AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP INC

Holding Company Liquidity

AFG is organized as a legal entity separate and distinct from its operating subsidiaries. AFG's liquidity is primarily dependent on its net assets, excluding the operating subsidiaries that it owns, totaling $147 as of September 30, 2024, and secondarily on distributions, expense sharing payments from its operating subsidiaries and third party capital (e.g. from credit facilities and equity issuance).

•Effective July 31, 2024, AFG closed the acquisition of a 60% controlling interest in Beat. In connection with the acquisition, Cirrata incurred $150 of debt maturing in 364 days funded by a global bank (the "Credit Facility"). Repayment of debt under the Credit Facility is guaranteed by AFG. AFG is required to repay this debt upon the closing of the sale of AAC or otherwise refinance such short-term debt with longer-term debt.

•Under an inter-company cost allocation agreement, AFG is reimbursed by AAC for a portion of certain operating costs and expenses and, if approved by OCI, entitled to an additional payment of up to $4 per year to cover expenses not otherwise reimbursed. The $4 reimbursement was approved by OCI and was paid to AFG during the second quarter of 2024. As further described in Note 1. Business and Basis of Presentation, AFG entered into a stock purchase agreement, pursuant to which and subject to the conditions set forth therein, AFG will sell all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of AAC. The sale of AAC is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2024 or the first quarter of 2025 and, accordingly, it is unlikely for AFG to receive this reimbursement in the future.

•If AFG were to not sell AAC, its ability to receive dividends from AAC and the timing of any such potential dividends would depend on the results of the OCI Capital Model, regulatory approval and the satisfaction of certain obligations senior to AFG's equity interest (e.g. surplus notes).

•Subject to the approvals required for the sale of AAC as described in Note 1. Business and Basis of Presentation, AFG will receive $420 of proceeds at closing less applicable legal, advisory and other expenses incurred in connection with the sale.

•Everspan's ability to make future dividend payments will mostly depend on its future profitability relative to its capital needs to support growth. Everspan is not expected to pay dividends in the near term.

•Cirrata does not have any regulatory restrictions on its ability to make distributions. AFG received distributions

from Cirrata of $7.4 and $5.3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

AFG's principal uses of liquidity are: (i) the payment of G&A expenses, including costs to explore opportunities to grow and diversify Ambac, (ii) making capital investments to acquire, grow and/or capitalize new and/or existing businesses, including through the acquisition of noncontrolling interests as a result of the exercise of outstanding puts and/or calls and (iii) making investments in technology and other operational infrastructure to improve the operational effectiveness and efficiency of our business and to support their growth. Funding puts, calls and other capital commitments could require payments from AFG, the magnitude of which may depend on the performance of the underlying businesses and other considerations, of approximately $350 through 2030. AFG may also provide short-term financial support, primarily in the form of loans, to its operating subsidiaries to support their operating requirements.

In the opinion of the Company’s management the net assets and expected funding sources of AFG are currently sufficient to meet AFG’s current liquidity requirements. However, events, opportunities, acquisitions, the exercise of puts and calls, the need to refinance outstanding debt, or other circumstances could require AFG to seek additional capital (e.g. through the issuance of debt, equity or hybrid securities).

The Credit Facility includes covenants that restrict our ability to manage capital resources by limiting, among other actions, the issuance of debt or capital stock; the creation of liens; the disposition of assets; engaging in transactions with affiliates; making restricted payments, including dividends and the purchase or redemption of capital stock; and making acquisitions and other investments. The Credit Facility also requires the prepayment of the borrowings thereunder with proceeds of certain debt or equity issuances and certain asset sales. These requirements will impact our financial and operational flexibility while the Credit Facility remains in place.

Operating Companies' Liquidity

Insurance

Sources of liquidity for the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are funds generated from premiums; recoveries on claim payments; reinsurance recoveries; fees; investment income and maturities and sales of investments.

•See Note 6. Insurance Contracts to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1., in this Form 10-Q for a summary of future gross financial guarantee premiums to be collected by AAC and Ambac UK. Termination of financial guarantee policies on an accelerated basis may adversely impact AAC’s liquidity.

Cash provided from these sources is used primarily for claim payments and commutations, loss expenses and acquisition costs (Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance segment only), debt service on outstanding debt (Legacy Financial Guarantee segment only), G&A expenses, reinsurance payments and purchases of securities and other investments, some of which may not be immediately convertible into cash.

•As required by the terms of surplus notes and/or otherwise, AAC will continue to seek OCI’s approval to make payments of principal and interest on its surplus notes. AAC intends to make these requests at least four times a year with respect to payment of a partial amount, as well as the full amount, of the principal and interest then due, unless otherwise directed by OCI. OCI’s approval of AAC’s requests for surplus note payments may be granted or denied in OCI’s sole discretion. Since the issuance of the surplus notes in 2010, OCI has declined to approve regular payments of interest on surplus notes, although the OCI has permitted two exceptional payments. Ambac can provide no assurance as to when or if surplus note principal and interest payments will be made. If OCI does not approve payments on or the acquisition of surplus notes over time, the ongoing accretion of interest on the notes may impair AAC's ability to extinguish the notes in full. Surplus notes are subordinated in right of payment to policyholder and other claims.

•As discussed more fully in "Results of Operations" above in this Management's Discussion and Analysis, AAC requested OCI to authorize a full or partial payment of accrued interest due on the surplus notes along with a full or partial payment of outstanding principal of the surplus notes on June 7, 2024, and made a similar request in September 2024, but such requests were denied. Current principal outstanding on AAC's long-term debt consisted of $519 of surplus notes. AAC's future interest obligations on long-term debt include $512 of accrued and unpaid interest as of September 30, 2024, all or a portion of which would be payable on surplus notes if approved by OCI on or before the next scheduled payment date of June 7, 2025.

•AFS's remaining derivatives include interest rate swaps previously provided to asset-backed issuers and other entities in connection with their financings. AAC lends AFS cash and securities as needed to fund payments under these derivative contracts, collateral posting requirements and G&A expenses. Intercompany loans are governed by an established lending agreement with defined borrowing limits that has received non-disapproval from OCI.

Insurance subsidiaries manage their liquidity risk by maintaining comprehensive analyses of projected cash flows and maintaining specified levels of cash and short-term investments at all times. It is the opinion of the Company’s management that the insurance subsidiaries’ near term liquidity needs will be adequately met from the sources described above.

Insurance Distribution:

The liquidity requirements of our Insurance Distribution subsidiaries are met primarily by funds generated from commission receipts (both base and profit commissions). Base commissions are generally received monthly, whereas profit commissions are received only if the business underwritten is profitable. Cash provided from these sources is used primarily for commissions paid to sub-producers, G&A expenses and distributions to AFG and other members.

Consolidated Cash Flow Statement Discussion

The following table summarizes the net cash flows for the periods presented.

(1) Because the trusts established under the Puerto Rico restructurings are consolidated VIEs, certain payments made by AAC to accelerate AAC-insured bonds that were deposited into trusts are reflected as payments of VIE liabilities within financing activities. Cash used in financing activities includes $0 and $113 from such AAC payments, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, was $28 and $112, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, Ambac received proceeds from a R&W settlement and repaid the remaining secured debt outstanding (net operating cash inflows of $90). Operating cash flows in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were positively impacted by the growth in the Specialty P&C Insurance and Insurance Distribution businesses and higher investment portfolio inflows, partially offset by transaction related costs for the acquisition of Beat and the sale of AAC.

Future operating flows will primarily be impacted by net premium collections and investment coupon receipts, G&A expenses, net claim and loss expense payments and interest payments on outstanding debt.

Financing Activities

Financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, included short-term borrowing of $147 in connection with the purchase of Beat, and paydowns and maturities of VIE debt obligations of $131.

Financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, included payments for redemption of Tier 2 Notes of $97 and paydowns and maturities of VIE debt obligations of $285 (including payments for the accelerations of the VIE trusts created from the Puerto Rico restructuring).

Collateral

AFS hedged a portion of the interest rate risk in the Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance segment financial guarantee and investment portfolios, along with legacy customer interest rate swaps, with standardized derivative contracts, which contain collateral or margin requirements. Since the second quarter of

2023, AFS's only remaining derivative positions include a limited number of legacy customer swaps and their associated hedges. Under these hedge agreements, AFS is required to post collateral in excess of the derivative unrealized loss amount. All AFS derivative contracts containing ratings-based downgrade triggers that could result in collateral posting or a termination have been triggered. All collateral obligations are currently met. Collateral posted by AFS totaled a net amount of $53 (cash and securities collateral of $25 and $27, respectively), including independent amounts, under these contracts at September 30, 2024.

Obligations under the Credit Agreement drawn upon to fund the acquisition of shares in Beat are secured on a first-priority basis by (i) a pledge by AFG of all of the capital stock of Everspan Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and (ii) a pledge of all of the capital stock of Beat held by the Company.