results of the valuation model.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are carried at cost, including capitalized interest when appropriate, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets or, for leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or remaining lease terms. Useful lives range from 5 years to 40 years for buildings and improvements,3 years to 10 years for software and related implementation costs, and 3 years to 10 years for furniture and equipment. Construction in progress represents facilities construction and data processing systems projects underway that have not yet been placed into service. Depreciation and amortization begin once the assets are placed into service.

Repair and maintenance costs, including software maintenance and enhancement costs, are charged to expense as incurred. Software licensing costs are generally charged to expense as incurred. Software licensing costs are capitalized if the contractual right to take possession of the software exists and it is feasible to take possession without significant penalty. Capitalized costs are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the software or remaining contractual life of the license.

Premises no longer used by the Company are transferred to real estate and other repossessed assets. The transferred amount is the lower of cost less accumulated depreciation or fair value less estimated disposal costs as of the transfer date.

Premises and equipment includes rights to use leased facilities and equipment. Right-of-use assets are initially measured by the present value of future rent payments over lease terms, adjusted for rent concessions. Rent payments exclude both payments made for non-lease components such as services and variable lease payments other than payments dependent on an index at lease commencement. Lease term includes options reasonably certain to be exercised. The right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are amortized to achieve straight-line expense over the lease term. Upon lease modification, the right-of-use asset and liability are reassessed and remeasured. Right-of-use assets are evaluated for impairment when facts and circumstances change that indicate an impairment may be necessary. Leases less than twelve months are excluded from capitalization.

Ongoing technology projects of significant size or length are reviewed at least annually for impairment. Accumulated costs are reviewed for projects or components of projects that do not support the value of the asset being developed. Findings of obsolescence, duplicate effort or other conditions that do not support the recorded value are impaired, with the cost of the impaired components being charged to current-year earnings.

Federal and State Income Taxes

Determination of income tax expense and related assets and liabilities is complex and requires estimates and judgments when applying tax laws, rules, regulations and interpretations. It also requires judgments as to future earnings and the timing of future events. Accrued income taxes represent an estimate of net amounts due to or from taxing jurisdictions based upon these estimates, interpretations and judgments.

BOK Financial and its eligible subsidiaries file consolidated tax returns. The subsidiaries provide for income taxes on a separate return basis and remit to BOK Financial amounts determined to be currently payable. BOK Financial is an agent for its subsidiaries under the Company's tax sharing agreements and has no ownership rights to any refunds received for the benefit of its subsidiaries.

Management evaluates the Company's current tax expense or benefit based upon estimates of taxable income, tax credits and statutory federal and state income tax rates. The amount of current income tax expense or benefit recognized in any period may differ from amounts reported to taxing authorities. Annually, we file tax returns with each jurisdiction where we conduct business and adjust recognized income tax expense or benefit to filed tax returns.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based upon the differences between the values of assets and liabilities as recognized in the financial statements and their related tax basis using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in statutory tax rates on the measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized through income tax expense in the period the change is enacted. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the entire deferred tax asset may not be realized.

BOK Financial also recognizes the benefit of uncertain tax positions when based upon all relevant evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that our position would prevail upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation, based upon the technical merits of the position. Unrecognized tax benefits, including estimated interest and penalties, are assessed quarterly and are part of our current accrued income tax liability. These may be adjusted through current income tax expense in future periods based on changing facts and circumstances, completion of examinations by taxing authorities or expiration of a statute of limitations. Estimated penalties and interest are recognized in income tax expense. Income tax expense in future periods may decrease if an uncertain tax position is favorably resolved, generally upon completion of an examination by the taxing authorities, expiration of a statute of limitations, or changes in facts and circumstances.

Employee Benefit Plans

BOK Financial sponsors a Thrift Plan. Employer contributions to the Thrift Plan, which matches employee contributions subject to percentage and years of service limits, are expensed when incurred. BOK Financial previously sponsored a Pension Plan. Pension Plan benefits were curtailed as of April 1, 2006. At December 31, 2022, the Pension Plan has been terminated, all benefits have been paid and all obligations settled. Prior to termination, BOK Financial recognized the funded status of its Pension Plan and related Plan costs, which were based upon actuarial computations of current costs, were expensed annually. Adjustments required to recognize the Pension Plan's net funded status were made through accumulated other comprehensive income, net of deferred income taxes. See Note 11, "Employee Benefits" for further discussion.

Share-Based Compensation Plans

BOK Financial's share-based compensation plans allow for the issuance of non-vested common shares, stock options, and RSUs as compensation to certain officers. While permitted, the Company does not currently grant options. The grant date fair value of non-vested shares is based on the then-current market value of BOK Financial common stock. Non-vested shares generally cliff vest in 3 years and are subject to a holding period after vesting of 2 years.

Compensation cost is initially based on the grant date fair value of the award and recognized as expense over the service period, which is generally the vesting period. Expense is reduced for estimated forfeitures over the vesting period and adjusted for actual forfeitures as they occur. Share-based compensation awarded to certain officers has performance conditions that affect the number of awards granted. Compensation cost is adjusted based on the probable outcome of the performance conditions.

RSUs may also be awarded for certain executives who have elected to defer income recognition upon vesting of their awards. RSUs are subject to the same vesting criteria as non-vested shares. Upon vesting and meeting other relevant conditions, RSUs are settled through cash distributions. The value of the awards will vary in amounts equal to changes in the fair value of an equal number of BOK Financial common shares.

Tax effects of share-based payments are recognized through tax expense. Dividends on non-vested shares are charged to retained earnings. Dividend equivalents on RSUs are charged to expense.

Other Operating Revenue

Fees and commissions revenue is generated through the sales of products, consisting primarily of financial instruments, and the performance of services for customers under contractual obligations. Revenue from providing services for customers is recognized at the time services are provided in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to for those services. Revenue is recognized based on the application of five steps:

•Identify the contract with a customer.

•Identify the performance obligations in the contract.

•Determine the transaction price.

•Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

•Recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations, individual performance obligations are accounted for separately if the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or with other resources readily available to the customer and the promise to transfer goods and services to the customer is separately identifiable in the contract. The transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations based on relative standalone selling prices.

Revenue is recognized on a gross basis whenever we have primary responsibility and risk in providing the services or products to our customers and have discretion in establishing the price for the services or products. Revenue is recognized on a net basis whenever we act as an agent for products or services of others.

Brokerage and trading revenue includes revenues from trading, customer hedging, retail brokerage, investment banking and insurance brokerage. Trading revenue includes net realized and unrealized gains primarily related to sales of securities to institutional customers and related derivative contracts. Customer hedging revenue includes realized and unrealized changes in the fair value of derivative contracts held for customer risk management programs including credit valuation adjustments, as necessary. We offer commodity, interest rate, foreign exchange and equity derivatives to our customers. These customer contracts are offset with contracts with selected counterparties and exchanges to minimize changes in market risk from changes in commodity prices, interest rates or foreign exchange rates. Retail brokerage revenue represents fees and commissions earned on sales of fixed income securities, annuities, mutual funds and other financial instruments to retail customers. Investment banking revenue includes fees earned upon completion of underwriting and financial advisory services. Investment banking revenue also includes fees earned in conjunction with loan syndications. Insurance brokerage revenues represent fees and commissions earned on placement of insurance products with carriers for property and casualty and health coverage.

Transaction card revenue includes merchant discount fees and electronic funds transfer network fees, net of interchange fees paid to card issuers and assessments paid to card networks. Merchant discount fees represent fees paid by customers for account management and electronic processing of card transactions. Merchant discount fees are recognized at the time the customer’s transactions are processed or other services are performed. The Company also maintains TransFund for the benefit of its members, which includes BOKF, NA. Electronic funds transfer fees are recognized as electronic transactions are processed on behalf of its members.

Fiduciary and asset management revenue includes fees from asset management, custody, recordkeeping, investment advisory and administration services. Revenue is recognized on an accrual basis at the time the services are performed and may be based on either the fair value of the account or the service provided.

Deposit service charges and fees include commercial account service charges, overdraft fees, check card fee revenue and automated service charges and other deposit service fees. Fees are recognized at least quarterly in accordance with published deposit account agreements and disclosure statements for retail accounts or contractual agreements for commercial accounts. Item charges for overdraft or non-sufficient funds items are recognized as items are presented for payment. Account balance charges and activity fees are accrued monthly and collected in arrears. Commercial account activity fees may be offset by an earnings credit based on account balances. Check card fees represent interchange fees paid by a merchant bank for transactions processed from cards issued by the Company. Check card fees are recognized when transactions are processed.

Mortgage banking revenue includes revenues recognized in conjunction with the origination, marketing and servicing of conventional and government-sponsored residential mortgage loans. Mortgage production revenue includes net realized gains (losses) on sales of residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and the net change in unrealized gains (losses) on residential mortgage loans held for sale. Mortgage production revenue also includes changes in the fair value of derivative contracts not designated as hedging instruments related to residential mortgage loan commitments and forward sales contracts. Mortgage servicing revenue includes servicing fee income and late charges on loans serviced for others.

Newly Adopted and Pending Accounting Pronouncements

Financial Accounting Standards Board

FASB ASU 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements

On March 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01 which, in part, amends the accounting for leasehold improvements in common-control arrangements. Under previous guidance, a lessee is generally required to amortize leasehold improvements that it owns over the shorter of the useful life of those improvements or the lease term. However, due to the nature of leasehold improvements made under leases between entities under common control, ASU 2023-01 requires a lessee in a common-control arrangement to amortize such leasehold improvements that it owns over the improvements' useful lives to the common control group, regardless of the lease term. ASU 2023-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Adoption of ASU 2023-01 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

FASB ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

The FASB issued ASU 2023-07 on November 27, 2023, which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements. Under previous guidance, while entities were required to disclose segment revenue and measure of profit or loss, there has been limited disclosure around the reporting of segment expenses. In addition to enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the amendments is to enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company has adopted the requirements of the expanded segment disclosures as of December 31, 2024.

FASB ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

The FASB issued ASU 2023-09 on December 14, 2023, which amends income tax disclosures to provide information to better assess how an entity’s operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The new guidance requires the entity to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact ASU 2023-09 will have on its income tax disclosures.

FASB ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards

The FASB issued ASU 2024-01 on March 21, 2024, which provides illustrative guidance to help entities determine whether profits interest and similar awards should be accounted for as share-based payment arrangements within the scope of Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those periods. The Company is evaluating the requirements of ASU 2024-01 and does not expect adoption to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

FASB ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

The FASB issued ASU 2024-03 on November 4, 2024, which amends the disclosure of certain costs and expenses. The amendments intend to bring improvement by requiring further disaggregation of expenses that are not already required to be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impact ASU 2024-03 will have on its expense disclosures.

(2)Securities

Trading Securities

The fair value and net unrealized gain (loss) included in trading securities is as follows (in thousands):

Investment Securities

The amortized cost and fair values of investment securities are as follows (in thousands):

1 Carrying value includes $119 million of net unrealized loss which remains in AOCI in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to certain securities transferred during the second quarter of 2022 from the Available for Sale securities portfolio to the Investment securities portfolio.

1 Carrying value includes $165 million of net unrealized loss which remains in AOCI in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to certain securities transferred during the second quarter of 2022 from the Available for Sale securities portfolio to the Investment securities portfolio.

The amortized cost and fair values of investment securities at December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, are as shown in the following table (dollars in thousands):

1 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalty.

2 The average expected lives of residential mortgage-backed securities were 4.7 years based upon current prepayment assumptions.

Temporarily Impaired Investment Securities

Available for Sale Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of available for sale securities are as follows (in thousands):

The amortized cost and fair values of available for sale securities at December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, are as shown in the following table (dollars in thousands):

1 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalty.

2 The average expected lives of residential mortgage-backed securities were 4.4 years based upon current prepayment assumptions.

Sales of available for sale securities resulted in gains and losses as follows (in thousands):

The fair value of debt securities pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements, public trust funds on deposit and for other purposes, as required by law was $9.9 billion at December 31, 2024 and $13.9 billion at December 31, 2023. The secured parties do not have the right to sell or repledge these securities.

Temporarily Impaired Available for Sale Securities

No credit impairment of available for sale securities was identified in 2024. Unrealized losses are related to changes in interest rates subsequent to purchase and are not attributable to credit. Based on evaluations of impaired securities as of December 31, 2024, the Company does not intend to sell any impaired available for sale securities before fair value recovers to the current amortized cost, and it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required to sell impaired securities before fair value recovers, which may be maturity.

Fair Value Option Securities

Fair value option securities represent securities which the Company has elected to carry at fair value and are separately identified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in the fair value recognized in earnings as they occur. Certain residential mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies and derivative contracts are held as an economic hedge of the mortgage servicing rights.

The fair value and net unrealized gain (loss) included in fair value option securities is as follows (in thousands):

(3)Derivatives

The following table summarizes the fair values of derivative contracts recorded as "derivative contracts" assets and liabilities in the balance sheet at December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

1 Notional amounts for commodity contracts are converted into dollar-equivalent amounts based on dollar prices at the inception of the contract.

The following table summarizes the fair values of derivative contracts recorded as "derivative contracts" assets and liabilities in the balance sheet at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

1 Notional amounts for commodity contracts are converted into dollar-equivalent amounts based on dollar prices at the inception of the contract.

The following summarizes the pre-tax net gains (losses) on derivative instruments and where they are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in thousands):

1 Includes changes in fair value of to-be-announced U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities and other derivative instruments offered to mortgage banking customers to manage their market risk or held to mitigate market risk of trading securities portfolio, which is offset by changes in fair value of trading securities also included in Brokerage and trading revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

As discussed in Note 7, certain derivative contracts not designated as hedging instruments related to mortgage loan commitments and forward sales contracts are included in Residential mortgage loans held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 7 for additional discussion of notional, fair value and impact on earnings of these contracts.

No derivative contracts have been designated as hedging instruments for financial reporting purposes.

(4)Loans and Allowances for Credit Losses

The portfolio segments of the loan portfolio are as follows (in thousands):

At December 31, 2024, loans to businesses and individuals with collateral primarily located in Texas totaled $7.8 billion or 32% of the total loan portfolio. Loans to businesses and individuals with collateral primarily located in Oklahoma totaled $3.7 billion or 15% of our total loan portfolio. Loans to businesses and individuals with collateral primarily located in Colorado totaled $2.9 billion or 12% of our total loan portfolio. Loans for which the collateral location is not relevant, such as unsecured loans and reserve-based energy loans, are distributed by the borrower’s primary operating location. These geographic concentrations subject the loan portfolio to the general economic conditions within these areas.

At December 31, 2023, loans to businesses and individuals with collateral primarily located in Texas totaled $7.6 billion or 32% of the loan portfolio, loans to businesses and individuals with collateral primarily located in Oklahoma totaled $3.3 billion or 14% of the loan portfolio and loans to businesses and individuals with collateral primarily located in Colorado totaled $2.7 billion or 11% of the loan portfolio.

Commercial

Commercial loans represent loans for working capital, facilities acquisition or expansion, purchases of equipment and other needs of commercial customers primarily located within our geographical footprint. Commercial loans are underwritten individually and represent on-going relationships based on a thorough knowledge of the customer, the customer’s industry and market. While commercial loans are generally secured by the customer’s assets including real property, inventory, accounts receivable, operating equipment, interest in mineral rights and other property and may also include personal guarantees of the owners and related parties, the primary source of repayment of the loans is the on-going cash flow from operations of the customer’s business. Inherent lending risk is centrally monitored on a continuous basis from underwriting throughout the life of the loan for compliance with commercial lending policies.

At December 31, 2024, commercial loans with collateral primarily located in Texas totaled $5.0 billion or 34% of the commercial loan portfolio segment. Commercial loans with collateral primarily located in Oklahoma totaled $2.3 billion or 15% of the commercial loan portfolio segment. Commercial loans with collateral primarily located in Colorado totaled $1.7 billion or 12% of the commercial loan portfolio segment. The commercial loan portfolio segment is further divided into loan classes. The healthcare loan class totaled $4.0 billion or 16% of total loans. The healthcare loan class consists primarily of loans for the development and operation of senior housing and care facilities, including independent living, assisted living and skilled nursing. Healthcare also includes loans to hospitals and other medical service providers. The services loan class totaled $3.6 billion or 15% of total loans. Businesses included in the services class include Native American tribal and state and local municipal government entities, Native American tribal casino operations, foundations and not-for-profit organizations, educational services, and specialty trade contractors. The energy loan class totaled $3.3 billion or 13% of total loans, including $2.6 billion of outstanding loans to energy producers. Approximately 70% of the committed production loans are secured by properties primarily producing oil and 30% of the committed production loans are secured by properties primarily producing natural gas. General business loans represent $4.2 billion or 17% of total loans. General business loans primarily consist of wholesale/retail loans and loans from other commercial industries.

At December 31, 2023, commercial loans with collateral primarily located in Texas totaled $4.8 billion or 33% of the commercial loan portfolio segment, commercial loans with collateral primarily located in Oklahoma totaled $1.8 billion or 12% of the commercial loan portfolio segment, and commercial loans with collateral primarily located in Colorado totaled $1.8 billion or 12% of the commercial loan portfolio segment. The healthcare loan class totaled $4.1 billion or 17% of total loans. The services loan class totaled $3.6 billion or 15% of total loans. The energy loan class totaled $3.4 billion or 14% of total loans, including $2.7 billion of outstanding loans to energy producers. At December 31, 2023, approximately 69% of committed production loans were secured by properties primarily producing oil and 31% were secured by properties producing natural gas.

Commercial Real Estate

Commercial real estate loans are for the construction of buildings or other improvements to real estate and property held by borrowers for investment purposes primarily within our geographical footprint. We require collateral values in excess of the loan amounts, demonstrated cash flows in excess of expected debt service requirements, equity investment in the project and a portion of the project already sold, leased or permanent financing already secured. The expected cash flows from all significant new or renewed income producing property commitments are stress tested to reflect the risks in varying interest rates, vacancy rates and rental rates. As with commercial loans, inherent lending risks are centrally monitored on a continuous basis from underwriting throughout the life of the loan for compliance with applicable lending policies.

At December 31, 2024,29% of commercial real estate loans were secured by properties primarily located in the Dallas and Houston metropolitan areas of Texas,11% of commercial real estate loans were secured by properties primarily located in the Denver metropolitan area of Colorado, while concentrations in all other states were less than 10%. At December 31, 2023,31% of commercial real estate loans are secured by properties primarily located in the Dallas and Houston metropolitan areas of Texas while concentrations in all other states were less than 10%.

Loans to Individuals

Loans to individuals include residential mortgage and personal loans. Residential mortgage loans provide funds for our customers to purchase or refinance their primary residence or to borrow against the equity in their home. These loans are secured by a first or second mortgage on the customer's primary residence. Personal loans consist primarily of loans to Wealth Management clients secured by the cash surrender value of insurance policies and marketable securities. Personal loans also include direct loans secured by and for the purchase of automobiles, recreational and marine equipment as well as unsecured loans. These loans are made in accordance with underwriting policies we believe to be conservative and are fully documented. Loans may be individually underwritten or credit scored based on size and other criteria. Credit scoring is assessed based on significant credit characteristics including credit history, residential and employment stability.

In general, we sell the majority of our conforming fixed rate residential mortgage loan originations in the secondary market and retain the majority of our non-conforming and adjustable-rate mortgage loans. Our mortgage loan portfolio does not include payment option adjustable rate mortgage loans or adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial rates that are below market. Home equity loans are primarily first-lien and fully amortizing.

Residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies have limited credit exposure because of the agency guarantee. This amount includes residential mortgage loans previously sold into GNMA mortgage pools that the Company may repurchase when certain defined delinquency criteria are met. Because of this repurchase right, the Company is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans and must include them on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Approximately 90% of the loans in this segment are secured by collateral located within our geographical footprint. Loans for which the collateral location is less relevant, such as unsecured loans, are categorized by the borrower’s primary location.

Credit Commitments

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of conditions established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. At December 31, 2024, outstanding commitments totaled $14.7 billion. Because some commitments are expected to expire before being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. BOK Financial uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does loans.

The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based upon management’s credit evaluation of the borrower.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Because the credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan commitments, BOK Financial uses the same credit policies in evaluating the creditworthiness of the customer. Additionally, BOK Financial uses the same evaluation process in obtaining collateral on standby letters of credit as it does for loan commitments. The term of these standby letters of credit is defined in each commitment and typically corresponds with the underlying loan commitment. At December 31, 2024, outstanding standby letters of credit totaled $703 million.

Allowances for Credit Losses and Accrual for Off-balance Sheet Credit Risk from Unfunded Loans Commitments

BOK Financial maintains an allowance for loan losses and accrual for off-balance sheet credit risk from unfunded commitments. The allowance consists of specific allowances attributed to certain individual loans, generally nonaccruing loans, with dissimilar risk characteristics that have not yet been charged down to amounts we expect to recover and general allowances for estimated credit losses on pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics based on probability of default, loss given default and exposure at default for each loan class developed based on current and forecasted relevant economic loss drivers.

The accrual for off-balance sheet credit risk is maintained at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated losses associated with credit instruments that are not currently recognized as assets such as loan commitments, standby letters of credit or guarantees that are not unconditionally cancellable by the bank.

The activity in the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses related to loan commitments and standby letters of credit for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

An $18.0 million provision for credit losses was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2024. Improvement in the forecasted economic outlook during the year was offset by the impact of loan growth and some risk grade migration.

The activity in the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses related to loan commitments and standby letters of credit for the year ended December 31, 2023 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

The activity in the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses related to loan commitments and standby letters of credit is for the year ended December 31, 2022 summarized as follows (in thousands):

The allowance for loan losses and recorded investment of the related loans by portfolio segment for each impairment measurement method at December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

The allowance for loan losses and recorded investment of the related loans by portfolio segment for each impairment measurement method at December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands):

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company utilizes risk grading as primary credit quality indicators as it influences the probability of default which is a key attribute in the expected credit losses calculation. Substantially all commercial as well as commercial real estate loans and certain loans to individuals are risk graded based on a quarterly evaluation of the borrowers’ ability to repay the loans. Certain commercial loans and most loans to individuals are small, homogeneous pools that are not risk-graded. The credit quality of these loans is based on past due days in accordance with regulatory guidelines.

We have included in the credit quality indicator "pass" loans that are in compliance with the original terms of the agreement and currently exhibit no factors that cause management to have doubts about the borrowers’ ability to remain in compliance with the original terms of the agreement, which is consistent with the regulatory guideline of "pass." This also includes past due residential mortgages that are guaranteed by agencies of the U.S. government that continue to accrue interest based on criteria of the guarantors’ programs.

Other loans especially mentioned ("Special Mention") are currently performing in compliance with the original terms of the agreement but may have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention, consistent with regulatory guidelines. Non-graded loans 30 to 59 days past due are categorized as Special Mention.

The risk grading process identifies certain loans that have a well-defined weakness (for example, inadequate debt service coverage or liquidity or marginal capitalization; repayment may depend on collateral or other risk mitigation) that may jeopardize liquidation of the debt and represent a greater risk due to deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. This is consistent with the regulatory guideline for "substandard." Because the borrowers are still performing in accordance with the original terms of the loan agreements, these loans remain on accruing status. Non-graded loans 60 to 89 days past due are categorized as Accruing Substandard.

Nonaccruing loans represent loans for which full collection of principal and interest is uncertain. This includes certain loans considered "substandard" and all loans considered "doubtful" by regulatory guidelines. Non-graded loans 90 or more days past due are categorized as Nonaccrual.

Probability of default is lowest for pass graded loans and increases for each credit quality indicator, Special Mention, and Accruing Substandard.

Vintage represents the year of origination, except for revolving loans which are considered in aggregate. Loans that were once revolving but have converted to term loans without additional underwriting appear in a separate vintage column.

The following table summarizes the Company's loan portfolio at December 31, 2024 by the risk grade categories and vintage (in thousands):

1 Includes charge-offs on deposit overdrafts, which are generally charged off at 60 days past due.

The following table summarizes the Company's loan portfolio at December 31, 2023 by the risk grade categories and vintage (in thousands):

1 Includes charge-offs on deposit overdrafts, which are generally charged off at 60 days past due.

Nonaccruing Loans

A summary of nonaccruing loans as of December 31, 2024 follows (in thousands):

The majority of our nonaccruing loans are considered collateral dependent where repayment is expected to be provided through operation or sale of the collateral. Nonaccruing commercial and commercial real estate loans are primarily secured by commercial real estate and nonaccruing residential mortgage loans are secured by residential real estate.

A summary of nonaccruing loans as of December 31, 2023 follows (in thousands):

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had $100 million of loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, including $72 million of healthcare loans, $9.3 million of energy loans, and $8.6 million of residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. Modifications generally consist of interest rate reductions, an other than insignificant payment delay, term extension, or a combination. Approximately $91 million of the modifications are term extensions of commercial loans and personal loans, and $8.6 million are combination modifications to residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. During the year ended December 31, 2024, $31 million of loans that were modified in the previous twelve months defaulted. Approximately $25 million of these defaults were related to term extensions of commercial loans, and $5.2 million of these defaults were related to combination modifications to residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. A payment default is defined as being 30 or more days past due after modification.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had $130 million of loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, including $67 million of general business loans, $47 million of healthcare loans, and $13 million of residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. Approximately $93 million of the modifications are term extensions of general business, healthcare, and services loans, and $36 million are combination modifications to healthcare loans and residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. During the year ended December 31, 2023, $4.8 million of residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies were modified and subsequently defaulted.

Past Due Loans

Past due status for all loan classes is based on the actual number of days since the last payment was due according to the contractual terms of the loans, as modified for short-term payment deferral forbearance.

A summary of loans currently performing and past due as of December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

A summary of loans currently performing and past due as of December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands):

(5)Premises and Equipment and Leases

Premises and equipment at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

Depreciation expense of premises and equipment was $68.5 million, $68.7 million, and $68.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Premises and equipment, net includes right-of-use assets for leased office space and facilities. Leases are at market rates at inception and may contain escalations based on consumer price index or similar benchmarks and options to renew at then market rates.

Right-of-use assets of $213 million at December 31, 2024, and $221 million at December 31, 2023, are included in Premises and equipment, net, and the related right-of-use liabilities are included in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

At December 31, 2024, undiscounted operating lease liabilities are scheduled to mature as follows (in thousands):

Operating cash flows from operating leases were $28.6 million, $26.8 million, and $23.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The following table presents lease expense included in Net occupancy and equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the years indicated (in thousands).

At December 31, 2024, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 9.1 years and the weighted average discount rate on operating leases was 3.4%. At December 31, 2024, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 4.4 years and the weighted-average discount rate on finance leases was 2.7%.

BOKF, NA is obligated under a long-term lease for its bank premises in downtown Tulsa. The original lease dated November 1, 1976 was renegotiated on July 1, 2019. The new lease will terminate on December 31, 2034. The Company has the option to renew for an additional 10 years. Premises leases may include options to renew at then current market rates and may include escalation provisions based upon changes in consumer price index or similar benchmarks.

The Company may lease owned properties or sublease unoccupied leased facilities. Income on these leases is immaterial.

(6)Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table presents the original cost and accumulated amortization of intangible assets (in thousands):

Expected amortization expense for intangible assets that will continue to be amortized (in thousands):

The changes in the carrying value of goodwill by operating segment are as follows (in thousands):

The Company performed its annual impairment assessment of goodwill on October 1, 2024 based on factors including, but not limited to, general economic conditions, financial services industry considerations, regional economic conditions, global health concerns and related medical developments, general BOKF Financial performance, and reporting unit performance. No impairment was indicated for any reporting unit.

(7)Mortgage Banking Activities

Residential Mortgage Loan Production

The Company originates, markets, and services conventional and government-sponsored residential mortgage loans. Generally, conforming fixed rate residential mortgage loans are held for sale in the secondary market and non-conforming and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans are held for investment. The volume of mortgage loans originated for sale and secondary market prices are the primary drivers of originating and marketing revenue.

Residential mortgage loan commitments are generally outstanding for 60 to 90 days which represents the typical period from commitment to originate a residential mortgage loan to when the closed loan is sold to an investor. Residential mortgage loan commitments are subject to both credit and interest rate risk. Credit risk is managed through underwriting policies and procedures, including collateral requirements, which are generally accepted by the secondary loan markets. Exposure to interest rate fluctuations is partially managed through forward sales of residential mortgage-backed securities and forward sales contracts. These latter contracts set the price for loans that will be delivered in the next 60 to 90 days.

The unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans held for sale, notional amounts of derivative contracts related to residential mortgage loan commitments, and forward contract sales with their related fair values included in Mortgage loans held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets were (in thousands):

No residential mortgage loans held for sale were 90 days or more past due or considered impaired as of December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. No credit losses were recognized on residential mortgage loans held for sale for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Mortgage banking revenue was as follows (in thousands):

Mortgage production revenue includes gain (loss) on residential mortgage loans held for sale, changes in the fair value of derivative contracts not designated as hedging instruments related to residential mortgage loan commitments, and forward sales contracts. Servicing revenue includes servicing fee income and late charges on loans serviced for others.

Residential Mortgage Servicing

The Company generally retains the right to service residential mortgage loans sold and may purchase mortgage servicing rights. The unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for others is the primary driver of servicing revenue.

The following represents a summary of mortgage servicing rights (dollars in thousands):

Activity in capitalized mortgage servicing rights during the three years ended December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

Changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights due to market changes are included in Other operating revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Changes in fair value due to loan runoff are included in Mortgage banking costs.

Mortgage servicing rights are not traded in active markets. Fair value is determined by discounting the projected net cash flows. Significant assumptions used to determine fair value considered to be significant unobservable inputs were as follows:

Changes in primary residential mortgage interest rates directly affect the prepayment speeds used in valuing our mortgage servicing rights. A separate third-party model is used to estimate prepayment speeds based on interest rates, housing turnover rates, estimated loan curtailment, anticipated defaults, and other relevant factors. The prepayment model is updated periodically for changes in market conditions and adjusted to better correlate with actual performance of BOK Financial’s servicing portfolio.

(8)Deposits

Interest expense on deposits is summarized as follows (in thousands):

The aggregate amounts of time deposits in denominations of $250,000 or more at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $956 million and $1.1 billion, respectively.

Time deposit maturities are as follows: 2025 – $2.4 billion, 2026 – $1.1 billion, 2027 – $67 million, 2028 – $13 million, 2029 – $7.7 million and $6.6 million thereafter.

The aggregate amount of overdrawn customer transaction deposits that have been reclassified as loan balances was $5.2 million at December 31, 2024 and $5.7 million at December 31, 2023.

(9)Other Borrowed Funds

Information relating to other borrowings is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

1 Parent Company only.

Aggregate annual principal repayments at December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

Funds purchased are unsecured and generally mature withinone day toninety days from the transaction date. Securities repurchase agreements are recorded as secured borrowings that generally mature within ninety days and are secured by certain available for sale securities.

Borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Banks are used for funding purposes. In accordance with policies of the Federal Home Loan Banks, BOK Financial has granted a blanket pledge of eligible assets (generally unencumbered U.S. Treasury and residential mortgage-backed securities, 1-4 family loans and multifamily loans) as collateral for these advances. The Federal Home Loan Banks have issued letters of credit totaling $604 million to secure BOK Financial’s obligations to depositors of public funds. The unused credit available to BOK Financial at December 31, 2024 pursuant to the Federal Home Loan Bank’s collateral policies is $4.3 billion.

As a result of the acquisition of CoBiz Financial in 2018, we obtained $60 million of subordinated debt issued in June 2015 that will mature on June 25, 2030. This debt bears interest at the rate of 5.625% through June 2025 and thereafter, the notes will bear interest at an annual floating rate equal tothree-month SOFR plus 0.26% tenor spread adjustment plus 3.17%. The debt contains a call option that allows for repayment prior to contractual maturity. The call option is available on June 25, 2025 and quarterly thereafter at 100% of the principal amount.

Also through CoBiz Financial, we acquired junior subordinated debentures split across three issuance tranches. Junior subordinated debentures of $21 million will mature September 17, 2033 and bear an interest rate ofthree-month SOFR plus 0.26% tenor spread adjustment plus 2.95% that resets quarterly. Junior subordinated debentures of $31 million will mature on July 23, 2034 and bear an interest rate ofthree-month SOFR plus 0.26% tenor spread adjustment plus 2.60% that resets quarterly. Junior subordinated debentures of $20 million will mature on September 30, 2035 and bear an interest rate ofthree-month SOFR plus 0.26% tenor spread adjustment plus 1.45% that resets quarterly. The junior subordinated debentures are subject to early redemption prior to maturity.

BOK Financial Securities, Inc. may borrow funds from Pershing, LLC, a clearing broker/dealer and a wholly owned subsidiary of Bank of New York Mellon, for the purposes of financing securities purchases or to facilitate funding of investment banking activities on terms to be negotiated at the time of the borrowing. BOK Financial Securities, Inc. hadno borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The Company has a liability related to the repurchase of certain delinquent residential mortgage loans previously sold into GNMA mortgage pools. Interest is payable at rates contractually due to investors.

(10)Federal and State Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

No valuation allowance was necessary on deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The significant components of the provision for income taxes attributable to continuing operations for BOK Financial are shown below (in thousands):

The reconciliations of income attributable to continuing operations at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to income tax expense are as follows (in thousands):

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

Of the above unrecognized tax benefits, $13.0 million, if recognized, would have affected the effective tax rate.

BOK Financial recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company recognized $1.6 million for 2024, $1.6 million for 2023 and $1.8 million for 2022 in interest and penalties. The Company had approximately $5.0 million and $5.7 million accrued for the payment of interest and penalties at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Federal statutes remain open for federal tax returns filed in the previous three reporting periods. Various state income tax statutes remain open for the previous three tosix reporting periods.

(11)Employee Benefits

Employee contributions to the Thrift Plan are eligible for Company matching equal to 6% of base compensation, as defined in the Plan. The Company-provided matching contribution rates range from 50% for employees with less than 4 years of service to 200% for employees with 15 or more years of service. Additionally, a maximum Company-provided, non-elective annual contribution of up to $600 per participant is provided for employees whose annual base compensation is less than $60,000. Participants may direct investments in their accounts to a variety of options, including a BOK Financial common stock fund and Cavanal Hill funds. Employer contributions, which are invested in accordance with the participant’s investment options, vest over five years. Thrift Plan expenses were $35.5 million for 2024, $32.9 million for 2023, and $31.7 million for 2022.

(12)Share-Based Compensation Plans

The shareholders and Board of Directors of BOK Financial have approved various share-based compensation plans. An independent compensation committee of the Board of Directors determines the number of awards granted to the Chief Executive Officer and other senior executives. Share-based compensation is granted to other officers and employees as determined by the Chief Executive Officer.

The Company awards restricted stock to certain officers and employees and RSUs to certain executives, (collectively "non-vested shares"). Vesting of all non-vested shares is subject to service requirements. Additionally, vesting of certain non-vested shares is subject to performance criteria based on changes in the Company's earnings per share relative to defined peers. The following represents a summary of the non-vested shares for the three years ended December 31, 2024:

Compensation expense recognized on non-vested restricted stock totaled $22.5 million for 2024, $14.8 million for 2023, and $9.0 million for 2022. Unrecognized compensation cost of non-vested restricted stock totaled $27.6 million at December 31, 2024. We expect to recognize compensation expense of $17.5 million in 2025, $9.2 million in 2026, and $943 thousand in 2027 on the non-vested shares of restricted stock. Vesting of 261,245 shares of non-vested restricted stock may be increased or decreased based on performance criteria defined in the Plan documents. The fair value of restricted shares vested totaled $10.0 million, $10.3 million, and $15.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Compensation expense recognized on non-vested restricted stock units totaled $148 thousand for 2024, $572 thousand for 2023, and $597 thousand for 2022. Compensation cost for restricted stock units is variable based on the current fair value of BOK Financial common shares. Unrecognized compensation cost of non-vested restricted stock units totaled $2.2 million at December 31, 2024. We expect to recognize compensation expense of $1.7 million in 2025, $465 thousand in 2026, and $14 thousand in 2027 on the non-vested restricted stock units. Vesting of 41,477 non-vested restricted stock units may be increased or decreased based on performance criteria defined in the Plan documents. The intrinsic value of share-based liabilities paid in 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $449 thousand, $709 thousand, and $6.3 million, respectively.

(13)Related Parties

In compliance with applicable banking regulations, the Company may extend credit to certain executive officers, directors, principal shareholders, and their affiliates (collectively referred to as "related parties") in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s loans to related parties do not involve more than the normal credit risk.

Activity in loans to related parties is summarized as follows (in thousands):

1 Adjustments generally consist of changes in status as a related party.

As defined by banking regulations, loan commitments and equity investments from the subsidiary banks to a single affiliate may not exceed 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus while loan commitments and equity investments to all affiliates may not exceed 20% of unimpaired capital and surplus. Loans to affiliates must be fully secured by eligible collateral. At December 31, 2024, loan commitments and equity investments were limited to $500 million to a single affiliate and $1.0 billion to all affiliates. The largest loan commitment and equity investment to a single affiliate was $155 million, and the aggregate loan commitments and equity investments to all affiliates were $215 million. The largest outstanding amount to a single affiliate at December 31, 2024 was $408 thousand, and the total outstanding amounts to all affiliates were $408 thousand. At December 31, 2023, total loan commitments and equity investments to all affiliates were $315 million, and the total outstanding amounts to all affiliates were $1.1 million.

Certain related parties are customers of the Company for services other than loans, including consumer banking, corporate banking, risk management, wealth management, brokerage and trading, or fiduciary/trust services. The Company engages in transactions with related parties in the ordinary course of business in compliance with applicable regulations.

QuikTrip Corporation has entered into a fee sharing agreement with TransFund with respect to transactions completed at TransFund automated teller machines placed in QuikTrip locations. Pursuant to this agreement, BOKF paid QuikTrip approximately $11.5 million in 2024, $11.4 million in 2023, and $10.7 million in 2022. A BOK Financial director is Chief Executive Officer, Chairman, and a significant shareholder of QuikTrip Corporation.

Cavanal Hill Investment Management, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of BOKF, NA, is the administrator to and investment advisor for the Cavanal Hill Funds, a diversified, open-ended investment company established as a business trust under the Investment Company Act of 1940. BOKF, NA is custodian and Cavanal Hill Distributors, Inc. is distributor for the Cavanal Hill Funds. The Cavanal Hill Funds' products are offered to customers, employee benefit plans, trusts, and the general public in the ordinary course of business. Approximately 81% of the Cavanal Hill Funds’ assets of $5.2 billion are held for the Company's clients. A Company executive officer serves on the Cavanal Hill Funds' board of trustees, and officers of BOKF, NA serve as president and secretary of the funds. A majority of the members of the Cavanal Hill Funds’ board of trustees are, however, independent of the Company and the Cavanal Hill Funds are managed by its board of trustees.

(14)Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Litigation Contingencies

As a member of Visa, BOK Financial is obligated for a proportionate share of certain covered litigation losses incurred by Visa under a retrospective responsibility plan. A contingent liability was recognized for the Company’s share of Visa’s covered litigation liabilities. Visa funded an escrow account to cover litigation claims, including covered litigation losses under the retrospective responsibility plan, with proceeds from its initial public offering in 2008 and from available cash.

BOK Financial currently owns 126,116 Visa Class B-2 shares (formerly Class B-1) which are convertible into 194,597 shares of Visa Class A shares after the final settlement of all covered litigation. Class B-2 shares may be diluted in the future if the escrow fund is not adequate to cover future covered litigation costs. No value has been currently assigned to the Class B-2 shares.

On January 23, 2024, Visa, Inc. stockholders approved an exchange offer which provided holders of Class B-1 shares an option to convert up to 50% of its Class B-1 shares to Visa C shares and subsequently to freely transferable Visa A common shares subject to certain restrictions and holding period requirements (the "Exchange Offer"). The Exchange Offer opened on April 8, 2024, and expired on May 3, 2024. The Company tendered all of its 252,233 Visa Class B-1 shares under the Exchange Offer and received 126,116 Visa B-2 shares and 50,053 Visa C shares in return. The Company sold 41,148 Visa C shares and donated 8,905 Visa C shares to the BOKF Foundation.

As a condition of participating in the Exchange Offer, the Company entered into a Makewhole Agreement with Visa that provides for cash payments to Visa to the extent (if any) that future adjustments to the conversion ratio for the Visa Class B-2 common stock to Class A common stock cause such ratio to fall below zero. Currently, Visa Class B-2 common stock is convertible under certain circumstances into Visa’s publicly traded Class A common stock at a rate of 1.543 shares of Class A common stock for each Visa B-2 share, subject to adjustment. Changes to the conversion ratio occur when Visa deposits funds to a litigation escrow established by Visa to pay settlements for certain covered litigation that pre-dated Visa’s initial public offering, for which Visa has been effectively indemnified by Visa USA members through reductions to the conversion ratio for its Class B-1 common stock. The purpose of the Makewhole Agreement is to preserve the economic benefit of these adjustments to the Class B-1 conversion ratio for the benefit of Visa’s Class A and Class C common stockholders following the exchange. As further described in Visa’s related Issuer Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO and Prospectus, each dated April 8, 2024, publicly filed with the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, both the Makewhole Agreement and the related escrow fund and transfer restrictions on Visa’s Class B-1 common stock and the new Class B-2 common stock will terminate whenever the covered litigation is ultimately resolved, at which future date outstanding shares of Visa Class B-2 common stock will be convertible into shares of its Class A common stock at the then-applicable conversion ratio.

Conversion of the Class B-1 common stock did not reduce our proportionate share of the covered litigation losses which may dilute our remaining Visa B-2 shares if the escrow fund is not adequate to cover final litigation costs.

On June 24, 2015, BOKF, NA received a complaint that an employee had colluded with a bond issuer and an individual in misusing revenues pledged to municipal bonds for which BOKF, NA served as trustee under the bond indenture. The Company conducted an investigation and concluded that employees in one of its Corporate Trust offices had, with respect to a single group of affiliated bond issuances, violated Company policies and procedures. The relationship manager was terminated. The Company reported the circumstances to, and cooperated with an investigation by, the SEC. On September 7, 2016, BOKF, NA agreed to, and the SEC entered, a consent order finding that BOKF, NA had violated Section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and required BOKF, NA to disgorge $1,067,721 of fees and pay a civil penalty of $600,000. BOKF, NA disgorged the fees and paid the penalty. On August 26, 2016, BOKF, NA was sued in the United States District Court for New Jersey bytwo bondholders in a putative class action alleging BOKF, NA participated in the fraudulent sale of securities by the principals. The action remains stayed with no current deadlines pending but was reassigned to a new District Judge after the previously assigned Judge took senior status. On September 14, 2016, BOKF, NA was sued in the District Court of Tulsa County, Oklahoma by 19 bondholders also alleging BOKF, NA participated in the fraudulent sale of securities by the principals. The Tulsa County District Court recently granted in part and denied in part BOKF, NA’s motion for partial summary judgment which limits Plaintiffs' damages to "out of pocket losses" restricting the amount of possible damages sought by Plaintiffs at trial. As a result, a settlement has been reached by the parties and the case has been dismissed.

On December 28, 2015, in an action brought by the SEC, the New Jersey District Court entered a Consent Judgment against the principals involved in issuing the bonds. On January 8, 2020, the Court entered Final Judgment against the principal individual and his wife for $36,805,051 in principal amount and $10,937,831 in pre-judgment interest. The SEC continues to aggressively pursue collection of the judgment. If the individual principal and his wife cannot pay the bonds, a bondholder loss could become probable. Management has been advised by counsel that BOKF, NA has valid defenses to claims of bondholders and that no loss to the Company is probable. No provision for losses has been made at this time. BOKF, NA estimates that, upon sale of all remaining collateral securing payment of the bonds, approximately $31 million will remain outstanding. A reasonable estimate cannot be made of the amount of any bondholder loss, though the amount of bondholder loss could be material to the Company in the event a loss to the Company becomes probable.

In the ordinary course of business, BOK Financial and its subsidiaries are subject to legal actions and complaints. Management believes, based upon the opinion of counsel, that the actions and liability or loss, if any, resulting from the final outcomes of the proceedings will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Alternative Investment Commitments

The Company invests in several tax credit entities and other funds as permitted by banking regulations. Consolidation of these investments is based on the variable interest model.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had $412 million in interests in various alternative investments generally consisting of unconsolidated limited partnership interests in entities for which investment return is in the form of low income housing tax credits or other investments in merchant banking activities included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The investment balance also includes $100 million in unfunded commitments included in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $413 million in interests in various alternative investments and included $100 million in unfunded commitments in Other liabilities.

Other Commitments and Contingencies

Cavanal Hill Funds’ assets include U.S. Treasury and government securities money market funds. Assets of these funds consist of highly-rated, short-term obligations of the U.S. Treasury and Agencies. The net asset value of units in these funds was $1.00 at December 31, 2024. An investment in these funds is not insured by the FDIC or guaranteed by BOK Financial or any of its subsidiaries. BOK Financial may, but is not obligated to, purchase assets from these funds to maintain the net asset value at $1.00. No assets were purchased from the Cavanal Hill Funds in 2024 or 2023 in order to maintain the net asset value at $1.00.

The Federal Reserve Bank requires member banks to maintain certain minimum average cash balances. Member banks may satisfy reserve balance requirements through holdings of vault cash and balances maintained directly with a Federal Reserve Bank. The combined average balance of vault cash and balances held at the Federal Reserve Bank was $631 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $717 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(15)Shareholders' Equity

Preferred Stock

One billion shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.00005 per share are authorized. The Series A Preferred Stock has no voting rights except as otherwise provided by Oklahoma corporate law and may be converted intoone share of Common Stock for each 36 shares of Series A Preferred Stock at the option of the holder. Dividends are cumulative at an annual rate often percent of the $0.06 per share liquidation preference value when declared and are payable in cash. Aggregate liquidation preference is $15 million. No Series A Preferred Stock was outstanding in 2024, 2023, or 2022.

Common Stock

Common stock consists of 2.5 billion authorized shares with a $0.00006 par value. Holders of common shares are entitled toone vote per share at the election of the Board of Directors and on any question arising at any shareholders’ meeting and to receive dividends when and as declared. Additionally, regulations restrict the ability of national banks and bank holding companies to pay dividends.

Subsidiary Bank

The amounts of dividends that BOK Financial’s subsidiary bank can declare and the amounts of loans the subsidiary bank can extend to affiliates are limited by various federal banking regulations and state corporate law. Generally, dividends declared during a calendar year are limited to net profits, as defined, for the year plus retained profits for the preceding two years. Dividends are further restricted by minimum capital requirements.

Regulatory Capital

BOK Financial and the subsidiary bank are subject to various capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and additional discretionary actions by regulators that could have a material effect on BOK Financial's operations. These capital requirements include quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items. The capital standards are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators.

A bank falling below the minimum capital requirements, including the capital conservation buffer, would be subject to regulatory restrictions on capital distributions (including but not limited to dividends and share repurchases) and executive bonus payments. For a banking institution to qualify as well capitalized, Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1, Total, and Leverage capital ratios must be at least 6.5%,8%,10%, and 5%, respectively. Tier 1 capital consists primarily of common stockholders' equity, excluding unrealized gains or losses on available for sale securities, less goodwill, core deposit premiums, and certain other intangible assets. Total capital consists primarily of Tier 1 capital plus preferred stock, subordinated debt, and allowances for credit losses, subject to certain limitations. The subsidiary bank exceeded the regulatory definition of well capitalized as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

A summary of regulatory capital minimum requirements and levels follows (dollars in thousands):

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

AOCI includes unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities. AOCI also includes unrealized losses on AFS securities that were transferred from AFS to investment securities in the second quarter of 2022. Such amounts are being amortized over the estimated remaining life of the security as an adjustment to yield, offsetting the related amortization of premium on the transferred securities. Gains and losses in AOCI are net of deferred income taxes.

A rollforward of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is included as follows (in thousands):

(16)Earnings Per Share

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

(17)Reportable Segments

BOK Financial operates three principal segments: Commercial Banking, Consumer Banking, and Wealth Management, with the remaining operations recorded in Funds Management and Other. Segments are determined based on BOK Financial's organizational structure and services provided. Commercial Banking includes lending, treasury and cash management services, and customer risk management products to small businesses, middle market, and larger commercial customers. Commercial Banking also includes the TransFund EFT network. Consumer Banking includes retail lending and deposit services, lending and deposit services to small business customers served through the consumer branch network, and all mortgage banking activities. Wealth Management provides fiduciary services, private bank services, and investment advisory services in all markets. Insurance services were provided through November 30, 2023 when BOKF Insurance was sold. Wealth Management also underwrites state and municipal securities and engages in brokerage and trading activities.

In addition to its operating segments, BOK Financial has a Funds Management unit. The primary purpose of this unit is to manage overall liquidity needs and interest rate risk. Each segment borrows funds from and provides funds to the Funds Management unit as needed to support their operations. Operating results for Funds Management and Other include the effect of interest rate risk positions and risk management activities, securities gains and losses including impairment charges, the provision for credit losses in excess of net loans charged off, tax planning strategies including the elimination of tax effected activity, and certain executive compensation costs that are not attributed to the segments.

The CODM for BOK Financial is thechief executive officer. The CODM evaluates the performance of our segments using net income before taxes, which includes the allocation of funds and capital costs and certain indirect allocations. Segment results are tax effected to present revenue from non-taxable activities as if it had been taxable. Additionally, the CODM primarily relies on the spread between interest revenue and interest expense to assess performance and to make resource allocation decisions where the majority of the segment's revenues are from interest. Therefore, interest revenue is presented net of interest expense. The CODM also reviews budget to actual variances monthly when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources to each segment. Credit costs are attributed to the segments based on net loans charged off or recovered. Modifications of management structure or allocation methodologies may result in changes to previously reported segment data; prior periods have been restated on a comparable basis.

The cost of funds borrowed from the Funds Management unit by the operating segments is transfer priced at rates that approximate market rates for funds with similar duration. Market rates are generally based on the applicable wholesale borrowing rates or interest rate swap rates adjusted for prepayment risk. This method of transfer pricing funds that support assets of the operating segments tends to insulate them from interest rate risk.

The value of funds provided by the segments to the Funds Management unit is based on rates which approximate the wholesale market rates for funds with similar duration and repricing characteristics. Market rates are generally based on a proxy of wholesale borrowing rates or interest rate swap rates. The funds credit formula applied to deposit products with indeterminate maturities is established based on their repricing characteristics reflected in a combination of the short-term wholesale funding rate and a moving average of an intermediate term swap rate, with an appropriate spread applied to both. Shorter duration products are weighted towards the short-term wholesale funding rates and longer duration products are weighted towards intermediate swap rates. The expected duration ranges from 30 days for certain rate sensitive deposits to five years.

Substantially all revenue is from domestic customers. No single external customer accounts for more than 10% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Net loans charged off and provision for credit losses represents net loans charged off or recovered as attributed to the segments. The provision for credit losses in excess of net charge-offs or recoveries is attributed to Funds Management and Other.

Reportable segments reconciliation to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

1 Non-personnel expense includes other segment items comprised of Business promotion, Charitable contributions to BOKF Foundation, Professional fees and services, Net occupancy and equipment, FDIC and other insurance, Data processing and communications, Printing, postage, and supplies, Amortization of intangible assets, Mortgage banking costs, and other miscellaneous expenses.

Reportable segments reconciliation to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands):

1 Non-personnel expense includes other segment items comprised of Business promotion, Charitable contributions to BOKF Foundation, Professional fees and services, Net occupancy and equipment, FDIC and other insurance, Data processing and communications, Printing, postage, and supplies, Amortization of intangible assets, Mortgage banking costs, and other miscellaneous expenses.

Reportable segments reconciliation to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

1 Non-personnel expense includes other segment items comprised of Business promotion, Charitable contributions to BOKF Foundation, Professional fees and services, Net occupancy and equipment, FDIC and other insurance, Data processing and communications, Printing, postage, and supplies, Amortization of intangible assets, Mortgage banking costs, and other miscellaneous expenses.

(18)Fees and Commissions Revenue

Fees and commissions revenue by reportable segment and primary service line is as follows for the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Fees and commissions revenue by reportable segment and primary service line is as follows for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Fees and commissions revenue by reportable segment and primary service line is as follows for the year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

(19)Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined by applicable accounting guidance as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal market for the given asset or liability at the measurement date based on market conditions at that date. An orderly transaction assumes exposure to the market for a customary period for marketing activities prior to the measurement date and not a forced liquidation or distressed sale. Certain assets and liabilities are recorded in the Company’s financial statements at fair value. Some are recorded on a recurring basis and some on a non-recurring basis.

For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might not be available. A hierarchy for fair value has been established which categorizes into three levels the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The three levels are as follows:

Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1) - fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) - fair value is based on significant other observable inputs which are generally determined based on a single price for each financial instrument provided to us by an applicable third-party pricing service and is based on one or more of the following:

•quoted prices for similar, but not identical, assets or liabilities in active markets;

•quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

•inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, such as interest rate and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks, and default rates;

•other inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market inputs.

Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) - fair value is based upon model-based valuation techniques for which at least one significant assumption is not observable in the market.

Transfers between levels are recognized as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers in or out of quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments to significant other observable inputs or significant unobservable inputs during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Transfers between significant other observable inputs and significant unobservable inputs during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were immaterial.

The underlying methods used by the third-party pricing services are considered in determining the primary inputs used to determine fair values. Management has evaluated the methodologies employed by the third-party pricing services by comparing the price provided by the pricing service with other sources, including brokers' quotes, sales or purchases of similar instruments, and discounted cash flows to establish a basis for reliance on the pricing service values. Significant differences between the pricing service provided value and other sources are discussed with the pricing service to understand the basis for their values. Based on all observable inputs, management may adjust prices obtained from third-party pricing services to more appropriately reflect the prices that would be received to sell assets or paid to transfer liabilities in orderly transactions in the current market. No significant adjustments were made to prices provided by third-party pricing services at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis is as follows as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

1 Residential mortgage loans held for sale measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) consist of residential mortgage loans intended for sale to U.S. government agencies that fail to meet conforming standards and are valued at 81.11% of the unpaid principal balance.

2 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value of mortgage servicing rights and disclosures of significant assumptions used to determine fair value are presented in Note 7, "Mortgage Banking Activities".

3 See Note 3 for detail of fair value of derivative contracts by contract type. Derivative contracts in asset and liability positions that were valued based on quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments (Level 1) are primarily exchange-traded interest rate derivative contracts held for trading and internal risk management purposes.

The fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis is as follows as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

1 Residential mortgage loans held for sale measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) consist of residential mortgage loans intended for sale to U.S. government agencies that fail to meet conforming standards and are valued at 77.74% of the unpaid principal balance.

2 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value of mortgage servicing rights and disclosures of significant assumptions used to determine fair value are presented in Note 7, "Mortgage Banking Activities".

3 See Note 3 for detail of fair value of derivative contracts by contract type. Derivative contracts in asset and liability positions that were valued based on quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments (Level 1) are primarily exchange-traded interest rate derivative contracts held for trading purposes.

Following is a description of the Company's valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis:

The fair values of trading, available for sale, and fair value option securities are based on quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets, when available. If quoted prices for identical instruments are not available, fair values are based on significant other observable inputs such as quoted prices of comparable instruments or interest rates and credit spreads, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, and loss severities.

The fair value of certain available for sale and held-to-maturity municipal and other debt securities may be based on significant unobservable inputs. These significant unobservable inputs include limited observed trades, projected cash flows, current credit rating of the issuers and, when applicable, the insurers of the debt and observed trades of similar debt. Discount rates are primarily based on reference to interest rate spreads on comparable securities of similar duration and credit rating as determined by the nationally-recognized rating agencies adjusted for a lack of trading volume. Significant unobservable inputs are developed by investment securities professionals involved in the active trading of similar securities. A summary of significant inputs used to value these securities follows. A management committee composed of senior members from the Company's Corporate Treasury, Risk Management, and Finance departments assess the appropriateness of these inputs quarterly.

Derivatives

All derivative instruments are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. Fair values for exchange-traded contracts are based on quoted prices. Fair values for over-the-counter interest rate, commodity, and foreign exchange contracts are based on valuations provided either by third-party dealers in the contracts, quotes provided by independent pricing services, or a third-party provided pricing model that uses significant other observable market inputs.

Credit risk is considered in determining the fair value of derivative instruments. Management determines fair value adjustments based on various risk factors including but not limited to counterparty credit rating or equivalent loan grading, derivative contract notional size, price volatility of the underlying commodity, duration of the derivative contracts and expected loss severity. Expected loss severity is based on historical losses for similarly risk graded commercial loan customers. Decreases in counterparty credit rating or grading and increases in price volatility and expected loss severity all tend to increase the credit quality adjustment which reduces the fair value of asset contracts.

We also consider our own credit risk in determining the fair value of derivative contracts. Changes in our credit rating could affect the fair value of our derivative liabilities. In the event of a credit downgrade, the fair value of our derivative liabilities could increase.

Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

Residential mortgage loans held for sale are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. The fair values of conforming residential mortgage loans held for sale are based upon quoted market prices of such loans sold in securitization transactions, including related unfunded loan commitments. The fair value of mortgage loans that are unable to be sold to U.S. government agencies is determined using quoted prices of loans that are sold in securitization transactions with a liquidity discount applied.

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis

Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include collateral for certain nonaccruing loans and real property and other assets acquired to satisfy loans, which are based primarily on comparisons to completed sales of similar assets.

The following represents the carrying value of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and related losses recorded during the year. The carrying value represents only those assets at the balance sheet date for which the fair value was adjusted during the year:

The fair value of collateral-dependent nonaccruing loans and real estate and other repossessed assets and the related fair value adjustments are generally based on unadjusted third-party appraisals. Our appraisal review policies require appraised values to be supported by observed inputs derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. Appraisals that are not based on observable inputs or that require significant adjustments or fair value measurements that are not based on third-party appraisals are considered to be based on significant unobservable inputs. Non-recurring fair value measurements of collateral-dependent nonaccruing loans and real estate and other repossessed assets based on significant unobservable inputs are generally due to estimates of current fair values between appraisal dates. Significant unobservable inputs include listing prices for comparable assets, uncorroborated expert opinions, or management's knowledge of the collateral or industry. Non-recurring fair value measurements of collateral-dependent loans secured by mineral rights are generally determined by our internal staff of engineers on projected cash flows under current market conditions and are based on significant unobservable inputs. Projected cash flows are discounted according to risk characteristics of the underlying oil and gas properties. Assets are evaluated to demonstrate with reasonable certainty that crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids can be recovered from known oil and gas reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions at current prices with existing conventional equipment, operating methods, and costs. Significant unobservable inputs are developed by asset management and workout professionals and approved by senior Credit Administration executives.

A summary of quantitative information about Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements based on Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2024 follows (dollars in thousands):

1 Represents fair value as a percentage of the unpaid principal balance.

A summary of quantitative information about Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements based on Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2023 follows (dollars in thousands):

1 Represents fair value as a percentage of the unpaid principal balance.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of all financial instruments, including those financial assets and liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

Because no market exists for certain of these financial instruments and management does not intend to sell these financial instruments, the fair values shown in the tables above may not represent values at which the respective financial instruments could be sold individually or in the aggregate at the given reporting date.

Fair Value Election

As more fully disclosed in Note 2 and Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company has elected to carry all securities held as economic hedges against changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights and all residential mortgage loans originated for sale at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these financial instruments are recognized in earnings.

(20)Parent Company Only Financial Statements

Summarized financial information for BOK Financial – Parent Company Only follows:

Balance Sheets

Statements of Earnings