AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP INC

1. BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

The following description provides an update of Note 1. Background and Business Description and Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and should be read in conjunction with the complete descriptions provided in the Form 10-K. Capitalized terms used, but not defined herein, and in the other footnotes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q shall have the meanings ascribed thereto in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Ambac Financial Group, Inc. (“AFG”), headquartered in New York City, is an insurance holding company incorporated in the state of Delaware on April 29, 1991. References to “Ambac,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” are to AFG and its subsidiaries, as the context requires. Ambac's principal businesses include:

•Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance — Ambac's Specialty Property & Casualty Insurance program business currently includes five carriers (collectively, “Everspan”). Everspan carriers have an A.M. Best rating of 'A-' (Excellent) which was affirmed on June 13, 2024. Effective September 1, 2024, Consolidated National Insurance Company ("CNIC"), an admitted Everspan carrier, was sold and a gain on the sale of approximately $7 was recognized in other income on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The sale of CNIC will not have any adverse impact on the group's operations or growth prospects.

•Insurance Distribution —Ambac's specialty property and casualty ("P&C") insurance distribution business, includes Managing General Agents and Underwriters (collectively "MGAs"), an insurance broker, and other distribution and underwriting businesses. Insurance Distribution includes Beat Capital Partners Limited, which was acquired on July 31, 2024. At September 30, 2024, Ambac's insurance distribution platform operates in the following lines of business: property, niche specialty risk, accident & health, miscellaneous specialty, reinsurance, marine & energy, specialty auto, other professional and professional Directors & Officers ("D&O") .

•Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance — Ambac's legacy financial guarantee business includes the activities of Ambac Assurance Corporation ("AAC") and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including Ambac Assurance UK Limited (“Ambac UK”) and Ambac Financial Services LLC ("AFS"). Both AAC and Ambac UK (the "Legacy Financial Guarantee Companies") have financial guarantee insurance portfolios that have been in runoff since 2008. AFS provided interest rate derivatives to financial guarantee customers and used derivatives to hedge interest rate risk in

AAC's insurance and investment portfolios. AFS's remaining derivative positions include a limited number of legacy customer swaps and their associated hedges.

The Company reports these three business operations as segments; see Note 2. Segment Information for further information.

Sale of Ambac Assurance Corporation ("AAC")

On June 4, 2024, AFG entered into a stock purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with American Acorn Corporation (the “Buyer”), a Delaware corporation owned by funds managed by Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., pursuant to which and subject to the conditions set forth therein, AFG will sell all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of AAC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of AFG, to the Buyer for aggregate consideration of $420 in cash (the "Sale"). The terms of the Sale as contemplated by the Purchase Agreement provide that, at the closing of the Sale (the “Closing”), Buyer will acquire complete ownership of the common stock of AAC and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries, including Ambac UK.

The Purchase Agreement required AFG to seek the affirmative vote in favor of the Sale by the holders of a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of AFG common stock entitled to vote thereon (the “Stockholder Approval”). On October 16, 2024, Stockholder Approval was obtained at a special meeting of stockholders duly convened for that purpose.

The Purchase Agreement contains certain customary termination rights for each of AFG and Buyer, including (i) by mutual written agreement, (ii) if the Sale has not been consummated on or before April 4, 2025 (the “End Date”), subject to certain extensions for 90 days, (iii) if the other party is in breach of the Purchase Agreement in a manner that would result in a failure of an applicable closing condition and such breach cannot be cured or, if curable, has not been cured within 60 days after written notice to the other party of such breach, or (iv) if any applicable law makes the consummation of the Closing illegal or otherwise prohibited or any judgment, order or decree of any governmental authority enjoins Buyer and AFG from consummating the Closing. AFG would pay the Buyer an amount equal to $22 (the “Termination Fee”) if all of the following occur: (i) the Purchase Agreement is terminated as a result of (a) not closing the Sale and other transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement by the End Date, subject to certain conditional extension for 90 days, or (b) an AFG breach of representations or covenants that would cause certain closing conditions not to be satisfied, (ii) AFG has received an alternative acquisition proposal prior to a valid termination of the Purchase Agreement, and (iii) within 12 months after termination of the Purchase Agreement, AFG enters into a definitive agreement for an alternative acquisition. AFG would also pay Buyer the Termination Fee if the Purchase Agreement is terminated for (x) AFG breach of certain covenants that would cause closing conditions not to be satisfied, or (y) AFG changing its recommendation to the Company’s stockholders regarding the sale. In addition to the Termination Fee, AFG would pay Buyer up to $6 as a reimbursement of Buyer’s reasonably documented out-of-pocket fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Sale and other transactions

contemplated by the Purchase Agreement if (i) the Purchase Agreement is terminated as a result of not closing the Sale and other transactions by the End Date and the Termination Fee is also payable, (ii) the Purchase Agreement is terminated as a result of AFG changing its recommendation to the AFG stockholders regarding the Sale, or (iii) there is an AFG breach of representations or covenants that would cause certain closing conditions not to be satisfied. The Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including the receipt of specified regulatory approvals.

In connection with and pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, AFG has agreed to issue to the Buyer a warrant exercisable for a number of shares of common stock, par value $0.01, of AFG representing 9.9% of the fully diluted shares of AFG’s common stock as of March 31, 2024, pro forma for the issuance of the Warrant. The Warrant will have an exercise price per share of $18.50 with a 6.5 year term from the date of issuance and will be immediately exercisable. Payment of the exercise price may be settled, at AFG’s option, by way of a cash exercise or by net share settlement.

While management, the Board and AFG's stockholders have approved the Sale, the final commitment to sell AAC is subject to approval by our regulators in both the US and UK. Buyer received approval from the U.K. Prudential Regulation Authority ("PRA") for the change in control of Ambac UK on October 24, 2024 (which remains effective only if the Sale is completed by January 30, 2025, which deadline may be extended by the PRA on upon Buyer's request). Approval from the Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance remains outstanding. The Sale will have a major effect on AFG's operations and financial results and therefore at the date we meet the held-for-sale reporting requirements, which we anticipate will occur in the fourth quarter of 2024, we will report the pending sale as a discontinued operation.

At September 30, 2024, the carrying value of AFG's investment in AAC is approximately $943. Once regulatory approval is deemed probable, a loss on the transaction will be reflected in the Statement of Comprehensive Income equal to the difference between the sales proceeds (net of the value of the Warrants to be issued) and AAC's carrying value. Additionally, net income will be adversely impacted by a reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income of unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities, foreign currency translation losses and credit risk changes of fair value option liabilities, which at September 30, 2024, amounted to $90.

The Sale is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2024 or the first quarter of 2025.

Acquisition of Beat Capital Partners Limited ("Beat")

On June 4, 2024, the Company, entered into a share purchase agreement (the “Beat Purchase Agreement”), by and among the Company, Cirrata V LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of AFG (the “Purchaser”), certain sellers set forth therein (the “Sellers”) and Beat, pursuant to which, effective July 31, 2024, the Purchaser

purchased from the Sellers approximately 60% of the entire issued share capital of Beat for total consideration, as of the closing date, of approximately $281, of which approximately $252 was paid in cash and the remainder of which was satisfied through the issuance of 2,216,023 shares of AFG common stock to certain Sellers (the "Beat Transaction"). Beat’s management team and Bain Capital Credit LP (together, the “Rollover Shareholders”) each retained approximately 20% of Beat’s issued share capital immediately after closing. Many of Beat's operating units are minority owned by their respective management teams and accordingly, Ambac's economic interests in those units is less than 60% despite our ownership of 60% of Beat.

AFG issued the common stock free and clear of any liens or restrictions (other than those arising under state and federal securities laws of the United States) and bearing a restrictive legend. The common stock has not been registered under the Securities Act in reliance upon an exemption from registration pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

AFG funded the cash portion of the consideration with a combination of available cash, approximately $62 of funding from AAC, and $147 from new indebtedness (the "Credit Facility") that was issued in the third quarter of 2024. The debt incurred under the Credit Facility matures on July 31, 2025. Obligations under Credit Agreement are guaranteed by AFG and are secured on a first-priority basis by (i) a pledge by AFG of all of the capital stock of Everspan Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and (ii) a pledge by the Purchaser of all of the capital stock of Beat held by Purchaser. Borrowing under the Credit Facility bears interest at three-month SOFR plus a margin initially equal to 4.50%, increasing to 5.50% on November 1, 2024,6.50% on February 1, 2025, and 7.50% on May 1, 2025. A duration fee equal to 1% of the then outstanding Credit Facility shall be due on each of February 1, 2025 and May 1, 2025, to the extent the borrowing under the Credit Facility is not repaid earlier. Funding received from AAC and the Credit Facility are required to be repaid upon closing of the sale of AAC. To reduce its exposure to appreciation of the British Pound Sterling ("GBP") relative to the U.S. Dollar ("USD"), AFG entered into a foreign exchange futures contract under which it agreed to purchase an amount of GBP sufficient to cover the cash portion of the purchase price of Beat along with estimated GBP denominated expenses at an exchange rate of 1.2662 per USD.

At the closing of the Beat Transaction, AFG entered into a Shareholders’ Agreement by and among AFG, the Purchaser, the Rollover Shareholders and Beat (the “Shareholders’ Agreement”). The Shareholders’ Agreement provides for, among other things, the granting of (i) put options to each Rollover Shareholder to require the Purchaser to purchase from such Rollover Shareholder, the Relevant Shares (as defined in the Shareholders’ Agreement), and (ii) call options to the Purchaser to purchase from each Rollover Shareholder, the Relevant Shares.

Basis of Presentation

The Company has disclosed its significant accounting policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended

December 31, 2023. The following significant accounting policies provide an update to those included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial reporting and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP for annual periods. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (U.S.), but in the opinion of management such financial statements include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024. The December 31, 2023, consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements.

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. As additional information becomes available or actual amounts become determinable, the recorded estimates are revised and reflected in operating results.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AFG and all other entities in which AFG (directly or through its subsidiaries) has a controlling financial interest, including variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which AFG or an AFG subsidiary is deemed the primary beneficiary in accordance with the Consolidation Topic of the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated. See Note 9. Variable Interest Entities, for a detailed discussion of Ambac’s involvement in VIEs, Ambac’s methodology for determining whether Ambac is required to consolidate a VIE and the effects of VIEs being consolidated and deconsolidated.

Foreign Currency

The impact of non-functional currency transactions and the remeasurement of non-functional currency assets and liabilities

into the respective subsidiaries' functional currency (collectively "foreign currency transactions gains/(losses)") are $(8) and $(2) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Foreign currency transaction gains/(losses) are primarily the result of remeasuring Ambac UK's and Beat's assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies (primarily the U.S. dollar) other than their functional currency (the British Pound Sterling). Additionally, Ambac uses foreign currency forward contracts to economically hedge certain currency exposures. See Note 7. Derivative Instruments, for further information about the Company's foreign currency forwards.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

The Beat, Riverton, All Trans, Capacity Marine and Xchange acquisitions resulted in a majority ownership of the acquired entities by Ambac. Under the terms of all the acquisition agreements, Ambac has call options to purchase the remaining interests from the minority owners (i.e., noncontrolling interests) and the minority owners have put options to sell their interests to Ambac. Because the exercise of the put options are outside the control of Ambac, in accordance with the Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity Topic of the ASC, Ambac reports redeemable noncontrolling interests in the mezzanine section of its consolidated balance sheet.

The redeemable noncontrolling interest is remeasured each period as the greater of:

i. the carrying value under ASC 810, which attributes a portion of consolidated net income (loss) to the redeemable noncontrolling interest, and

ii. the redemption value of the put option under ASC 480 as if it were exercisable at the end of the reporting period.

Any increase (decrease) in the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interest as a result of adjusting to the redemption value of the put option is recorded as an offset to retained earnings. The impact of such differences on earnings per share are presented in Note 12. Net Income Per Share.

Following is a rollforward of redeemable noncontrolling interest.

Restricted cash is cash that we do not have the right to use for general purposes and includes fiduciary cash held by Ambac's insurance distribution subsidiaries, consolidated variable interest entity cash to support the obligations of the consolidated VIEs and cash received as collateral under their derivatives agreements.

Reclassifications and Rounding

Reclassifications may have been made to prior years' amounts to conform to the current year's presentation. Certain amounts and tables in the consolidated financial statements and associated notes may not add due to rounding.

Adopted Accounting Standards

There have been no new accounting standards adopted during 2024.

Future Application of Accounting Standards and Required Disclosures

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU requires disclosure of the following:

•Significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included within the reported measure(s) of a segment’s profit or loss.

•The amount and composition of "other segment items." This amount reconciles segment revenue, less significant expenses, to the reported measure(s) of a segment’s profit or loss.

•The CODM's title and position.

•How the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of a segment’s profit or loss to assess segment performance and decide how to allocate resources.

•All segment profit or loss and assets disclosures currently required annually by Topic 280, as well as those introduced by the ASU, to also be disclosed in interim periods.

The ASU also permits a public entity to report multiple measures of a segment’s profit or loss as long as: i) all the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss are used by the CODM for purposes of assessing performance and allocating resources and ii) the measure closest to GAAP is also provided. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. Ambac will adopt this ASU for the annual reporting period ending December 31, 2024 and we are evaluating its impact on Ambac's financial statements.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The enhancements in the ASU include the following:

•Within the rate reconciliation table, disclosure of additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and providing more details about the reconciling items in some categories if the items meet a quantitative threshold.

•Annual disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state and foreign taxes and disaggregation of the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold.

•Other disclosures include: i) income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and ii) income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign.

The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. Ambac will

adopt this ASU on January 1, 2025 and we are evaluating its impact on Ambac's financial statements.

2. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company reports its results of operations inthree segments: Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance, Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance and Insurance Distribution, separate from Corporate and Other, which is consistent with the manner in which the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") reviews the business to assess performance and allocate resources. See Note 1. Business and Basis of Presentation for a description of each of the Company's business segments.

The following tables summarize the components of the Company’s total revenues and expenses, pretax income (loss) and total assets by reportable business segment. Information provided below for “Corporate and Other” primarily relates to the operations of AFG, which will include investment income on its investment portfolio and costs to maintain the operations of AFG, including public company reporting, capital management and business development costs for the acquisition and development of new business initiatives.

(1)Other revenues include the following line item on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income: Income (loss) on variable interest entities and other income.

(2)Inter-segment revenues and inter-segment pre-tax income (loss) amounts are insignificant and are not presented separately.

(3)The Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income presents the sum of these items as General & Administrative Expenses.

3. BUSINESS COMBINATION

On July 31, 2024, Ambac completed the acquisition of 60% of Beat Capital Partners ("Beat") for a purchase price of $281 of which approximately $252 was paid in cash and the remainder was satisfied through the issuance of 2,216,023 shares of Company Common Stock. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination. The Company is in the process of finalizing the estimation of the fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Accordingly, the Company’s preliminary estimates and the allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed may change as the Company completes the process, which would also likely impact the Company’s allocation of the purchase price to Goodwill. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations, changes if any, to the preliminary estimates and allocation will be reported in the Company’s financial statements as an adjustment to the opening balance sheet.

The following table summarizes the consideration transferred to acquire Beat and the estimated fair values of the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, as well as the fair value of the noncontrolling interest, at the acquisition date:

Goodwill was recorded to reflect the excess purchase consideration over net assets acquired and primarily consists of the future economic benefits that we expect to receive as a result of the acquisition, driven by the value of Beat's potential future distribution and carrier relationships, and synergies with other Ambac business operations. All of the $350 goodwill was

assigned to the Insurance Distribution segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

The fair values assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on management’s estimates and assumptions at the time of acquisition and are subject to updating as more detailed analyses are completed and additional information about the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed becomes available.

The fair value of the redeemable non-controlling interest of $179 on the acquisition date was estimated based on the non-controlling interest’s respective share of Beat's enterprise value, adjusted for the value of Ambac's call option to purchase, and the minority owners' put option to sell to Ambac, respectively, the remaining 40% membership interest in Beat. Please refer to the Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest section of Note 1. Business and Basis of Presentation, for further information regarding the terms of the call and put option, as well as the redeemable noncontrolling interest balance sheet classification.

The fair value of the nonredeemable noncontrolling interest of $148 represents the aggregate noncontrolling interest share in certain Beat operating units which are minority owned by the units' respective management teams. There are no put or call options associated with these minority interests and as such, the aggregate amount is classified as nonredeemable noncontrolling interest on the balance sheet.

The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of identifiable intangible assets acquired and their estimated useful lives as of the date of acquisition:

The customer relationships intangible represents existing relationships Beat maintains with a variety of brokers and distributors across its product lines. It excludes the value of potential future distribution relationships that may be developed, which is included in goodwill. The trade name intangible represents the rights to the Beat Capital Partners brand name which is well known in the marketplace in which Beat competes.

The overall weighted average useful life of the identified amortizable intangible assets acquired is 5.5 years.

At September 30, 2024, future amortization of Beat's acquired finite-lived intangible assets for the year 2024 (three months) through 2028 and thereafter will be:

The acquired business contributed revenues of $8 and net income of $(2) to Ambac for the period from August 1, 2024 to September 30, 2024. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of Ambac as if the business combination had occurred on January 1, 2023.

Ambac did not have any material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and net income.

These pro forma amounts have been calculated after applying Ambac's accounting policies and adjusting the results of Beat to reflect amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2023, with the consequential tax effects.

In 2024, Ambac incurred $26 of acquisition-related costs. These expenses are included in general and administrative expense on Ambac's consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. In the table above, these expenses are reflected in the pro forma net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

4. INVESTMENTS

Ambac’s non-VIE invested assets are primarily comprised of fixed maturity securities classified as either available-for-sale or trading securities, and interests in pooled investment funds, which are reported within Other investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interests in pooled investment funds in the form of common stock or in-substance common stock are classified as trading securities, while limited partner interests in such funds are reported using the equity method. Fixed maturity securities

classified as trading were unrated municipal bond obligations of Puerto Rico issuing entities that were part of the the PROMESA restructuring process as described further in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Fixed Maturity Securities:

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale investments, excluding VIE investments, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows:

(1)Consists primarily of military housing and student loan securities.

(2)For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the allowance for credit losses changed by$— and$— respectively on residential mortgage-backed securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale investments, excluding VIE investments, at September 30, 2024, by contractual maturity, were as follows:

Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Unrealized Losses on Fixed Maturity Securities:

The following table shows gross unrealized losses and fair values of Ambac’s available-for-sale investments, excluding VIE investments, which at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, did not have an allowance for credit losses This information is aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Management has determined that the securities in the above table do not have credit impairment as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, based upon (i) no actual or expected principal and interest payment defaults on these securities; (ii) analysis of the creditworthiness of the issuer and financial guarantor, as applicable, and (iii) for debt securities that are non-highly rated beneficial interests in securitized financial assets, analysis of whether there was an adverse change in projected cash flows. Management's evaluation as of September 30, 2024, includes the expectation that all principal and interest payments on securities guaranteed by AAC or Ambac UK will be made timely and in full.

Ambac’s assessment about whether a security is credit impaired reflects management’s current judgment regarding facts and circumstances specific to the security and other factors. If that judgment changes, Ambac may record a charge for credit impairment in future periods.

The declines in fair value and resultant unrealized losses across asset classes as of September 30, 2024, included in the above table resulted from the impact of increasing interest rates and market spreads. Management has determined that the securities with unrealized losses are not credit impaired. Further discussion of management's assessment with respect to security categories with larger unrealized loss balances is below.

Corporate obligations

The gross unrealized losses on corporate obligations as of September 30, 2024, resulted primarily from an increase in interest rates since the securities were purchased. Unrealized losses of $33 related to 710 investment grade securities with an average unrealized loss equal to 6% of amortized cost at September 30, 2024. Securities that have below investment grade credit ratings or are unrated comprise less than a million of the gross unrealized loss and have an average unrealized loss equal to 4% of amortized cost at September 30, 2024. Management believes that the full and timely receipt of all principal and

interest payment on corporate obligations with unrealized losses as of September 30, 2024, is probable.

Residential mortgage-backed securities and Other asset-backed securities

As of September 30, 2024, $5 of the unrealized loss on residential mortgage-backed securities related to 8 Ambac insured securities. Five of these account for $4 of the unrealized loss and have an average unrealized loss equal to 4% of amortized cost. The $2 unrealized loss on other asset backed securities related primarily to 17 Ambac-insured securities that have an average unrealized loss equal to 2% of amortized cost.

The majority of these unrealized losses for both residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities relate to securities with long dated weighted average lives making their fair values sensitive to interest rate changes. Also, most of these securities have below investment grade credit ratings or are unrated. The unrealized losses on these obligations resulted from adverse market conditions for long dated credit assets. As noted above, expected cash flows used in evaluating credit impairment of Ambac-insured securities contemplate full and timely payment of all principal and interest payments. This assumption is included in the projection of model based cash flows used in evaluating credit impairments on beneficial interests in securitized financial assets, including the residential mortgage backed and student loan asset backed securities included in this group.

Investment Income (Loss)

Net investment income (loss) was comprised of the following for the affected periods:

Net investment income (loss) from Other investments primarily represents changes in fair value on equity securities, including certain pooled investment funds, and income from investment limited partnerships and other equity interests accounted for under the equity method.

Net Investments Gains (Losses), including Impairments:

The following table details amounts included in net investment gains (losses) and impairments included in earnings for the affected periods:

Ambac had an allowance for credit losses of $1 and $2 at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Ambac did not purchase any financial assets with credit deterioration for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Counterparty Collateral, Deposits with Regulators and Other Restrictions:

Ambac routinely pledges and receives collateral related to certain transactions. Securities held directly in Ambac’s investment portfolio with a fair value of $28 and $27 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged to derivative counterparties. Ambac’s derivative counterparties have the right to re-pledge the investment securities and as such, these pledged securities are separately classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either "Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral, at fair value" or "Short-term investments pledged as collateral, at fair value." Refer to Note 7. Derivative Instruments for further information on cash collateral. There was no cash or securities received from other counterparties that were re-pledged by Ambac.

Invested assets carried at $27 and $24 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were deposited by Ambac's insurance subsidiaries with governmental authorities or designated custodian banks as required by laws affecting insurance companies. Invested assets carried at $1 and $1 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were deposited as security in connection with a letter of credit issued for an office lease. Fiduciary funds held by Ambac's insurance distribution subsidiaries, carried at $3 and $2 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are included in invested assets.

Guaranteed Securities:

Ambac’s fixed maturity portfolio includes securities covered by guarantees issued by AAC or Ambac UK (“insured securities”). The following table represents the fair value and weighted-average underlying rating of insured securities in Ambac's investment portfolio at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023,

respectively:

(1)Ratings are based on the lower of Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s rating. If unavailable, Ambac’s internal rating is used.

Other Investments:

Ambac's investment portfolio includes interests in various pooled investment funds. Fair value and additional information about investments in pooled funds, by investment type, is summarized in the table below. Except as noted in the table, fair value as reported is determined using net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient. Redemption of certain funds valued using NAV may be subject to withdrawal limitations and/or redemption fees which vary with the timing and notification of withdrawal provided by the investor. In addition to these investments, Ambac has unfunded commitments of $26 to private credit and private equity funds at September 30, 2024.

(1)This class seeks to generate superior risk-adjusted returns through selective asset sourcing, active trading and hedging strategies across a range of asset types.

(2)This class aims to obtain high long-term returns primarily through credit and preferred equity investments with low liquidity and defined term.

(3)This class of funds includes investments in a range of instruments including high-yield bonds, leveraged loans, CLOs, ABS and floating rate notes to generate income and capital appreciation.

(4)This class of funds aim to achieve long term growth through diversified exposure to global equity-markets.

(5)This class of funds includes investments in high quality floating rate debt securities including ABS and corporate floating rate notes.

(6)This class seeks to generate long-term capital appreciation through investments in private equity, equity-related and other instruments.

(7)Investments consisted of UK property to generate income and capital growth. The fund in which Ambac was invested has terminated on May 30, 2024 and is in the process of distributing remaining capital. Amounts owed Ambac from the fund are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024.

(8)This class seeks to generate total returns from portfolios focused primarily on convertible securities.

(9)This class seeks to generate returns from insurance markets through investments in catastrophe bonds, life insurance and other insurance linked investments. This investment was restricted in connection with the unwind of certain insurance linked exposures. Ambac's investment was fully redeemed by March 31, 2024.

(10)These categories include fair value amounts totaling $174 and $77 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, that are readily determinable and are priced through pricing vendors, including for Equity market investments $67 and $38, High yield and leveraged loans products $82 and $39, and Convertible bonds investments $26 and $0.

Other investments also include preferred equity investments with a carrying value of $26 and $13 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, that do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at cost, less any impairments as permitted under the Investments — Equity Securities Topic of the ASC. Impairments of $1 and $2, respectively, were recorded on these investments in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. There were no adjustments to fair value to reflect observable price changes in identical or similar investments from the same issuer during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The portion of net unrealized gains (losses) related to securities classified as trading and equity securities, excluding those reported using the equity method, still held at the end of each period is as follows:

5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC establishes a framework for measuring fair value and disclosures about fair value measurements.

Fair Value Hierarchy:

The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC specifies a fair value hierarchy based on whether the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect Company-based assumptions. The fair value hierarchy has three broad levels as follows:

The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC permits, as a practical expedient, the estimation of fair value of certain investments in funds using the net asset value per share of the investment or its equivalent (“NAV”). Investments in funds valued using NAV are not categorized as Level 1, 2 or 3 under the fair value hierarchy. The Investments — Equity Securities Topic of the ASC permits the measurement of certain equity securities without a readily determinable fair value at cost, less impairment, and adjusted to fair value when observable price changes in identical or similar investments from the same issuer occur (the "measurement alternative"). The fair values of investments measured under this measurement alternative are not included in the below disclosures of fair value of financial instruments.

The following table sets forth the carrying amount and fair value of Ambac’s financial assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, including the level within the fair value hierarchy at which fair value measurements are categorized. As required by the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

(1)Excluded from the fair value measurement categories in the table above are investment funds of $361 and $386 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which are measured using NAV as a practical expedient. Also excluded from the fair value amounts in the table above are equity securities with a carrying value of $26 and $13 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, that do not have readily determinable fair values and have carrying amounts determined using the measurement alternative.

(2)The carrying value of net financial guarantees written includes financial guarantee amounts in the following balance sheet items: Premium receivables; Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses; Deferred ceded premium; Subrogation recoverable; Insurance intangible asset; Unearned premiums; Loss and loss expense reserves; Ceded premiums payable, premiums taxes payable and other deferred fees recorded in Other liabilities.

Determination of Fair Value:

When available, Ambac uses quoted active market prices specific to the financial instrument to determine fair value, and classifies such items within Level 1. The determination of fair value for financial instruments categorized in Level 2 or 3 involves judgment due to the complexity of factors contributing to the valuation. Third-party sources from which we obtain independent market quotes also use assumptions, judgments and estimates in determining financial instrument values and different third parties may use different methodologies or provide different values for

financial instruments. In addition, the use of internal valuation models may require assumptions about hypothetical or inactive markets. As a result of these factors, the actual trade value of a financial instrument in the market, or exit value of a financial instrument position by Ambac, may be significantly different from its recorded fair value.

Ambac’s financial instruments carried at fair value are mainly comprised of investments in fixed maturity securities, equity interests in pooled investment funds, derivative instruments and

certain variable interest entity assets and liabilities. Valuation of financial instruments is performed by Ambac’s finance group using methods approved by senior financial management with consultation from risk management and portfolio managers as appropriate. Preliminary valuation results are discussed with portfolio managers quarterly to assess consistency with market transactions and trends as applicable. Market transactions such as trades or negotiated settlements of similar positions, if any, are reviewed to validate fair value model results. However, financial instruments valued using significant unobservable inputs typically have very little or no observable market activity. Methods and significant inputs and assumptions used to determine fair values across portfolios are reviewed quarterly by senior financial management. Other valuation control procedures specific to particular portfolios are described further below.

Fixed Maturity Securities:

The fair values of fixed maturity investment securities are based primarily on market prices received from broker quotes or alternative pricing sources. Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, pricing sources apply available market information through processes such as matrix pricing to calculate fair value. Such prices generally consider a variety of factors, including recent trades of the same and similar securities. In those cases, the items are classified within Level 2. For those fixed maturity investments where quotes were not available or cannot be reasonably corroborated, fair values are based on internal valuation models. Key inputs to the internal valuation models generally include maturity date, coupon and yield curves for asset-type and credit rating characteristics that closely match those characteristics of the specific investment securities being valued. Items valued using valuation models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Thus, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable. Longer (shorter) expected maturities or higher (lower) yields used in the valuation model will, in isolation, result in decreases (increases) in fair value. Generally, lower credit ratings or longer expected maturities will be accompanied by higher yields used to value a security. At September 30, 2024, approximately 2%,94% and 4% of the fixed maturity investment portfolio (excluding variable interest entity investments) was valued using broker quotes, alternative pricing sources and internal valuation models, respectively. At December 31, 2023, approximately 2%,94% and 4% of the fixed maturity investment portfolio (excluding variable interest entity investments) was valued using broker quotes, alternative pricing sources and internal valuation models, respectively.

Ambac performs various review and validation procedures to quoted and modeled prices for fixed maturity securities, including price variance analyses, missing and static price reviews, overall valuation analysis by portfolio managers and finance managers and reviews associated with our ongoing impairment analysis. Unusual prices identified through these procedures will be evaluated further against alternative third party quotes (if available), internally modeled prices and/or other relevant data, and the pricing source values will be challenged as necessary. Price challenges generally result in the use of the pricing source’s quote as originally provided or as revised by the source following

their internal diligence process. A price challenge may result in a determination by either the pricing source or Ambac management that the pricing source cannot provide a reasonable value for a security or cannot adequately support a quote, in which case Ambac would resort to using either other quotes or internal models. Results of price challenges are reviewed by portfolio managers and finance managers.

Information about the valuation inputs for fixed maturity securities classified as Level 3 is included below:

Other asset-backed securities: These securities are the most subordinated tranches of a securitization collateralized by Ambac-insured military housing bonds. The fair value classified as Level 3 was $79 and $68 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Fair value was calculated using a discounted cash flow approach with expected future cash flows discounted using a yield consistent with the security type and rating. Significant weighted average inputs for the valuations at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include the following:

Corporate obligations: This includes certain investments in convertible debt securities. The fair value classified as Level 3 was $0 and $19 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Fair value was calculated by discounting cash flows with weighted average maturity of 0.89 years and yield of 11.2% at December 31, 2023. Yields used are consistent with the security type and rating.

Other Investments:

Other investments primarily relate to investments in pooled investment funds. The fair value of pooled investment funds is determined using dealer quotes or alternative pricing sources when such investments have readily determinable fair values. When fair value is not readily determinable, pooled investment funds are valued using NAV as a practical expedient as permitted under the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC. Refer to Note 4. Investments for additional information about such investments in pooled funds that are reported at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient.

Derivative Instruments:

Ambac’s derivative instruments primarily comprise interest rate swaps, exchange traded futures contracts (terminated during the second quarter of 2023), and foreign exchange forward contacts (beginning second quarter of 2024). Fair value is determined based upon market quotes from independent sources, when available. When independent quotes are not available, fair value is determined using valuation models. These valuation models require market-driven inputs, including contractual terms, credit spreads, and yield curves. The valuation of certain derivative contracts may require the use of data inputs and assumptions that are determined by management and are not readily observable in

the market. Under the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC, Ambac is required to consider its own credit risk when measuring the fair value of derivative liabilities. Factors considered in estimating the amount of any Ambac credit valuation adjustment ("CVA") on such contracts include collateral posting provisions, right of set-off with the counterparty, the period of time remaining on the derivative and the pricing of recent terminations. The aggregate Ambac CVA impact was not significant to the fair value of derivatives at September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Interest rate swaps that are not centrally cleared are valued using vendor-developed models that incorporate interest rates and yield curves that are observable and regularly quoted. These models provide the net present value of the derivatives based on contractual terms and observable market data. Generally, the need for counterparty (or Ambac) CVAs on interest rate derivatives is mitigated by the existence of collateral posting agreements under which adequate collateral has been posted. Certain of these derivative contracts entered into with financial guarantee customers are not subject to collateral posting agreements. Counterparty credit risk related to such customer derivative assets is included in our determination of their fair value.

Ambac also holds warrants to purchase equity shares of development stage companies. These warrants have a fair value of $1 and $1 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Fair value was determined using a standard warrant valuation model with internally developed input assumptions.

Financial Guarantees:

Fair value of net financial guarantees written represents our estimate of the cost to Ambac to completely transfer its insurance obligation to another market participant of comparable credit worthiness. In theory, this amount should be the same amount that another market participant of comparable credit worthiness would hypothetically charge in the marketplace, on a present value basis, to provide the same protection as of the balance sheet date. This fair value estimate of financial guarantees is presented on a net basis and includes direct and assumed contracts written, net of ceded reinsurance contracts.

Long-term and Short-term Debt:

Long-term debt includes AAC surplus notes and the Ambac UK debt issued in connection with a policy commutation. The fair values of surplus notes is based on prices received from third-party sources and are classified as Level 2. The fair value of Ambac UK debt estimated based upon internal valuation models and is classified as Level 3.

Short-term debt consists of SOFR indexed borrowing used for partial funding of the Beat acquisition and is classified as Level 3.

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities:

Included in Other assets are loans, the fair values of which are estimated based upon internal valuation models and are classified as Level 3.

Variable Interest Entity Assets and Liabilities:

The financial assets and liabilities of Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance VIEs ("FG VIEs") consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC consist primarily of fixed maturity securities and loans held by the VIEs, derivative instruments and notes issued by the VIEs which are reported as long-term debt. As described in Note 9. Variable Interest Entities, these FG VIEs are securitization entities which have liabilities and/or assets guaranteed by AAC or Ambac UK.

The fair values of FG VIE long-term debt are based on price quotes received from independent market sources when available. Such quotes are considered Level 2 and generally consider a variety of factors, including recent trades of the same and similar securities. For those instruments where quotes were not available or cannot be reasonably corroborated, fair values are based on internal valuation models. Comparable to the sensitivities of investments in fixed maturity securities described above, longer (shorter) expected maturities or higher (lower) yields used in the valuation model will, in isolation, result in decreases (increases) in fair value liability measurement for FG VIE long-term debt.

FG VIE derivative asset and liability fair values are determined using vendor-developed valuation models, which incorporated observable market data related to specific derivative contractual terms including interest rates, foreign exchange rates and yield curves.

The fair value of FG VIE fixed maturity securities and loan assets are generally based on Level 2 market price quotes received from independent market sources when available. When FG VIE asset fair values are not readily available from market quotes, values are estimated internally. Internal valuations of FG VIE’s fixed maturity securities or loan assets are derived from the fair values of the notes issued by the respective VIE and the VIE’s derivatives, determined as described above, adjusted for the fair values of Ambac’s financial guarantees associated with the VIE. The fair value of financial guarantees consist of: (i) estimated future premium cash flows discounted at a rate consistent with that implicit in the fair value of the VIE’s liabilities and (ii) estimates of future claim payments discounted at a rate that includes Ambac’s own credit risk. Estimated future premium payments to be paid by the VIEs were discounted at a weighted average rate of 6.3% and 6.3% at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024, the range of these discount rates was between 5.8% and 7.0%. At December 31, 2023, the range of these discount rates were between 5.3% and 7.8%.

Additional Fair Value Information for Financial Assets and Liabilities Accounted for at Fair Value:

The following tables present the changes in the Level 3 fair value category for the periods presented in 2024 and 2023. Ambac classifies financial instruments in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy when there is reliance on at least one significant unobservable input to the valuation model. In addition to these unobservable inputs, the valuation models for Level 3 financial instruments typically also rely on a number of inputs that are readily observable either directly or indirectly. Thus, the gains and losses presented below include changes in the fair value related to both observable and unobservable inputs.

Invested assets and VIE long-term debt are transferred into Level 3 when internal valuation models that include significant unobservable inputs are used to estimate fair value. All such securities that have internally modeled fair values have been classified as Level 3. Derivative instruments are transferred into Level 3 when the use of unobservable inputs becomes significant to the overall valuation. There wereno transfers of financial instruments into or out of Level 3 in the periods disclosed.

Gains and losses (realized and unrealized) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities included in earnings for the affected periods are reported as follows:

6. INSURANCE CONTRACTS

Amounts presented in this Note relate only to Ambac’s non-derivative insurance business for insurance policies issued to beneficiaries, excluding consolidated VIEs.

Premiums:

The effect of reinsurance on premiums written and earned was as follows:

The following table summarizes net premiums earned by location of risk:

Premium Receivables, including credit impairments:

Premium receivables at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $342 and $290, respectively.

•Legacy financial guarantee premium receivables are discounted using an appropriate risk-free rate corresponding to the weighted average life of each policy and currency to discount the future premiums contractually due or expected to be collected. The weighted average risk-free rate at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was 3.1% and 3.2%, respectively, and the weighted average period of future premiums used to estimate the premium receivable at

September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was 7.4 years and 8.0 years, respectively.

•Specialty property and casualty premium receivables are not discounted and are typically paid upfront. Any receivables for such amounts are generally collected in the following period. Non-payment of premium by the policyholder may lead to policy cancellation. Premium receivables related to assumed reinsurance are paid on an installment basis.

Below is the gross premium receivable roll-forward, net of the allowance for credit losses, for the affected periods:

(1)Adjustments for changes in expected and contractual cash flows are primarily due to inflation indexation and reductions in insured exposure as a result of early policy terminations and unscheduled principal paydowns for financial guarantee policies.

(2)Premium receivable includes premiums to be received in foreign denominated currencies most notably in British Pounds and Euros. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, premium receivables include British Pounds of $67 (£50) and $71 (£58), respectively, and Euros of $12 (€11) and $13 (€13), respectively.

Management evaluates premium receivables for expected credit losses ("credit impairment") in accordance with the CECL standard, which is further described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Ambac's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The key indicator management uses to assess the credit quality of legacy financial guarantee premium receivables is Ambac's internal risk classifications for the insured obligation determined by the Risk Management Group.

Below is the amortized cost basis of financial guarantee premium receivables by risk classification code and asset class as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(1) Excludes specialty property and casualty premium receivables of $114 and$46 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2) The underwriting origination dates for all policies included are greater than five years prior to the current reporting date.

Below is a rollforward of the premium receivable allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2024 and 2023:

(1)At September 30, 2024 and 2023, $3 and $2 of premiums were past due.

The following table summarizes the future Legacy Financial Guarantee gross undiscounted premiums to be collected and future premiums earned, net of reinsurance at September 30, 2024:

(1)Future premiums to be collected are undiscounted, gross of allowance for credit losses, and are used to derive the discounted premium receivable asset recorded on Ambac's balance sheet.

(2)Future premiums to be earned, net of reinsurance relate to the unearned premiums liability and deferred ceded premium asset recorded on Ambac’s balance sheet. The use of contractual lives for many bond types which do not have homogeneous pools of underlying collateral is required in the calculation of the premium receivable, as further described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Ambac's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. This results in a different premium receivable balance than if expected lives were considered. If installment paying policies are retired or prepay early, premiums reflected in the premium receivable asset and amounts reported in the above table for such policies may not be collected. Future premiums to be earned also considers the use of contractual lives for many bond types which do not have homogeneous pools of underlying collateral, which may result in different unearned premium than if expected lives were considered. If those bonds types are retired early, premium earnings may be negative in the period of call or refinancing.

Loss and Loss Expense Reserves:

Ambac’s loss and loss expense reserves (“loss reserves”) are based on management’s on-going review of the insured portfolio. Below are the components of the loss and loss expense reserves and the subrogation recoverable asset at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Below is the loss and loss reserve expense roll-forward, net of subrogation recoverable and reinsurance, for the affected periods:

(1)Total losses and loss expenses (benefit) includes $(74) and $(75) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to ceded reinsurance.

(2)Represents reinsurance recoverable on future loss and loss expenses. Additionally, the Balance Sheet line "Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses" includes reinsurance recoverables (payables) of $42 and $7 as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to previously presented loss and loss expenses and subrogation.

For 2024, the favorable development in prior years was largely driven by assumption changes in the international portfolio of the legacy financial guarantee segment. This is partially offset by adverse development in prior years within the SPC segment, primarily related to commercial auto.

For 2023, the positive development in prior years was largely driven by RMBS recoveries, the positive impact of discount rates on the RMBS portfolio and an assumption change in the international portfolio, all in the legacy financial guarantee segment.

Legacy Financial Guarantee Loss Reserves:

The tables below summarize information related to policies currently included in Ambac’s loss and loss expense reserves or subrogation recoverable at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, excluding consolidated VIEs. Gross par exposures include capital appreciation bonds which are reported at the par amount at the time of issuance of the insurance policy as opposed to the current accreted value of the bond. The weighted average risk-free rate used to discount loss reserves at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023,was 3.8% and 4.6%, respectively.

(1)Remaining weighted-average contract period is weighted based on projected gross claims over the lives of the respective policies.

(2)Other subrogation represents subrogation related to excess spread and other contractual cash flows on public finance and structured finance transactions, including RMBS.

(3)Reinsurance recoverable reported on the Balance Sheet includes reinsurance recoverables of$26 related to future loss and loss expenses and $1 related to presented loss and loss expenses and subrogation.

(1)Remaining weighted-average contract period is weighted based on projected gross claims over the lives of the respective policies.

(2)Other subrogation represents subrogation related to excess spread and other contractual cash flows on public finance and structured finance transactions, including RMBS.

(3)Reinsurance recoverable reported on the Balance Sheet includes reinsurance recoverables of $30 related to future loss and loss expenses and $(1) related to presented loss and loss expenses and subrogation.

Reinsurance Recoverables, Including Credit Impairments:

The Company uses ceded reinsurance to transfer certain insurance risk, along with premiums written and earned, to other insurance carriers that agree to share in such risks. The primary purpose of the reinsurance is to (i) protect the Company, at a cost, from losses in excess of amounts it is willing to accept, (ii) protect the Company's capital, and (iii) within the Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance operations, to manage the Company's net retention on individual risks and overall exposure to losses while providing the Company the ability to offer policies with sufficient limits to meet policyholder needs.

•Within its Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance segment, the Company generally enters into quota share reinsurance agreements whereby the Company cedes to capacity providers (reinsurers) a substantial amount (generally 70% or more) of its gross liability under all policies issued by and on behalf of the Company by the MGA/U.

Ambac is exposed to the credit risk of the reinsurer, or the risk that one of its reinsurers becomes insolvent or otherwise unable or unwilling to pay policyholder claims. This credit risk is generally mitigated by either selecting well capitalized, highly rated authorized capacity providers or requiring that the capacity provider post collateral to secure the reinsured risks, which in some instances, exceeds the related reinsurance recoverable.

Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the associated loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. The Company reports its reinsurance recoverables net of an allowance for amounts that are estimated to be uncollectible.

Ambac’s reinsurance assets, including deferred ceded premiums and reinsurance recoverables on losses amounted to $553 at September 30, 2024. Credit exposure existed at September 30, 2024, with respect to reinsurance recoverables to the extent that any reinsurer may not be able to reimburse Ambac under the terms of these reinsurance arrangements. At September 30, 2024, there were ceded reinsurance balances payable of $165 offsetting this credit exposure. Contractually ceded reinsurance payables can only be offset against amounts owed from the same reinsurer in the event that such reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations to reimburse Ambac.

To minimize its credit exposure to losses from reinsurer insolvencies, Ambac (i) is entitled to receive collateral from certain reinsurance counterparties in certain reinsurance contracts and (ii) has certain cancellation rights that can be exercised by Ambac in the event of rating agency downgrades of a reinsurer (among other events and circumstances). Ambac held letters of credit and collateral amounting to $76 from its reinsurers at September 30, 2024 of which $39 relates to Legacy Financial Guarantee Insurance and $37 relates to Specialty Property and

Casualty Insurance. For those reinsurance counterparties that do not currently post collateral, Ambac's reinsurers are well capitalized, highly rated, authorized capacity providers. Additionally, while legacy liabilities from the Providence Washington Insurance Company ("PWIC") and 21st Century Company acquisitions were fully ceded to certain reinsurers, Everspan also benefits from an unlimited, uncapped indemnity from Enstar Holdings (US) and 21st Century Premier Insurance Company, respectively, to mitigate any residual risk to these reinsurers.

The allowance for credit losses is based upon Ambac's ongoing review of amounts outstanding. Key indicators management uses to assess the credit quality of reinsurance recoverables are financial performance of the reinsurers, collateral posted by the reinsurers and independent rating agency credit ratings. The evaluation begins with a comparison of the fair value of collateral posted by the reinsurer to the recoverable, net of ceded premiums payable. Any shortfall of collateral posted is evaluated against our assessment of the reinsurer's financial strength to determine whether an allowance is considered necessary.

At September 30, 2024, our topthree reinsurers represented 59.6% of our total reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses. These reinsurance recoverables were primarily from reinsurers with applicable ratings of A or better. The following table sets forth ourthree most significant reinsurers by amount of reinsurance recoverable as of September 30, 2024.

(1)Represents financial strength ratings from S&P for financial guarantee reinsurers and AM Best for specialty P&C reinsurers.

(2)Represents reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses. Unsecured amounts from QBE Insurance Corporation is also supported by an unlimited, uncapped indemnity from Enstar Holdings (US).

(3)Reinsurance recoverables reduced by ceded premiums payables due to reinsurers, letters of credit, and collateral posted for the benefit of Ambac.

Ambac has uncollateralized credit exposure of $200 and $128 and has recorded an allowance for credit losses of less than a million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The uncollateralized credit exposure includes legacy liabilities obtained from the acquisitions of PWIC and the 21st Century Companies of $38 and $44 at September 30, 2024 and December

31, 2023, respectively. All legacy liabilities remain with affiliates of the sellers through reinsurance and contractual indemnities.

7. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The following tables summarize the gross fair values of individual derivative instruments and the impact of legal rights of offset as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Amounts representing the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral are not offset against fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments on the Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amounts representing the right to reclaim cash collateral and posted margin, recorded in “Other assets” were $25 and $23 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Amounts representing an obligation to return cash collateral were $41 and $235 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively and are reported in "Variable interest entity liabilities: Other liabilities".

The following tables summarize the location and amount of gains and losses of derivative contracts in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

Interest Rate Derivatives:

AFS provided interest rate derivatives to financial guarantee customers and used derivatives to provide a partial hedge against interest rate risk in AAC's insurance and investment portfolios. Additionally, AFS provided interest rate swaps to states, municipalities and their authorities, asset-backed issuers and other

entities in connection with their financings. AFS's only remaining derivative positions include a limited number of legacy customer swaps and their associated hedges. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the notional amounts of AFS’s derivatives are as follows:

Other Derivatives:

As of September 30, 2024, Ambac holds warrants to purchase equity shares of development stage companies and entered into US dollar/British pound sterling foreign exchange (FX) forward contracts to protect against currency fluctuations related to the purchase of Beat. Ambac's FX forward position was closed concurrent with the Beat purchase closed and the contracts matured October 4, 2024.

In addition, Beat utilizes foreign exchange forward contracts to partially hedge its foreign currency exposure. Beat’s functional currency is the British Pound, but a significant portion of its revenues are generated in currencies other then the British Pound, particularly the US Dollar. Beat, therefore, typically enters into forward contracts to partially hedge its exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates relative to the British Pound. In connection with our acquisition of Beat and the growth profile of its business, we will be re-evaluating our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates and related hedging strategy.

Ambac had no FX forward contacts as of December 31, 2023. Information about FX forward contracts as of September 30, 2024, is summarized below:

Derivatives of Consolidated Variable Interest Entities

Certain VIEs consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC entered into derivative contracts to meet specified purposes within the securitization structure. The notional amounts for VIE derivatives outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows:

Contingent Features in Derivatives Related to Ambac Credit Risk

Certain of Ambac's interest rate swaps remain with professional swap-dealer counterparties executed under standardized derivative documents including collateral support and master netting agreements. Under these agreements, Ambac is required to post collateral in the event net unrealized losses exceed predetermined threshold levels. Additionally, given that AAC is no longer rated by an independent rating agency, counterparties have the right to terminate the swap positions.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the net liability fair value of derivative instruments with contingent features linked to Ambac’s own credit risk was $35 and $35, respectively, related to which Ambac had posted cash and securities as collateral with a fair value of $53 and $50, respectively. All such ratings-based contingent features have been triggered requiring maximum collateral levels to be posted by Ambac while preserving counterparties’ rights to terminate the contracts. Assuming all such contracts terminated at fair value on September 30, 2024, settlement of collateral balances and net derivative liabilities would result in a net receipt of cash and/or securities by Ambac. If counterparties elect to exercise their right to terminate, the actual termination payment amounts will be determined in accordance with derivative contract terms, which may result in amounts that differ from market values as reported in Ambac’s financial statements.

8. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table presents the Company's goodwill for the Insurance Distribution segment.

Intangible assets and accumulated amortization are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as shown below.

9. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Ambac, with its subsidiaries, has engaged in transactions with variable interest entities ("VIEs,") in various capacities.

•AAC and Ambac UK provide financial guarantees for various debt obligations issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs ("LFG VIEs); and

•AAC and Ambac UK invest in collateralized debt obligations, mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities issued by VIEs and their ownership interest is generally insignificant to the VIE and/or they do not have rights that direct the activities that are most significant to such VIE.

LFG VIEs:

AAC and Ambac UK provide financial guarantees in respect of assets held or debt obligations of VIEs. AAC and Ambac UK's primary variable interest exists through this financial guarantee insurance. The transaction structures provide certain financial protection to AAC or Ambac UK. Generally, upon deterioration in the performance of a transaction or upon an event of default as specified in the transaction legal documents, AAC or Ambac UK will obtain certain control rights that enable them to remediate losses. These rights may enable them to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. Under the Stipulation and Order, AAC is required to obtain OCI approval with respect to the exercise of certain

significant control rights in connection with policies that had previously been allocated to the Segregated Account. Accordingly, AAC does not have the right to direct the most significant activities of those LFG VIEs.

LFG VIEs which are consolidated may include recourse and non-recourse liabilities. LFG VIEs' liabilities that are insured by AAC or Ambac UK are with recourse, because AAC or Ambac UK guarantees the payment of principal and interest in the event the issuer defaults. LFG VIEs' liabilities that are not insured by AAC or Ambac UK are without recourse, because AAC or Ambac UK has not issued a financial guarantee and is under no obligation for the payment of principal and interest of these instruments. AAC or Ambac UK's economic exposure to consolidated LFG VIEs is limited to the financial guarantees issued for recourse liabilities and any additional variable interests held by them. Additionally, AAC or Ambac UK’s general creditors, other than those specific policy holders which own the VIE debt obligations, do not have rights with regard to the assets of the VIEs. Ambac evaluates the net income effects and earnings per share effects to determine attributions between AAC or Ambac UK and non-controlling interests as a result of consolidating a VIE. Ambac has determined that the net income and earnings per share effect of consolidated LFG VIEs are attributable to AAC or Ambac UK's interests through financial guarantee premium and loss payments with the VIE.

The following table summarizes the carrying values of assets and liabilities, along with other supplemental information related to FG VIEs that are consolidated because of financial guarantees of Ambac UK and AAC:

(1)Available-for-sale LFG VIE fixed maturity securities consist of municipal obligations with an amortized cost basis of $85 and $88 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024, there were $8 aggregate gross unrealized gains and $0 aggregated gross unrealized losses. At December 31, 2023, there were $7 aggregate gross unrealized gains and $0 aggregated gross unrealized losses. All such securities had contractual maturities due after ten years as of September 30, 2024.

(2)The unpaid principal balances of loan assets carried at fair value were $1,738 as of September 30, 2024 and $1,787 as of December 31, 2023.

(3)The unpaid principal balances of long-term debt carried at fair value were $2,944 as of September 30, 2024 and $2,952 as of December 31, 2023.

The following schedule details the components of Income (loss) on variable interest entities for the affected periods:

Ambac consolidated zero andzero additional FG VIEs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Ambac de-consolidatedone and two FG VIE for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as a result of the termination of Ambac's insurance or retirement of all Ambac-insured bonds in the trust. There was no gain or loss resulting from the de-consolidations.

The following table displays the carrying amount of the assets, liabilities and maximum exposure to loss of Ambac’s variable interests in non-consolidated VIEs resulting from financial guarantee and derivative contracts by major underlying asset classes, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(1)Maximum exposure to loss represents the maximum future payments of principal and interest on insured obligations and derivative contracts. Ambac’s maximum exposure to loss does not include the benefit of any financial instruments (such as reinsurance or hedge contracts) that Ambac may utilize to mitigate the risks associated with these variable interests.

(2)Insurance assets represent the amount included in “Premium receivables” and “Subrogation recoverable” for financial guarantee insurance contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3)Insurance liabilities represent the amount included in “Loss and loss expense reserves” and “Unearned premiums” for financial guarantee insurance contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4)Net derivative assets (liabilities) represent the fair value recognized on interest rate swaps on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

10. REVENUES FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

The Insurance Distribution businesses and a consolidated VIE have contracts that are subject to the Revenue from Contracts with Customers Topic of the ASC.

Insurance Distribution revenues recognized, disaggregated by policy type, were as follows:

These revenues are reported within commission income on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss).

A VIE was consolidated on December 31, 2023. The consolidated VIE's revenues recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $2 and $10, which are reported within Income (loss) on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss).

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of revenue recognized related to performance obligations satisfied in a previous period, inclusive of changes due to estimates was approximately $10 and $5, respectively.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

The balances of contract assets and contract liabilities with customers were as follows:

Insurance Distribution

Contract assets of $45 and $7 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, represent estimated future consideration related to base commissions and profit-sharing commissions that were recognized as revenue upon the placement of the policy, but are not yet due. The Company does not have the right to bill or collect payment on i) base commissions until the related premiums from policyholders has been collected nor ii) profit-sharing commissions until after the contract year is completed. Changes in contract assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, is primarily due to the timing of new or renewal policies, growth in the business, reclassifications to receivables (unconditional right) and collections.

Contract liabilities represent advance consideration received from customers related to employer stop loss base commissions that will be recognized over time as claims servicing is performed, which typically occurs between 17 and 20 months from contract inception. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized revenue that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of the period of $1 and $1, respectively.

Consolidated VIE

Contract assets of $95 and $87 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, represent future consideration related to service concession payments for already completed services that were recognized as revenue but are not yet due. There are no contract liabilities in either period.

11. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The following tables detail the changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income for the affected periods:

(1)All amounts are net of tax and noncontrolling interest. Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.

(2)Represents the changes in fair value attributable to instrument-specific credit risk of liabilities for which the fair value option is elected.

The following table details the significant amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive income, shown in the above rollforward tables, for the affected periods:

12. NET INCOME PER SHARE

As of September 30, 2024,47,442,533 shares of AFG's common stock (par value $0.01) were issued and outstanding. Common shares outstanding increased by 2,247,163 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to shares issued in connection with the July 31, 2024, acquisition of Beat.

Earnings Per Share Calculation

The numerator of the basic and diluted earnings per share computation represents net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders adjusted by the retained earnings impact of the noncontrolling adjustment to redemption value under ASC 480. The redemption value adjustment is further described in the Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest section of Note 1. Business and Basis of Presentation.

The following table provides a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to the numerator in the basic and diluted earnings per share calculation, together with the resulting earnings per share amounts:

The denominator of the basic earnings per share computation represents the weighted average common shares outstanding plus vested performance and restricted stock units (together, "Basic Weighted Average Shares Outstanding"). The denominator of diluted earnings per share adjusts the Basic Weighted Average Shares Outstanding for all potential dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. All potential dilutive common shares outstanding consider common stock deliverable pursuant to warrants, unvested restricted stock units and performance stock units granted under existing compensation plans. Additionally, as further described in the Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest section of Note 1, the acquisition agreements related to certain majority-owned subsidiaries include call and put options that, if exercised, would result in Ambac purchasing the remaining interests from the minority owners. Under the terms of one of those agreements, Ambac may elect to settle its purchase with Ambac shares which have also been considered in potential dilutive commons shares outstanding.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the weighted average shares denominator used for basic net income per share to the denominator used for diluted net income per share:

(1) Performance stock units are reflected based on the performance metrics through the balance sheet date. Vesting of these units is contingent upon meeting certain performance metrics. Although a portion of these performance metrics have been achieved as of the respective period end, it is possible that awards may no longer meet the metric at the end of the performance period.

13. INCOME TAXES

AFG files a consolidated Federal income tax return with its subsidiaries. AFG and its subsidiaries also file separate or combined income tax returns in various states, local and foreign jurisdictions. The following are the major jurisdictions in which Ambac and its subsidiaries operate and the earliest tax years subject to examination:

In accordance with the Income Tax Topic of the ASC, a valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. As a result of the risks and uncertainties associated with future operating results, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not generate sufficient U.S. federal, state and/or local taxable income to recover its deferred tax operating assets and therefore maintains a full valuation allowance.

Consolidated Pretax Income (Loss)

U.S. and foreign components of pre-tax income (loss) were as follows:

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:

As of September 30, 2024, the Company has approximately (i) $3,581 of federal net operating loss carryforwards, which if not utilized will begin expiring in 2030, and will fully expire in 2045, and (ii) $184 of interest expense tax deduction carryover, which has an indefinite carryforward period but is limited in any particular year based on certain provisions.

14. EMPLOYMENT BENEFIT PLANS

Postretirement Health Care Benefits

Ambac provided a discretionary postretirement health benefit for certain employees who met predefined age and service requirements. This postretirement benefit required retirees to purchase their own medical insurance policy with a portion of their premium being reimbursed by Ambac. The postretirement plan was terminated in May 2024. Ambac elected to make a final one-time payment to certain plan beneficiaries in connection with the termination and accordingly, recognized a gain on such termination of $13 in the nine months ending September 30, 2024, representing the amount of the accrued and deferred liabilities in excess of the final payment. This gain is included within Other income on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss).

15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The following commitments and contingencies provide an update of those discussed in Note 19: Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included Part II, Item 8 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and should be read in conjunction

with the complete descriptions provided in the aforementioned Form 10-K.

Litigation Against Ambac - Pending Cases

Monterey Bay Military Housing, LLC, et al. v. Ambac Assurance Corporation, et al. (United States District Court, Southern District of New York, Case No. 1:19-cv-09193-PGG, transferred on October 4, 2019 from the United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Jose Division, Case No. 17-cv-04992-BLF, filed August 28, 2017). On April 6, 2022, certain co-defendants filed a motion to sever the plaintiffs’ claims and to dismiss all claims except for claims asserted by the Monterey Bay plaintiffs. On January 26, 2024, the court granted the parties leave to file motions for summary judgment; opening briefs were due March 22, 2024, while oppositions are due May 31, 2024 and replies on July 12, 2024. On February 29, 2024, the court denied co-defendants’ motion to sever plaintiffs’ claims. On March 22, 2024, defendants served opening motions for summary judgment against plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety on multiple grounds, and plaintiffs served cross-motions for summary judgment on defendants’ unclean hands defenses. The parties’ summary judgment motions were fully briefed as of July 12, 2024 and are currently awaiting a decision from the Court.

In re National Collegiate Student Loan Trusts Litigation(Delaware Court of Chancery, Consolidated C.A. No. 12111, filed November 1, 2019). The Vice Chancellor entered a series of stays to facilitate good-faith settlement discussions, the most recent of which was entered on May 2, 2023, and stayed the matter through May 5, 2023. On June 6, 2024, the Administrator filed a status report stating that certain parties continue to negotiate a resolution to the various pending claims.

Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico, et al. v. Ambac Assurance Corporation, et al. (United States District Court, District of Puerto Rico, No. 19-ap-00363, filed May 20, 2019). On May 20, 2019, the Oversight Board, together with the Committee, as Plaintiffs, filed an adversary proceeding against certain parties that filed proofs of claim on account of bonds issued by PRHTA (as defined below), including AAC. The complaint seeks declarations that the PRHTA bonds are only secured by revenues on deposit with the PRHTA fiscal agent and that PRHTA bondholders have no security interest in any other property of PRHTA or the Commonwealth, and in the alternative, to the extent such other security interests exist, the complaint seeks to avoid other security interests that holders of PRHTA bonds may have. On June 14, 2019, at the request of the Plaintiffs, the District Court stayed the case until September 1, 2019; on July 24, 2019, the District Court referred this matter to mediation and ordered it stayed during the pendency of such mediation. On December 19, 2019, the District Court ordered that this matter remain stayed pending further order of the District Court pursuant to the Oversight Board’s initiation of a separate adversary proceeding concerning PRHTA bonds (No. 20-ap-00005, discussed below). The October 12, 2022 confirmation of the PRHTA POA (as defined and described below) resolved this litigation. On August 5, 2024, this case was dismissed with prejudice by joint stipulation of all parties.

Litigation Against Ambac - General

AAC’s estimates of projected losses for RMBS transactions consider, among other things, the RMBS transactions’ payment waterfall structure, including the application of interest and principal payments and recoveries, and depend in part on our interpretations of contracts and other bases of our legal rights. From time to time, bond trustees and other transaction participants have employed different contractual interpretations and have commenced, or threatened to commence, litigation to resolve these differences. It is not possible to predict whether additional disputes will arise, nor the outcomes of any potential litigation. It is possible that there could be unfavorable outcomes in these or other disputes or proceedings and that our interpretations may prove to be incorrect, which could lead to changes to our estimate of loss reserves.

The Company periodically receives various regulatory inquiries and requests for information with respect to investigations and inquiries that such regulators are conducting. The Company has complied with all such inquiries and requests for information.

The Company is involved from time to time in various routine legal proceedings, including proceedings related to litigation with present or former employees. Although such litigation routine and incidental to the conduct of its business, such litigation can potentially result in large monetary awards when a civil jury is allowed to determine compensatory and/or punitive damages.

Everspan may be subject to disputes with policyholders or other third parties regarding the scope and extent of coverage offered under Everspan's policies, including disputes relating to Everspan’s course of conduct in the handling of claims and settling or failing to settle claims (which can lead to bad faith and other forms of extra-contractual liability); be required to defend claimants in suits against its policyholders for covered liability claims; or enter into commercial disputes with its reinsurers, MGA/Us or third party claims administrators regarding their respective contractual obligations and rights. Under some circumstances, the results of such disputes or suits may lead to liabilities beyond those which are anticipated or reserved, including liabilities in excess of applicable policy limits.

From time to time, Ambac is subject to allegations concerning its corporate governance that may lead to litigation, including derivative litigation, and while the monetary impacts may not be material, the matters may distract management and the Board of Directors from their principal focus on Ambac's business, strategy and objectives.

It is not reasonably possible to predict whether additional suits will be filed or whether additional inquiries or requests for information will be made, and it is also not possible to predict the outcome of litigation, inquiries or requests for information. It is possible that there could be unfavorable outcomes in these or other proceedings. Legal accruals for litigation against the Company with losses that are probable and reasonably estimable are not material to the operating results or financial position of the Company. For the litigation matters the Company is defending that do not meet the “probable and reasonably estimable” accrual threshold and where no loss estimates have

been provided, management is unable to make a meaningful estimate of the amount or range of loss that could result from unfavorable outcomes. Under some circumstances, adverse results in any such proceedings could be material to our business, operations, financial position, profitability or cash flows. The Company believes that it has substantial defenses to the claims described above and, to the extent that these actions proceed, the Company intends to defend itself vigorously; however, the Company is not able to predict the outcomes of these actions.

Litigation Filed or Joined by Ambac

CFPB v. Nat’l Collegiate Master Student Loan Trust (United States District Court, District of Delaware, Case No. 1:17-cv-01323, filed September 18, 2017). The CFPB filed an amended complaint on April 30, 2021. On May 21, 2021, the Trusts and several intervenors, including AAC, moved to dismiss the CFPB’s amended complaint for failure to state a claim. On December 13, 2021, the court denied the Trusts' and intervenors' motions to dismiss the amended complaint. On December 23, 2021, the Trusts and several intervenors, including AAC, filed a motion seeking (i) an order certifying for interlocutory appeal the court’s December 13, 2021 order denying the motion to dismiss the amended complaint, and (ii) a stay of the action pending resolution of any appeal. On January 26, 2022, the Trusts and several intervenors, including AAC, answered the CFPB’s amended complaint, asserting several affirmative defenses and denying that the CFPB is entitled to relief from the Trusts. On February 11, 2022, the court certified its ruling on the motion to dismiss for interlocutory appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and stayed the case pending appeal. On February 21, 2022, the Trusts and several intervenors, including AAC, filed a petition with the Third Circuit for permission to appeal the District Court’s order denying their motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On April 29, 2022, the Third Circuit granted the Trusts' and intervenors' petition. The Third Circuit heard oral argument in the matter on May 17, 2023. On March 19, 2024, the Third Circuit issued an opinion holding that (1) the Trusts are covered persons subject to the Consumer Financial Protection Act’s enforcement authority, and (2) the CFPB did not need to ratify the action. Also on March 19, 2024, the Third Circuit entered a judgment remanding the matter to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. On March 25, 2024, the CFPB moved (1) to strike all answers filed by parties other than the Trusts, including AAC, and (2) to exclude all intervenors, including AAC, from further participation in the litigation. On May 3, 2024, the Trusts and certain Intervenors, including AAC, filed a petition for rehearing and rehearing en banc of the Third Circuit’s March 19, 2024 decision, which the Third Circuit denied on May 21, 2024. On June 20, 2024, the District Court referred the case to a magistrate judge for alternative dispute resolution. On August 15, 2024, AAC filed a notice of non-opposition to the CFPB’s motion to strike AAC’s answer, and withdrew its intervention in the case without prejudice to any future intervention in appropriate circumstances. On August 16, 2024, the Trusts filed a petition for writ of certiorari seeking the U.S. Supreme Court’s review of the Third Circuit’s March 19, 2024 decision. On September 12, 2024, the District Court granted the CFPB’s motion to strike the answers of the Intervenors, including AAC, and excluded them from

substantive participation in the litigation, without prejudice to them seeking to intervene again in the future.

Ambac Assurance Corporation v. Bank of New York Mellon(United States District Court, Southern District of New York, No. 1:17-cv-03804, filed May 2, 2017). On May 2, 2017, AAC filed a complaint in New York State Supreme Court, New York County, against the trustee for the COFINA bonds, Bank of New York Mellon (“BNY”), alleging breach of fiduciary, contractual, and other duties for failing to adequately and appropriately protect the holders of certain AAC-insured senior COFINA bonds. On May 19, 2017, BNY filed a notice of removal of this action from New York state court to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. On May 30, 2017, the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico entered an order in an adversary proceeding brought by BNY (No. 1:17-ap-00133) staying this litigation pending further order of the court. The COFINA Plan became effective on February 12, 2019, and, pursuant to the District Court’s confirmation order, this litigation was permitted to continue, with AAC’s claims against BNYM being limited to those for gross negligence, willful misconduct and intentional fraud. On November 17, 2021, the District Court denied as moot BNY's motion to transfer venue to the District of Puerto Rico and continued the stay of the action. On July 6, 2022, the District Court granted AAC’s motion to lift the stay and for leave to file a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”). AAC filed its SAC on July 10, 2022, and on July 25, 2022, BNY moved to dismiss the SAC. On September 23, 2022, Ambac filed its opposition to BNY’s motion to dismiss, and on October 24, 2022, BNY filed its reply in support of its motion to dismiss. On September 12, 2024, the District Court entered an Order to Show Cause concerning the proper venue for the case, stating that it planned to transfer the case to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. After AAC and BNY filed a Joint Response to the Order to Show Cause on September 19, 2024, stating that they did not object to the transfer, the case was transferred to the District Court for the District of Puerto Rico on September 20, 2024. On September 24, 2024, the District Court granted BNY’s motion to dismiss in its entirety. On October 23, 2024, AAC filed a Notice of Appeal appealing the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.