CITIGROUP INC
For the period ended Dec 31, 2024. Filed Feb 21, 2025.
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FY2024 · Filed Feb 21, 2025
Extracted filing text, with the paragraph anchors used by the comparison.
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Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures and Arrangements
Citi hasinsider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale and/or other dispositions of Citi securities by its officers and employees, as well as by members of the Citigroup Board of Directors and Citi itself, that are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to Citi. A copy of Citi’s Trading and Material Non-Public Information (MNPI) Standard for Citi Securities, applicable to officers and employees, is filed as Exhibit 19.01 to this Form 10-K. Citi’s Policy on Transactions in Citigroup Inc. Securities by Non-Management Members of Citigroup Inc.’s Board of Directors and the Citigroup Inc. Share Repurchase and Securities Issuance Procedures applicable to Citi itself, are filed as Exhibits 19.02 and 19.03, respectively, to this Form 10-K.
During the fourth quarter of 2024, no director or executive officer of Citi adopted orterminated any Rule 10b5-1 or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (each, as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
PERFORMANCE GRAPH
Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total Return
The following graph and table compare the cumulative total return on Citigroup’s common stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Financials Index over the five-year period through December 31, 2024. The graph and table assume that $100 was invested on December 31, 2019 in Citigroup’s common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Financials Index, and that all dividends were reinvested.
Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total ReturnFor the years ended
| DATE | Citigroup | S&P 500 Index | S&P Financials Index |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31-Dec-2019 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 31-Dec-2020 | 80.4 | 118.4 | 98.3 |
| 31-Dec-2021 | 81.2 | 152.4 | 132.8 |
| 31-Dec-2022 | 63.2 | 124.8 | 118.8 |
| 31-Dec-2023 | 75.2 | 157.6 | 133.2 |
| 31-Dec-2024 | 106.8 | 197.0 | 173.9 |
Note: Citigroup’s common stock is listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “C” and held by 58,273 registered common stockholders of record as of January 31, 2025.
CORPORATE INFORMATION
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Citigroup’s executive officers as of February 21, 2025 are:
| Name | Age | Position and office held |
|---|---|---|
| Jane Fraser | 57 | Chief Executive Officer, Citigroup Inc. |
| Sunil Garg | 59 | CEO, Citibank, N.A., and Head of North America |
| Shahmir Khaliq | 54 | Head of Services |
| David Livingstone | 61 | Chief Client Officer |
| Gonzalo Luchetti | 51 | Head of U.S. Personal Banking |
| Mark A. L. Mason | 55 | Chief Financial Officer |
| Brent McIntosh | 51 | Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary |
| Andrew Morton | 63 | Head of Markets |
| Vis Raghavan | 58 | Head of Banking and Executive Vice Chair |
| Tim Ryan | 61 | Head of Technology and Business Enablement |
| Anand Selvakesari | 57 | Chief Operating Officer |
| Andy Sieg | 57 | Head of Wealth |
| Edward Skyler | 51 | Head of Enterprise Services & Public Affairs |
| Ernesto Torres Cantú | 60 | Head of International |
| Zdenek Turek | 60 | Chief Risk Officer |
| Robert Walsh | 54 | Interim Chief Accounting Officer |
| Sara Wechter | 44 | Chief Human Resources Officer |
The following executive officers have not held their current executive officer positions with Citigroup for at least five years:
Ms. Fraser joined Citi in 2004 and assumed her current position in March 2021. Previously, she served as CEO of Global Consumer Banking from October 2019 to December 2020. Before that, she served as CEO of Citi Latin America from June 2015 to October 2019. She held a number of other roles across the organization, including CEO of U.S. Consumer and Commercial Banking and CitiMortgage, CEO of Citi’s Global Private Bank and Global Head of Strategy and M&A.
Mr. Garg joined Citi in May 1988 and assumed his current position in February 2021, and in January 2023 also assumed the position of Head of North America. Previously, he was global CEO of the Commercial Bank beginning in 2011. Prior to that, he led the U.S. Commercial Banking business from 2008 until 2011. In addition, he held various other roles at Citi in Operations and Technology, Treasury and Trade Solutions, Corporate and Investment Banking and Commercial Banking.
Mr. Khaliq joined Citi in 1991 and assumed his current position in 2023. He served as the Global Head of TTS from 2021 to 2023. Prior to that, he was Head of TTS Operations and Technology.
Mr. Livingstone joined Citi in 2016 and assumed his current position in September 2023. Previously, he served as CEO of Citi’s EMEA region from February 2019, and as Country Officer for Australia and New Zealand from June 2016. Prior to joining Citi, he spent nine years at Credit Suisse, where he was Vice Chairman of the Investment Banking and Capital Markets Division for the EMEA region, Head of M&A and CEO of Credit Suisse Australia, and over 16 years at the Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. in a variety of senior roles in the investment banking division.
Mr. Luchetti joined Citi in 2006 and assumed his current position in February 2021. Prior to his current role, he served as Head of the Consumer Bank in Asia and EMEA. He also served as the Head of the Asia Retail Bank and Global Head of Wealth Management and Insurance. Prior to joining Citi, he worked for JPMorgan Chase and Bain & Company.
Mr. McIntosh joined Citi in his current position in October 2021. Previously, he served as Under Secretary for International Affairs at the U.S. Treasury from 2019 to 2021. From 2017 to 2019, he served as the U.S. Treasury’s General Counsel. Prior to that, he was a partner in the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell and served in the U.S. White House from 2006 until 2009.
Mr. Morton joined Citi in 2008 and assumed his current position in March 2022. Prior to his current role, he was appointed Co-Head of Markets in November 2019, and prior to that, he was Head of the G10 Rates and Financing businesses. Prior to joining Citi, he spent 15 years at Lehman Brothers, holding several positions including European Head of Fixed Income and Global Head of Fixed Income.
Mr. Raghavan joined Citi in his current position in 2024. Prior to joining Citi, he was Head of Global Investment Banking at JPMorgan, after previously having served as Co-Head of Global Investment and Corporate Banking since 2020. In addition to his global Banking responsibilities, he was also Chief Executive Officer of JPMorgan in Europe, the Middle East and Africa since 2017. He first joined J.P. Morgan in 2000 and has held senior roles in Debt and Equity Capital Markets globally.
Mr. Ryan joined Citi in his current position in 2024. He has over 30 years of diversified experience in the financial services industry, both in the U.S. and internationally. Previously, he was a Senior Partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers, overseeing the firm’s strategy and execution. He also served as Vice Chairman, where his responsibilities included strategy, investor relations, regulatory affairs, public policy, corporate responsibility, marketing and sales, and human capital.
Mr. Selvakesari joined Citi in 1991 and assumed his current position in March 2023. Previously, he served as CEO of Citi’s Personal Banking and Wealth Management franchise. He also served as Head of the U.S. Consumer Bank from 2019 to 2020, and Head of Consumer Banking for Asia Pacific from 2015 to 2018, as well as in a number of regional and country roles, including Head of Consumer Banking for ASEAN and India, leading the consumer banking businesses in Singapore, Malaysia,
Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, as well as India.
Mr. Sieg joined Citi in his current position in September 2023. Previously, he served as the president of Merrill Wealth Management and held various senior strategy, product and field leadership roles in the wealth management business. He served as a senior wealth management executive at Citi from 2005 to 2009, and earlier in his career in the White House as an aide to the Assistant to the President for Economic and Domestic Policy.
Mr. Torres Cantú joined Citi in 1989 and assumed his current position in September 2023. Previously, he served as CEO of Latin America. From 2014 to 2019, he served as CEO of Citibanamex, and from 2012 to 2014 as CEO of Citibanamex Consumer Banking.
Mr. Turek joined Citi in 1991 and assumed his current position in February 2021. Prior to being named Interim Chief Risk Officer for Citi in December 2020, he served as EMEA Chief Risk Officer. He held various other roles at Citi, including CEO of Citibank Europe, as well as leading significant franchises across Citi, including in Russia, South Africa and Hungary.
Mr. Walsh joined Citi in 1999 and assumed his current position in September 2024. Prior to his current role, he served as Head of SEC and Financial Reporting from 2015 to 2024. Additional roles held by Mr. Walsh include the Controller for Services as well as the North American Controller for the Institutional Clients Group. Prior to joining Citi, he spent seven years at Arthur Andersen. He is a Certified Public Accountant, licensed in New York State.
Code of Conduct, Code of Ethics
Citi has a Code of Conduct that maintains its commitment to the highest standards of conduct. The Code of Conduct is supplemented by a Code of Ethics for Financial Professionals (including accounting, controllers, financial reporting operations, financial planning and analysis, treasury, capital planning, tax, productivity and strategy, M&A, investor relations and regional/product finance professionals and administrative staff) that applies worldwide. The Code of Ethics for Financial Professionals applies to Citi’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Amendments and waivers, if any, to the Code of Ethics for Financial Professionals will be disclosed on Citi’s website, www.citigroup.com. The Audit Committee has responsibility for the oversight of Citi’s Code of Ethics for Financial Professionals.
Both the Code of Conduct and the Code of Ethics for Financial Professionals can be found on the Citi website by clicking on “Investors” and then “Corporate Governance.” Citi’s Corporate Governance Guidelines can also be found there, as well as the charters for the Audit Committee, the Compensation, Performance Management and Culture Committee, the Nomination, Governance and Public Affairs Committee, the Risk Management Committee and the Technology Committee of Citigroup’s Board of Directors. These materials are also available by writing to Citigroup Inc., Corporate Governance, 388 Greenwich Street, 17th Floor, New York, New York 10013.
CITIGROUP BOARD OF DIRECTORS
| Titilope ColeFormer Head of Legacy Franchises, Citigroup Inc. Ellen M. CostelloFormer President and CEOBMO Financial Corporation and Former U.S. Country HeadBMO Financial GroupGrace E. DaileyFormer Senior Deputy Comptroller for Bank Supervision Policy and Chief National Bank ExaminerOffice of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)Barbara J. DesoerChairCitibank, N.A. | John C. DuganChairCitigroup Inc.Jane FraserChief Executive OfficerCitigroup Inc. Duncan P. HennesCo-Founder and PartnerAtrevida Partners, LLCPeter Blair HenryClass of 1984 Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, and Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford UniversityS. Leslie IrelandFormer Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and AnalysisU.S. Department of the Treasury and National Intelligence Manager for Threat Finance, Office of the Director of National Intelligence | Renée J. JamesFounder, Chair and CEOAmpere ComputingGary M. ReinerOperating PartnerGeneral Atlantic LLCDiana L. TaylorFormer Superintendent of BanksState of New YorkJames S. TurleyFormer Chairman and CEOErnst & YoungCasper W. von Koskull Former President and Group Chief Executive Officer Nordea Bank Abp |
|---|
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS
The following is a list of terms and acronyms that are used in this report and certain other Citigroup presentations.
- Denotes a Citi metric
2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K: Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC.
90+ days past due delinquency rate*: Represents consumer loans that are past due by 90 or more days, divided by that period’s total EOP loans.
ABS: Asset-backed securities
ACL: Allowance for credit losses, which is composed of the allowance for credit losses on loans (ACLL), allowance for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments (ACLUC), allowance for credit losses on HTM securities and allowance for credit losses on other assets.
ACLL: Allowance for credit losses on loans
ACLUC: Allowance for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments
Advanced Approaches: The Advanced Approaches capital framework, established through Basel III rules by the FRB, requires certain banking organizations to use an internal ratings-based approach and other methodologies to calculate risk-based capital requirements for credit risk and advanced measurement approaches to calculate risk-based capital requirements for operational risk.
AFS: Available-for-sale
ALCO: Asset and Liability Committee
Amortized cost: Amount at which a financing receivable or investment is originated or acquired, adjusted for accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, charge-offs, foreign exchange and fair value hedge accounting adjustments. For AFS securities, amortized cost is also reduced by any impairment losses recognized in earnings. Amortized cost is not reduced by the allowance for credit losses, except where explicitly presented net.
AOCI: Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASC: Accounting Standards Codification under GAAP issued by the FASB.
Asia Consumer: Asia Consumer Banking
ASU: Accounting Standards Update under GAAP issued by the FASB.
AUA: Assets under administration
AUC: Assets under custody
Available liquidity resources*: Resources available at the balance sheet date to support Citi’s client and business needs, including HQLA assets; additional unencumbered securities, including excess liquidity held at bank entities that is non-transferable to other entities within Citigroup; and available assets not already accounted for within Citi’s HQLA to
support Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) and Federal Reserve Bank discount window borrowing capacity.
Basel III: Liquidity and capital rules adopted by the FRB based on an internationally agreed set of measures developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs: Represents the interest of third-party holders of debt, equity securities or other obligations, issued by VIEs that Citi consolidates.
Benefit obligation: Refers to the projected benefit obligation for pension plans and the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for OPEB plans.
BHC: Bank holding company
Board: Citigroup’s Board of Directors
Book value per share*: EOP common equity divided by EOP common shares outstanding.
Bps: Basis points. One basis point equals 1/100th of one percent.
Branded Cards: Citi’s branded cards business with a portfolio of proprietary cards (Value, Rewards and Cash) and co-branded cards (including Costco and American Airlines).
Build: A net increase in ACL through the provision for credit losses.
Card spend volume*: Dollar amount of card customers’ gross purchases. Also known as purchase sales.
Cards: Citi’s credit cards’ businesses or activities.
CCAR: Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
CCO: Chief Compliance Officer
CDS: Credit default swaps
CECL: Current expected credit losses
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CET1 Capital: Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. See “Capital Resources—Components of Citigroup Capital” above within MD&A for the components of CET1.
CET1 Capital ratio*: Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio. A primary regulatory capital ratio representing end-of-period CET1 Capital divided by total risk-weighted assets.
CFO: Chief Financial Officer
CGMHI: Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc.
CGMI: Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
CGML: Citigroup Global Markets Limited
Citi: Citigroup Inc.
Citibank or CBNA: Citibank, N.A. (National Association)
Classifiably managed: Loans primarily evaluated for credit risk based on internal risk rating classification.
Client investment assets: Represent assets under management, trust and custody assets.
Cluster revenues: Cluster revenues are primarily based on where the underlying transaction is managed.
CODM: Chief operating decision maker. For Citi, the Chief Executive Officer.
Collateral dependent: A loan is considered collateral dependent when repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is deemed probable based on borrower delinquency.
Commercial card spend volume: Represents the total global spend volumes using Citi-issued commercial cards net of refunds and returns.
Commercial cards: Provides a wide range of payment services to corporate and public sector clients worldwide through commercial card products. Services include procurement, corporate travel and entertainment, expense management services and business-to-business payment solutions.
Consent Orders: In October 2020, Citigroup and Citibank entered into consent orders with the FRB and OCC that require Citigroup and Citibank to make improvements in various aspects of enterprise-wide risk management, compliance, data quality management related to governance, and internal controls. In July 2024, the FRB and OCC entered into civil money penalty consent orders with Citigroup and Citibank to address remediation effort shortcomings.
CRE: Commercial real estate
Credit cycle: A period of time over which credit quality improves, deteriorates and then improves again (or vice versa). The duration of a credit cycle can vary from a couple of years to several years.
Credit derivatives: Financial instruments whose value is derived from the credit risk associated with the debt of a third-party issuer (the reference entity), which allow one party (the protection purchaser) to transfer that risk to another party (the protection seller).
Criticized: Criticized loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables that are classified as special mention, substandard and doubtful categories for regulatory purposes.
Cross-border transaction value: Represents the total value of cross-border FX payments processed through Citi’s proprietary Worldlink and Cross-Border Funds Transfer platforms, including payments from consumer, corporate, financial institution and public sector clients.
CTA: Cumulative translation adjustment (also known as currency translation adjustment). A separate component of equity within AOCI reported net of tax. For Citi, represents the impact of translating non-USD balance sheet items into USD
each period. The CTA amount in EOPAOCI is a cumulative balance, net of tax.
CVA: Credit valuation adjustment
DCM: Debt Capital Markets
Delinquency managed: Loans primarily evaluated for credit risk based on delinquencies, FICO scores and the value of underlying collateral.
Digital asset: Anything created and stored digitally that is identifiable and discoverable, establishes ownership and has or provides value (e.g., cryptocurrency).
Divestiture-related impacts: Citi’s results excluding divestiture-related impacts represent as reported, or GAAP, financial results adjusted for items that are incurred and recognized, which are wholly and necessarily a consequence of actions taken to sell (including through a public offering), dispose of or wind down business activities associated with Citi’s announced 14 exit markets.
Dividend payout ratio*: Represents dividends declared per common share as a percentage of net income per diluted share.
DPD: Days past due
DTA: Deferred tax asset
DVA: Debt valuation adjustment
ECM: Equity Capital Markets
Efficiency ratio*: A ratio signifying how much of a dollar in expenses (as a percentage) it takes to generate one dollar in revenue. Represents total operating expenses divided by total revenues, net.
EOP: End-of-period
EPS*: Earnings per share
EU: European Union
Fannie Mae: Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA: Financial Conduct Authority
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Reserve Board (FRB): The Board of the Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FFIEC: Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
FHA: Federal Housing Administration
FHLB: Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO: Fair Issac Corporation
FICO score: A measure of consumer credit risk provided by credit bureaus, typically produced from statistical models by Fair Isaac Corporation utilizing data collected by the credit bureaus.
FINRA: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
FRB: Federal Reserve Board
Freddie Mac: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FVA: Funding valuation adjustment
FX: Foreign exchange
FX translation: The impact of converting non-U.S. dollar currencies into U.S. dollars.
GAAP or U.S. GAAP: Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.
Ginnie Mae: Government National Mortgage Association
GSIB: Global Systemically Important Bank
HFI loans: Loans that are held-for-investment (i.e., excludes loans held-for-sale).
HFS: Held-for-sale
HQLA: High-quality liquid assets. Consist of cash and certain high-quality liquid securities as defined in the LCR rule.
HTM: Held-to-maturity
Hyperinflation: Extreme economic inflation with prices rising at a very high rate in a very short time. Under U.S. GAAP, entities operating in a hyperinflationary economy need to change their functional currency to the U.S. dollar. Once the change is made, the CTA balance is frozen.
IMF: International Monetary Fund
Interchange revenue: Fees earned from merchants based on Citi’s credit and debit card customers’ sales transactions.
International region: Comprises six clusters: United Kingdom; Japan, Asia North and Australia (JANA); LATAM; Asia South; Europe; and Middle East and Africa (MEA).
IPO: Initial public offering
JANA: Japan, Asia North and Australia
KPMG: KPMG LLP, Citi’s Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
LATAM: Latin America
LCR: Liquidity Coverage ratio. Represents HQLA divided by net outflows in the period.
LGD: Loss given default
LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate
LLC: Limited Liability Company
LTD: Long-term debt
LTV: Loan-to-value. For residential real estate loans, the relationship, expressed as a percentage, between the principal amount of a loan and the estimated value of the collateral (i.e., residential real estate) securing the loan.
Managed basis: Results reflected on a managed basis exclude divestiture-related impacts.
Master netting agreement: A single agreement with a counterparty that permits multiple transactions governed by that agreement to be terminated or accelerated and settled through a single payment in a single currency in the event of a default (e.g., bankruptcy, failure to make a required payment or securities transfer or deliver collateral or margin when due).
MBS: Mortgage-backed securities
MD&A: Management’s Discussion and Analysis, a section within an SEC Form 10-Q or 10-K.
MEA: Middle East and Africa
Measurement alternative: Measures equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.
Mexico Consumer: Mexico Consumer Banking
Mexico Consumer/SBMM: Mexico Consumer Banking and Small Business and Middle-Market Banking reported within Legacy Franchises in All Other. Mexico Consumer/SBMM operates primarily through Banamex and provides traditional retail banking and branded card products to consumers and small business customers and traditional middle-market banking products and services to commercial customers, as well as retirement fund administration and insurance products through certain Banamex affiliate entities.
Mexico SBMM: Mexico Small Business and Middle-Market Banking
Moody’s: Moody’s Ratings
MSRs: Mortgage servicing rights
N/A: Data is not applicable or available for the period presented.
NAA: Non-accrual assets. Consists of non-accrual loans and OREO.
NAL: Non-accrual loans. Loans for which interest income is not recognized on an accrual basis. Loans (other than credit card loans and certain consumer loans insured by U.S. government-sponsored agencies) are placed on non-accrual status when full payment of principal and interest is not expected, regardless of delinquency status, or when principal and interest have been in default for a period of 90 days or more unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Collateral-dependent loans are typically maintained on non-accrual status.
NAV: Net asset value
NCL(s): Net credit losses. Represents gross credit losses, less gross credit recoveries.
NCL ratio*: Represents net credit losses (recoveries) (annualized), divided by average loans for the reporting period.
Net capital rule: Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Net new investment asset flows: Represents investment asset inflows, including dividends, interest and distributions, less investment asset outflows. Excluded from the calculation are the impacts of fees and commissions, market movement, internal transfers within Citi specific to systematic upgrades/downgrades with USPB and any impact from strategic decisions by Citi to exit certain markets or services. Also excluded from the calculation are net new investment assets associated with markets for which data was not available for current-period reporting.
NIM*: Net interest margin expressed as a yield percentage, calculated as annualized net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.
NM: Not meaningful
Noncontrolling interests: The portion of an investment that has been consolidated by Citi that is not 100% owned by Citi.
Non-GAAP financial measure: A non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of the Company’s historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows that (i) excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statement of income, balance sheet or statement of cash flows (or equivalent statements) of the Company; or (ii) includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly comparable measure so calculated and presented.
Note: All “Note” references correspond to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements herein, unless otherwise indicated.
NSFR: Net stable funding ratio
O/S: Outstanding
OCC: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI: Other comprehensive income (loss)
Operating leverage*: Represents the year-over-year growth rate in basis points (bps) of Total revenues, net of interest expense less the year-over-year growth rate of Total operating expenses. A positive operating leverage percentage indicates that the revenue growth rate was greater than the expense growth rate.
OREO: Other real estate owned
OTTI: Other-than-temporary impairment
Over-the-counter cleared (OTC-cleared) derivatives: Derivative contracts that are negotiated and executed bilaterally, but subsequently settled via a central clearing house, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of that clearing house.
Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives: Derivative contracts that are negotiated, executed and settled bilaterally between two derivative counterparties, where one or both counterparties is a derivatives dealer.
Parent company: Citigroup Inc.
Partner payments: Payments made to credit card partners primarily based on program sales and profitability.
PD: Probability of default
Prime balances: Prime balances are defined as clients’ billable balances where Citi provides cash or synthetic prime brokerage services. Management uses this information in reviewing the business’s size and growth and believes it is useful to investors concerning underlying business size and growth trends.
Principal transactions revenue: Primarily trading-related revenues predominantly generated by the Services, Markets and Banking businesses. See Note 6.
Provision for credit losses: Composed of the provision for credit losses on loans, provision for credit losses on HTM investments, provision for credit losses on other assets and provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments.
Provisions: Provisions for credit losses and for benefits and claims.
Purchased credit-deteriorated: Purchased credit-deteriorated assets are financial assets that as of the date of acquisition have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, as determined by the Company.
R&S forecast period: Reasonable and supportable period over which Citi forecasts future macroeconomic conditions for CECL purposes.
Real GDP: Real gross domestic product is the inflation-adjusted value of the goods and services produced by labor and property located in a country.
Reconciling Items: Divestiture-related impacts excluded from the results of All Other, as well as All Other—Legacy Franchises on a managed basis. The Reconciling Items are fully reflected in Citi’s Consolidated Statement of Income for each respective line item.
Regulatory VaR: Daily aggregated VaR calculated in accordance with regulatory rules.
Release: A net decrease in ACL through the provision for credit losses.
Reported basis: Financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP.
Results of operations that exclude certain impacts from gains or losses on sale, or one-time charges*: Represents GAAP items, excluding the impact of gains or losses on sales, or one-time charges (e.g., the loss on sale related to the sale of Citi’s consumer banking business in Australia).
Results of operations that exclude the impact of FX translation*: Represents GAAP items, excluding the impact of FX translation, whereby the prior periods’ foreign currency balances are translated into U.S. dollars at the current period’s conversion rates (also known as constant dollar). GAAP measures excluding the impact of FX translation are non-GAAP financial measures.
Retail Services: Citi’s U.S. retail services cards business with a portfolio of co-brand and private label relationships (including, among others, The Home Depot, Best Buy, Macy’s and Sears).
RoTCE*: Return on tangible common equity. Represents net income less preferred dividends (both annualized), divided by average tangible common equity for the period.
RWA: Risk-weighted assets. Basel III establishes two comprehensive approaches for calculating RWA (the Standardized Approach and the Advanced Approaches), which include capital requirements for credit risk, market risk and operational risk for Advanced Approaches. Key differences in the calculation of credit risk RWA between the Standardized and Advanced Approaches are that for Advanced, credit risk RWA is based on risk-sensitive approaches that largely rely on the use of internal credit models and parameters, whereas for Standardized, credit risk RWA is generally based on supervisory risk-weightings, which vary primarily by counterparty type and asset class. Market risk RWA is calculated on a generally consistent basis between Basel III Standardized Approach and Basel III Advanced Approaches.
S&P: Standard and Poor’s Global Ratings
SCB: Stress Capital Buffer
SEC: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
SLR: Supplementary Leverage ratio. Represents Tier 1 Capital divided by Total Leverage Exposure.
SOFR: Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SPEs: Special purpose entities
Standardized Approach: Established through Basel III, the Standardized Approach aligns regulatory capital requirements more closely with the key elements of banking risk by introducing a wider differentiation of risk weights and a wider recognition of credit risk mitigation techniques, while avoiding excessive complexity. Accordingly, the Standardized Approach produces capital ratios more in line with the actual economic risks that banks face.
Tangible book value per share (TBVPS)*: Represents tangible common equity divided by EOP common shares outstanding.
Tangible common equity (TCE): Represents common stockholders’ equity less goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, other than MSRs.
Taxable-equivalent basis: Represents the total revenue, net of interest expense for the business, adjusted for revenue from investments that receive tax credits and the impact of tax-exempt securities. This metric presents results on a level comparable to taxable investments and securities. GAAP measures on a taxable equivalent basis, including the metrics derived from these measures, are non-GAAP financial measures.
TDR: Troubled debt restructuring. Prior to January 1, 2023, a TDR was deemed to occur when the Company modified the original terms of a loan agreement by granting a concession to a borrower that was experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term and other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions were not TDRs. The accounting guidance for TDRs was eliminated with the adoption of ASU 2022-02. See “Accounting Changes” in Note 1.
TEGU: taxable equivalent gross-up adjustments
TLAC: Total loss-absorbing capacity
Total ACL: Allowance for credit losses, which comprises the allowance for credit losses on loans (ACLL), allowance for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments (ACLUC), allowance for credit losses on HTM securities and allowance for credit losses on other assets.
Total payout ratio*: Represents total common dividends declared plus common share repurchases as a percentage of net income available to common shareholders.
Transactional and tax charges: Largely comprises costs that are driven by revenues and transaction volumes, and is primarily composed of brokerage exchange and clearance costs, exchange fees, regulatory memberships and certain indirect, non-income tax payments that are not recorded in Provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statement of Income.
Transformation: Citi has embarked on a multiyear transformation, with the target outcome to change Citi’s business and operating models such that they simultaneously strengthen risk and controls and improve Citi’s value to customers, clients and shareholders.
Unaudited: Financial statements and information that have not been subjected to auditing procedures sufficient to permit an independent certified public accountant to express an opinion.
U.S. dollar clearing volume: Represents the number of U.S. dollar clearing payment instructions processed by Citi on behalf of U.S. and foreign-domiciled entities (primarily financial institutions).
U.S. Treasury: U.S. Department of the Treasury
VaR: Value at risk. A measure of the dollar amount of potential loss from adverse market moves in an ordinary market environment.
VIEs: Variable interest entities
Wallet: Proportion of fee revenue based on estimates of investment banking fees generated across the industry (i.e., the revenue wallet) from investment banking transactions in M&A, equity and debt underwriting, and loan syndications.
EXHIBIT INDEX
| Exhibit | |
|---|---|
| Number | Description of Exhibit |
| 3.1+ | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Citigroup Inc., as amended, as in effect on the date hereof. |
| 3.02 | By-Laws of Citigroup Inc., as amended, as in effect on the date hereof, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.02 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.01 | Form of Senior Indenture between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed November 13, 2013 (File No. 333-192302). |
| 4.02 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 1, 2016, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 1, 2016 (File No. 001-9924). |
| 4.03 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 29, 2016, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2016 (File No. 001-9924). |
| 4.04 | Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 26, 2017 among Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc., Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, to Indenture dated as of November 13, 2013, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2017 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.05 | Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 27, 2019, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2019 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.06 | Fifth Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 18, 2023, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2023 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.07 | Subordinated Debt Indenture, dated as of April 12, 2001, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as successor to JP Morgan Chase Bank (formerly Bank One Trust Company, N.A.), as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed February 4, 2013 (File No. 333-186425). |
| 4.08 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 2, 2004, between Citigroup Inc. and J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A. (formerly Bank One Trust Company, N.A.), as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3/A filed August 31, 2004 (File No. 333-117615). |
| 4.09 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 18, 2016, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A. (formerly Bank One Trust Company, N.A.), as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2016 (File No. 001-9924). |
| 4.10 | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2017, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, N.A. (formerly Bank One Trust Company, N.A.), as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed March 1, 2017 (File No. 333-216372). |
| 4.11 | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 27, 2019, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2019 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.12 | Indenture, dated as of March 15, 1987, between Primerica Corporation, a New Jersey corporation, and The Bank of New York, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed December 8, 1992 (File No. 03355542). |
| 4.13 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 15, 1988, among Primerica Corporation, Primerica Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.02 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed December 8, 1992 (File No. 03355542). |
| 4.14 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 31, 1991, between Primerica Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.03 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed December 8, 1992 (File No. 03355542). |
| 4.15 | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 9, 1992, among Primerica Holdings, Inc., Primerica Corporation and The Bank of New York, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 5 to Citigroup Inc.’s Form 8-A dated December 21, 1992, with respect to its 7 3/4% Notes due June 15, 1999 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.16 | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 2, 1998, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1998 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.17 | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 9, 2008, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.04 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 11, 2008 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.18 | Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 20, 2012, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, providing for the issuance of debt securities, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 21, 2012 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.19 | Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 18, 2016, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2016 (File No. 001-9924). |
| 4.20 | Senior Debt Indenture, dated as of June 1, 2005, among Citigroup Funding Inc., Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as successor trustee to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(b) to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed March 13, 2006 (File No. 333-132370-01). |
| 4.21 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 20, 2012, among Citigroup Funding Inc., Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as successor trustee to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 21, 2012 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.22 | Indenture, dated as of July 23, 2004, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as successor trustee to JPMorgan Chase Bank, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.28 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed July 23, 2004 (File No. 333-117615). |
| 4.23 | Form of Indenture, between Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as successor trustee to JPMorgan Chase Bank (formerly known as The Chase Manhattan Bank), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Travelers Group Inc. Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed September 20, 1996 (File No. 333-12439). |
| 4.24 | Senior Debt Indenture, dated as of March 8, 2016, between Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc., Citigroup Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 9, 2016 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.25 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2017, between Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc., Citigroup Inc. and the Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed March 1, 2017 (File No. 333-216372). |
| 4.26 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 13, 2020, between Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc., Citigroup Inc. and the Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2020 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.27 | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 18, 2023, between Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc., Citigroup Inc. and the Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2023 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.28 | Form of Capital Securities Guarantee Agreement between Citigroup Inc. as Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Guarantee Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.32 to Citigroup Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed July 2, 2004 (File No. 333-117615). |
| 4.29 | Specimen Physical Common Stock Certificate of Citigroup Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 9, 2011 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 4.30 | Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust for Citigroup Capital XIII (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.02 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 30, 2010 (File No. 109924)). |
| 4.31 | Form of Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust for Citigroup Capital III (previously known as Travelers Capital III), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to Travelers Group Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-12439). |
| 4.32+ | Description of Citigroup Inc.’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. |
| 10.01* | Citi Discretionary Incentive and Retention Award Plan (as Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2024), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.02.1* | Citigroup Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective April 24, 2018), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 30, 2018 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.02.2* | Citigroup Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective April 30, 2024), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 2, 2024 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.03* | Citigroup Inc. Deferred Cash Award Plan (as Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2024), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.02 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.04* | Form of Citigroup Inc. CAP/DCAP Agreement (for awards granted on February 10, 2022 and in future years), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.05* | Form of Citigroup Inc. CAP Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.06* | Citigroup Inc. DCAP Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.04 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.07* | Form of Citigroup Inc. CAP Agreement (for awards to be granted in February 2025 and future years), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.08.1* | Form of Citigroup Inc. Performance Share Unit Award Agreement (awards dated February 11, 2021 and in future years), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.08.2* | Form of Citigroup Inc. Performance Share Unit Award Agreement (awards to be granted in February 2025 and in future years), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.09* | Employment Termination Notice and Non-Solicitation Policy for U.S. Employees, effective April 1, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.03 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.10* | Citigroup Inc. Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan (Effective as of January 1, 2008), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2007 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.11* | Agreement between Bradford Hu and Citibank, N.A. (dated as of March 12, 2021), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.03 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.12* | Form of Transformation Program Agreement (for awards granted on November 1, 2022), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.02 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 10.13* | Agreement between Andrew Sieg and Citibank, N.A. (dated March 20, 2023), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Citigroup Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 (File No. 001-09924). |
| 19.01+ | Trading and Material Non-Public Information (MNPI) Standard for Citi Securities. |
| 19.02+ | Policy on Transactions in Citigroup Inc. Securities by Non-Management Members of Citigroup Inc.’s Board of Directors. |
| 19.03+ | Citigroup Inc. Share Repurchase and Securities Issuance Procedures. |
| 21.01+ | Subsidiaries of Citigroup Inc. |
| 22.01+ | Subsidiary Issuers of Guaranteed Securities. |
| 23.01+ | Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. |
| 24.01+ | Powers of Attorney. |
| 31.01+ | Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
| 31.02+ | Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
| 32.01+ | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
| 97.01+ | Citigroup Inc. Dodd-Frank Clawback Provisions (effective as of October 2, 2023). |
| 99.01+ | List of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, formatted in inline XBRL. |
| 101.01+ | Financial statements from the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Citigroup Inc. for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed on February 21, 2025, formatted in inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Statement of Income, (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheet, (iii) the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (iv) the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
The total amount of securities authorized pursuant to any instrument defining rights of holders of long-term debt of Citigroup Inc. does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Citigroup Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Citigroup Inc. will furnish copies of any such instrument to the SEC upon request.
Copies of any of the exhibits referred to above will be furnished at a cost of $0.25 per page (although no charge will be made for the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K) to security holders who make a written request to Citigroup Inc., Corporate Governance, 388 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10013.
- Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
- Filed herewith.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 21st day of February, 2025.
Citigroup Inc.
(Registrant)
Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on the 21st day of February, 2025.
Citigroup’s Principal Executive Officer and a Director:
/s/ Jane Fraser
Jane Fraser
Citigroup’s Principal Financial Officer:
Citigroup’s Interim Principal Accounting Officer:
/s/ Robert Walsh
Robert Walsh
The Directors of Citigroup listed below executed a power of attorney appointing Mark A. L. Mason their attorney-in-fact, empowering him to sign this report on their behalf.
| Titilope Cole | S. Leslie Ireland |
|---|---|
| Ellen M. Costello | Renée J. James |
| Grace E. Dailey | Gary M. Reiner |
| Barbara J. Desoer | Diana L. Taylor |
| John C. Dugan | James S. Turley |
| Duncan P. Hennes | Casper W. von Koskull |
| Peter Blair Henry | |
The text of this filing, as the company filed it with the SEC, without its images or exhibits. This is not investment advice.