EDISON INTERNATIONAL

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

Edison International is the ultimate parent holding company of SCE and Edison Energy, LLC, doing business as Trio. SCE is an investor-owned public utility primarily engaged in the business of supplying and delivering electricity to an approximately 50,000 square mile area across Southern, Central, and Coastal California. Trio is a global energy advisory firm providing integrated sustainability and energy solutions to commercial, industrial, and institutional customers. Trio's business activities are currently not material to report as a separate business segment, and SCE is the single reportable segment. See "Segment Information" below for further discussion.

These combined notes to the consolidated financial statements apply to both Edison International and SCE unless otherwise described. Edison International's consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Edison International, SCE, and other controlled subsidiaries. References to Edison International refer to the consolidated group of Edison International and its subsidiaries. References to "Edison International Parent and Other" refer to Edison International Parent and its competitive subsidiaries and "Edison International Parent" refer to Edison International on a stand-alone basis, not consolidated with its subsidiaries. SCE's consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SCE, its controlled subsidiaries and a variable interest entity, SCE Recovery Funding LLC., of which SCE is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated from the consolidated financial statements.

Edison International's and SCE's accounting policies conform to GAAP, including the accounting principles for rate-regulated enterprises, which reflect the ratemaking policies of the CPUC and the FERC. SCE applies authoritative guidance for rate-regulated enterprises to the portion of its operations in which regulators set rates at levels intended to recover the estimated costs of providing service, plus a return on net investments in assets, or rate base. Regulators may also impose certain penalties or grant certain incentives. Due to timing and other differences in the collection of electric utility revenue, these accounting principles require an incurred cost that would otherwise be charged to expense by a non-regulated entity to be capitalized as a regulatory asset if it is probable that the cost is recoverable through future rates; and conversely the accounting principles require recording of a regulatory liability for amounts collected in rates to recover costs expected to be incurred in the future or amounts collected in excess of costs incurred and refundable to customers. In addition, SCE recognizes revenue and regulatory assets from alternative revenue programs, which enables the utility to adjust future rates in response to past activities or completed events, if certain criteria are met. SCE assesses at the end of each reporting period whether regulatory assets are probable of future recovery. See Note 11 for the composition of regulatory assets and liabilities.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior period amounts have been conformed to the current period's presentation, including the separate presentation of accrued interest on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated balance sheets.

Segment Information

The President and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") of Edison International, as the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), assesses Edison International’s performance and allocates resources based on its net income. This measure is reported as "Net income attributable to Edison International common shareholders" on Edison International's consolidated statements of income. The President and CEO of SCE, as its CODM, evaluates SCE's performance and allocates resources based on "Net income available for common stock" reported on SCE's consolidated statements of income. These net income measures are used by the Edison International and SCE CODMs to compare earnings from period to period and facilitate their respective assessment of performance of Edison International and SCE. The CODMs also use core earnings (loss) for financial planning and for additional analyses of performance. Core earnings (loss) is a non-GAAP financial measure which is defined as earnings attributable to shareholders less non-core items. Non-core items include income or loss from discontinued operations and income or loss from significant discrete items that management does not consider representative of ongoing earnings. Edison International's and SCE's significant segment expenses agree to those disclosed in the consolidated statements of income. The measures of Edison International's and SCE's segment assets are reported on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated balance sheets, respectively, as total assets.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash equivalents consist of investments in money market funds. Generally, the carrying value of cash equivalents equals the fair value, as these investments have original maturities of three months or less. The cash equivalents were as follows:

Cash is temporarily invested until required for check clearing. Checks issued, but not yet paid by the financial institution, are reclassified from cash to accounts payable at the end of each reporting period.

The following table sets forth the cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash included in the consolidated statements of cash flows:

1 Includes SCE Recovery Funding LLC's restricted cash for payments of senior secured recovery bonds and is reflected in "Other current assets" on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated balance sheets.

2 The SCE amount represents cash collected for customer-funded wildfire self-insurance and is reflected in "Other long-term assets" on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated balance sheets. See Note 12 for further information.

Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts

The allowance for uncollectible accounts is recorded based on SCE's estimate of expected credit losses and adjusted over the life of the receivables as needed. Since the customer base of SCE is concentrated in Southern California which exposes SCE to a homogeneous set of economic conditions, the allowance is measured on a collective basis on the historical amounts written-off, assessment of customer collectibility and current economic trends, including unemployment rates and any likelihood of recession for the region. The increase in the provision of uncollectible accounts and write-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024, is driven primarily by consumer protection programs.

The following table sets forth the changes in allowance for uncollectible accounts for SCE:

1 This includes $222 million, $78 million, and $40 million of incremental costs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, which were probable of recovery from customers and recorded as regulatory assets.

2 Approximately $43 million and $4 million of allowance for uncollectible accounts are included in "Other long-term assets" on SCE's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively.

Inventory

SCE's inventory is primarily composed of materials, supplies and spare parts, and generally stated at weighted average cost or net realizable value when appropriate.

Emission Allowances and Energy Credits

SCE is allocated GHG allowances annually which it is then required to sell into quarterly auctions. GHG proceeds from the auctions are recorded as a regulatory liability to be refunded to customers. SCE purchases GHG allowances in quarterly auctions or from counterparties to satisfy its GHG emission compliance obligations and recovers such costs of GHG allowances from customers. GHG allowances held for use are classified as "Other current assets" on the consolidated balance sheets and are stated, similar to an inventory method, at the lower of weighted average cost or market. SCE will evaluate GHG allowances for impairment upon a triggering event that would indicate SCE might not recover the full cost of an allowance. SCE had GHG allowances held for use of $66 million and $128 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. GHG emission obligations were $22 million and $117 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are classified as "Other current liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets.

SCE is allocated low carbon fuel standard ("LCFS") credits which it sells to market participants. Proceeds from the sales, net of selling fees and program administration expenses, are recorded in a balancing account to be refunded to eligible customers. SCE's net proceeds from the sale of these LCFS credits were $243 million and $248 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. LCFS credits are classified as "Regulatory liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets.

Property, Plant and Equipment

SCE plant additions, including replacements and betterments, are capitalized. Direct material and labor and indirect costs such as construction overhead, administrative and general costs, employee benefits, and property taxes are capitalized as part of plant additions. The CPUC authorizes a capitalization rate for each of the indirect costs which are allocated to each project based on either labor or total costs.

Estimated useful lives authorized by the CPUC in the 2021 GRC and weighted average useful lives of SCE's property, plant and equipment, are as follows:

Depreciation of utility property, plant and equipment is computed on a straight-line, remaining-life basis. SCE's depreciation expense was $2.8 billion, $2.5 billion and $2.5 billion for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation expense stated as a percentage of average original cost of depreciable utility plant was, on a composite basis,4.3%,4.1% and 4.2% for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The original costs of retired property are charged to accumulated depreciation. See Note 2 for further information.

Nuclear fuel for Palo Verde is recorded as utility plant (nuclear fuel in the fabrication and installation phase is recorded as construction in progress) in accordance with CPUC ratemaking procedures. Palo Verde nuclear fuel is amortized using the units of production method.

Allowance for funds used during construction ("AFUDC") represents the estimated cost of debt and equity funds that finance utility-plant construction and is capitalized during certain plant construction. AFUDC is recovered in rates through depreciation expense over the useful life of the related asset. Equity AFUDC represents a method to compensate SCE for the estimated cost of equity used to finance utility plant additions and is recorded as part of construction in progress.

The following table summarizes SCE's AFUDC related to debt and equity:

1 Reflected as a reduction of "Interest expense" on the consolidated statements of income.

2 Reflected in "Other income" on the consolidated statements of income.

Major Maintenance

Major maintenance costs for SCE's facilities and equipment are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairments of long-lived assets are evaluated based on a review of estimated future cash flows expected to be generated whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such investments or assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds expected future cash flows, undiscounted and without interest charges, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount of the excess of fair value over the carrying amount. Fair value is determined via market, cost and income-based valuation techniques, as appropriate.

Accounting principles for rate-regulated enterprises also require recognition of an impairment loss if it becomes probable that the regulated utility will abandon a plant investment, or if it becomes probable that the cost of a recently completed plant will be disallowed, either directly or indirectly, for ratemaking purposes, and a reasonable estimate of the disallowance amount can be made.

Upon approval of the TKM Settlement Agreement, SCE will record an impairment charge of approximately $10 million in the first quarter of 2025. For further information on the TKM Settlement Agreement, see "Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies—Contingencies—Southern California Wildfires and Mudslides."

Initial and annual contributions to the wildfire insurance fund established pursuant to California Assembly Bill 1054 (the "Wildfire Insurance Fund" and "AB 1054")

Edison International and SCE accounted for the contributions to the Wildfire Insurance Fund similarly to prepaid insurance. No period of coverage was provided in AB 1054, therefore expense is being allocated to periods ratably based on an estimated period of coverage. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, Edison International and SCE had a $1.9 billion and a $2.0 billion long-term asset, respectively, as well as a $138 million and $204 million current asset, respectively, reflected as "Wildfire Insurance Fund contributions" in their consolidated balance sheets for the initial $2.4 billion contribution made during 2019 and the present value of annual contributions SCE committed to make to the Wildfire Insurance Fund, reduced by amortization. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, long-term liabilities of $363 million and $450 million, respectively, have been reflected in "Other deferred credits and other long-term liabilities" for the present value of unpaid contributions. Contributions were discounted to the present value using US treasury interest rates at the date SCE committed to participate in the Wildfire Insurance Fund.

Edison International and SCE reassesses the period of coverage of the fund at least annually in the first quarter each year, and adjustments are applied on a prospective basis. At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the asset was amortized based on an estimated period of coverage of 20 years,15 years, and 15 years, respectively. All expenses related to the contributions are being reflected in "Wildfire Insurance Fund Expense" in the consolidated statements of income. Changes in the estimated period of coverage provided by the Wildfire Insurance Fund could lead to material changes in future expense recognition. In estimating the period of coverage, Edison International and SCE used Monte Carlo simulations based on historical data from wildfires caused by electrical utility equipment to estimate expected losses, usingten years (2014 – 2023) of available historical data in 2024, nine years (2014 – 2022) of available historical data in 2023, andeight years (2014 – 2021) of available historical data in 2022. The details of the operation of the Wildfire Insurance Fund and estimates related to claims by SCE, PG&E, and SDG&E against the fund have been applied to the expected loss simulations to estimate the period of coverage of the fund. The most sensitive inputs to the estimated period of coverage are the expected frequency of wildfire events caused by investor-owned utility electrical equipment and the estimated costs associated with those forecasted events. These inputs are most affected by the historical data used in estimating expected losses. There were fires in the service area of SCE, PG&E and SDG&E since the inception of the Wildfire Insurance Fund, including fires for which the cause is unknown, which may in the future be determined to be covered by the Wildfire Insurance Fund and have not been reflected or estimated in this analysis will be included in this analysis at that time.

As of the date of this filing, SCE is continuing to perform its annual assessment for 2025 to reassess its estimate of the life of the Wildfire Insurance Fund. Edison International and SCE assess the Wildfire Insurance Fund contribution assets for impairment each reporting period. An impairment will be recorded if the recorded asset exceeds SCE's ability to benefit from the remaining coverage provided by the Wildfire Insurance Fund.

Nuclear Decommissioning and Asset Retirement Obligations

The fair value of a liability for an ARO is recorded in the period in which it is incurred, including a liability for the fair value of a conditional ARO, if the fair value can be reasonably estimated even though uncertainty exists about the timing and/or method of settlement. When an ARO liability is initially recorded, SCE capitalizes the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. For each subsequent period, the liability is increased for accretion expense and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset.

SCE has not recorded an ARO for assets that are expected to operate indefinitely or where SCE cannot estimate a settlement date (or range of potential settlement dates). As such, ARO liabilities are not recorded for certain retirement activities, including certain hydroelectric facilities.

The following table summarizes the changes in SCE's ARO liability:

1 An ARO represents the present value of a future obligation. Accretion is an increase in the liability to account for the time value of money resulting from discounting.

AROs related to decommissioning of SCE's nuclear power facilities are based on site-specific studies conducted as part of each NDCTP conducted before the CPUC. ARO are revised when updated site-specific decommissioning cost estimates are available.

The ARO for decommissioning SCE's San Onofre and Palo Verde nuclear power facilities was $2.1 billion as of December 31, 2024. The liability to decommission SCE's nuclear power facilities is based on a 2024 decommissioning study, filed as part of the 2024 NDCTP, for San Onofre Unit 1, 2, and 3 and a 2023 decommissioning study for Palo Verde.

Decommissioning of San Onofre Unit 1 began in 1999 and the transfer of spent nuclear fuel from Unit 1 to dry cask storage in the Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation ("ISFSI") 1 was completed in 2005. Major decommissioning work for Unit 1 has been completed except for certain underground work.

Decommissioning of San Onofre Units 2 and 3 began in June 2013 and the transfer of spent nuclear fuel from San Onofre Units 2 and 3 to dry cask storage in the two ISFSIs was completed in August 2020. In August 2020, SCE commenced, and is currently conducting major decommissioning activities in accordance with the terms of the Coastal Developmental Permit for San Onofre Units 2 and 3.

Due to regulatory recovery of SCE's nuclear decommissioning expense, prudently incurred costs for nuclear decommissioning activities do not affect SCE's earnings. Through the ratemaking process, SCE has substantially collected in rates, as a component of depreciation expense, all amounts for the future decommissioning of its nuclear assets and has placed those amounts in independent trusts. Amounts collected in rates in excess of the ARO liability are classified as ARO regulatory liabilities. See Note 11 for further information. Amortization of the ARO asset (included within the unamortized nuclear investment) and accretion of the ARO liability are deferred as decreases to the ARO regulatory liability account, resulting in no impact on earnings.

Changes in the estimated costs, timing of decommissioning or the assumptions underlying these estimates could cause material revisions to the estimated total cost to decommission. SCE currently estimates that it will spend approximately $7.6 billion through 2098 to decommission its nuclear facilities. This estimate is based on SCE's decommissioning cost methodology used for ratemaking purposes, escalated at rates ranging from 2.1% to 7.5% (depending on the cost element) annually. These costs are expected to be funded from independent decommissioning trusts. SCE estimates annual after-tax earnings on the decommissioning funds of 3.6% to 5.7% dependent on asset class. If the estimated costs increase, the assumed return on trust assets is not earned, or costs escalate at higher rates, SCE expects that additional funds needed for decommissioning will be recoverable through future rates, subject to a reasonableness review. See Note 10 for further information.

SCE's nuclear decommissioning costs are subject to CPUC review through the triennial regulatory proceedings. SCE's nuclear decommissioning trust investments primarily consist of fixed income investments that are classified as available-for-sale and equity investments. Due to regulatory mechanisms, investment earnings and realized gains and losses have no impact on earnings. Unrealized gains and losses on decommissioning trust funds, including impairment, increase or decrease the trust assets and the related regulatory asset or liability and have no impact on electric utility revenue or decommissioning expense. SCE reviews each fixed income security for impairment on the last day of each month. If the fair value on the last day of the month is less than the amortized cost for that security, SCE impairs the disclosed amortized cost. If the fair value is greater or less than the carrying value for that security at the time of sale, SCE recognizes a related realized gain or loss, respectively.

Deferred Financing Costs

Debt premium, discount, and issuance expenses incurred in connection with obtaining financing are deferred and amortized over the life of each debt issue. These deferred amounts are recorded as an offset to long-term debt. See Note 5 for further details. Under CPUC ratemaking procedures, SCE's debt reacquisition expenses are amortized over the remaining life of the reacquired debt, or if refinanced, the life of the new debt. The unamortized losses on reacquired debt are reflected as long-term "Regulatory assets" in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 11 for further details.

Amortization of deferred financing costs charged to interest expense is as follows:

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized by Edison International and SCE when a performance obligation to transfer control of the promised goods is satisfied or when services are rendered to customers. This typically occurs when electricity is delivered to customers, which includes amounts for services rendered but unbilled at the end of a reporting period.

SCE's Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Provision of Electricity

SCE principally generates revenue through supplying and delivering electricity to its customers. Rates charged to customers are based on tariff rates, approved by the CPUC and FERC. Starting with SCE's 2021 GRC, revenue is authorized through quadrennial GRC proceedings, which are intended to provide SCE a reasonable opportunity to recover its costs and earn a return on its CPUC-jurisdictional rate base. The CPUC sets an annual revenue requirement for the base year and the remaining three years are set by a methodology established in the GRC proceeding. As described above, SCE also earns revenue, with no return, to recover costs for power procurement, certain wildfire related expenses and other activities.

Revenue is authorized by the FERC through a formula rate which is intended to provide SCE a reasonable opportunity to recover transmission capital and operating costs that are prudently incurred, including a return on its FERC-jurisdictional rate base. Under the operation of the formula rate, transmission revenue is updated to actual cost of service annually.

For SCE's electricity sales for both residential and non-residential customers, SCE satisfies the performance obligation of delivering electricity over time as the customers simultaneously receive and consume the delivered electricity.

Energy sales are typically on a month-to-month implied contract for transmission, distribution and generation services. Revenue is recognized over time as the energy is supplied and delivered to customers and the respective revenue is billed and paid on a monthly basis.

CPUC and FERC rates decouple authorized revenue from the volume of electricity sales and the price of energy procured so that SCE has the opportunity to receive revenue equal to amounts authorized by the relevant regulatory agencies. As a result, the volume of electricity sold does not have a direct impact on SCE's financial results. See Note 7 for further information on SCE's revenue.

Sales and Use Taxes

SCE bills certain sales and use taxes levied by state or local governments to its customers. Included in these sales and use taxes are franchise fees, which SCE pays to various municipalities (based on contracts with these municipalities) in order to operate within the limits of the municipality. SCE bills these franchise fees to its customers based on a CPUC-authorized rate. These franchise fees, which are required to be paid regardless of SCE's ability to collect from the customer, are accounted for on a gross basis. SCE's franchise fees billed to customers were $183 million, $168 million, and $172 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. When SCE acts as an agent for sales and use tax, the taxes are accounted for on a net basis. Amounts billed to and collected from customers for these taxes are remitted to the taxing authorities and are not recognized as electric utility revenue.

SCE's Alternative Revenue Programs

The CPUC and FERC have authorized additional, alternative revenue programs which adjust billings for the effects of broad external factors or provide for additional billings if the utility achieves certain objectives. These alternative revenue programs allow SCE to recover costs that SCE has been authorized to pass on to customers, including costs of certain capital and operations and maintenance activities, costs to purchase electricity and natural gas, and to fund public purpose, demand response, and customer energy efficiency programs, and earn a reasonable return. In general, revenue is recognized for these alternative revenue programs at the time the costs are incurred, or at the time when specific events permitting billing of the additional revenues have been completed. SCE begins recognizing revenues for these programs when a program has been established by an order from either the CPUC or FERC that allows for automatic adjustment of future rates, the amount of revenue for the period is objectively determinable and probable of recovery and the revenue will be collected within 24 months following the end of the annual period.

SCE enters into power purchase agreements ("PPAs") in the normal course of business. A power purchase agreement may be considered a variable interest in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). If SCE is the primary beneficiary in the VIE, SCE is required to consolidate the VIE. None of SCE's PPAs resulted in consolidation at December 31, 2024 and 2023. See Note 3 for further discussion of PPAs that are considered variable interests.

A PPA may also contain a lease for accounting purposes. See "Leases" below and Note 12 and Note 13 for further discussion of SCE's PPAs. A PPA that does not contain a lease may be classified as a derivative which is recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, unless the PPA is eligible for an election to designate as a normal purchase or sale, which is accounted for on an accrual basis as an executory contract.

PPAs that do not meet the above classifications are accounted for on an accrual basis.

Derivative Instruments

SCE records derivative instruments on its consolidated balance sheets as either assets or liabilities measured at fair value unless otherwise exempted from derivative treatment as normal purchases or sales. The normal purchases and sales exception requires, among other things, physical delivery in quantities expected to be used or sold over a reasonable period in the normal course of business.

Realized gains and losses from SCE's derivative instruments are expected to be recovered from or refunded to customers through regulatory mechanisms and, therefore, SCE's fair value changes have no impact on purchased power expense or earnings. SCE does not use hedge accounting for derivative transactions due to regulatory accounting treatment.

Where SCE's derivative instruments are subject to a master netting agreement and certain criteria are met, SCE presents its derivative assets and liabilities on a net basis on its consolidated balance sheets. In addition, derivative positions are offset against margin and cash collateral deposits. The results of derivative activities are recorded as part of cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 6 for further information on derivative instruments.

Leases

A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified assets for a period of time in exchange for consideration. An entity controls the use when it has a right to obtain substantially all of the benefits from the use of the asset and has the right to direct the use. SCE determines if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. For all classes of underlying assets, except battery storage assets where each component is separately accounted for, SCE accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. SCE calculates and uses the rate implicit in the lease if the information is readily available or if not available, SCE uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. Incremental borrowing rates are comprised of underlying risk-free rates and secured credit spreads relative to first mortgage bonds with like tenors of lease term durations. Lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets are based on the liability, subject to adjustments, such as lease incentives. The ROU assets also include any lease payments made at or before the commencement date. SCE excludes variable lease payments in measuring lease assets and lease liabilities. SCE's lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that such options will be exercised. SCE elected to exclude from the balance sheet short-term leases of one year or less.

SCE enters into power purchase agreements that may contain leases. This occurs when a power purchase agreement designates a specific power plant, SCE obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the plant and has the right to direct the use of the plant. SCE also enters into a number of agreements to lease property and equipment in the normal course of business, primarily related to vehicles, office space and other equipment. See Note 13 for further information on leases.

Edison International Parent and Other's leases primarily relate to Trio, which are immaterial to Edison International.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock options, performance shares, deferred stock units, and restricted stock units have been granted under Edison International's long-term incentive compensation programs. For equity awards that are settled in common stock, Edison International either issues new common stock, or uses a third party to purchase shares from the market and deliver such shares for the settlement of the awards. Stock options, performance shares, deferred stock units and restricted stock units are settled in common stock. For awards that are otherwise settled entirely in common stock, Edison International withholds or sells shares or substitutes cash awards to the extent necessary to satisfy applicable tax withholding obligations or government levies.

Stock-based compensation expense is recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based on estimated fair values. For equity awards paid in common stock, fair value is determined at the grant date. For equity awards that have market conditions defined in the grants, expense is recognized based on grant date fair value if the requisite service period is fulfilled. However, with respect to the portion of the performance shares payable in common stock that are subject to financial performance conditions defined in the grants, the number of performance shares expected to be earned is subject to revision and updated at each reporting period, with a related adjustment to compensation expense.

For awards granted to retirement-eligible participants, stock compensation expense is recognized on a prorated basis over the initial year. For awards granted to participants who become eligible for retirement during the requisite service period, stock compensation expense is recognized over the period between the date of grant and the date the participant first becomes eligible for retirement. Edison International and SCE estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest rather than account for forfeitures when they occur. Share-based payments may create a permanent difference between the amount of compensation expense recognized for book and tax purposes. The tax impact of this permanent difference is recognized in earnings in the period it is created. See Note 9 for further information.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Edison International Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"), effective beginning July 2021, allows eligible employees to make purchases of Edison International's common stock. The maximum aggregate numbers of shares that may be issued under the ESPP is 3,000,000 shares. Eligible employees may authorize payroll deductions of between 1% and 10% of their eligible base compensation, to purchase shares of common stock at 97% of the market price on the last day of each six months offering period. An eligible employee may purchase up to $25,000 worth of Edison International's common stock per calendar year under the ESPP. The ESPP is considered noncompensatory and stock issuances under the ESPP are recorded directly in equity.

SCE Dividends

CPUC holding company rules require that SCE's dividend policy be established by the SCE Board of Directors on the same basis as if SCE were a stand-alone utility company, and that the capital requirements of SCE, as deemed to be necessary to meet SCE's electricity service obligations, shall receive first priority from the Boards of Directors of both Edison International and SCE. In addition, the CPUC regulates SCE's capital structure which limits the dividends it may pay to its shareholders.

The common equity component of SCE's CPUC authorized capital structure is 52% on a weighted average basis over the January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2025 compliance period ("Capital Structure Compliance Period"). The CPUC authorized capital structure differs from the capital structure calculated based on GAAP due to certain exclusions allowed by CPUC, including the impact of SCE's contributions to the Wildfire Insurance Fund under AB 1054.

In August 2023, the CPUC issued a decision on SCE's application to the CPUC for an extension of the waiver of compliance with its equity ratio requirement that allows SCE to exclude from its equity ratio calculations (i) net charges accrued in connection with the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and (ii) debt issued for the purpose of paying claims, and associated expenses, related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events up to an amount equal to the net charges accrued in connection with the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events. Under the decision, effective as of the beginning of the new cost of capital cycle on January 1, 2023, the CPUC also authorized SCE to exclude from its equity ratio calculations debt that exceeds the net charges accrued in connection with the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events due to the timing difference between the wildfire claims payment and the realization of the cash tax benefits. The temporary exclusion will lapse on August 31, 2025, or when determinations regarding cost recovery for both TKM and the Woolsey Fire are made, whichever comes earlier. In January 2025, the CPUC approved the TKM Settlement Agreement, under which SCE is allowed to permanently exclude any after-tax charges to equity associated with the costs disallowed or funded by shareholders in the TKM Settlement Agreement and the debt issued to finance those costs. If the CPUC has not made a determination regarding cost recovery related to the Woolsey Fire by August 31, 2025, SCE will file another application for a waiver of compliance with its equity ratio requirement. While the temporary exclusion is in place, SCE is required to notify the CPUC if an adverse financial event reduces SCE's spot equity ratio by more than one percent from the level most recently filed with the CPUC in the proceeding. The last spot equity ratio SCE filed with the CPUC in the proceeding did not exclude the then$1.8 billion net charge and was 45.2% as of December 31, 2018 (at the time the common equity component of SCE's CPUC authorized capital structure was required to remain at or above 48% on a weighted average basis over the applicable 37-month period). SCE's spot equity ratio on December 31, 2018, would have been 48.7% had the$1.8 billion net charge at December 31, 2018 been excluded, therefore SCE will notify the CPUC if its spot ratio drops below 47.7% in any quarter.

SCE monitors its compliance with the CPUC's equity ratio requirement based on the weighted average of the common equity component of SCE's CPUC authorized capital structure over the Capital Structure Compliance Period using its actual capital structure from the beginning of the Capital Structure Compliance Period through the reporting date together with forecasted performance and expected financing activities for the remainder of the Capital Structure Compliance Period. SCE expects to be compliant with its CPUC authorized capital structure at the end of the Capital Structure Compliance Period.

SCE's ability to declare and pay common dividends may be restricted under the terms of its outstanding series of preference stock. For further information see Note 14.

As a California corporation, SCE's ability to pay dividends is also governed by the California General Corporation Law. California law requires that for a dividend to be declared: (a) retained earnings must equal or exceed the proposed dividend, or (b) immediately after the dividend is made, the value of the corporation's assets must exceed the value of its liabilities plus amounts required to be paid, if any, in order to liquidate stock senior to the shares receiving the dividend. Additionally, a California corporation may not declare a dividend if it is, or as a result of the dividend would be, likely to be unable to meet its liabilities as they mature. Prior to declaring dividends, the SCE Board of Directors evaluates available information, including when applicable, information pertaining to wildfire events, to ensure that the California law requirements for the declarations are met. On February 27, 2025, SCE declared a dividend to Edison International of $430 million.

The timing and amount of future dividends are also dependent on a number of other factors including SCE's requirements to fund other obligations and capital expenditures, and its ability to access the capital markets and generate operating cash flows and earnings. If SCE incurs significant costs related to catastrophic wildfires and is unable to recover such costs through insurance, the Wildfire Insurance Fund (for fires after July 12, 2019), or from customers or is unable to access capital markets on reasonable terms, SCE may be limited in its ability to pay future dividends to Edison International and its preference shareholders.

Edison International Dividend

Edison International's ability to declare and pay common dividends may be restricted under the terms of its outstanding preferred stock. For further information see Note 14.

In December 2024, Edison International declared a 6.1% increase to the annual dividend rate from $3.12 per share to $3.31 per share. On February 27, 2025, Edison International declared a dividend of $0.8275 per share to be paid on April 30, 2025. Edison International intends to maintain its target payout ratio of 45% –55% of SCE's core earnings.

Earnings Per Share

Edison International computes earnings per common share ("EPS") using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security. Edison International's participating securities are stock-based compensation awards, payable in common shares, which earn dividend equivalents on an equal basis with common shares once the awards are vested. See Note 9 and Note 14 for further information.

EPS attributable to Edison International common shareholders was computed as follows:

In addition to the participating securities discussed above, Edison International also may award stock options, which are payable in common shares and are included in the diluted earnings per share calculation. Stock option awards to purchase 1,533,982,3,771,766, and 5,839,549 of common stock for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, were outstanding, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

Edison International and SCE estimate their income taxes for each jurisdiction in which they operate. This involves estimating current period tax expense along with assessing temporary differences resulting from the differing treatment of items (such as depreciation) for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the consolidated balance sheets.

Income tax expense includes the current tax liability from operations and the change in deferred income taxes during the year. Interest income, interest expense, and penalties associated with income taxes are generally reflected in "Income tax expense (benefit)" on the consolidated statements of income.

Investment tax credits are generally deferred and amortized to income tax expense over the lives of the related properties. The scope of projects eligible for investment tax credits was expanded in 2023 to include standalone energy storage projects. The Inflation Reduction Act provided an election that permits investment tax credits related to standalone energy storage projects to be returned to utility customers over a period that is shorter than the life of the related property.

Edison International's eligible subsidiaries are included in Edison International's consolidated federal income tax and combined state tax returns. Edison International has tax-allocation and payment agreements with certain of its subsidiaries.

Pursuant to an income tax-allocation agreement approved by the CPUC, SCE's tax liability is computed as if it filed its federal and state income tax returns on a separate return basis.

Severance Costs

Severance costs are recorded when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits under an existing plan and the amount can be reasonably estimated. As a result of current and probable reductions in workforce, SCE recorded estimated severance costs of $53 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Severance costs are included in "Operation and maintenance" on the consolidated statements of income. The severance costs are partially offset by $3 million expected FERC recovery, which is recorded in "Operating Revenue" on the consolidated statements of income.

New Accounting Guidance

Accounting Guidance Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to enhance the disclosures related to public entities' reportable segments. The new guidance requires an entity with onlyone reportable segment to include all the required segment disclosures. Edison International and SCE each haveone reportable segment, and have adopted this guidance for the year ended December 31, 2024. See "Segment Information" above for further information.

Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued an accounting standards update requiring public entities to provide more disclosures primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance also eliminates certain existing disclosure requirements related to uncertain tax positions and unrecognized deferred tax liabilities. The guidance is effective for annual periods after January 1, 2025 with early adoption permitted. The guidance is applied prospectively. Edison International and SCE are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance.

In November 2024, the FASB issued an accounting standards update requiring public entities to provide disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses. The guidance does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement, rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. The guidance is effective for annual disclosure for the year ended December 31, 2027 and subsequent interim periods with early adoption permitted. The guidance is applied prospectively. Edison International and SCE are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance.

Note 2. Property, Plant and Equipment

SCE's utility property, plant and equipment included in the consolidated balance sheets is composed of the following:

Capitalized Software Costs

SCE capitalizes costs incurred during the application development stage of internal use software projects to property, plant and equipment. SCE amortizes capitalized software costs ratably over their useful lives, primarily 5 and 7 year lives, commencing upon operational use. Capitalized software costs, included in general plant and other above, was $2.5 billion and $2.1 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and accumulated amortization was $1.1 billion and $0.9 billion, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense for capitalized software was $416 million, $358 million, and $344 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2024, amortization expense is estimated to be $428 million, $371 million, $288 million, $186 million, and $72 million for 2025 through 2029, respectively.

Jointly Owned Utility Projects

SCE owns undivided interests in transmission and generating assets for which each participant provides its own financing. SCE's proportionate share of these assets is reflected in the consolidated balance sheets and included in the above table. SCE's proportionate share of expenses for each project is reflected in the consolidated statements of income.

The following is SCE's investment in each asset as of December 31, 2024:

In addition to the jointly owned assets in the table above, SCE has ownership interests in jointly owned power poles with other companies.

Note 3. Variable Interest Entities

A VIE is defined as a legal entity that meets any of the following conditions: (1) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to fund the entity's activities without additional subordinated financial support, (2) the equity holders as a group, lack any of the following characteristics: the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, substantive voting rights, the obligation to absorb losses, or the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity. The primary beneficiary is identified as the variable interest holder that has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE. Commercial and operating activities are generally the factors that most significantly impact the economic performance of such VIEs.

Variable Interest in VIEs that are Consolidated

SCE Recovery Funding LLC is a bankruptcy remote, wholly owned special purpose subsidiary of SCE, formed for the purpose of issuing securitized bonds related to SCE's AB 1054 Excluded Capital Expenditures. This entity is a VIE because its equity investment is insufficient to support its operations. The most significant activity of SCE Recovery Funding LLC is to service the securitized bonds according to the decisions made by SCE. Therefore, SCE is determined to be the primary beneficiary and consolidates SCE Recovery Funding LLC.

SCE Recovery Funding LLC issued a total of $1.6 billion of securitized bonds. The proceeds were used to acquire SCE's right, title and interest in and to non-bypassable rates and other charges to be collected from certain existing and future customers in SCE's service area ("Recovery Property"), associated with the AB 1054 Excluded Capital Expenditures, until the bonds are paid in full, and all financing costs have been recovered. The securitized bonds are secured by the Recovery Property and cash collections from the non-bypassable rates and other charges are the sole source of funds to satisfy the debt obligation. The bondholders have no recourse to SCE. For further details, see Note 5.

The following table summarizes the impact of SCE Recovery Funding LLC on SCE's and Edison International's consolidated balance sheets.

1 The bondholders have no recourse to SCE. The long-term debt balance is net of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Variable Interest in VIEs that are not Consolidated

SCE has certain PPAs where the counterparty entities meet one or both of the VIE conditions discussed above and in which SCE has variable interests, including: agreements through which SCE provides natural gas to fuel the plants, fixed price contracts for renewable energy, and resource adequacy agreements that allow purchase of energy at fixed prices upon the seller's election. Since payments for capacity are the primary source of income, the most significant economic activity for these VIEs is typically the operation and maintenance of the power plants, which SCE does not perform. Therefore, SCE has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these VIEs because it does not control the commercial and operating activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these entities.

As of the balance sheet date, the carrying amount of assets and liabilities included in SCE's consolidated balance sheet that relate to involvement with VIEs that are not consolidated, result from amounts due under the PPAs. Under these contracts, SCE recovers the costs incurred through demonstration of compliance with its CPUC-approved long-term power procurement plans. SCE has no residual interest in the entities and has not provided or guaranteed any debt or equity support, liquidity arrangements, performance guarantees, or other commitments associated with these contracts other than the purchase commitments described in Note 12. As a result, there is no significant potential exposure to loss to SCE from its variable interest in these VIEs. The aggregate contracted capacity dedicated to SCE from these VIE projects was 5,200 MW and 3,343 MW at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the amounts that SCE paid to these projects were $778 million and $528 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts are recoverable in customer rates, subject to a reasonableness review.

Note 4. Fair Value Measurements

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (referred to as an "exit price"). Fair value of an asset or liability considers assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about nonperformance risk. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, nonperformance risk was not material for Edison International or SCE.

Assets and liabilities are categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy based on valuation inputs used to determine fair value.

Level 1 – The fair value of Edison International's and SCE's Level 1 assets and liabilities is determined using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are available at the measurement date for identical assets and liabilities. This level includes exchange-traded equity securities, U.S. treasury securities, mutual funds, and money market funds.

Level 2 – Edison International's and SCE's Level 2 assets and liabilities include fixed income securities, primarily consisting of U.S. government and agency bonds, municipal bonds and corporate bonds, and over-the-counter commodity derivatives. The fair value of fixed income securities is determined using a market approach by obtaining quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the instrument.

The fair value of SCE's over-the-counter commodity derivative contracts is determined using an income approach. SCE uses standard pricing models to determine the net present value of estimated future cash flows. Inputs to the pricing models include forward published or posted clearing prices from an exchange (Intercontinental Exchange) for similar instruments and discount rates. A primary price source that best represents trade activity for each market is used to develop observable forward market prices in determining the fair value of these positions. Broker quotes, prices from exchanges or comparison to executed trades are used to validate and corroborate the primary price source. These price quotations reflect mid-market prices (average of bid and ask) and are obtained from sources believed to provide the most liquid market for the commodity.

Level 3 – This level consists of CRRs, which are derivative contracts that trade infrequently with significant unobservable inputs (CAISO CRR auction prices). SCE employs a market valuation approach of utilizing historical CRR prices as a proxy for forward prices. Edison International Parent and Other does not have any Level 3 assets and liabilities.

Assumptions are made in order to value derivative contracts in which observable inputs are not available. In circumstances where fair value cannot be verified with observable market transactions, it is possible that a different valuation model could produce a materially different estimate of fair value. Modeling methodologies, inputs, and techniques are reviewed and assessed as markets continue to develop and more pricing information becomes available and the fair value is adjusted when it is concluded that a change in inputs or techniques would result in a new valuation that better reflects the fair value of those derivative contracts. See Note 6 for a discussion of derivative instruments.

SCE

The following table sets forth assets and liabilities of SCE that were accounted for at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy:

1 Represents the netting of assets and liabilities under master netting agreements and cash collateral.

2 Approximately 75% of SCE's equity investments were in companies located in the United States at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

3 Includes corporate bonds, which were diversified by the inclusion of collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset backed securities of $94 million and $106 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

4 Excludes net payables of $105 million and $102 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which consist of interest and dividend receivables as well as receivables and payables related to SCE's pending securities sales and purchases.

SCE Fair Value of Level 3

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in SCE's fair value of Level 3 net derivative assets and liabilities:

1 Due to regulatory mechanisms, SCE's realized and unrealized gains and losses are recorded as regulatory assets and liabilities.

There were no material transfers into or out of Level 3 during 2024 and 2023.

The following table sets forth the significant unobservable inputs used to determine fair value for Level 3 CRR assets and liabilities:

Level 3 Fair Value Uncertainty

For CRRs, increases or decreases in CAISO auction prices would result in higher or lower fair value, respectively.

Nuclear Decommissioning Trusts

SCE's nuclear decommissioning trust investments include equity securities, U.S. treasury securities and other fixed income securities. Equity and treasury securities are classified as Level 1 as fair value is determined by observable market prices in active or highly liquid and transparent markets. The remaining fixed income securities are classified as Level 2. The fair value of these financial instruments is based on evaluated prices that reflect significant observable market information such as reported trades, actual trade information of similar securities, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers and relevant credit information. There are no securities classified as Level 3 in the nuclear decommissioning trusts.

SCE's investment policies and CPUC requirements place limitations on the types and investment grade ratings of the securities that may be held by the nuclear decommissioning trust funds. These policies restrict the trust from holding alternative investments and limit the trust funds' exposures to investments in highly illiquid markets. With respect to equity and fixed income securities, the trustee obtains prices from third-party pricing services which SCE is able to independently corroborate as described below. The trustee monitors prices supplied by pricing services, including reviewing prices against defined parameters' tolerances and performs research and resolves variances beyond the set parameters. SCE corroborates the fair values of securities by comparison to other market-based price sources obtained by SCE's investment managers. Differences outside established thresholds are followed-up with the trustee and resolved. For each reporting period, SCE reviews the trustee determined fair value hierarchy and overrides the trustee level classification when appropriate. See Note 10 for more information on nuclear decommissioning trusts.

Edison International Parent and Other assets measured at fair value and classified as Level 1 consisted of money market funds of $101 million and $121 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Assets measured at fair value and classified as Level 2 were immaterial at December 31, 2024 and 2023. There wereno securities classified as Level 3 for Edison International Parent and Other at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Fair Value of Debt Recorded at Carrying Value

The carrying value and fair value of Edison International's and SCE's long-term debt (including current portion of long-term debt) are as follows:

1 Carrying value is net of debt issuance costs.

2 The fair value of long-term debt is classified as Level 2.

Note 5. Debt and Credit Agreements

Long-Term Debt

The following table summarizes long-term debt (rates and terms are as of December 31, 2024) of Edison International and SCE:

1 The senior secured recovery bonds are payable only from and secured by the Recovery Property at SCE Recovery Funding LLC, and do not constitute a debt or other legal obligation of, or interest in, SCE or any of its affiliates, except for SCE Recovery Funding LLC. For further details, see Note 3.

2 Subsequent to December 31, 2024 and 2023, SCE issued first and refunding mortgage bonds which were used to partially pay down its commercial paper balance. As a result, SCE included the paydown amount of $706 million and $722 million in other long-term debt at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The 2023 amount also includes a $600 million term loan with an interest rate of adjusted term secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus 0.90% that matured in 2024.

Edison International and SCE long-term debt maturities over the next five years are as follows:

Debt Financing Subsequent to December 31, 2024

In January 2025, SCE issued$850 million of 5.45% first and refunding mortgage bonds due in 2035 and$650 million of 5.90% first and refunding mortgage bonds due in 2055. The proceeds were used to repay commercial paper borrowings and for general corporate purposes.

Liens and Security Interests

Almost all of SCE's properties are subject to a trust indenture lien. SCE has pledged first and refunding mortgage bonds as collateral for borrowed funds obtained from pollution-control bonds issued by government agencies. SCE has a debt covenant that requires a debt to total capitalization ratio to be less than or equal to 0.65 to 1. At December 31, 2024, SCE's debt to total capitalization ratio was 0.58 to 1 and was in compliance with all other financial covenants that affect access to capital. Edison International Parent's credit facility requires a consolidated debt to total capitalization ratio as defined in the applicable agreements of less than or equal to 0.70 to 1. At December 31, 2024, Edison International consolidated debt to total capitalization ratio was 0.65 to 1.

Credit Agreements and Short-Term Debt

The following table summarizes the status of the credit facilities at December 31, 2024:

1 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, Edison International Parent had $444 million and $246 million outstanding commercial paper, net of discount of $1 million andzero, at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.86% and 5.82%, respectively.

2 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, SCE had $1,259 million and $1,554 million outstanding commercial paper, net of discount of $1 million and $4 million, at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.95% and 5.82%, respectively. This includes $706 million and $722 million, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, outstanding commercial paper reclassified from "Short-term debt" to "Long-term debt" on the consolidated balance sheets, due to subsequent debt refinancing.

3 The aggregate maximum principal amount under the Edison International Parent and SCE revolving credit facilities may be increased up to $2.0 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, provided that additional lender commitments are obtained. In May 2024, Edison International Parent and SCE amended their credit facilities to extend the maturity date to May 2028, with additional one-year extension options.

Uncommitted Letters of Credit

SCE has agreements with certain lenders for bilateral unsecured standby letters of credit ("SBLC") with a total capacity of$625 million that is uncommitted and supported by reimbursement agreements. The SBLCs are not subject to any collateral or security requirements. At December 31, 2024, SCE had$118 million in standby letters of credit outstanding under these agreements, which expire between January and December 2025. The unused capacity under these agreements was$507 million.

Note 6. Derivative Instruments

Derivative financial instruments are used to manage exposure to commodity price risk resulting from SCE's electricity and natural gas procurement activities. The risks of fluctuating commodity prices are managed in part by entering into forward commodity transactions, including options, swaps, and futures. To mitigate credit risk from counterparties in the event of nonperformance, master netting agreements are used whenever possible, and counterparties may be required to pledge collateral depending on the creditworthiness of each counterparty and the risk associated with the transaction.

Certain power and gas contracts contain a provision that requires SCE to maintain an investment grade rating from the major credit rating agencies, referred to as a credit-risk-related contingent feature. If SCE's credit rating were to fall below investment grade, SCE may be required to post additional collateral to cover derivative liabilities and the related outstanding payables. The fair value of these derivative contracts and any related collateral were immaterial as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

SCE presents its derivative assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value, on a net basis on its consolidated balance sheets when subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements. Derivative positions are also offset against margin and cash collateral deposits. See Note 4 for a discussion of fair value of derivative instruments.

The following table summarizes the gross and net fair values of SCE's commodity derivative instruments:

1 Included in "Other current assets" on SCE's consolidated balance sheets.

2 Included in "Other current liabilities" on SCE's consolidated balance sheets.

At December 31, 2024, SCE posted $74 million of cash collateral, of which $46 million was offset against derivative liabilities and $28 million was reflected in "Other current assets" on the consolidated balance sheets.

Financial Statement Impact of Derivative Instruments

SCE recognizes realized gains and losses on derivative instruments as purchased power expense and unrealized gains and losses as regulatory assets or liabilities. Both realized and unrealized gains and losses are expected to be recovered from customers and therefore do not affect earnings. Cash flows from derivative activities, including cash collateral, are reported in cash flows from operating activities in SCE's consolidated statements of cash flows.

The following table summarizes the gains/(losses) of SCE's economic hedging activity:

Notional Volumes of Derivative Instruments

The following table summarizes the notional volumes of derivatives used for SCE's economic hedging activities:

Note 7. Revenue

The following table is a summary of SCE's revenue:

1 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, SCE's receivables related to contracts from customers were $2.9 billion and $2.5 billion, which included accrued unbilled revenue of $845 million and $741 million, respectively.

2 Includes differences between revenues from contracts with customers and authorized levels for certain CPUC and FERC revenues.

Deferred Revenue

As of December 31, 2024, SCE has deferred revenue of $354 million related to the sale of the use of transfer capability of West of Devers transmission line, of which $13 million and $341 million are included in "Other current liabilities" and "Other deferred credits and other long-term liabilities," respectively, on SCE's consolidated balance sheets. The deferred revenue is amortized straight-line over a period of 30 years starting 2021.

Note 8. Income Taxes

Current and Deferred Taxes

The components of income tax expense (benefit) by location of taxing jurisdiction are:

The components of net accumulated deferred income tax liability are:

1 Relates to estimated losses accrual for wildfire-related claims, net of expected recoveries from insurance and FERC customers, and contributions to the Wildfire Insurance Fund. For further information, see Note 12 and Note 1.

2 As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized tax benefits of $397 million and $327 million for Edison International and SCE, respectively, are presented net against the deferred tax asset for the loss and tax credit carryforwards. As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized tax benefits netted against deferred tax assets and tax credit carryforwards were $363 million and $299 million for Edison International and SCE, respectively.

3 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Edison International has recorded $17 million valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. The $17 million valuation allowance is related to non-California state net operating loss carryforwards which are expected to expire before being utilized.

4 Included in "Deferred income taxes and credits" on the consolidated balance sheets.

Net Operating Loss and Tax Credit Carryforwards

The amounts of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards (after-tax) are as follows:

1 Under the Tax Cut and Jobs Act signed into law on December 22, 2017 ("Tax Reform"), net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 can carryforward indefinitely.

Edison International consolidates for federal income tax purposes, but not for financial accounting purposes, a group of wind projects referred to as Capistrano Wind. The amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards recognized as part of deferred income taxes includes $107 million and $106 million related to Capistrano Wind for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The tax attributes not utilized as of December 31, 2024 will be available for the Edison International consolidated group to utilize in the future. When the remaining Capistrano tax attributes are used in the future by Edison International, payments will be made to those entities under a tax allocation agreement. Under the tax allocation agreement, Edison International has recorded a corresponding liability as part of other long-term liabilities related to its obligation to make payments to Capistrano Wind when these tax benefits are realized.

Effective Tax Rate

The table below provides a reconciliation of income tax expense computed at the federal statutory income tax rate to the income tax provision:

The CPUC requires flow-through ratemaking treatment for the current tax benefit arising from certain property-related and other temporary differences which reverse over time. Flow-through items reduce current authorized revenue requirements in SCE's rate cases and result in a regulatory asset for recovery of deferred income taxes in future periods. The difference between the authorized amounts as determined in SCE's rate cases, adjusted for balancing and memorandum account activities, and the recorded flow-through items also result in increases or decreases in regulatory assets with a corresponding impact on the effective tax rate to the extent that recorded deferred amounts are expected to be recovered in future rates. For further information, see Note 11.

In the third quarter of 2024, SCE generated an investment tax credit of approximately $231 million, primarily from 200 MW and 112.5 MW utility owned storage projects. The tax benefits associated with these credits will be recognized and returned to customers as the credits are utilized.

Under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, 15% corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") is imposed on corporations with average adjusted financial statement income exceeding $1.0 billion over a specified 3-year period. Both Edison International and SCE are not subject to CAMT in 2024.

Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes

Authoritative guidance related to accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires an enterprise to recognize, in its financial statements, the best estimate of the impact of a tax position by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not, based solely on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. The guidance requires the disclosure of all unrecognized tax benefits, which includes both the reserves recorded for tax positions on filed tax returns and the unrecognized portion of affirmative claims.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The following table provides a reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits:

1 The Edison International decrease in 2023 was mainly related to a write-off of a reserve for a claim related to the Edison Mission Energy bankruptcy.

As of December 31, 2024, if recognized, $72 million of unrecognized tax benefits would impact Edison International's effective tax rate and $66 million of the unrecognized tax benefits would impact SCE's effective tax rate.

Tax Disputes

Tax years that remain open for examination by the Internal Revenue Service and Franchise Tax Board are 2021 – 2023 and 2013 – 2018 & 2020 - 2023, respectively.

Accrued Interest and Penalties

The total amount of accrued interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities are:

The net after-tax interest and penalties recognized in income tax (benefit) expense are:

Note 9. Compensation and Benefit Plans

Employee Savings Plan

The 401(k) defined contribution savings plan is designed to supplement employees' retirement income. The employer contributions were as follows:

Pension Plans and Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions

Pension Plans

Noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (some with cash balance features) cover most employees meeting minimum service requirements. Employees hired by the participating companies on or after December 31, 2017 are no longer eligible to participate in the pension plan. In lieu of that, an additional non-contributory employer contribution is deposited into the Edison 401(k) Savings Plan. SCE recognizes pension expense for its nonexecutive plan as calculated by the actuarial method used for ratemaking. The expected contributions (all by the employer) for Edison International and SCE are approximately $44 million and $15 million, respectively, for the year ending December 31, 2025. The majority of annual contributions made by SCE to its pension plans are anticipated to be recovered through CPUC-approved regulatory mechanisms.

The funded position of Edison International's pension is sensitive to changes in market conditions. Changes in overall interest rate levels significantly affect the company's liabilities, while assets held in the various trusts established to fund Edison International's pension are affected by movements in the equity and bond markets. Due to SCE's regulatory recovery treatment, unrealized losses equal to the unfunded status are recorded to a regulatory asset and unrealized gains equal to the funded status are recorded to a regulatory liability. See Note 11 for further information.

Information on pension plan assets and benefit obligations is shown below.

1 The SCE liability excludes a long-term payable due to Edison International Parent of $88 million and $94 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to certain SCE postretirement benefit obligations transferred to Edison International Parent.

For Edison International and SCE, respectively, the 2024 actuarial gains are primarily related to $159 million and $146 million from an increase of 52 basis points in the discount rate (from 5.04% as of December 31, 2023 to 5.56% as of December 31, 2024). For Edison International and SCE, respectively, the 2023 actuarial losses are primarily related to $96 million and $92 million in losses from a decrease of 32 basis points in the discount rate (from 5.36% as of December 31, 2022 to 5.04% as of December 31, 2023).

Net periodic pension expense components are:

1 Included in "Other income" on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated income statements. For further details, see Note 16.

Other changes in pension plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income:

In accordance with authoritative guidance on rate-regulated enterprises, SCE records amortization of net gains and losses into regulatory assets and liabilities instead of charges and credits to other comprehensive income for the portion of SCE's postretirement benefit plans that are recoverable in utility rates.

Edison International and SCE used the following weighted average assumptions to determine pension expense:

1 Edison International and SCE were using a graduated assumption for interest crediting rate for cash balance account, where current interest rate gradually increased to an ultimate rate at a certain year. Starting 2023, Edison International and SCE changed to use single interest crediting rate assumption to determine the pension expense for cash balance account.

The following benefit payments, which reflect service rendered and expected future service, are expected to be paid:

PBOP(s)

Employees hired prior to December 31, 2017 who retire at or after age 55 with at least 10 years of service may be eligible for postretirement healthcare benefits. Eligibility for a company contribution toward the cost of these benefits in retirement depends on a number of factors, including the employee's years of service, age, hire date, and retirement date. Employees hired on or after December 31, 2017 are no longer eligible for retiree healthcare benefits. In lieu of those benefits, Edison International will provide a health reimbursement account of $200 per month available only after meeting certain age and service year requirements. Under the terms of the Edison International Welfare Benefit Plan ("PBOP Plan"), each participating employer (Edison International or its participating subsidiaries) is responsible for the costs and expenses of PBOP Plan benefits with respect to its employees and former employees that exceed the participants' share of contributions. A participating employer may terminate the PBOP Plan benefits with respect to its employees and former employees, as may SCE (as PBOP Plan sponsor), and, accordingly, the participants' PBOP Plan benefits are not vested benefits.

There areno expected contributions for PBOP benefits for the year ended December 31, 2025. Annual contributions related to SCE employees made to SCE plans are anticipated to be recovered through CPUC-approved regulatory mechanisms and are expected to be, at a minimum, equal to the total annual expense for these plans.

SCE has three voluntary employees' beneficiary association trusts ("VEBA Trusts") that can only be used to pay for retiree health care benefits of SCE and its subsidiaries. Once funded into the VEBA Trusts, neither SCE nor Edison International can subsequently recover the remaining amounts in the VEBA Trusts. Participants of the PBOP Plan do not have a beneficial interest in the VEBA Trusts. The VEBA Trust assets are sensitive to changes in market conditions. Changes in overall interest rate levels significantly affect the company's liabilities, while assets held in the various trusts established to fund Edison International's other postretirement benefits are affected by movements in the equity and bond markets. Due to SCE's regulatory recovery treatment, the funded status is offset by a regulatory liability.

Information on PBOP Plan assets and benefit obligations is shown below:

For both Edison International and SCE, the 2024 actuarial gains are primarily related to $41 million in gains from the change in discount rate. For Edison International and SCE, the 2023 actuarial gains are primarily related to $553 million and $550 million in gains from the change in postretirement medical carrier and retiree medical delivery mechanism effective in 2024, respectively.

Net periodic PBOP expense components are:

1 Included in "Other income" on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated income statements. For further details, see Note 16.

In accordance with authoritative guidance on rate-regulated enterprises, SCE records amortization of net gains and losses to regulatory assets and liabilities instead of charges and credits to other comprehensive income (loss) for the portion of SCE's postretirement benefit plans that are recoverable in utility rates.

Edison International and SCE used the following weighted average assumptions to determine PBOP expense:

The following benefit payments (net of plan participants' contributions) are expected to be paid:

Plan Assets

Description of Pension and Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions Investment Strategies

The investment of plan assets is overseen by a fiduciary investment committee. Plan assets are invested using a combination of asset classes and may have active and passive investment strategies within asset classes. Target allocations for 2024 pension plan assets were 17.3% for U.S. equities,9.7% for non-U.S. equities,55% for fixed income and 18% for opportunistic and/or alternative investments. Target allocations for 2024 PBOP plan assets (except for Represented VEBA which is 95% for fixed income and 5% for U.S. and non-U.S. equities) are 29% for U.S. and non-U.S. equities,65% for fixed income and 6% for opportunistic and/or alternative investments. Edison International employs multiple investment management firms. Investment managers within each asset class cover a range of investment styles and approaches. Risk is managed through diversification among multiple asset classes, managers, styles and securities. Plan asset classes and individual manager performances are measured against targets. Edison International also monitors the stability of its investment managers' organizations.

Allowable investment types under CPUC investment guidelines include:

•United States equities: common and preferred stocks of large, medium, and small companies which are predominantly United States-based.

•Non-United States equities: equity securities issued by companies domiciled outside the United States and in depository receipts which represent ownership of securities of non-United States companies.

•Fixed income: fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by the United States government, non-United States governments, government agencies and instrumentalities including municipal bonds, mortgage backed securities and corporate debt obligations. A portion of the fixed income positions may be held in debt securities that are below investment grade.

•Opportunistic, alternative and other investments: Opportunistic investments in short to intermediate term market opportunities. Investments may have fixed income and/or equity characteristics and may be either liquid or illiquid. Alternative investments are limited partnerships that invest in non-publicly traded entities. Other investments are diversified among multiple asset classes such as global equity, fixed income currency and commodities markets. Investments are made in liquid or illiquid instruments within and across markets. The investment returns are expected to approximate the plans' expected investment returns.

Asset class portfolio weights are permitted to range within plus or minus 5%. Where approved by the fiduciary investment committee, futures contracts are used for portfolio rebalancing and to reallocate portfolio cash positions. Where authorized, a few of the plans' investment managers employ limited use of derivatives, including futures contracts, options, options on futures and interest rate swaps in place of direct investment in securities to gain efficient exposure to markets. Derivatives are not used to leverage the plans or any portfolios.

Determination of the Expected Long-Term Rate of Return on Assets

The overall expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption is based on the long-term target asset allocation for plan assets and capital markets return forecasts for asset classes employed. A portion of the PBOP trust asset returns is subject to taxation, so the expected long-term rate of return for these assets is determined on an after-tax basis.

Capital Markets Return Forecasts

Edison International's capital markets return forecast methodologies primarily use a combination of historical market data, current market conditions, proprietary forecasting expertise, complex models to develop asset class return forecasts, and a building block approach. The forecasts are developed using variables such as real risk-free interest, inflation and asset class specific risk premiums. For equities, the risk premium is based on an implied average equity risk premium of 4% over cash. The forecasted return on private equity and opportunistic investments are estimated at a 3% premium above public equity, reflecting a premium for higher volatility and lower liquidity. For fixed income, the risk premium is based on a comprehensive modeling of credit spreads.

Fair Value of Plan Assets

The PBOP Plan and the Southern California Edison Company Retirement Plan Trust assets include investments in equity securities, U.S. treasury securities, other fixed-income securities, common/collective funds, mutual funds, other investment entities, foreign exchange and interest rate contracts, and partnership/joint ventures. Equity securities, U.S. treasury securities, and mutual and money market funds are classified as Level 1 as fair value is determined by observable, unadjusted quoted market prices in active or highly liquid and transparent markets. The fair value of the underlying investments in equity mutual funds are based on stock-exchange prices. The fair value of the underlying investments in fixed-income mutual funds and other fixed income securities including municipal bonds are based on evaluated prices that reflect significant observable market information such as reported trades, actual trade information of similar securities, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers, and relevant credit information. Foreign exchange and interest rate contracts are classified as Level 2 because the values are based on observable prices but are not traded on an exchange. Futures contracts trade on an exchange and therefore are classified as Level 1. No investment is classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Common/collective funds and partnerships are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share ("NAV") and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investment entities are valued similarly to common/collective funds and are therefore classified as NAV. The Level 1 registered investment companies are either mutual or money market funds. The remaining funds in this category are readily redeemable and classified as NAV and are discussed further in the below pension plan trust investments table's note 8.

Edison International reviews the process/procedures of both the pricing services and the trustee to gain an understanding of the inputs/assumptions and valuation techniques used to price each asset type/class. The trustee and Edison International's validation procedures for pension and PBOP equity and fixed income securities are the same as the nuclear decommissioning trusts. For further discussion, see Note 4. The values of Level 1 mutual and money market funds are publicly quoted. The trustees obtain the values of common/collective and other investment funds from the fund managers. The values of partnerships are based on partnership valuation statements updated for cash flows. SCE's investment managers corroborate the trustee fair values.

Pension Plan

The following table sets forth the investments for Edison International and SCE that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, by asset class and level within the fair value hierarchy:

1 These investments are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the net plan assets available for benefits.

2 Level 1 U.S. government and agency securities are U.S. treasury bonds and notes. Level 2 primarily relates to the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.

3 Corporate stocks are diversified. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, performance for actively managed separate accounts is primarily benchmarked against the Russell Indexes (33% and 36%) and Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) index (67% and 64%).

4 Corporate bonds are diversified. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, this category includes $77 million and $78 million for collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset backed securities.

5 The common/collective assets are invested in equity index funds that seek to track performance of the Standard and Poor's 500 Index (38% and 41% at December 31, 2024 and 2023). In addition, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively,38% and 40% of the assets in this category are in index funds which seek to track performance in the MSCI All Country World Index ex-US and 19% and 16% of this category are in a non-index U.S. equity fund, which is actively managed.

6 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively,69% and 74% are invested in private equity funds with investment strategies that include branded consumer products and clean technology companies,16% and 17% are invested in ABS including distressed mortgages and commercial and residential loans,9% andzero are invested in fixed income securities, and 5% are invested in a broad range of financial assets in all global markets at both December 31, 2024 and 2023.

7 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively,70% and 68% are invested in domestic mortgage backed securities and 30% and 32% in high yield debt securities.

8 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively,56% and 57% are invested in Level 1 corporate bond funds,10% and 13% in a fixed income fund used for cash management, and 34% and 28% in a US equity fund.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, approximately 64% and 62% of the publicly traded equity investments, including equities in the common/collective funds, were located in the United States.

Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions

The following table sets forth the VEBA Trust assets for Edison International and SCE that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, by asset class and level within the fair value hierarchy:

1 These investments are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the net plan assets available for benefits.

2 Level 1 U.S. government and agency securities are U.S. treasury bonds and notes. Level 2 primarily relates to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Federal National Mortgage Association.

3 Corporate stock performance for actively managed separate accounts is primarily benchmarked against the Russell Indexes (78% and 74% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) and the MSCI All Country World Index (22% and 26% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively).

4 Corporate notes and bonds are diversified and include approximately $343 million and $237 million for commercial collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset backed securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

5 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively,47% and 45% of the common/collective assets are invested in index funds which seek to track performance in the MSCI All Country World Investable Market Index,41% and 40% are invested in a non-index U.S. equity fund which is actively managed. The remaining assets in this category are primarily invested in emerging market fund and fixed income funds.

6 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively,71% and 65% of the partnerships are invested in private equity and venture capital funds. Investment strategies for these funds include branded consumer products, clean and information technology and healthcare. Of the remaining partnerships category,22% and 28% are invested in asset backed securities including distressed mortgages, distressed companies and commercial and residential loans and debt and equity of banks;7% are invested in a broad range of financial assets in all global markets at both December 31, 2024 and 2023.

7 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, registered investment companies were primarily invested in a money market fund (73% and 70%) and exchange rate traded funds which seek to track performance of MSCI Emerging Market Index, Russell 2000 Index and international small cap equities (27% and 30%).

8 Other includes $52 million and $58 million of municipal securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

At both December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 78% of the publicly traded equity investments, including equities in the common/collective funds, were located in the United States.

Stock-Based Compensation

Edison International maintains a shareholder-approved incentive plan (the "2007 Performance Incentive Plan") that includes stock-based compensation. The maximum number of shares of Edison International's common stock authorized to be issued or transferred pursuant to awards under the 2007 Performance Incentive Plan, as amended, is approximately 71 million shares. As of December 31, 2024, Edison International had approximately 13 million shares remaining available for new award grants under its stock-based compensation plans.

The following table summarizes total expense and tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation:

1 Reflected in "Operation and maintenance" on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated statements of income.

Stock Options

Under the 2007 Performance Incentive Plan, Edison International has granted stock options at exercise prices equal to the closing price at the grant date. Edison International may grant stock options and other awards related to, or with a value derived from, its common stock to directors and certain employees. Options generally expire 10 years after the grant date and vest over a period ofthree orfour years of continuous service in equal annual increments, except for awards granted to retirement-eligible participants, which vest on an accelerated basis.

The fair value for each option granted was determined as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires various assumptions noted in the following table:

The expected term represents the period of time for which the options are expected to be outstanding and is primarily based on historical exercise and post-vesting cancellation experience and stock price history. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury STRIPS (separate trading of registered interest and principal of securities) whose maturity corresponds to the option's expected term on the measurement date. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of Edison International's common stock for the length of the option's expected term. The volatility period used was 56 months,58 months, and 60 months at December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The following is a summary of the status of Edison International's stock options:

1 Edison International and SCE recognized tax benefits of $13 million and $7 million, respectively, from stock options exercised in 2024.

At December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options and the weighted average period the cost is expected to be recognized are as follows:

The following is a summary of supplemental data on stock options:

Performance Shares

A target number of contingent performance shares were awarded to executives in 2024, 2023, and 2022 and vest as of December 31, 2026, 2025, and 2024, respectively. The vesting of the grants is dependent upon market and financial performance and service conditions as defined in the grants for each of the years. The number of performance shares earned from each year's grants could range from zero to twice the target number (plus additional units credited as dividend equivalents).

The fair value of market condition performance shares is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model for the total shareholder return. The fair value of financial performance condition performance shares is determined (i) at grant as the target number of shares (which Edison International determined to be the probable outcome) valued at the closing price on the grant date of Edison International common stock and (ii) subsequently using Edison International's earnings per share compared to pre-established targets.

The following is a summary of the status of Edison International's nonvested performance shares:

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units were awarded to executives in 2024, 2023, and 2022 and vest and become payable on January 4, 2027, January 2, 2026, and January 2, 2025, respectively. Each restricted stock unit awarded includes a dividend equivalent feature and is a contractual right to receive one share of Edison International common stock, if vesting requirements are satisfied. The vesting of Edison International's restricted stock units is dependent upon continuous service through the end of the vesting period, except for awards granted to retirement-eligible participants, which vest on an accelerated basis.

The following is a summary of the status of Edison International's nonvested restricted stock units:

The fair value for each restricted stock unit awarded is determined as the closing price of Edison International common stock on the grant date.

Note 10. Investments

Nuclear Decommissioning Trusts

Future decommissioning costs related to SCE's nuclear assets are expected to be funded from independent decommissioning trusts.

The following table sets forth amortized cost and fair value of the trust investments (see Note 4 for a discussion on fair value of the trust investments):

1 Short-term investments include $18 million and $38 million of repurchase agreements payable by financial institutions which earn interest, were both fully secured by U.S. Treasury securities and mature by January 2, 2025 and January 2, 2024 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

2 Represents amounts before reduction for deferred tax liabilities on net unrealized gains of $373 million and $380 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Trust fund earnings (based on specific identification) increase the trust fund balance and the ARO regulatory liability. Unrealized holding gains, net of losses, were $1.7 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes the gains and losses for the trust investments:

Due to regulatory mechanisms, changes in the assets of the trusts from income or loss items do not materially affect earnings.

Note 11. Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

Included in SCE's regulatory assets and liabilities are regulatory balancing accounts. CPUC-authorized balancing account mechanisms require SCE to refund or recover any differences between forecasted and actual costs. The CPUC has authorized balancing accounts for specified costs or programs such as fuel, purchased power, demand-side management programs, wildfire related costs, nuclear decommissioning and public purpose programs. Certain of these balancing accounts include a return on rate base of 7.87% and 7.44% in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The CPUC authorizes the use of a balancing account to recover from or refund to customers differences in revenue resulting from actual and forecasted electricity sales.

Amounts included in regulatory assets and liabilities are generally recorded with corresponding offsets to the applicable income statement accounts.

Regulatory Assets

SCE's regulatory assets included on the consolidated balance sheets are:

In accordance with the accounting standards applicable to rate-regulated enterprises, SCE defers costs as regulatory assets that are probable of future recovery from customers and has recorded regulatory assets for these incremental costs at December 31, 2024. While SCE believes such costs are probable of future recovery, there is no assurance that SCE will collect all amounts currently deferred as regulatory assets.

SCE's regulatory assets related to deferred income taxes represent tax benefits passed through to customers. The CPUC requires SCE to flow through certain deferred income tax benefits to customers by reducing electricity rates, thereby deferring recovery of such amounts to future periods. Based on current regulatory ratemaking and income tax laws, SCE expects to recover its regulatory assets related to deferred income taxes over the life of the assets that give rise to the accumulated deferred income taxes, approximately from 1 to 60 years. For further information, see Note 8.

SCE has long-term unamortized investments which include nuclear assets related to Palo Verde and the beyond the meter program. Nuclear assets related to Palo Verde and the beyond the meter program are expected to be recovered by 2046 and 2031, respectively, and both earned returns of 7.87% and 7.44% in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

SCE's net regulatory asset related to its unamortized losses on reacquired debt will be recovered over the original amortization period of the reacquired debt over periods ranging from 10 to 40 years or the life of the new issuance if the debt is refunded or refinanced.

SCE's regulatory assets related to environmental remediation represent a portion of the costs incurred at certain sites that SCE is allowed to recover through customer rates. See "Environmental Remediation" discussed in Note 12.

Recovery assets represent the balance associated with the Recovery Property and prudently incurred financing costs securitized with issuance of the associated bond. The recovery period is until 2047, when the bonds and interest are paid in full. For further details, see Note 3.

Regulatory Liabilities

SCE's regulatory liabilities included on the consolidated balance sheets are:

SCE's regulatory liabilities related to energy derivatives are primarily an offset to unrealized gains on derivatives.

SCE's regulatory liabilities related to costs of removal represent differences between asset removal costs recorded and amounts collected in rates for those costs.

SCE's regulatory liabilities include excess deferred income taxes resulting from statutory income tax rate changes. The regulatory liabilities are generally expected to be refunded to customers over the lives of the assets and liabilities that gave rise to the deferred income taxes.

SCE's regulatory liabilities related to recoveries in excess of ARO liabilities represent the cumulative differences between ARO obligations and amounts collected in rates primarily for the decommissioning of SCE's nuclear generation facilities. Decommissioning costs recovered through rates are primarily placed in nuclear decommissioning trusts. This regulatory liability also represents the deferral of realized and unrealized gains and losses on the nuclear decommissioning trust investments. See Note 10 for further discussion.

SCE's regulatory liabilities related to pension and other post-retirement plans represent the net overfunded status of the plans. This amount is expected to be amortized over the expected future service of the employees (subject to regulatory adjustment) or refunded to ratepayers at the termination or completion of the plan. See "Pension Plans and Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions" discussion in Note 9.

Net Regulatory Balancing and Memorandum Accounts

Balancing accounts track amounts that the CPUC or FERC have authorized for recovery. Balancing account over and under collections represent differences between cash collected in current rates for specified forecasted costs and such costs that are actually incurred. Undercollections are recorded as regulatory balancing account assets. Overcollections are recorded as regulatory balancing account liabilities. With some exceptions, SCE seeks to adjust rates on an annual basis or at other designated times to recover or refund the balances recorded in its balancing accounts. Memorandum accounts are authorized to track costs for potential future recovery.

Regulatory balancing and memorandum accounts that SCE does not expect to collect or refund in the next 12 months are reflected in the long-term section of the consolidated balance sheets. Regulatory balancing and memorandum accounts that do not have the right of offset are presented gross in the consolidated balance sheets. Under and over collections in balancing accounts and amounts recorded in memorandum accounts typically accrue interest based on a three-month commercial paper rate published by the Federal Reserve.

The following table summarizes the significant components of regulatory balancing and memorandum accounts included in the above tables of regulatory assets and liabilities:

1 The GRC related balancing accounts primarily consist of the base revenue requirement balancing account ("BRRBA"), the vegetation management balancing account ("VMBA"), the Wildfire Risk Mitigation balancing account ("WRMBA") and the risk management balancing account ("RMBA").

The 2021 GRC decision approved the establishment of the VMBA to track vegetation management expenses up to 115% of amounts authorized, the WRMBA to track the costs of SCE's Wildfire Covered Conductor Program up to 110% of amounts authorized and the RMBA to track the authorized costs of wildfire insurance. If spending is less than authorized, SCE will refund those amounts to customers. If spending is within the specified threshold, if any, for each balancing account, SCE will recover those costs from customers. Amounts above the specified threshold, or above amounts authorized if a higher threshold was not established, for each balancing account may be eligible for deferral to wildfire risk mitigation and insurance accounts.

2 The wildfire risk mitigation and insurance regulatory assets represent wildfire-related costs that are probable of future recovery from customers, subject to a reasonableness review. The Fire Hazard Prevention Memorandum Account was used to track costs related to fire safety and to implement fire prevention corrective action measures in extreme and very high fire threat areas. The Wildfire Expense Memorandum Account ("WEMA") is used to track incremental wildfire insurance costs and uninsured wildfire-related financing, legal and claims costs related to the Other Wildfire Events that SCE believes are probable of recovery. See Note 12 for further details. The Wildfire Mitigation Plan Memorandum Account is used to track costs incurred to implement SCE's wildfire mitigation plan that are not currently reflected in SCE's revenue requirements. The Fire Risk Mitigation Memorandum Account is used to track costs related to the reduction of fire risk that are incremental to costs approved for recovery in SCE's GRCs that are not tracked in any other wildfire-related memorandum account. The balance also includes vegetation management spending in excess of the 115% threshold for the VMBA described above.

3 The wildfire and drought restoration regulatory assets represent restoration costs that are recorded in a Catastrophic Event Memorandum Account.

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies

SCE entered into various agreements to purchase power, electric capacity and other energy products. At December 31, 2024, the undiscounted future expected minimum payments for the SCE PPAs (primarily related to renewable energy contracts), which were approved by the CPUC and met other critical contract provisions (including completion of major milestones for construction), were as follows:

1 Certain power purchase agreements are treated as operating leases. For further discussion, see Note 13. Includes long-term lease contracts commencing in 2024 with total future minimum lease payments of $57 million.

Additionally, as of December 31, 2024, SCE has executed contracts that have not met the critical contract provisions that would increase contractual obligations by $25 million in 2025, $140 million in 2026, $274 million in 2027, $381 million in 2028, $450 million in 2029 and $5,370 million thereafter, if all critical contract provisions are completed.

Costs incurred for PPAs were $4.0 billion in 2024, $4.5 billion in 2023 and $5.1 billion in 2022, which include costs associated with contracts with terms of less than one year.

Other Commitments

The following summarizes the estimated minimum future commitments for SCE's other commitments:

Costs incurred for other commitments were $65 million in 2024, $60 million in 2023 and $58 million in 2022. Other commitments include fuel supply contracts for Palo Verde which require payment only if the fuel is made available for purchase. Also included are commitments related to maintaining reliability and expanding SCE's transmission and distribution system.

The table above does not include asset retirement obligations, which are discussed in Note 1.

Indemnities

Edison International and SCE have agreed to provide indemnifications through contracts entered into in the normal course of business. These are primarily indemnifications against adverse litigation outcomes in connection with underwriting agreements, indemnities for specified environmental liabilities and income taxes or other contractual arrangements. Edison International's and SCE's obligations under these agreements may or may not be limited in terms of time and/or amount, and in some instances Edison International and SCE may have recourse against third parties. Edison International and SCE have not recorded a liability related to these indemnities. The overall maximum amount of the obligations under these indemnifications cannot be reasonably estimated.

Contingencies

In addition to the matters disclosed in these Notes, Edison International and SCE are involved in other legal, tax, and regulatory proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies regarding matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Edison International and SCE believe the outcome of each of these other proceedings will not materially affect its financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Legal costs expected to be incurred by Edison International and SCE in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

Southern California Wildfires and Mudslides

Unprecedented weather conditions in California due to climate change have contributed to wildfires, including those where SCE's equipment has been alleged to be associated with the fire's ignition, that have caused loss of life and substantial damage in SCE's service area, including as recently as January 2025.

Numerous claims related to wildfire events have been initiated against SCE and Edison International. Edison International and SCE have, or may, incur material losses in connection with the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events, the Other Wildfire Events that are described below, and the January 2025 Eaton Fire. Of the Other Wildfire Events described below, only the 2017 Creek Fire ignited prior to the adoption of AB 1054 in July 2019. SCE's equipment has been, and may further be, alleged to be associated with other wildfires that have originated in Southern California, and SCE's service area remains susceptible to additional wildfire activity.

Liability Overview

The extent of legal liability for wildfire-related damages in actions against utilities depends on a number of factors, including whether the utility substantially caused or contributed to the damages and whether parties seeking recovery of damages will be required to show negligence in addition to causation. California courts have previously found utilities to be strictly liable for property damage along with associated interest and attorneys' fees, regardless of fault, by applying the theory of inverse condemnation when a utility's facilities were determined to be a substantial cause of a wildfire that caused the property damage. If inverse condemnation is held to be inapplicable to SCE in connection with a wildfire, SCE still could be held liable for property damages and associated interest if the property damages were found to have been proximately caused by SCE's negligence. If SCE were to be found negligent, SCE could also be held liable for, among other things, fire suppression costs, business interruption losses, evacuation costs, clean-up costs, medical expenses, and personal injury/wrongful death claims, including claims for non-economic damages. Additionally, SCE could potentially be subject to fines and penalties for alleged violations of CPUC rules and state laws investigated in connection with the ignition of a wildfire.

While investigations into the cause of a wildfire event are conducted by one or more fire agencies, fire agency findings do not determine legal causation of or assign legal liability for a wildfire event. Final determinations of legal causation and liability for wildfire events, including determinations of whether SCE was negligent, would only be made during lengthy and complex litigation processes, and settlements may be reached before determinations of legal liability are ever made. Even when investigations are still pending or legal liability is disputed, an assessment of likely outcomes, including through future settlement of disputed claims, may require estimated losses to be accrued under accounting standards. Each reporting period, management reviews its loss estimates for remaining alleged and potential claims related to wildfire events. The process for estimating losses associated with alleged and potential wildfire related claims requires management to exercise significant judgment based on a number of assumptions and subjective factors, including, but not limited to: estimates of known and expected claims by third parties based on currently available information, opinions of counsel regarding litigation risk, the status of and developments in the course of litigation, and prior experience litigating and settling wildfire litigation claims. As additional information becomes available, management's estimates and assumptions regarding the causes and financial impact of wildfire events may change. Actual losses incurred may be higher or lower than estimated based on several factors, including the uncertainty in estimating damages that have been or may be alleged and in estimating settlement outcomes.

Estimates and Assumptions

Edison International and SCE may incur a material loss in excess of amounts accrued in connection with the remaining alleged and potential claims related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and Other Wildfire Events. Due to the number of uncertainties and possible outcomes related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and Other Wildfire Events litigation, Edison International and SCE cannot estimate the upper end of the range of reasonably possible losses that may be incurred in connection with the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events or the Other Wildfire Events.

Estimated losses for wildfire litigation are based on a number of assumptions and are subject to change as additional information becomes available. Actual losses incurred may be higher or lower than estimated based on several factors, including the uncertainty in estimating damages that have been or may be alleged and uncertainty in estimating settlement outcomes. For instance, SCE receives additional information with respect to damages claimed as claims mediation and trial processes progress. Other factors that can cause actual losses incurred to be higher or lower than estimated include the ability to reach settlements and the outcomes of settlements reached through claims mediation processes, uncertainties related to the impact of outcomes of wildfire litigation against other parties and increasingly negative jury sentiments in general litigation, uncertainties related to the sufficiency of insurance held by plaintiffs, uncertainties related to litigation processes, including whether plaintiffs will ultimately pursue claims, uncertainty as to the legal and factual determinations to be made during litigation, including uncertainty as to the contributing causes of wildfire events, the complexities associated with fires that merge, as applicable for the Thomas and Koenigstein Fires, and, for the Montecito Mudslides, whether inverse condemnation will be held applicable to SCE with respect to damages caused by the mudslides, and the uncertainty as to how these factors impact future settlements.

Litigation

Wildfires in SCE's service area in December 2017 and November 2018 caused loss of life, substantial damage to both residential and business properties, and service outages for SCE customers. The investigating government agencies, the Ventura County Fire Department ("VCFD") and CAL FIRE, have determined that the largest of the 2017 fires in SCE's service area originated on December 4, 2017, in the Anlauf Canyon area of Ventura County, followed shortly thereafter by a second fire that originated near Koenigstein Road in the City of Santa Paula. According to CAL FIRE, the Thomas and Koenigstein Fires, collectively, burned over 280,000 acres, destroyed or damaged an estimated 1,343 structures and resulted intwo confirmed fatalities. The largest of the November 2018 fires in SCE's service area, the Woolsey Fire, originated in Ventura County. According to CAL FIRE, the Woolsey Fire burned almost 100,000 acres, destroyed an estimated 1,643 structures, damaged an estimated 364 structures and resulted inthree confirmed fatalities. Four additional fatalities are alleged to have been associated with the Woolsey Fire.

Multiple lawsuits related to the Thomas and Koenigstein Fires and the Woolsey Fire have been initiated against SCE and Edison International. Some of the Thomas and Koenigstein Fires lawsuits claim that SCE and Edison International have responsibility for the damages caused by debris flows and flooding in Montecito and surrounding areas in January 2018 based on a theory alleging that SCE has responsibility for the Thomas and/or Koenigstein Fires and further alleging that the Thomas and/or Koenigstein Fires proximately caused the Montecito Mudslides. According to Santa Barbara County initial reports, the Montecito Mudslides destroyed an estimated 135 structures, damaged an estimated 324 structures, and resulted in 21 confirmed fatalities, withtwo additional fatalities presumed but not officially confirmed.

The lawsuits related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events naming SCE as a defendant have been filed by three categories of plaintiffs: individual plaintiffs, subrogation plaintiffs and public entity plaintiffs. A number of the lawsuits also name Edison International as a defendant and some of the lawsuits were filed as purported class actions. As of February 20, 2025, in addition to the outstanding claims of approximately 290 individual plaintiffs, there were alleged and potential claims of certain public entity plaintiffs, including CAL OES, outstanding. SCE has settled all fire suppression claims and subrogation plaintiffs' claims related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events.

In January 2019, SCE filed a cross-complaint against certain local public entities alleging that failures by these entities, such as failure to adequately plan for flood hazards and build and maintain adequate debris basins, roads, bridges and other channel crossings, among other things, caused, contributed to or exacerbated the losses that resulted from the Montecito Mudslides. Some of SCE's cross-claims are still outstanding.

The litigation could take a number of years to be completely resolved because of the complexity of the matters and number of plaintiffs. As of February 20, 2025, SCE has entered into settlements with approximately 13,600 individual plaintiffs in the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events litigation. The statutes of limitations for individual plaintiffs in the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events have expired. As of February 20, 2025, SCE has received demands for approximately 94% and 100% of outstanding individual plaintiff claims in the TKM litigation and Woolsey Fire litigation, respectively.

In October 2021, SCE and the SED executed an agreement to resolve the SED's investigations into the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and three other 2017 wildfires for, among other things, aggregate costs of $550 million. The $550 million in costs was composed of a $110 million fine to be paid to the State of California General Fund, $65 million of shareholder-funded safety measures, and an agreement by SCE to waive its right to seek cost recovery in CPUC-jurisdictional rates for $125 million and $250 million of third-party uninsured claims payments (and related financing costs) in the TKM litigation and the Woolsey Fire litigation, respectively. The SED Agreement provides that SCE may, on a permanent basis, exclude from its ratemaking capital structure any after-tax charges to equity or debt borrowed to finance costs incurred under the SED Agreement. The SED Agreement also imposes other obligations on SCE, including reporting requirements and safety-focused studies. SCE did not admit imprudence, negligence, or liability with respect to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events in the SED Agreement.

2017 Creek Fire

The Creek Fire originated near Sylmar in Los Angeles County in December 2017 and burned approximately 16,000 acres, destroyed an estimated 123 structures, damaged an estimated 81 structures, and resulted in 3 civilian injuries. While the United States Forest Service's ("USFS") January 2018 report of investigation concluded that the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power ("LADWP") long-span transmission lines slapping together in high winds resulted in arcing and ignition of the fire, in August 2024, the USFS issued a supplemental report concluding that the fire was caused by SCE power lines. In 2023, the USFS dismissed its claim against LADWP and filed a claim against SCE to recover over $40 million for fire-suppression costs incurred by the USFS and environmental damage to U.S. lands. A trial in the USFS litigation is currently set for September 2025. Other than for the claims of 7 individual plaintiffs related toone property that were damaged by the Creek Fire, SCE has entered into settlements or settlements in principle on all claims filed by individual and subrogation plaintiffs who filed complaints against SCE related to the fire. A damages-only bench trial is currently set for June 2025 in one of the outstanding individual plaintiff cases. SCE expects to obtain and review additional information and materials in the possession of third parties during the course of its internal reviews and the litigation process. The SED is conducting an investigation with respect to the Creek Fire. SCE has accrued charges for potential losses relating to the Creek Fire.

2019 Saddle Ridge Fire

The "Saddle Ridge Fire," originated in Los Angeles County in October 2019 and burned approximately 9,000 acres, destroyed an estimated 19 structures, damaged an estimated 88 structures, and resulted inone fatality and injuries toeight fire fighters. In August 2023, SCE received a signed report of investigation from the LAFD, in which the LAFD stated with respect to the Saddle Ridge Fire that the cause of ignition was unintentional, the form of heat was undetermined, the item first ignited was undetermined and the material type first ignited was undetermined. The LAFD report noted that no other competent ignition sources other than SCE's transmission lines were found in the specific origin area of the Saddle Ridge Fire. The SED is conducting an investigation with respect to the Saddle Ridge Fire. There are currently no trials scheduled in the Saddle Ridge Fire litigation. Based on pending litigation and without considering insurance recoveries, it is reasonably possible that SCE will incur a material loss in connection with the Saddle Ridge Fire, but the range of reasonably possible losses that could be incurred cannot be estimated at this time. SCE has not determined that losses in connection with the Saddle Ridge Fire are probable and consequently has not accrued a charge for potential losses relating to the Saddle Ridge Fire.

2020 Bobcat Fire

The "Bobcat Fire" was reported in the vicinity of Cogswell Dam in Los Angeles County in September 2020. The USFS has reported that the Bobcat Fire burned approximately 116,000 acres in Los Angeles County, destroyed an estimated 87 homes, one commercial property and 83 minor structures, damaged an estimated 28 homes and 19 minor structures, and resulted in injuries tosix firefighters. In addition, fire authorities have estimated suppression costs at approximately $80 million. An investigation into the cause of the Bobcat Fire was led by the USFS. In May 2023, SCE received a report of investigation from the USFS, in which the USFS finds that the Bobcat Fire was caused when an SCE electrical wire made contact with a tree limb. The SED has concluded its investigation of the Bobcat Fire and found no violations of its rules and regulations by SCE related to the Bobcat Fire. SCE has settled subrogation plaintiff claims and a claim brought by the United States of America against SCE and one of its contractors to recover fire-suppression costs, property and natural resource losses, and emergency response costs. Individual plaintiffs have also filed complaints against SCE related to the Bobcat Fire. SCE expects to obtain and review additional information and materials in the possession of third parties during the course of its internal reviews and the litigation process. SCE has accrued charges for potential losses relating to the Bobcat Fire.

2020 Silverado Fire

The "Silverado Fire" originated in Orange County in October 2020 and burned over 12,000 acres. The Orange County Fire Authority ("OCFA"). OCFA jointly with CAL FIRE have reported that the Silverado Fire destroyed five structures, damaged nine other structures and resulted intwo firefighter injuries. There were also four other structures damaged or destroyed. In addition, methane re-generation pipelines were destroyed and approximately 200 acres of avocado orchards were damaged in the fire. Fire authorities have estimated suppression costs at approximately $20 million. An investigation into the cause of the Silverado Fire was conducted by the OCFA and CAL FIRE. OCFA and CAL FIRE concluded in their October 2020 report of investigation that contact between an SCE conductor and a T-Mobile USA, Inc. ("T-Mobile") line resulted in ignition of the Silverado Fire. In 2024, SCE paid a fine of approximately $2 million imposed by the SED for failure to comply with maintenance requirements with respect totwo conductors. Multiple lawsuits related to the Silverado Fire have been filed by individual and subrogation plaintiffs, CAL FIRE, T-Mobile, County of Orange and Cal OES naming SCE as a defendant. T-Mobile has also been named as a defendant and maintains a cross-complaint against SCE and Edison International. A trial in the Silverado Fire litigation has been set for May 2025. SCE expects to obtain and review additional information and materials in the possession of third parties during the course of its internal reviews and the litigation process. SCE has accrued charges for potential losses relating to the Silverado Fire.

2022 Coastal Fire

The "Coastal Fire" originated in Orange County in May 2022 and burned approximately 200 acres. The Orange County Fire Authority ("OCFA") has reported that the Coastal Fire destroyed 20 residential structures and damaged 11 residential structures. Two firefighters also reportedly sustained minor injuries. In addition, fire authorities have estimated suppression costs at approximately $3 million. While SCE's investigation remains ongoing, SCE's information reflects that a SCE circuit in the area experienced an anomaly (a relay) approximately 2 minutes prior to the reported time of the fire. An investigation into the cause of the Coastal Fire was led by the OCFA. The OCFA has retained SCE equipment in connection with its investigation. In September 2024, SCE received a report of investigation from the OCFA, in which the OCFA finds that the Coastal Fire was unintentionally caused by sparks from overhead SCE electrical equipment igniting vegetation under the equipment. The SED is conducting an investigation with respect to the Coastal Fire. One damages only trial for one individual plaintiff household is currently scheduled for May 2025 in the Coastal Fire litigation. SCE expects to obtain and review additional information and materials in the possession of third parties during the course of its internal reviews and the litigation process. SCE has accrued charges for potential losses relating to the Coastal Fire.

2022 Fairview Fire

The "Fairview Fire" originated in Riverside County in September 2022 and burned approximately 28,000 acres. CAL FIRE has reported that the Fairview Fire destroyed 22 residential structures, damaged five residential structures, and destroyed or damaged 17 minor structures. CAL FIRE also reportedtwo civilian fatalities, one civilian injury andtwo injuries to responding fire personnel. In addition, fire authorities have estimated suppression costs at $39 million. While SCE's investigation remains ongoing, SCE's information reflects that a SCE circuit in the area experienced an anomaly (a relay) approximately 8 minutes prior to the reported start time of the fire. In November 2023, SCE received a report of investigation conducted by CAL FIRE, in which CAL FIRE finds that the Fairview Fire was caused when a sagging SCE electrical conductor came in contact with a communication line, causing sparks to fall and ignite surrounding vegetation. In July 2024, the SED issued a notice of violation alleging that SCE failed to comply with clearance requirements with respect to its electrical conductor. Jury trials for bellwether plaintiffs in the Fairview Fire litigation have been set for May 2025. SCE expects to obtain and review additional information and materials in the possession of third parties during the course of its internal reviews and the litigation process. SCE has accrued charges for potential losses relating to the Fairview Fire.

Settlement of Claims

The following table presents settlements paid.

Edison International and SCE has not admitted wrongdoing or liability as part of any settlements related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events or the Other Wildfire Events. SCE continues to explore reasonable settlement opportunities with plaintiffs in outstanding wildfire litigation.

Loss Estimates

The following table presents changes in estimated losses since December 31, 2023:

Edison International's and SCE's consolidated balance sheets included fixed payments to be made under executed settlement agreements and accrued estimated losses presented in the tables below:

1. At December 31, 2024, current liabilities related to 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events consisted of $29 million of settlements executed and $19 million of short-term payables under the SED Agreement. At December 31, 2023, current liabilities related to 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events consisted of $16 million of settlements executed and $14 million of short-term payables under the SED Agreement.

2. At December 31, 2024, long-term wildfire-related claims related to 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events consisted of $38 million of long-term payables under the SED Agreement and $340 million of estimate of expected losses for remaining alleged and potential claims. At December 31, 2023, long-term wildfire-related claims related to 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events consisted of $48 million of long-term payables under the SED Agreement and $637 million of estimate of expected losses for remaining alleged and potential claims.

Edison International and SCE have accrued their best estimate of expected losses for remaining alleged and potential claims related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and at the low end of the estimated range of reasonably possible losses for each of the Other Wildfire Events as no amount within the range of reasonably possible losses for each such fire appears, at this time, to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range. While Edison International and SCE may incur a material loss in excess of the amounts accrued, they cannot estimate the upper end of the range of reasonably possible losses that may be incurred in connection with the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events or the Other Wildfire Events.

The estimated losses for the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events do not include estimates of potential losses related to certain potential public entity plaintiff claims, including CAL OES's claim in the TKM litigation, for which the statute of limitations has been tolled, and for an individual plaintiff demand received in the first quarter of 2024 that continues to be analyzed and has not been substantiated, as losses from these alleged and potential claims are not estimable at this time.

Management reviews its loss estimates for remaining alleged and potential claims related to wildfire litigation quarterly. The first quarter 2024 analysis with respect to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events included a review of information received during the first quarter of 2024 about outstanding claims, including demands from most of the individual plaintiffs who had opted into the Woolsey Fire mediation program, and from settling claims through that quarter. As a result of management's reviews, SCE recorded an increase in estimated losses of $490 million for the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events during the first quarter of 2024.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, SCE's consolidated statements of income included charges for the estimated losses, net of expected recoveries, as follows:

1. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, Edison Insurance Services, Inc. ("EIS"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Edison International, incurred $4 million, $3 million and $9 million insurance expenses, respectively. These amounts were included in the insurance recoveries of SCE but were excluded from those of Edison International.

In total, through December 31, 2024, SCE has recorded estimated losses of $11 billion, expected recoveries from insurance and third parties of $2.7 billion and expected recoveries through electric rates of $617 million related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and the Other Wildfire Events. The after-tax net charges to earnings recorded through December 31, 2024, have been $5.6 billion.

Recoveries

SCE has exhausted expected insurance recoveries related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events. Expected recoveries from insurance recorded for the Other Wildfire Events are supported by SCE's insurance coverage for multiple policy years. Edison International and SCE record a receivable for insurance recoveries when recovery of a recorded loss is determined to be probable.

Recovery of SCE's losses realized in connection with the Woolsey Fire and the Other Wildfire Events in excess of available insurance is subject to approval by regulators. The CPUC and FERC may not allow SCE to recover uninsured losses through electric rates, including by requiring refund of amounts recovered, if it is determined that such losses were not prudently incurred. Under accounting standards for rate-regulated enterprises, SCE defers costs as regulatory assets in the period it concludes that such costs are probable of future recovery in electric rates. SCE utilizes objectively determinable evidence to form its view on the probability of future recovery.

While Edison International and SCE may incur material losses in excess of the amounts accrued for certain of the Other Wildfire Events, Edison International and SCE expect that additional losses incurred in connection with any such fire, other than for the Creek Fire, will be covered by insurance, subject to self-insured retentions and co-insurance, and expect that any such additional losses after expected recoveries from insurance and through electric rates will not be material.

As of December 31, 2024, SCE has recorded total expected recoveries of $2.7 billion from insurance, of $152 million within the WEMA and RMBA and $465 million within the FERC related balancing account related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and the Other Wildfire Events.

The following table sets forth total expected recoveries SCE has recorded since inception through December 31, 2024:

The following tables summarize expected recoveries from insurance and through electric rates as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

For events that occurred in 2017 and early 2018, principally the Thomas and Koenigstein Fires and Montecito Mudslides, SCE had $1.0 billion of wildfire-specific insurance coverage, subject to a self-insured retention of $10 million per occurrence. For the Woolsey Fire, SCE had an additional $1.0 billion of wildfire-specific insurance coverage, subject to a self-insured retention of $10 million per occurrence. SCE has recovered $2.0 billion from its insurance carriers in relation to the claims related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events. SCE has recorded recoveries from insurance of $18 million related to the Creek Fire. No additional insurance is available for the Creek Fire because wildfire insurance for the period in which the fire was ignited has been almost fully exhausted as a result of the TKM litigation.

SCE has approximately $1.2 billion of wildfire-specific insurance coverage for events that occurred during the period June 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020, subject to up to $165 million of co-insurance and self-insured retention, which resulted in net coverage of approximately $1.0 billion.

SCE has approximately $1.0 billion of wildfire-specific insurance coverage for events that occurred during the period July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2021, subject to up to $130 million of self-insured retention and co-insurance per fire, which results in net coverage of approximately $870 million.

SCE has approximately $1.0 billion of wildfire-specific insurance coverage for events that occurred during the period July 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022, subject to up to $163 million of self-insured retention and co-insurance per fire, which resulted in net coverage of approximately $837 million.

SCE has approximately $1.0 billion of wildfire-specific insurance coverage for events that occurred during the period July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023, subject to up to $63 million of self-insured retention and co-insurance per fire, which results in net coverage of approximately $937 million.

SCE's wildfire insurance expense for the July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023 policy period was approximately $450 million, of which $357 million was paid to commercial insurance carriers (commercial insurance carriers other than EIS are referred to herein as "Third-Party Commercial Insurers"). The difference between the Third-Party Commercial Insurer cost and total cost for the July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023 policy period was paid in premiums to EIS (See Note

18 for further information). Wildfire insurance premiums paid for the July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023 policy period are being recovered through customer rates. In February 2025, an amendment was made to one of the EIS wildfire liability insurance policies. This amendment does not change the the amount of premiums paid to EIS and does not change the policy's total available insurance limit, but modifies how the limit is applied under the policy. As a result of this amendment, $50 million of the self-insured retention for a wildfire occurring during the July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023 policy period, recorded in WEMA as of December 31, 2024, is now eligible for insurance reimbursement. Consequently, in 2025, EIS will record a $50 million wildfire insurance expense (by utilizing the premiums already collected as discussed above), and SCE will record the corresponding insurance recovery from EIS by applying a required credit to the WEMA.

In May 2023, the CPUC allowed SCE to establish an expanded self-insurance program for wildfire-related costs that will be funded through CPUC-jurisdictional rates, in lieu of obtaining wildfire liability insurance from the commercial insurance market. Beginning on July 1, 2023, SCE implemented its customer-funded wildfire self-insurance program. In 2023 and 2024 SCE collected $150 million and $300 million, respectively, through CPUC-jurisdictional rates in support of SCE's customer-funded wildfire self-insurance program.

In July 2024, the CPUC issued a decision in the 2025 GRC proceeding authorizing this self-insurance framework to continue through at least 2028, supporting a self-insurance fund of up to $1.0 billion per policy year. Through 2028, $300 million will be collected annually until a total available self-insurance accrual amount of $1.0 billion is achieved. If losses are accrued for wildfire-related claims for wildfires that occur between July 1, 2023 and the end of 2028, customer rates will be increased in subsequent years, as needed, to allow for full recovery of the amounts accrued up to $1.0 billion per policy year, subject to a shareholder contribution of 2.5% of any self-insurance costs ultimately paid exceeding $500 million in any policy year, up to a maximum annual contribution of $12.5 million per policy year. SCE's self-insurance program meets its obligation to maintain reasonable insurance coverage under AB 1054 for the January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025 period.

Recoveries through Electric Rates

CPUC recoveries pre-AB 1054

Regulatory recovery of SCE's losses realized in connection with the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events in excess of available insurance is subject to approval by regulators. Under accounting standards for rate-regulated enterprises, SCE defers costs as regulatory assets in the period it concludes that such costs are probable of future recovery in electric rates. SCE utilizes objectively determinable evidence to form its view on probability of future recovery. The only directly comparable precedent in which a California investor-owned utility sought recovery for uninsured wildfire claims related costs and the CPUC made a prudency determination is SDG&E's requests for cost recovery related to 2007 wildfire activity, where the FERC allowed recovery of all FERC-jurisdictional wildfire claims related costs while the CPUC rejected recovery of all CPUC-jurisdictional wildfire claims related costs based on a determination that SDG&E did not meet the CPUC's prudency standard ("SDG&E Decision"). The SDG&E Decision is evidence of a California investor-owned utility seeking recovery for uninsured wildfire-related costs and FERC allowing recovery of all FERC-jurisdictional wildfire-related costs while the CPUC rejected recovery of all CPUC-jurisdictional wildfire-related costs based on a determination that the utility did not meet the CPUC's prudency standard.

In August 2023, SCE filed an application to seek CPUC-jurisdictional rate recovery of prudently incurred losses related to the Thomas Fire, the Koenigstein Fire and the Montecito Mudslides, consisting of uninsured claims and associated costs, including legal costs and financing costs. In January 2025, the CPUC approved the TKM Settlement Agreement and closed the proceeding. Parties to the proceeding may file an application for rehearing through March 10, 2025. Under the TKM Settlement Agreement, SCE is authorized to recover 60%, or approximately $1.6 billion, of approximately $2.7 billion of losses, consisting of approximately $1.3 billion of uninsured claims paid as of May 31, 2024 and $0.3 billion of associated costs, composed of legal fees and financing costs incurred as of May 31, 2024 and estimated ongoing financing costs. SCE is also authorized to recover 60% of claims paid and related costs incurred after May 31, 2024, other than for $125 million of uninsured claims and related financing costs which SCE waived its right to seek recovery of under the SED Agreement. SCE will record a regulatory asset for recoveries permitted under the TKM Settlement Agreement in the first quarter of 2025. Under the TKM Settlement Agreement, SCE is also authorized to recover approximately $55 million of approximately $65 million in incremental restoration costs, inclusive of operations and maintenance expenses, incurred related to the Thomas and Koenigstein Fires.

In October 2024, SCE filed an application (the "Woolsey Application") to seek CPUC-jurisdictional rate recovery of $5.4 billion of prudently incurred losses related to the Woolsey Fire, consisting of approximately $4.4 billion of uninsured claims paid as of August 31, 2024 and $1.0 billion of associated costs, composed of legal and financing costs incurred as of August 31, 2024 and estimated ongoing financing costs. The CPUC may not allow SCE to recover uninsured losses related to the Woolsey Fire and through electric rates if it is determined that such losses were not prudently incurred. SCE is also seeking recovery of approximately $84 million in restoration costs in the proceeding. These assets are impaired if the restoration costs are permanently disallowed by the CPUC.

The CPUC did not make a determination regarding SCE's prudency when it approved the TKM Settlement Agreement. Therefore, notwithstanding CPUC approval of the TKM Settlement Agreement, SCE believes that the CPUC's interpretation and application of the prudency standard to SDG&E continues to create substantial uncertainty regarding how that standard will be applied to an investor-owned utility in wildfire cost-recovery proceedings for fires ignited prior to July 12, 2019. Consequently, SCE is unable to estimate the uninsured CPUC-jurisdictional claims related costs related to the Woolsey Fire or Creek Fire, both pre-AB 1054 events, that are probable of future recovery, and will not record a regulatory asset for recoveries related to the Woolsey Fire or Creek Fire in connection with the approval of the TKM Settlement Agreement. SCE will continue to evaluate the facts and circumstances of cost recovery proceedings applicable to pre-AB 1054 wildfires to determine if and when a regulatory asset for pre-AB 1054 wildfire events may be recorded.

CPUC recoveries post-AB 1054

The SDG&E Decision was prior to the adoption of AB 1054 on July 12, 2019, after which date AB 1054 clarified that the CPUC must find a utility to be prudent if the utility's conduct related to the ignition was consistent with actions that a reasonable utility would have undertaken in good faith under similar circumstances, at the relevant point in time, and based on the information available at that time. Further, utilities with a valid safety certification at the time of the relevant wildfire will be presumed to have acted prudently related to a wildfire ignition unless a party in the cost recovery proceeding creates serious doubt as to the reasonableness of the utility's conduct, at which time, the burden shifts back to the utility to prove its conduct was prudent.

Each of the Other Wildfire Events discussed above, with the exception of the Creek Fire, was ignited after July 12, 2019, and SCE has held a valid safety certification since July 15, 2019. While a California investor-owned utility has not yet sought a prudency review related to recovery for uninsured claims and other costs related to wildfires ignited after the adoption of AB 1054, SCE believes that for fires ignited after July 12, 2019, and for investor-owned utilities holding a safety certification at the time of the fire, the CPUC will apply a standard of review similar to that applied by the FERC which presumes all costs requested by an investor-owned utility are reasonable and prudent unless serious doubt as to the reasonableness of the utility's conduct is created. As such, SCE has concluded, at this time, that uninsured CPUC-jurisdictional wildfire-related costs related to those Other Wildfire Events occurring after AB 1054 that it has deferred as regulatory assets are probable of recovery through electric rates. SCE will continue to evaluate the probability of recovery based on available evidence, including regulatory decisions, including any CPUC decisions illustrating the interpretation and/or application of the prudency standard under AB 1054, and, for each applicable fire, evidence that could create serious doubt as to the reasonableness of SCE's conduct relative to that fire. The CPUC may not allow SCE to recover uninsured losses related to the Other Wildfire Events through electric rates if it is determined that such losses were not prudently incurred.

FERC recoveries

Through the operation of its FERC Formula Rate, and based upon the precedent established in SDG&E's recovery of FERC-jurisdictional wildfire-related costs, SCE believes it is probable it will recover its FERC-jurisdictional costs related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and Other Wildfire Events. FERC recoveries are subject to refund, and SCE will continue to evaluate the probability of recovery of FERC-jurisdictional costs related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and Other Wildfire Events based on available evidence, including any FERC decisions to allow or disallow recovery of FERC-jurisdictional wildfire related costs based on a state regulator's decision on whether to permit recovery of related costs. FERC recoveries related to the 2017/2018 Wildfire/Mudslide Events and Other Wildfire Events are subject to refund.

Subsequent events Eaton Fire

In January 2025, several wind-driven wildfires impacted portions of SCE's service area, causing loss of life, substantial damage and service outages for SCE customers. One of the largest of these wildfires, the Eaton Fire, ignited in SCE's service area in Los Angeles County and spread under conditions of an extreme Santa Ana windstorm.

According to preliminary information provided by CAL FIRE, the Eaton Fire burned approximately 14,000 acres; destroyed approximately 6,018 single residence structures,3,146 other minor structures,96 multiple residences and 158 mixed commercial/residential and nonresidential commercial structures; damaged approximately 750 residential structures,260 other minor structures,28 multiple residences and 35 mixed commercial/residential and nonresidential commercial structures and resulted in 17 confirmed civilian fatalities and 9 confirmed fire personnel injuries/illnesses. In addition, fire authorities have estimated suppression costs at approximately $100 million.

The Los Angeles County Fire Department is leading the investigation into the origin and cause of the Eaton Fire, with the assistance of CAL FIRE, and has identified a preliminary area of origin of the fire. SCE has transmission facilities in the preliminary area of origin. As part of its investigation, the Los Angeles County Fire Department has requested that SCE preserve in-place its equipment in the preliminary area of origin. The SED is also conducting an investigation with respect to the Eaton Fire.

Multiple lawsuits related to the Eaton Fire have been initiated against SCE and Edison International. SCE’s ongoing internal review into the facts and circumstances of the Eaton Fire is complex and will require significant time. SCE's review includes ongoing inspections of its facilities and records and of third-party information, including analysis of concerning images and videos that suggest a possible link to SCE's transmission facilities in the preliminary area of origin. As of February 27, 2025, based on the information it has reviewed, SCE has not determined whether its equipment was associated with the ignition of the Eaton Fire.

As required by applicable accounting standards, SCE is continuing to assess the likelihood of potential losses related to the Eaton Fire and cannot estimate the range of reasonably possible losses that could be incurred in connection with the Eaton Fire.

Environmental Remediation

SCE records its environmental remediation liabilities when site assessments and/or remedial actions are probable and a range of reasonably likely cleanup costs can be estimated. SCE reviews its sites and measures the liability quarterly, by assessing a range of reasonably likely costs for each identified site using currently available information, including existing technology, presently enacted laws and regulations, experience gained at similar sites, and the probable level of involvement and financial condition of other potentially responsible parties. These estimates include costs for site investigations, remediation, operation and maintenance, monitoring and site closure. Unless there is a single probable amount, SCE records the low end of this reasonably likely range of costs (reflected in "Other long-term liabilities") at undiscounted amounts as timing of cash flows is uncertain.

At December 31, 2024, SCE's recorded estimated minimum liability to remediate its 21 identified material sites (sites with a liability balance as of December 31, 2024, in which the upper end of the range of the costs is at least $1 million) was $232 million, including $154 million related to San Onofre. In addition to these sites, SCE also has 19 immaterial sites with a liability balance on December 31, 2024 for which the total minimum recorded liability was $3 million. Of the $235 million total environmental remediation liability for SCE, $222 million has been recorded as a regulatory asset. SCE expects to recover $35 million through an incentive mechanism that allows SCE to recover 90% of its environmental remediation costs at certain sites (SCE may request to include additional sites in this mechanism), and $187 million through proceedings that allow SCE to recover up to 100% of the costs incurred at certain sites through customer rates. SCE's identified sites include several sites for which there is a lack of currently available information, including the nature and magnitude of contamination, and the extent, if any, that SCE may be held responsible for contributing to any costs incurred for remediating these sites. Thus, no reasonable estimate of cleanup costs can be made for these sites.

The ultimate costs to clean up SCE's identified sites may vary from its recorded liability due to numerous uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, such as: the extent and nature of contamination; the scarcity of reliable data for identified sites; the varying costs of alternative cleanup methods; developments resulting from investigatory studies; the possibility of identifying additional sites; and the time periods over which site remediation is expected to occur. SCE believes that, due to these uncertainties, it is reasonably possible that cleanup costs at the identified material sites and immaterial sites could exceed its recorded liability by up to $118 million and $2 million, respectively. The upper limit of this range of costs was estimated using assumptions least favorable to SCE among a range of reasonably possible outcomes.

SCE expects to clean up and mitigate its identified sites over a period of up to approximately 35 years, though some sites may require a longer time period. Remediation costs for each of the next 5 years are expected to range from $9 million to $21 million. Costs incurred for years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $17 million, $11 million and $7 million, respectively, and were included in the "Operation and maintenance" expense on the consolidated statements of income.

Based upon the CPUC's regulatory treatment of environmental remediation costs incurred at SCE, SCE believes that costs ultimately recorded will not materially affect its results of operations, financial position or cash flows. There can be no assurance, however, that future developments, including additional information about existing sites or the identification of new sites, will not require material revisions to estimates.

Nuclear Insurance

Federal law limits public offsite liability claims for bodily injury and property damage from a nuclear incident to the amount of available financial protection, which is currently approximately $560 million for San Onofre and $16.3 billion for Palo Verde. As of January 1, 2024, SCE and other owners of San Onofre and Palo Verde have purchased the maximum private primary insurance available ($500 million) through a Facility Form issued by American Nuclear Insurers ("ANI"). In the case of San Onofre, the balance is covered by a US Government indemnity. In the case of Palo Verde, the balance is covered by a loss sharing program among nuclear reactor licensees. If a nuclear incident at any licensed reactor in the United States, which is participating in the loss sharing program, results in claims and/or costs which exceed the primary insurance at that plant site, all participating nuclear reactor licensees could be required to contribute their share of the liability in the form of a deferred premium.

The ANI Facility Form coverage includes broad liability protection for bodily injury or offsite property damage caused by the nuclear energy hazard at San Onofre or Palo Verde, or while radioactive material is in transit to or from San Onofre or Palo Verde. The Facility Form, however, includes several exclusions. First, it excludes onsite property damage to the nuclear facility itself and onsite cleanup costs, but as discussed below SCE maintains separate Nuclear Electric Insurance Limited ("NEIL") property damage coverage for such events. Second, tort claims of onsite workers are excluded, but SCE also maintains an ANI Master Worker Form policy that can provide coverage for non-licensee workers. This program provides a shared industry aggregate limit of $500 million. Industry losses covered by this program could reduce limits available to SCE. Third, offsite environmental costs arising out of government orders or directives, including those issued under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, also known as CERCLA, are excluded, with exceptions from clearly identifiable accidents.

SCE withdrew from participation in the secondary insurance pool for San Onofre for offsite liability insurance effective January 5, 2018. Based on its ownership interests in Palo Verde, SCE could be required to pay a maximum of approximately $79 million per nuclear incident for future incidents. However, it would have to pay no more than approximately $12 million per future incident in any one year. Based on its ownership interests in San Onofre and Palo Verde prior to January 5, 2018, SCE could be required to pay a maximum of approximately $255 million per nuclear incident and a maximum of $38 million per year per incident for liabilities arising from events prior to January 5, 2018, although SCE is not aware of any such events. If the public liability limit above is insufficient, federal law contemplates that additional funds may be appropriated by Congress. This could include an additional assessment on all licensed reactor operators as a measure for raising further federal revenue.

SCE is a member of NEIL, a mutual insurance company owned by entities with nuclear facilities. NEIL provides insurance for nuclear property damage, including damages caused by acts of terrorism up to specified limits, and for accidental outages for active facilities. The amount of nuclear property damage insurance purchased for San Onofre and Palo Verde exceeds the minimum federal requirement of $50 million and $1.1 billion, respectively. These policies include coverage for decontamination liability. Additional outage insurance covers part of replacement power expenses during an accident-related nuclear unit outage. The accidental outage insurance at San Onofre has been canceled as a result of the permanent retirement, but that insurance continues to be in effect at Palo Verde.

If NEIL losses at any nuclear facility covered by the arrangement were to exceed the accumulated funds for these insurance programs, SCE could be assessed retrospective premium adjustments of up to approximately $17 million per year. Insurance premiums are charged to operating expense.

Note 13. Leases

Leases as Lessee

SCE enters into various agreements to purchase power, electric capacity and other energy products that may be accounted for as leases when SCE has dispatch rights that determine when and how a plant runs. SCE also leases property and equipment primarily related to vehicles, office space and other equipment. The terms of the lease contracts included in the table below are primarily 15 to 20 years for PPA leases,3 to 72 years for office leases, and 5 to 13 years for the remaining other operating leases. Finance leases are immaterial to the periods presented.

The following table summarizes SCE's future lease payments for operating leases as of December 31, 2024:

1 Excludes escalation clauses based on consumer price or other indices and residual value guarantees that are not considered probable at the commencement date of the lease.

The timing of SCE's recognition of the lease expense conforms to ratemaking treatment for SCE's recovery of the cost of electricity and is included in purchased power for PPA operating leases. The following table summarizes the components of SCE's lease expense:

1 Includes lease costs from legacy renewable energy contracts where payments are based on contingent external factors such as wind, hydro and solar power generation.

Other information related to leases was as follows:

Leases as Lessor

SCE also enters into operating leases to rent certain land and facilities as a lessor. These leases primarily have terms that range from 15 to 65 years. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, SCE recognized lease income of $18 million, $17 million and $18 million, respectively, which is included in operating revenue on the consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2024, the undiscounted cash flow expected to be received from lease payments for the remaining years is as follows:

Note 14. Equity

Common Stock

Stock Repurchase Programs

On December 12, 2024, the Edison International Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program effective February 20, 2025 for repurchase of up to $75 million of its common stock until February 18, 2026 ("2025 Repurchase Program"). The Repurchase Program will be used to offset dilution from common stock issued under Edison International's long-term incentive compensation programs and will be funded using Edison International's working capital.

The timing and the amount of any repurchased common stock will be determined by Edison International's management based on their evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The 2025 Repurchase Program may be executed through various methods, including open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, and other transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws. Any repurchased shares of common stock will be retired. The 2025 Repurchase Program does not obligate Edison International to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and it may be suspended or discontinued at any time at its discretion.

On July 25, 2024, Edison International announced a stock repurchase program effective July 29, 2024 for repurchase of up to $200 million of its common stock until December 31, 2025 ("2024 Repurchase Program"). The 2024 Repurchase Program was used to offset dilution from common stock issued under Edison International's long-term incentive compensation programs and was funded using Edison International's working capital.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, Edison International repurchased and retired 2,412,203 shares under the 2024 Repurchase Program for an average price of $82.91 per share. As of December 31, 2024, no authorized repurchase amount remained under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program.

At-the-market Program

As of December 31, 2024, Edison International had not issued any shares through its "at-the-market" ("ATM") program established in August 2022. Under the ATM program, Edison International may sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to$500 million. Edison International has no obligation to sell the remaining shares available under the ATM program. On February 21, 2025, Edison International delivered notice to the agents to terminate the ATM program, which was effective February 24, 2025.

Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2024, Edison International had 1,159,317 shares of 5.375% Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A ("Series A Preferred Stock") and 503,454 shares of 5.00% Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B ("Series B Preferred Stock") outstanding, each with a liquidation value of $1,000 per share. The dividends are payable on a semi-annual basis and will be reset every five years beginning on March 15, 2026 and March 15, 2027, for Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock, respectively, to equal the then-current five-year U.S. Treasury rate plus a spread.

In the first and second quarter of 2024, Edison International repurchased 20,000 shares and 9,000 shares, respectively, of its Series B Preferred Stock via open market repurchases for$19 million (at an average price of$952) and$9 million (at an average price of $967), respectively, including accrued and unpaid dividends. In December 2023, Edison International repurchased 29,186 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock and 133,323 shares of its Series B Preferred Stock via open market repurchases for$28 million (at an average price of$971) and$127 million (at an average price of $955), respectively, including accrued and unpaid dividends. In November 2023, Edison International, through a tender offer, repurchased 61,497 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock and 84,223 shares of its Series B Preferred Stock for $57 million (at an average price of $925) and $76 million (at an average price of $904), respectively, including accrued and unpaid dividends. Edison International recognized a total net gain of$1 million and $16 millionfor the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, from the repurchases as reflected in "Preferred stock dividend requirements of Edison International" on the consolidated statements of income.

Edison International may, at its option, redeem its preferred stocks in whole or in part during certain periods of time prior to each of the dividend reset dates at a price equal to $1,000 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Edison International may also, at its option, redeem the preferred stocks in whole but not in part at a price equal to $1,020 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends within a certain period of time following any change in the criteria rating agencies use that would have adverse effects on the equity credit attributed by rating agencies to the preferred stocks.

The preferred stocks rank senior to Edison International's common stock with respect to dividends rights and distribution rights upon liquidation. The preferred stocks are not subject to any mandatory sinking fund, retirement fund, purchase fund or other similar provisions. Holders of the shares of the preferred stocks do not have the right to require Edison International to repurchase or redeem shares of the preferred stocks.

Preferred and Preference Stock of Utility

SCE's authorized shares are: $100 cumulative preferred –12 million shares, $25 cumulative preferred –24 million shares and preference withno par value –50 million shares. There wereno preferred shares issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Shares of SCE's preference stock rank senior to SCE's common stock with respect to dividend rights and distribution rights upon liquidation. SCE's outstanding preference shares are not subject to mandatory redemption and there is no sinking fund requirement for redemptions or repurchases of preference shares. There areno dividends in arrears for the preference shares.

The following table summarizes preference stocks (dividends declared per share are for 2024):

Shares of Series E, G, H and L preference stock may be redeemed at par, in whole or in part. Shares of Series J, K, and M preference stock may be redeemed at par, in whole, but not in part, at any time prior to September 15, 2025, March 15, 2026, and November 22, 2028, respectively, if certain changes in tax or investment company law or interpretation (or applicable rating agency equity credit criteria for Series L and M only) occur and certain other conditions are satisfied. On or after September 15, 2025, March 15, 2026, and November 22, 2028, SCE may redeem the Series J, K, and M shares, respectively, at par, in whole or in part. For shares of Series J and K preference stock, distributions will accrue and be payable at a floating rate from and including September 15, 2025 and March 15, 2026, respectively. In May 2024, $350 million Series N preference stock was issued. The proceeds were used to redeem all of the Series E preference stock. In November 2024, Series H preference stock was redeemed.

Shares of Series G, H, J, K, L, M and N preference stock were issued to SCE Trust II, SCE Trust III, SCE Trust IV, SCE Trust V, SCE Trust VI, SCE Trust VII and SCE Trust VIII, respectively, special purpose entities formed to issue trust securities to the public. The trust securities do not have a maturity date and upon redemption of any shares of the series of preference stock, a corresponding dollar amount of the trust securities will be redeemed by the applicable trust. The applicable trust will make distributions at the same rate and on the same dates on the applicable series of trust securities, if and when the SCE's Board of Directors declares and makes dividend payments on the related preference stock.

Note 15. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consist of:

1 These items are included in the computation of net periodic pension and PBOP Plan expense. See Note 9 for additional information.

Note 16. Other Income, Net

Other income net of expenses is as follows:

Note 17. Supplemental Cash Flows Information

Supplemental cash flows information is:

SCE's accrued capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $644 million, $680 million, and $652 million, respectively. Accrued capital expenditures are included in investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows in the period paid.

Note 18. Related-Party Transactions

Edison International and SCE provide and receive various services to and from its subsidiaries and affiliates. Services provided to Edison International by SCE are priced at fully loaded cost (i.e., direct cost of goods or service and allocation of overhead cost). Specified administrative services performed by Edison International or SCE employees, such as payroll and employee benefit programs, are shared among all affiliates of Edison International. Costs are allocated based on one of the following formulas: percentage of time worked, equity in investment and advances, number of employees, or multi-factor (operating revenue, operating expenses, total assets and number of employees). Edison International allocates various corporate administrative and general costs to SCE and other subsidiaries using established allocation factors.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, SCE didnot purchase wildfire liability insurance from EIS. Beginning on July 1, 2023, in lieu of obtaining wildfire liability insurance from the commercial insurance market, SCE implemented its customer-funded wildfire self-insurance program. For the year ended December 31, 2022, SCE purchased wildfire liability insurance for premiums of $273 million from EIS. EIS fully reinsured the exposure for these policies through the commercial reinsurance market, with reinsurance limits and premiums equal to those of the insurance purchased by SCE, except for a contract for a premium of $93 million for the 12 months ended June 30, 2023 under which EIS provided insurance protection to SCE. SCE recorded the premium as insurance expense and recorded an equal amount of revenue due to customer funding through regulatory cost recovery mechanisms, therefore there was no earnings impact on SCE's consolidated statements of income. EIS recorded the premium as insurance revenue. On the Edison International consolidated statements of income, the EIS insurance revenue was eliminated with SCE's insurance expense, therefore the SCE customer revenues increased the earnings of Edison International. The amount of insurance expense and corresponding revenue was $44 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The expected insurance recoveries from previously purchased wildfire-related insurance from EIS included in SCE's consolidated balance sheets were $303 million and $355 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The expense for wildfire-related insurance premiums paid to EIS was $132 million and $213 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Edison International Foundation ("EIXF") is an unconsolidated not-for-profit organization. Edison International does not have title to, and cannot receive contributions back from, EIXF. Edison International made contributions to EIXF of $19 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was reflected in "Other income, net" on Edison International's consolidated statements of income. There were no contributions in 2023 and 2022.