AES CORP

Non-GAAP Measures

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes, Adjusted PTC, and Adjusted EPS are non-GAAP supplemental measures that are used by management and external users of our condensed consolidated financial statements such as investors, industry analysts, and lenders.

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company updated the definitions of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted PTC, and Adjusted EPS add-back (a)unrealized gains or losses related to derivative transactions and equity securities to include financial assets and liabilities measured using the fair value option, and updated add-back (e)gains, losses, and costs due to the early retirement of debt to include troubled debt restructuring. We believe excluding these gains or losses better reflects the underlying business performance of the Company. The Company also removed the adjustment for net gains at Angamos, one of our businesses in the Energy Infrastructure SBU, associated with the early contract terminations with Minera Escondida and Minera Spence. As this adjustment was specific to certain contract terminations that occurred in 2020, we believe removing this adjustment from our non-GAAP definitions provides simplification and clarity for our investors. There were no such impacts in 2023 or 2024 to date.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes

We define EBITDA as earnings before interest income and expense, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for the impact of NCI and interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization of our equity affiliates, adding back interest income recognized under service concession arrangements, and excluding gains or losses of both consolidated entities and entities accounted for under the equity method due to (a) unrealized gains or losses pertaining to derivative transactions, equity securities, and financial assets and liabilities measured using the fair value option; (b) unrealized foreign currency gains or losses; (c) gains, losses, benefits and costs associated with dispositions and acquisitions of business interests, including early plant closures, and gains and losses recognized at commencement of sales-type leases; (d) losses due to impairments; and (e) gains, losses, and costs due to the early retirement of debt or troubled debt restructuring.

In addition to the revenue and cost of sales reflected in Operating Margin, Adjusted EBITDA includes the other components of our Consolidated Statement of Operations, such asgeneral and administrative expenses in Corporate and Other as well as business development costs, other expense andother income, realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses, andnet equity in earnings (losses) of affiliates.

We further define Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes as Adjusted EBITDA, adding back the pre-tax effect of Production Tax Credits (“PTCs”), Investment Tax Credits (“ITCs”), and depreciation tax deductions allocated to tax equity investors, as well as the tax benefit recorded from tax credits retained or transferred to third parties.

The GAAP measure most comparable to EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes is Net income. We believe that EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes better reflect the underlying business performance of the Company. Adjusted EBITDA is the most relevant measure considered in the Company’s internal evaluation of the financial performance of its segments. Factors in this determination include the variability due to unrealized gains or losses pertaining to derivative transactions, equity securities, or financial assets and liabilities remeasurement, unrealized foreign currency gains or losses, losses due to impairments, strategic decisions to dispose of or acquire business interests or retire debt, and the variability of allocations of earnings to tax equity investors, which affect results in a given period or periods. In addition, each of these metrics represents the business performance of the Company before the application of statutory income tax rates and tax

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adjustments, including the effects of tax planning, corresponding to the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Given its large number of businesses and overall complexity, the Company concluded that Adjusted EBITDA is a more transparent measure than Net income that better assists investors in determining which businesses have the greatest impact on the Company’s results.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes should not be construed as alternatives to Net income, which is determined in accordance with GAAP.

(1)The allocation of earnings and losses to tax equity investors from both consolidated entities and equity affiliates is removed from Adjusted EBITDA.

(2)Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes includes the impact of the share of the ITCs, PTCs, and depreciation deductions allocated to tax equity investors under the HLBV accounting method and recognized as Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable stock of subsidiarieson the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. It also includes the tax benefit recorded from tax credits retained or transferred to third parties. The tax attributes are related to the Renewables and Utilities SBUs.

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Adjusted PTC

We define Adjusted PTC as pre-tax income from continuing operations attributable to The AES Corporation excluding gains or losses of the consolidated entity due to (a) unrealized gains or losses pertaining to derivative transactions, equity securities, and financial assets and liabilities measured using the fair value option; (b) unrealized foreign currency gains or losses; (c) gains, losses, benefits, and costs associated with dispositions and acquisitions of business interests, including early plant closures, and gains and losses recognized at commencement of sales-type leases; (d) losses due to impairments; and (e) gains, losses, and costs due to the early retirement of debt or troubled debt restructuring. Adjusted PTC also includes net equity in earnings of affiliates on an after-tax basis adjusted for the same gains or losses excluded from consolidated entities.

Adjusted PTC reflects the impact of NCI and excludes the items specified in the definition above. In addition to the revenue and cost of sales reflected in Operating Margin, Adjusted PTC includes the other components of our Consolidated Statement of Operations, such asgeneral and administrative expenses in Corporate and Other as well as business development costs, interest expense andinterest income, other expense andother income, realized foreign currency transaction gains and losses, andnet equity in earnings (losses) of affiliates.

The GAAP measure most comparable to Adjusted PTC is Income from continuing operations attributable to The AES Corporation. We believe that Adjusted PTC better reflects the underlying business performance of the Company and is a relevant measure considered in the Company’s internal evaluation of the financial performance of its segments. Factors in this determination include the variability due to unrealized gains or losses pertaining to

51 | The AES Corporation | September 30, 2024 Form 10-Q

derivative transactions, equity securities, or financial assets and liabilities remeasurement, unrealized foreign currency gains or losses, losses due to impairments, and strategic decisions to dispose of or acquire business interests or retire debt, which affect results in a given period or periods. In addition, Adjusted PTC represents the business performance of the Company before the application of statutory income tax rates and tax adjustments, including the effects of tax planning, corresponding to the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Given its large number of businesses and complexity, the Company concluded that Adjusted PTC is a more transparent measure than Income from continuing operations attributable to The AES Corporation that better assists investors in determining which businesses have the greatest impact on the Company’s results.

Adjusted PTC should not be construed as an alternative to Income from continuing operations attributable to The AES Corporation, which is determined in accordance with GAAP.

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Adjusted EPS

We define Adjusted EPS as diluted earnings per share from continuing operations excluding gains or losses of both consolidated entities and entities accounted for under the equity method due to (a) unrealized gains or losses pertaining to derivative transactions, equity securities, and financial assets and liabilities measured using the fair value option; (b) unrealized foreign currency gains or losses; (c) gains, losses, benefits and costs associated with dispositions and acquisitions of business interests, including early plant closures, and the tax impact from the repatriation of sales proceeds, and gains and losses recognized at commencement of sales-type leases; (d) losses due to impairments; and (e) gains, losses, and costs due to the early retirement of debt or troubled debt restructuring.

The GAAP measure most comparable to Adjusted EPS is Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations. We believe that Adjusted EPS better reflects the underlying business performance of the Company and is considered in the Company’s internal evaluation of financial performance. Factors in this determination include the variability due to unrealized gains or losses pertaining to derivative transactions, equity securities, or financial assets and liabilities remeasurement, unrealized foreign currency gains or losses, losses due to impairments, and strategic decisions to dispose of or acquire business interests or retire debt, which affect results in a given period or periods.

Adjusted EPS should not be construed as an alternative to Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations, which is determined in accordance with GAAP.

(1)Amount primarily relates to net unrealized derivative gains at the Energy Infrastructure SBU of $50 million, or $0.07 per share, and unrealized gains on commodity derivatives at AES Clean Energy of $17 million, or $0.02 per share, partially offset by unrealized losses on foreign currency derivatives at Corporate of $17 million, or $0.02 per share.

(2)Amount primarily relates to net unrealized derivative gains at the Energy Infrastructure SBU of $109 million, or $0.15 per share, unrealized gains on commodity derivatives at AES Clean Energy of $33 million, or $0.05 per share, unrealized gains on cross currency swaps in Brazil of $28 million, or $0.04 per share, and unrealized gains on foreign currency derivatives at Corporate of $20 million, or $0.03 per share.

(3)Amount primarily relates to recognition of unrealized derivative losses due to the termination of a PPA of $72 million, or $0.10 per share and unrealized derivative losses at AES Clean Energy of $20 million, or $0.03 per share, offset by unrealized derivative gains at the Energy Infrastructure SBU of $108 million,

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or $0.15 per share.

(4)Amount primarily relates to unrealized foreign currency losses mainly associated with the devaluation of long-term receivables denominated in Argentine pesos of $60 million, or $0.08 per share, unrealized foreign currency losses at AES Andes of $21 million, or $0.03 per share, and unrealized foreign currency losses on debt in Brazil of $10 million, or $0.01 per share.

(5)Amount primarily relates to unrealized foreign currency losses mainly associated with the devaluation of long-term receivables denominated in Argentine pesos of $109 million, or $0.15 per share, and unrealized foreign currency losses at AES Andes of $54 million, or $0.08 per share.

(6)Amount primarily relates to day-one losses at commencement of sales-type leases at AES Renewable Holdings of $63 million, or $0.09 per share, and the loss on partial sale of our ownership interest in Amman East and IPP4 in Jordan of $10 million, or $0.01 per share, partially offset by a gain on dilution of ownership in Uplight due to its acquisition of AutoGrid of $52 million, or $0.07 per share.

(7)Amount primarily relates to impairment at Brazil of $29 million, or $0.04 per share, and impairment at Mong Duong of $6 million, or $0.01 per share.

(8)Amount primarily relates to asset impairments at TEG and TEP of $76 million and $58 million, respectively, or $0.19 per share.

(9)Amount primarily relates to impairment at Brazil of $131 million, or $0.18 per share, and impairment at Mong Duong of $28 million, or $0.04 per share.

(10)Amount primarily relates to asset impairments at the Norgener coal-fired plant in Chile of $136 million, or $0.19 per share, at TEG and TEP of $76 million and $58 million, respectively, or $0.19 per share, the GAF projects at AES Renewable Holdings of $18 million, or $0.03 per share, and at Jordan of $16 million, or $0.02 per share.

(11)Amount primarily relates to losses incurred at AES Andes due to early retirement of debt $29 million, or $0.04 per share, and costs incurred due to troubled debt restructuring at Puerto Rico of $20 million, or $0.03 per share.

(12)Amount primarily relates to income tax benefits associated with the asset impairments at TEG and TEP of $34 million, or $0.05 per share and income tax benefits associated with unrealized foreign currency losses at AES Andes of $6 million, or $0.01 per share.

(13)Amount primarily relates to income tax benefits associated with the tax over book investment basis differences related to the AES Brasil held-for-sale classification of $59 million, or $0.08 per share.

(14)Amount primarily relates to income tax benefits associated with the asset impairments at the Norgener coal-fired plant in Chile of $35 million, or $0.05 per share and at TEG and TEP of $34 million, or $0.05 per share, income tax benefits associated with the recognition of unrealized losses due to the termination of a PPA of $18 million, or $0.02 per share, and income tax benefits associated with unrealized foreign currency losses at AES Andes of $14 million, or $0.02 per share.

Renewables SBU

The following table summarizes Operating Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes (in millions) for the periods indicated:

Operating Margin for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $43 million. This decrease was primarily driven by record-breaking drought conditions in Colombia. Additionally, a partial outage in Colombia during July 2024, which resulted from a flooding incident at the Chivor plant in the prior month, drier hydrology in Brazil and the depreciation of the Brazilian real further impacted operating margin. These adverse effects were partially offset by higher margins due to better hydrology in Panama, new businesses operating in our portfolio, higher contracted energy sales, and unrealized derivative gains.

Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $68 million, primarily due to the drivers mentioned above, adjusted for NCI, unrealized derivatives, and depreciation.

Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $389 million, primarily due to higher realized tax attributes driven by more renewables projects placed in service, partially offset by the decrease in Adjusted EBITDA. During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we realized $475 million and $18 million, respectively, from tax attributes earned by our U.S. renewables business.

Operating Margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $105 million, driven primarily by higher fixed costs due to an accelerated growth plan, record-breaking drought conditions in Colombia, reduced wind and solar availability alongside drier hydrological conditions in Brazil, and higher outages at Colombia due to a flooding incident at the Chivor plant which occurred in June 2024, partially offset by higher margin from new businesses, higher contracted energy sales and unrealized derivatives gains.

Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $114 million, primarily due to the drivers mentioned above, adjusted for NCI, and depreciation.

Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $695 million, primarily due to higher realized tax attributes driven by more renewables projects placed in service, partially offset by the decrease in Adjusted EBITDA. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we realized $878 million and $69 million, respectively, from tax attributes earned by our U.S. renewables business.

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Utilities SBU

The following table summarizes Operating Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes, and Adjusted PTC (in millions) for the periods indicated:

(2)Adjusted PTC remains a key metric used by management for analyzing our businesses in the utilities industry.

Operating Margin for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $5 million, driven primarily by the increase in transmission and rider revenues due to higher ECCRA and DIR, higher retail rates as a result of the 2024 Base Rate Order, and higher demand due to the impact of weather. These increases are partially offset by the prior year deferral of power purchase costs associated with the approval of ESP 4, and higher fixed costs.

Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $7 million, primarily due to the drivers above, adjusted for NCI and depreciation.

Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes increased $8 million, mainly driven by the drivers above.

Adjusted PTC for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $28 million due to the drivers above, offset by higher depreciation expense and higher interest expense, primarily due to increased borrowings at IPALCO and the prior year deferral of carrying costs associated with the approval of ESP 4.

Operating Margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $90 million, mainly driven by an increase in transmission and rider revenues due to higher TDSIC, ECCRA and DIR; higher demand due to the impact of weather and higher retail rates as a result of the 2024 Base Rate Order. These increases are partially offset by the prior year deferral of power purchase costs associated with the approval of ESP 4, and higher fixed costs.

Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $93 million, primarily due to the drivers above, adjusted for NCI and depreciation.

Adjusted EBITDA with Tax Attributes increased $110 million due to the drivers above, as well as $17 million of realized tax attributes related to the Hardy Hills solar project in the current year.

Adjusted PTC for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $37 million due to the drivers above, partially offset by higher depreciation expense and higher interest expense, primarily due to increased borrowings at IPALCO and the prior year deferral of carrying costs associated with the approval of ESP 4.

Energy Infrastructure SBU

The following table summarizes Operating Margin and Adjusted EBITDA (in millions) for the periods indicated:

Operating Margin for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $149 million, driven primarily by lower revenues due to end of commercial operations of Warrior Run, higher energy margin from our hedged merchant Southland facilities in the prior year that are contracted primarily for capacity in the current year, lower thermal dispatch substituted with renewable sources, and impact of the selldown of Amman East and IPP4 in Jordan. These losses were partially offset by favorable LNG transactions.

Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $221 million, primarily due to the drivers above adjusted for NCI and unrealized derivatives.

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Operating Margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $94 million, driven by higher energy margin from our hedged merchant Southland facilities in the prior year that are contracted primarily for capacity in the current year, higher outages, impact of the selldown of Amman East and IPP4 in Jordan, and lower thermal dispatch substituted by renewable sources. These losses were partially offset by higher revenues due to a PPA termination agreement and lower fixed costs.

Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $196 million, primarily due to the drivers above, adjusted for NCI and unrealized derivatives.

New Energy Technologies SBU

The following table summarizes Operating Margin and Adjusted EBITDA (in millions) for the periods indicated:

Operating Margin for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $1 million, with no material drivers.

Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $15 million, primarily due to a reduction in losses at Fluence as a result of higher margins on a new product line.

Operating Margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $3 million, with no material drivers.

Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $23 million, primarily due to a reduction in losses at Fluence as a result of higher margins on a new product line.