AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP INC

Results of Operations

Consolidated Results

A summary of our financial results is shown below:

The following paragraphs describe the consolidated results of operations of Ambac and its subsidiaries for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Gross Premiums Written. Gross premiums written increased $34 and $130 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, as shown by segment below.

Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance gross written premiums relate to changes in expected and contractual premium cash flows for existing financial guarantees in force.

Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance growth in gross premiums written was driven by new programs, including assumed premium written with Everspan as a reinsurer, and growth in existing programs.

Net Premiums Written. Net premiums written increased $4 and $92 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, as shown by segment below:

Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance net premiums written in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, were impacted by a significant reinsurance cession as part of its de-risking activities.

Specialty P&C growth was driven by new programs, including assumed premium written by Everspan as a reinsurer, and growth in existing programs.

Net Premiums Earned. Net premiums earned increased $15 and $51 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year as shown by segment below.

The increase in Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance was driven by new programs, including premiums earned via assumed reinsurance, and growth in existing programs.

Net Investment Income. Net investment income primarily consists of interest and net discount accretion on fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, interest and changes in fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as trading and net gains (losses) on pooled investment funds which include changes in fair value of the funds' net assets. Fixed maturity securities include investments in Ambac-insured securities that are made opportunistically based on their risk/reward and asset-liability management characteristics. Investments in pooled investment funds and certain other investments are either classified as trading securities with changes in fair value recognized in earnings or are reported under the equity method. These funds and other investments are reported in Other investments on the Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, which consists primarily of pooled fund investments in diversified asset classes. For further information about investment funds held, refer to Note 4. Investments to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 in this Form 10-Q. Net investment income for the periods presented were driven by the Legacy

Financial Guarantee segment; other segments' results were not significant.

Net investment income from Ambac-insured securities; available-for-sale and short-term securities, other than Ambac-insured; and Other investments is summarized in the table below:

Net investment income increased $8 and $16 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period.

•Net investment income from available-for-sale and short-term securities, other than Ambac-insured increased $1 and $9 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year due primarily to higher portfolio yields.

•Other investments income (loss) increased $8 and $7 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. Improved performance on equity fund investments, along with higher allocations to high-yield and convertible bond funds drove the majority of the increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

•Net investment income from Ambac-insured securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was generally flat compared to prior year periods.

Net Investment Gains (Losses), including Impairments. The following table provides a breakdown of net investment gains (losses) for the periods presented:

Net gains (losses) on securities sold or called for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were elevated by gains from the conversion and early settlement of certain convertible notes, including make-whole payments.

Foreign exchange (losses) gains relate primarily to US dollar denominated securities held by Ambac UK.

Credit impairments on available-for-sale fixed maturity investments are recorded as an allowance for credit losses with changes in the allowance recorded through earnings. When credit impairments are recorded, any non-credit related impairment amounts on the securities are recorded in other comprehensive income. If management either: (i) has the intent to sell its investment in a debt security or (ii) determines that the Company is more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery, then the amortized cost of the security is written-down to fair value with a corresponding impairment charge recognized in earnings. Credit impairments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 also included a write-down in carrying value of $1 and $2, respectively on an investment in preferred securities that do not have a readily determinable fair value and are carried at cost less impairments.

Net Gains (Losses) on Derivative Contracts. Net gains (losses) on derivative contracts includes results from the Company's legacy interest rate derivatives portfolio and, since the acquisition of Beat, foreign exchange derivatives within the insurance distribution segment. Through the first quarter of 2023, the legacy financial guarantee interest rate derivatives portfolio was positioned to benefit from rising rates as a partial economic hedge against interest rate exposure in the financial guarantee insurance and investment portfolios. This economic hedge was fully removed during the second quarter of 2023. Net gains (losses) on interest rate derivatives reflect mark-to-market gains (losses) in the legacy portfolio caused by increases (declines) in forward interest rates during the periods, the carrying cost of the portfolio, and the impact of counterparty credit adjustments as discussed below. The removal of the economic hedge does not change the exposure of future results to counterparty credit adjustments. Foreign exchange derivatives are used by Beat to economically hedge the impact of exchange rate volatility on non-pound sterling transactions. Additionally, Ambac entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to stabilize the US dollar purchase price leading up to its acquisition of 60% of Beat.

Net gains (losses) on derivative contracts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, were $5 and $7, respectively, compared to $4 and $1 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, were driven by foreign exchange contract gains of $7 and $6, respectively. Legacy interest rate derivatives gains (losses) were $(1) and $1, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and $4 and $2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, inclusive of the effect of changes to counterparty credit adjustments as described below.

Counterparty credit adjustments are generally applicable for uncollateralized derivative assets that may not be offset by derivative liabilities under a master netting agreement. In periods when credit spreads are stable, counterparty credit adjustments will generally have a proportionate offsetting impact to gains or losses on derivative assets, relative to fully collateralized assets. In addition to the impact of interest rates on the underlying derivative asset values, the changes in counterparty credit adjustments are driven by movement of credit spreads. Generally, narrowing (widening) of credit spreads will increase (decrease) derivative gains relative to a period of stable credit spreads. Inclusion of counterparty credit adjustments in the valuation of

interest rate derivatives resulted in gains (losses) within Net gains (losses) on derivative contracts of $(2) and $1 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively and $4 and $4 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The counterparty credit adjustments for all periods were driven primarily by changes to the underlying asset values.

Commission Income and Commission Expense. Commission income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $23 and $54 compared to $15 and $39, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Commissions include both base and profit sharing commissions of the Insurance Distribution segment. The increase was primarily driven by commissions earned by Beat following the acquisition in August 2024 and full periods of production from Riverton Insurance Agency, acquired in August 2023, as well as organic growth during the quarter. Gross commission income has an accompanying expense, commission expense, which will mostly track changes in gross commission. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, commission expense of $9 and $27 compared to $8 and $22 in three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, driven primarily by the same factors as commission income.

For the MGAs in the Insurance Distribution segment, when sub-producers or agents are involved in procuring policies, the related contracts are evaluated in accordance with the ASC 606 revenue recognition guidance to determine the income statement presentation of commission revenue and commission expense. Based on that evaluation, for certain MGAs commissions paid by the carrier for insurance placement are reported as revenue and the associated sub-producer commissions paid by the MGAs are reported as expense on the income statement. For certain other MGAs, commissions paid by the carrier for insurance placement are recognized as revenue and there is no associated expense incurred or recognized.

Other Income. Other income included various LFG fees, foreign exchange gains (losses) unrelated to investments or loss reserves and, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the gain on the sale of CNIC of $7, where Everspan sold its ownership in CNIC and CNIC's related insurance licenses for proceeds of approximately $19 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, other income included $12 related to the termination of a LFG postretirement plan. The gain represents the amount of the accrued and deferred liabilities in excess of the final payment made under the plan

Income (Loss) on Variable Interest Entities. Included within Income (loss) on variable interest entities are income statement amounts relating to LFG-VIEs, consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC as a result of Ambac's variable interest arising from financial guarantees written by Ambac's subsidiaries, including gains or losses attributable to consolidating or deconsolidating LFG-VIEs during the periods reported. Generally, the Company’s consolidated LFG-VIEs are entities for which Ambac has provided financial guarantees on all of or a portion of its assets or liabilities.

Income (loss) on variable interest entities was $3 and $5 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1

and $— for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, increased from the prior year period due to inclusion of the operating results of a LFG-VIE initially consolidated in the fourth quarter 2023, partially offset by lower fair value gains on the net assets of other LFG-VIEs. Additionally, the nine months ended September 30, 2023, included accelerated discount accretion within interest expense resulting from partial redemption of certain Puerto Rico VIE debt.

Refer to Note 9. Variable Interest Entities to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 in this Form 10-Q for further information on the accounting for LFG- VIEs.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (Benefit). Loss and loss expenses incurred increased $114 and decreased $105 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. The below provides the breakout of loss and loss expenses by segment:

The variance within legacy financial guarantee was driven by activities in the RMBS portfolio in both years. The primary driver was largely the negative impact of discount rates in 2024 compared to RMBS recoveries and the positive impact of discount rates on the RMBS portfolio in 2023.

The higher loss and loss adjustment expenses in Specialty P&C is primarily due to increased business production from new and existing programs as well as higher loss expectations on commercial auto risk and the addition of a personal nonstandard auto program.

General and Administrative Expenses (G&A). The following table provides a summary of G&A expenses for the periods presented:

The increase in Compensation G&A expenses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was due to higher compensation costs from a net increase in staffing from the development and growth of the Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance and Insurance Distribution segments, including the effect of Insurance Distribution acquisitions; offset by lower current year period expenses for severance and incentive compensation.

Variances in Non-Compensation G&A expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three

and nine months ended September 30, 2023, were driven by expenses associated with the strategic review and proposed sale of the Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance segment, transaction expenses related to the acquisition of Beat, and growth of the Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance and Insurance Distribution segments; offset by lower Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance segment's legal defense costs. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, expenses attributable to the sale of AAC and acquisition of Beat aggregated $16 and $35 compared to $1 and $2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Intangible Amortization. Insurance intangible amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $6 and $25 an increase of $— and $7 as compared to the the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was driven primarily by LFG de-risking activities. Other intangible amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $6, and $9 and $1 and $3 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increase in other intangible amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 related to the Beat acquisition of $6.

Interest Expense. Interest expense relates primarily to the Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance segment and includes accrued interest on the Tier 2 Notes (fully redeemed during the first quarter of 2023), surplus notes and other debt obligations. Beginning in the third quarter of 2024, Ambac borrowed under a short-term credit facility to partially fund the purchase of 60% of Beat. Interest expense under the credit facility is attributed to the Insurance Distribution segment. In addition to accrued interest, interest expense includes discount accretion when the debt instrument carrying value is at a discount to par. The following table provides details by type of obligation for the periods presented:

As required by the terms of surplus notes and/or otherwise, AAC will continue to seek OCI’s approval to make payments of principal and interest on its surplus notes. AAC intends to make these requests at least four times a year with respect to payment of a partial amount, as well as the full amount, of the principal and interest then due, unless otherwise directed by OCI. OCI’s approval of AAC’s requests for surplus note payments may be granted or denied in OCI’s sole discretion. Since the issuance of the surplus notes in 2010, OCI has declined to approve regular payments of interest on surplus notes, although the OCI has permitted two exceptional payments. Ambac can provide no assurance as to when or if surplus note principal and interest payments will be made. If OCI does not approve payments on or the acquisition of surplus notes over time, the ongoing accretion of interest on the notes may impair AAC's ability to extinguish

the notes in full. Surplus notes are subordinated in right of payment to policyholder and other claims.

AAC requested OCI to authorize a full or partial payment of accrued interest due on the surplus notes along with a full or partial payment of outstanding principal of the surplus notes on June 7, 2024, and made a similar request in September 2024, but such requests were denied. As a result, the scheduled payment date for interest, and the scheduled maturity date for payment of principal of the surplus notes, has been extended until OCI grants approval to make such payment. Interest will accrue, compounded on each anniversary of the original scheduled payment date or scheduled maturity date, on any unpaid principal or interest through the actual date of payment, at 5.1% per annum. Holders of surplus notes have no rights to enforce the payment of the principal of, or interest on, surplus notes in the absence of OCI approval to pay such amount. Interest on the outstanding surplus notes was accrued for and AAC is accruing interest on the interest amounts following each scheduled payment date. Total accrued and unpaid interest for surplus notes outstanding was $512 at September 30, 2024.

Provision for Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes primarily relates to international operations and was $3 and $10 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1 and $7 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $2 for the quarter.

Results of Operations by Segment

(1)Abbreviated as "EBITDA" in future references

(2)Represents the share of Ambac stockholders equity for each subsidiary within the Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance segment, including intercompany eliminations.

The Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance segment is in active runoff. This will generally result in declining premiums earned, G&A expenses and intangible amortization. The variability in the segment financial results is primarily driven by (i) change in loss and loss expenses resulting from, among other items, credit developments, interest rates and de-risking transactions (may also impact intangible amortization) and (ii) volatility from investments income (loss) resulting from changes in market conditions and other performance factors. Key variances not discussed above in the Consolidated Results section are as follows:

Net premiums earned. Net premiums earned decreased $0 and $2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. Net premiums earned were impacted by the organic and active runoff of the financial guarantee insured portfolio, resulting in a reduction to current and future net premiums earned.

Other Revenue Items. Net investment income increased $8 and $15 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the prior year period, driven by higher fair value net gains on pooled investment funds and higher yields in fixed income.

Net investment gains (losses), including impairments declined $2 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and improved $6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the prior year periods, due to variances from foreign exchange and favorable variances in net realized gains on sales and credit impairment allowance adjustments. Foreign exchange gains (losses) of $(5) and $2 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $(6) and $(2) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, relate primarily to US dollar denominated securities held by Ambac UK.

Net gains (losses) on derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, declined $5 and less than $1, respectively, compared to the prior year periods mostly driven by the impact of counterparty credit adjustments on certain derivative assets. Additionally, the nine months ended September 30, 2023, included losses on positions held as partial hedges against interest rate risk elsewhere in the Legacy Financial Guarantee segment. Ambac has exited the derivative positions that led to the 2023 losses. See Consolidated Results above for further information about investment and derivative results.

Other income increased $3 and $20 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year periods include $2 and $5, respectively, related to results of VIEs as discussed above under Consolidated Results - Income (Loss) on Consolidated Variable Interest Entities. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 also included the termination of a postretirement plan; the gain represents the amount of the accrued and deferred liabilities in excess of the final payment made under the plan.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (Benefit). The following provides details for losses and loss adjustment expenses (benefit) incurred for the periods presented:

Loss and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024, were largely driven by the negative impact of discount rates on the structured finance portfolio.

Loss and loss adjustment expenses (benefit) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were largely driven by the net positive impact of discount rates on the structured finance portfolio, and assumption changes in the international portfolio, partially offset by adverse development in the public finance portfolio.

Loss and loss expenses (benefit) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, was largely driven by RMBS recoveries, the positive impact of discount rates on the RMBS portfolio and assumption changes in the international portfolio (nine months only). Changes in RMBS recoveries impacting loss and loss expenses can be volatile and therefore each period's results are not indicative of potential future results.

G&A Expenses. Segment G&A expenses decreased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to lower legal defense costs and compensation costs.

(1)Retention ratio is defined as net premiums written divided by gross premiums written

(2)Loss and LAE ratio is defined as losses and loss expenses incurred divided by net premiums earned

(3)Expense Ratio is defined as acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses, reduced by program fees divided by net premiums earned

(4)Combined ratio is defined as Loss and LAE ratio plus Expense Ratio

(5)Represents Ambac stockholders equity in the Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance segment, including intercompany eliminations.

The Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance segment has grown significantly since underwriting its first program in May 2021. Twenty-four programs were authorized to issue policies as of September 30, 2024, including Everspan participating on two programs as a reinsurer. The growth in both the number and size of these programs has contributed to the increase in gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned and net loss and loss expenses incurred.

Consistent with its strategy to generate sustainable and profitable, long-term specialty property and casualty program insurance business with a focus on diverse classes of risks, Everspan may source programs as a reinsurer. Accessing programs as a reinsurer provides Everspan the ability to diversify its risk profile (temporarily or long-term), efficiently manage its exposure limits and underwrite programs in a cost efficient manner, amongst other benefits. Everspan may participate as a reinsurer on up to

30% of a program, which is in line with its strategy to generally retain up to 30% per program. Participation as a reinsurer will affect the retention ratio as Everspan's portion of assumed premiums is reflected fully in both Gross and Net Premiums Written.

Loss and loss expenses incurred increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, relative to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Everspan's loss ratio (including ULAE) was 74.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, versus 78.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, inclusive of prior accident years development of 0.2% and (1.8)%, respectively. The change in the loss ratio was driven by current accident year reserve strengthening during the three months ended September 30, 2023 of 8.9%, primarily related to increased loss selections for commercial auto. Partially offsetting the decrease in loss ratio from the three months ended September 30, 2023, was a personal nonstandard auto program (through assumed reinsurance) which became effective in October 2023. Everspan's loss ratio may fluctuate as the inforce book of business scales and seeks to achieve benefits from diversification.

In addition to the decrease in the Loss and LAE ratio for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to September 30, 2023, was a decrease in the benefit to acquisition costs resulting from sliding scale commission arrangements with program partners. Such benefit reduced the Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance segments expense ratio by 1.9% and 8.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Certain Everspan programs were structured to include sliding scale commission arrangements within a loss ratio range. These sliding scale arrangements help mitigate losses, protect underwriting results and limit earnings volatility.

In third quarter 2024, Everspan and a commercial auto program partner agreed to non-renew an existing program where Everspan participated on a net retention basis. However, Everspan continues to support the MGA via another commercial auto program which is fully ceded to a reinsurer. The shift in the production from a participating program to a fully ceded program will result in a shift in future underwriting results to be within program fee revenue instead of net premiums earned and losses incurred. Additionally during the third quarter 2024, as part of Everspan's insurance portfolio balancing, Everspan reduced its participation on an assumed reinsurance personal auto transaction effective October 2024. The reduction of this program is expected to result in a lower net retention, lower net premiums earned and lower losses incurred.

Loss and loss expenses incurred may be adversely impacted by economic and social inflation. The impact of inflation on ultimate loss reserves is difficult to estimate, particularly in light of recent disruptions to the judicial system, supply chains and labor markets. In addition, going forward, we may not be able to offset the impact of inflation on our loss costs with sufficient price increases. The estimation of loss reserves may also be more difficult during extreme events, such as a pandemic, or during the persistence of volatile or uncertain economic conditions, due to, amongst other reasons, unexpected changes in behavior of judicial decisions, claimants and policyholders, including fraudulent reporting of exposures and/or losses. Due to the inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates, the final

resolution of the estimated liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses will likely be higher or lower than the related loss reserves at the reporting date. In addition, our estimate of losses and loss expenses may change. These additional liabilities or increases in estimates, or a range of either, could vary significantly from period to period.

General and administrative costs were relatively flat for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, relative to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, as increases from the ramp up in Everspan's staffing and operations was mostly offset by the timing of incentive compensation accruals.

(1) The Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income presents the sum of these items as General and Administrative Expenses.

(2) Represents the share of Ambac stockholders equity for each subsidiary within the Insurance Distribution segment, including intercompany eliminations.

Ambac's Insurance Distribution businesses are compensated for their services primarily by commissions paid by insurance carriers for underwriting, structuring and/or administering polices. Commission revenues are usually based on a percentage of the premiums placed. In addition, we are eligible to receive profit sharing contingent commissions on certain programs based on the underwriting results of the policies placed with carriers, which may cause some variability in revenue and earnings.

The Insurance Distribution segment placed premiums for its carriers of approximately $145 and $288 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, up $83 and $108 or 133% and 60%, respectively, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Higher premiums placed were driven by the acquisition of Beat effective July 31, 2024 and Riverton Insurance Agency in August 2023, as well as organic growth at All Trans Risk Solutions during the quarter. The increase in premiums placed and changes to the mix of business written led to the growth in commission income and commission expense of 58% and 12%, respectively.

Business underwritten within our Insurance Distribution business can be seasonal which may result in revenue and earnings

concentrations in the first half of the calendar year. As the Insurance Distribution business grows, we make additional acquisitions and launch additional de novo underwriting units, revenue and earnings concentrations may increase or may shift, perhaps meaningfully.

G&A Expenses. G&A expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, increased $9 as a result of the Beat acquisition in the third quarter of 2024.