PARK NATIONAL CORP OH

Index to Financial Statements

Audited Financial Statements Page

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting 75

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 77

Auditor Name: Crowe LLP

Auditor Location: Columbus, OH

Auditor Firm ID:173

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 202279

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 202183

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 202184

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 87

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders

Park National Corporation

The management of Park National Corporation (the “Corporation”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, for the Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP"). The Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

a. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries;

b. provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Corporation; and

c. provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the assets of the Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

The Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as it relates to the consolidated financial statements is evaluated for effectiveness by management and tested for reliability through a program of internal audits. Actions are taken to correct potential deficiencies as they are identified.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluations of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Accordingly, even an effective system of internal control over financial reporting will provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation.

With the participation of our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, and Treasurer, management evaluated the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2023, the end of the Corporation’s fiscal year. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth for effective internal control over financial reporting by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission's (COSO) Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on our assessment under the criteria described in the immediately preceding paragraph, management concluded that the

Corporation maintained effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2023. We reviewed the results of management's assessment with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

The Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm, Crowe LLP, has audited the Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Corporation and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the related Consolidated Statements of Income, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, included in "ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, and has issued their Report of Independent

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Registered Public Accounting Firm, which appears in "ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Park National Corporation

Newark, Ohio

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Park National Corporation (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (the “ACL”) as described in Notes 1 and 6 is an accounting estimate of expected credit losses over the estimated life of loans. The Company’s loan portfolio, measured at amortized cost, is presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Estimates of expected credit losses for loans are based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of the loans.

The Company measures expected credit losses based on pooled loans when similar risk characteristics exist primarily utilizing a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. A quantitative adjustment is made on top of the model using economic forecasts that are weighted to reflect model risk in the current economic environment. The Company adjusts its quantitative results for certain qualitative factors to reflect the extent to which management expects current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated.

The auditing of the quantitative adjustments related to weighting of economic scenarios was identified by us as a critical audit matter because of the significant subjective and complex judgments made by management to develop the quantitative adjustments, which led to significant auditor judgment and audit effort to evaluate the quantitative adjustment made, on top of the model, that weights the economic scenarios to reflect model risk in the current economic environment.

The primary procedures performed to address the critical audit matter included:

•Testing the effectiveness of management's controls addressing:

◦Evaluation of the appropriateness of the key judgments used in the determination of the quantitative adjustment, made on top of the model, that weights the economic scenarios used in the forecast.

◦Evaluation of the relevance and reliability of data used in the determination of the quantitative adjustment, made on top of the model, that weights the economic scenarios used in the forecast.

•Substantive testing included:

◦Evaluating management’s judgments and the relevance and reliability of data used in applying a quantitative adjustment, made on top of the model, that weights the economic scenarios used in the forecast.

Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2006.

Columbus, Ohio

February 23, 2024

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies followed in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements:

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Park National Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Park”, the “Company” or the “Corporation”), unless the context otherwise requires. Material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on net income or shareholders' equity.

Restrictions on Cash and Due from Banks

As of March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve Board eliminated reserve requirements for all depository institutions. There were no compensating balance arrangements in existence at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Investment Securities

Debt securities are classified upon acquisition into one of three categories: HTM, AFS, or trading (see Note 4 - Investment Securities).

HTM debt securities are those debt securities that the Corporation has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are recorded at amortized cost. The Corporation did not hold any HTM debt securities during any period presented. AFS debt securities are those debt securities that would be available to be sold in the future in response to the Corporation’s liquidity needs, changes in market interest rates, and asset-liability management strategies, among other reasons. AFS debt securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses excluded from earnings, but included in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes. The Corporation did not hold any trading securities during any period presented.

Interest income from debt securities includes amortization of purchase premium or discount. Premiums and discounts on investment securities are amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Gains and losses realized on the sale of debt securities are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days past due. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against interest income.

ACL - Debt Securities AFS

For debt securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, Park first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that Park will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. For debt securities AFS that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, Park evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes.

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Changes in the ACL are recorded as a provision for (or recovery of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes that uncollectibility of a debt security AFS is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Accrued interest receivable on debt securities AFS totaled $10.6 million and $12.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

ACL - HTM Debt Securities

Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Park does not currently hold any HTM debt securities.

Equity Securities

Equity securities, included within "Other investment securities" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment.

Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Stock

PNB is a member of the FHLB and the FRB. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on their level of borrowings and other factors and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock and FRB stock are classified as restricted securities and are carried at their redemption value within "Other investment securities" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Impairment is evaluated based on the ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.

Loans Held for Sale

Park has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans held for sale, which are carried at their fair value as of each balance sheet date.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives

Commitments to fund mortgage loans (interest rate locks) to be sold into the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans are accounted for as free standing derivatives. The fair value of an interest rate lock is recorded at the time the commitment to fund a mortgage loan is executed and is adjusted for the expected exercise of a commitment before a loan is funded. In order to hedge against a change in interest rates resulting from the Company's commitments to fund loans, the Company enters into forward commitments for the future delivery of mortgage loans. The fair value of Park's mortgage banking derivatives is estimated based on the change in mortgage interest rates from the date the interest on a loan is locked. The fair value of these mortgage banking derivatives is included in "Loans" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of these mortgage banking derivatives are included in "Other service income" in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts and deferred loan fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Accrued interest receivable totaled $28.5 million and $22.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was reported in "Accrued interest receivable" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Late charges on loans are recognized as income when they are collected. Net loan origination fees and costs are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments.

Commercial loans include: (1) commercial, financial and agricultural loans; (2) commercial real estate loans; (3) those commercial loans in the construction real estate loan segment; (4) those commercial loans in the residential real estate loan segment; and (5) leases. Consumer loans include: (1) mortgage and installment loans included in the construction real estate segment; (2) mortgage, home equity lines of credit ("HELOCs"), and installment loans included in the residential real estate segment; and (3) all loans included in the consumer segment.

Generally, commercial loans are placed on nonaccrual status at 90 days past due and consumer and residential mortgage loans are placed on nonaccrual status at 120 days past due. The delinquency status of a loan is based on contractual terms and not on how recently payments have been received. Park’s charge-off policy for commercial loans requires management to establish an individual reserve or record a charge-off when collection is in doubt and there is, or likely will be, a collateral shortfall related to the estimated value of the collateral securing a loan. The Company’s charge-off policy for consumer loans is dependent on the class of the loan. Residential mortgage loans, HELOCs, and consumer loans secured by residential real estate are typically

-88- charged down to the value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, at 180 days past due. The charge-off policy for other consumer loans, primarily installment loans, requires a monthly review of delinquent loans and a complete charge-off for any account that reaches 120 days past due. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual status or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

For loans which are on nonaccrual status, it is Park’s policy to reverse interest previously accrued on the loans against interest income. Interest on such loans may be recorded on a cash basis and be included in earnings only when Park expects to receive the entire recorded investment of the respective loans. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

A description of each segment of the loan portfolio, along with the risk characteristics of each segment, is included below:

Commercial, financial and agricultural: Commercial, financial and agricultural ("C&I") loans are made for a wide variety of general corporate purposes, including financing for commercial and industrial properties, financing for equipment, inventory and accounts receivable, acquisition financing, commercial leasing, and loans originated by consumer finance companies. The term of each commercial loan varies by its purpose. Repayment terms are structured such that commercial loans will be repaid within the economic useful life of the underlying asset. Risk of loss on C&I loans largely depends upon general economic cycles, as they may adversely impact certain industries, competency of the borrower's management team, the quality of the underlying assets supporting the loans including accounts receivable, inventory, and equipment, and the accuracy of the borrower's financial reporting. Such risks are mitigated by generally requiring the borrower's owners to guaranty the loans.

Commercial real estate: Commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans include mortgage loans to developers and owners of commercial real estate. The lending policy for CRE loans is designed to address the unique risk attributes of CRE lending. The collateral for these CRE loans is the underlying commercial real estate. Risk of loss on CRE loans largely depends upon the cash flow of the properties, which is influenced by the amount of vacancy experienced with respect to underlying real estate, the credit capacity of the tenants occupying the underlying real estate, and general economic trends, as they may adversely impact the value of a property. These risks are mitigated by generally requiring personal guarantees of the owners of the properties and by requiring appraisals pursuant to government regulations.

Construction real estate: The Company defines construction loans as both commercial construction loans and residential construction loans where the loan proceeds are used exclusively for the improvement of real estate. Construction loans may be in the form of a permanent loan or a short-term construction loan, depending on the needs of the individual borrower. Construction financing is generally considered to involve a higher degree of risk of loss than long-term financing on improved, occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction and the estimated cost (including interest) of construction. If the estimate of construction cost proves to be inaccurate, Park may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed to permit completion of the project. If the estimate of value proves inaccurate, Park may be confronted, at or prior to the maturity of the loan, with a project having a value insufficient to assure full repayment, should the borrower default. In the event that a default on a construction loan occurs and foreclosure follows, Park must take control of the project and attempt to either arrange for completion of construction or dispose of the unfinished project. Additional risks exist with respect to loans made to developers who do not have a buyer for the property, as the developer may lack funds to pay the loan if the property is not sold upon completion. Park attempts to reduce such risks on loans to developers by generally requiring personal guarantees and reviewing current personal financial statements and tax returns as well as other projects undertaken by the developer.

Residential real estate: The Company defines residential real estate loans as first mortgages on individuals’ primary residences or second mortgages on individuals’ primary residences in the form of HELOCs or installment loans. Credit approval for residential real estate loans requires demonstration of sufficient income to repay the principal and interest and the real estate taxes and insurance, stable employment, an established credit record and a current independent third-party appraisal providing the market value of the real estate securing the loan. Residential real estate loans typically have longer terms and higher balances with lower yields as compared to consumer loans, but generally carry lower risks of default. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act requires creditors to make a reasonable and good faith determination of a consumer's ability to repay any consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling. Documentation and verification of income within defined time frames and not-to-exceed limits are bases for affirming ability to repay. Risk of loss largely depends upon factors affecting the borrower's ability to repay as well as the general economic trends as they may adversely impact the value of the property. These risks are mitigated by completing a comprehensive underwriting of the borrower and by requiring appraisals pursuant to government regulations.

Consumer: The Company originates direct and indirect consumer loans, primarily automobile, recreational vehicle and watercraft loans, to customers in the Company's primary market areas. Credit approval for consumer loans requires income

-89- sufficient to repay principal and interest due, stable employment, an established credit record and sufficient collateral for secured loans. Consumer loans typically have shorter terms and lower balances with higher yields as compared to real estate mortgage loans, but generally carry higher risks of default. Consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances.

Leases: The Company originates financing leases primarily for the purchase of commercial vehicles, operating/manufacturing equipment, and municipal vehicles/equipment. Repayment terms are structured such that the lease will be repaid within the economic useful life of the leased asset. Risk of losses on financing leases largely depends upon general economic cycles, as they may adversely impact certain industries, competency of the borrower’s management team, the quality and residual value of the leased asset, and the accuracy of the borrower’s financial reporting. These risks are mitigated by underwriting leases considering primary and secondary sources of repayment and requiring guaranteed residual values.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Park's commercial loan portfolio includes loans to a wide variety of corporations and businesses across many industrial classifications in the 26 Ohio counties, four North Carolina counties, four South Carolina counties and one Kentucky county where PNB operates, with the exception of nationwide aircraft loans and nationwide asset-based lending to consumer finance companies. The primary industries represented by these customers include real estate rental and leasing, finance and insurance, construction, accommodation and food services, health care and social assistance, other services, manufacturing, retail trade, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and professional, scientific, and technical services.

PCD Loans

The Company has purchased loans, some of which have shown evidence of credit deterioration since origination. Upon adoption of ASC 326, Park elected to maintain pools of loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30 and will continue to account for these pools as a unit of account. Loans are only removed from the existing pools if they are written off, paid off, or sold. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the allowance for credit losses was determined for each pool and added to the pool's carrying amount to establish a new amortized cost basis. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the pool and the new amortized cost basis is the noncredit premium or discount, which will be amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the pool. Changes to the allowance for credit losses after adoption are recorded through provision for credit losses expense.

ACL - Loans

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost of total loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes that the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries cannot exceed the aggregate of the amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant and available information from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical credit loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors.

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ACL - Loans - Collectively Evaluated

The ACL is measured on a collective pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Park has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses using the following methods:

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes extensions, renewals, and modifications unless renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by Park.

In general, Park utilized a DCF method to estimate the quantitative portion of the allowance for credit losses for loans evaluated on a collective pooled basis. For each segment, a LDA was performed in order to identify appropriate loss drivers and create a regression model for use in forecasting cash flows. The LDA utilized Park's own Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council's ("FFIEC") Call Report data for the commercial, financial and agricultural and residential real estate segments. Peer data was incorporated into the analysis for the commercial real estate, construction real estate, and consumer segments.

In creating the DCF model, Park established a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period with a one-year straight line reversion to the long-term historical average. Park's policy is to utilize its own data, which includes loan-level loss data from 2013 through December 31, 2023, whenever possible. Park and peer FFIEC Call Report data are utilized when there are insufficient defaults for a statistically sound calculation, or if Park does not have its own loan-level detail reflecting similar economic conditions as the forecasted loss drivers.

Key inputs into the DCF model include loan-level detail, including the amortized cost basis of individual loans, payment structure, loss history, and forecasted loss drivers. Park utilizes a third party to provide economic forecasts under various scenarios, which are weighted in order to reflect model risk in the then current economic environment. The weighting of the scenarios is evaluated on a quarterly basis considering the various scenarios in the context of the then current economic environment and presumed risk of loss.

Additional key assumptions in the DCF model include the PD, LGD, and prepayment/curtailment rates. When possible, Park utilizes its own PDs for the reasonable and supportable forecast period. When it is not possible to use Park's own PDs, the LDA is utilized to determine PDs based on the forecasted economic factors. In all cases, the LDA is then utilized to determine the long-term historical average, which is reached over the reversion period. When possible, Park's utilizes its own LGDs for the reasonable and supportable forecast period. When it is not possible to use Park's own LGDs, the LGD is derived using a method referred to as Frye Jacobs. The Frye Jacobs method is a mathematical formula that traces the relationship between

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LGD and PD over time and projects the LGD based on the level of PD forecasted. In all cases, the Frye Jacobs method is utilized to calculate LGDs during the reversion period and long-term historical average. Prepayment and curtailment rates were calculated based on Park's own data utilizing a three-year average.

When the discounted cash flow method is used to determine the allowance for credit losses, management incorporates expected prepayments to determine the effective interest rate utilized to discount expected cash flow.

Park reviews various internal and external factors to consider the need for any qualitative adjustments to the quantitative model. Factors considered include the following:

•The nature and volume of Park’s financial assets; the existence, growth, and effect of any concentrations of credit and the volume and severity of past due financial assets, the volume of nonaccrual assets, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded assets. Specifically, management considers:

◦Trends (e.g., growth, reduction) in specific categories of the loan portfolio, as well as adjustments to the types of loans offered by Park.

◦Level of and trend in loan delinquencies, troubled loans, commercial watch list loans and nonperforming loans.

◦Level of and trend in new nonaccrual loans.

◦Level of and trend in loan charge-offs and recoveries.

•Park's lending policies and procedures, including changes in lending strategies, underwriting standards and practices for collections, charge-offs, and recoveries.

•The quality of Park’s credit review function.

•The experience, ability, and depth of Park’s lending, investment, collection, and other relevant management and staff.

•The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; competition; geopolitical conflict; and events such as natural disasters or pandemics.

•Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments in the markets in which Park operates that affect the collectability of financial assets.

•Where the U.S. economy is within a given credit cycle.

•The extent that there is government assistance (stimulus).

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans - Individually Evaluated

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. Park has determined that any commercial loans which have been placed on nonaccrual status are to be individually evaluated. Individual analysis establishes an individual reserve for loans in scope. Reserves on individually evaluated commercial loans are typically based on management’s best estimate of the fair value of collateral securing these loans, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

Park estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which Park is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by Park. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted within "Miscellaneous other expense" on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over the commitments' respective estimated lives. Funding rates are based on a historical analysis of Park's portfolio, while estimates of credit losses are determined using the same loss rates as funded loans.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

Park has purchased insurance policies on the lives of directors and certain key officers. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at its cash surrender value (or the amount that can be realized).

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination. Goodwill is not amortized to expense, but is subject to impairment tests annually, or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired, by assessing qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If after assessing these events or circumstances, it is concluded that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the performance of additional analysis is unnecessary. If the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds the fair value, an impairment charge must be recorded in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

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Other intangible assets consist of core deposit intangibles. Core deposit intangibles are amortized on an accelerated basis over a period of ten years.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost and is not subject to depreciation. Premises and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is generally provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the remaining lease period or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Upon the sale or other disposal of an asset, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is recognized. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred while renewals and improvements that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Premises and equipment are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a particular asset may not be recoverable.

The range of depreciable lives over which premises and equipment are being depreciated are:

Other Real Estate Owned

Management transfers a loan to OREO at the time that Park takes deed/title to the asset. OREO is initially recorded at fair value less anticipated selling costs (net realizable value), establishing a new cost basis, and consists of property acquired through foreclosure and real estate held for sale. If the net realizable value is below the carrying value of the loan at the date of transfer, the difference is charged to the allowance for credit losses. If the net realizable value is above the carrying value of the loan at the date of transfer, any charged-off amounts are recovered and any additional amount is recorded within the line item "OREO valuation markup." These assets are subsequently accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. Subsequent changes in the value of real estate are classified as OREO valuation adjustments, are reported as adjustments to the carrying amount of OREO, and recorded within the line item “Miscellaneous income". In certain circumstances where management believes the devaluation may not be permanent in nature, Park utilizes a valuation allowance to record OREO devaluations, which is expensed through the line item “Miscellaneous income". Costs relating to development and improvement of such properties are capitalized (not in excess of fair value less estimated costs to sell), and costs relating to holding the properties are charged to the line item "Miscellaneous expense".

Foreclosed Assets

Foreclosed assets include non-real estate assets where Park, as creditor, has received physical possession of a borrower’s assets, regardless of whether formal foreclosure proceedings take place. Foreclosed assets are initially recorded as fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Park had $1.1 million and $605,000, respectively, of foreclosed assets included within “Other assets.”

Mortgage Servicing Rights

When Park sells mortgage loans with servicing retained, MSRs are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in "Other service income". Capitalized MSRs are amortized in proportion to and over the period of the estimated future servicing income of the underlying loan and are included within “Other service income”.

MSRs are assessed for impairment quarterly, based on fair value, with any impairment recognized through a valuation allowance. The fair value of MSRs is determined by discounting estimated future cash flows from the servicing assets, using market discount rates and expected future prepayment rates. In order to calculate fair value, the sold loan portfolio is stratified into homogeneous pools of like categories. (See Note 12 - Loan Servicing.)

Fees received for servicing mortgage loans owned by investors are based on a percentage of the outstanding monthly principal balance of such loans and are included in income as loan payments are received. The amortization of MSRs is netted against loan servicing fee income and recorded in "Other service income".

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Leases

Management determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. If an arrangement is determined to be or contain a lease, Park recognizes a ROU asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, all of Park's leases were classified as operating leases.

Park elected the practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate non-lease components from the associated lease components. Additionally, Park has elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less. Park recognizes the lease payments associated with its short-term leases as an expense on a cash basis.

Park’s lease liability is initially and subsequently measured as the present value of the unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date. Key estimates and judgments related to the lease liability include how management determines (1) the discount rate it uses to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value, (2) the lease term, and (3) lease payments.

•ASC 842 requires a lessee to discount its unpaid lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, its incremental borrowing rate. Generally, Park's management cannot determine the interest rate implicit in a lease because it does not have access to the lessor’s estimated residual value or the amount of the lessor’s deferred initial direct costs. Therefore, Park utilizes its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for leases. Park’s incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest Park would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms. To manage its capital and liquidity needs, Park periodically obtains wholesale funding from the FHLB on an over-collateralized basis. The impact of utilizing an interest rate on an over-collateralized borrowing versus a fully collateralized borrowing is not material. Therefore, the FHLB yield curve was selected by Park's management as a baseline to determine Park’s discount rates for leases.

•The lease term for all of Park's leases includes the noncancellable period of the lease plus any additional periods covered by either Park's option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease that Park is reasonably certain to exercise, or an option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease controlled by the lessor. If a lease contract contains multiple renewal options, Park's management generally models lease cash flows through the first renewal option period unless the contract contains economic incentives or other conditions that increase or decrease the likelihood that additional renewals are reasonably certain to be exercised.

•Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are comprised of the following:

◦Fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments, owed over the lease term;

◦For certain of Park's gross real estate leases, non-lease components such as real estate taxes, insurance, and common area maintenance; and

◦Variable lease payments that depend on an index or rate, initially measured using the index or rate at the lease commencement date.

The ROU asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. For operating leases, the ROU asset is subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and cash items, amounts due from banks, and money market instruments. Generally, money market instruments are purchased and sold for one-day periods.

Loss Contingencies

Park is routinely engaged in various litigation and other legal matters. These include defending against claims of improper loan, deposit account, and other banking practices, as well as trust and investment, intellectual property, contract, and other legal matters, and Park has a number of unresolved lawsuits and open matters pending resolution. In addition, Park is party to litigation involving the collection of delinquent accounts, challenges to security interests in collateral, foreclosure lawsuits, and similar matters which are part of, or incidental to, the ordinary course of business. While the ultimate liability with respect to these matters and claims cannot be determined at this time, management believes that losses, damages, or liabilities, if any, and other amounts relating to pending matters are not likely to be material to Park's consolidated financial position or results of

-94- operations. Reserves are established for these various litigation and other legal matters, when appropriate under FASB ASC Topic 450, Contingencies, based in part upon the advice of legal counsel.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more-likely-than-not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The benefit recognized for a tax position that meets the “more-likely-than-not” criteria is measured based on the largest benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized, taking into consideration the amounts and probabilities of the outcome upon settlement. For tax positions not meeting the “more-likely-than-not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. Park recognizes any interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Treasury Shares

The purchase of Park’s common shares to be held in treasury is recorded at cost. At the date of retirement or subsequent reissuance, the treasury shares account is reduced by the weighted average cost of the common shares retired or reissued.

Dividend Restriction

Banking regulations require the maintenance of certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by a bank to its parent holding company or by the parent holding company to its shareholders. (See Note 25 - Dividend Restrictions and Note 28 - Capital Ratios.)

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on debt securities available for sale, changes in the funded status of the Company’s defined benefit pension plan and unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges which are also recognized as separate components of equity.

Share-Based Compensation

Compensation cost is recognized for restricted stock units and stock awards issued to employees and directors, respectively, based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. The market price of Park’s common shares at the date of grant is used to estimate the fair value of restricted stock units and stock awards. Compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period and is recorded in "Salaries" expense. (See Note 20 - Share-Based Compensation.) The Company's accounting policy is to recognize forfeitures as they occur.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 27 - Fair Value. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Derivatives

At the inception of a derivative contract, Park designates the derivative as one of three types based on Park's intentions and belief as to the likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation (“stand-alone derivative”). Park does not have any fair value hedges. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and is reclassified into net income in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects net income. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported currently in net income, as non-interest income.

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Accrued settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Accrued settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in non-interest income. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow under the same item as the cash flows of the items being hedged.

Park formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction at the inception of the hedging relationship. The documentation includes linking cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Park also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged items. Park discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that a derivative is no longer effective in offsetting cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as non-interest income. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive loss are amortized into net income over the same periods that the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

The Company is exposed to losses if a counterparty fails to make its payments under a contract in which the Company is in the net receiving position. The Company anticipates that the counterparties will be able to fully satisfy their obligations under the outstanding contracts. All the contracts to which the Company is party settle monthly or quarterly.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain the transferee from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets.

Retirement Plans

Pension expense is the net of service and interest cost, return on plan assets and amortization of gains and losses not immediately recognized. The service cost component of pension expense is recorded within "Employee benefits" on the Consolidated Statements of Income. All other components of pension expense are recorded within "Other components of net periodic benefit income" on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Employee KSOP plan expense is the amount of matching contributions to Park's Employees Stock Ownership Plan. Deferred compensation and supplemental retirement plan expense allocate the benefits over years of service. (See Note 21 - Benefit Plans.)

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under restricted stock unit awards. (See Note 20 - Share-Based Compensation and Note 24 - Earnings Per Common Share.)

Operating Segments

The Corporation is a financial holding company headquartered in Newark, Ohio. While the chief decision makers monitor the operating results of its lines of business, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a consolidated basis. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment. This is aligned with the information that the Chief Operating Decision Maker, Park's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, utilizes when making key operating and resource allocation decisions.

2. Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements and Issued But Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards

The following is a summary of new accounting pronouncements impacting Park's consolidated financial statements, and accounting standards that have been issued but were not effective for Park as of December 31, 2023:

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

ASU 2022-02 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures: In March 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-02 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. ASU 2022-02 eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, Receivables - Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. Additionally, the amendments

-96- in this ASU require that public business entities disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Measured at Amortized Cost.

Park adopted ASU 2022-02 using the modified retrospective transition method on January 1, 2023. Park recorded a $383,000 increase to the ACL, a $303,000 decrease to retained earnings and an $80,000 increase to deferred tax assets as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASU 2022-02. Additionally, as a result of the adoption of this ASU and elimination of the concept of TDRs, total nonperforming loans decreased by $20.1 million effective January 1, 2023 and individually evaluated loans decreased by $11.5 million.

The adoption of ASU 2022-02 impacted disclosures in Note 5 - Loans and Note 6 - Allowance for Credit Losses.

SEC Cybersecurity Disclosures: In July 2023, the SEC voted to standardize disclosures about cybersecurity risk management, strategy, governance, and material cybersecurity incidents by public companies subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The Current Report on Form 8-K has a new item, Item 1.05, and registrants are required to disclose under this Item 1.05 any cybersecurity incident that is deemed to be material and describe the material aspects of the incident's nature, scope, and timing, as well as its material impact, or reasonably likely material impact on a registrant, including its financial condition and results of operations. The Form 8-K filing is generally due four business days after a registrant determines that the cybersecurity incident is material.

Also, SEC Regulation S-K has a new item, Item 106, which requires registrants to describe, on an annual basis, the processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats as well as the material effects, or reasonably likely material effects, of risk from cybersecurity threats and previous cybersecurity incidents. Item 106 also requires registrants to describe the board of directors' oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats and management's role and expertise in assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. These disclosures are required in the annual report on Form 10-K. Compliance with the material incident disclosure requirements in Item 1.05 of Form 8-K began on December 18, 2023 and the annual disclosures are to be provided beginning with annual reports for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2023. Management adopted the SEC cybersecurity rules on December 18, 2023 and has included the new annual disclosures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Issued But Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards

ASU 2023-06 - Disclosure Improvements - Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative: In October 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-06 - Disclosure Improvements - Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. ASU 2023-06 amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. ASU 2023-06 was issued in response to the SEC's August 2018 final rule that updated and simplified disclosure requirements. In the final rule, the SEC identified 27 disclosure requirements that were incremental to those in the ASC and referred them to the FASB for potential incorporation into US GAAP. To avoid duplication, the SEC intended to eliminate those disclosure requirements from existing SEC regulations if the FASB incorporated them into the relevant ASC subtopics. The disclosure requirements are currently included in either SEC Regulation S-X or SEC Regulation S-K. ASU 2023-06 adds 14 of the 27 identified disclosure or presentation requirements to the ASC.

For entities, like Park, that are subject to the SEC's existing disclosure requirements, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The amendments are to be applied prospectively and if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the ASC and will not become effective for any entity. Management intends to adopt the provisions of ASU 2023-06 on their respective effective dates. The adoption of the provisions of ASU 2023-06 is not expected to have a material impact on Park's consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2023-07 - Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07 -Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 will require public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments' significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. Public entities will be required to disclose other segment items for each reportable segment and provide a description of its composition. Significant expense categories are derived from expenses that are regularly reported to an entity's chief operating decision-makers and included in a segments' reported measures of profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 will also require for an entity to disclose the title and position of the chief operating decision-maker and explain how the chief operating decision-maker uses the reported measures of profit or loss to assess segment performance. ASU

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2023-07 also requires interim disclosures of certain segment-related disclosures that previously were required only on an annual basis and clarifies that entities with a single reportable segment are subject to both new and existing segment reporting requirements under Topic 280.

ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. ASU 2023-07 requires entities to adopt the changes to the segment reporting guidance on a retrospective basis and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of the provisions of ASU 2023-07 is not expected to have an impact on Park's consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2023-09- Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09 - Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 will require entities to disclose more detailed information in the reconciliation of their statutory tax rate to their effective tax rate. ASU 2023-09 also requires entities to disclose more detailed information about income taxes paid, including by jurisdiction.

ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The adoption of the provisions of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have an impact on Park's consolidated financial statements, but will impact disclosures.

3. Organization

Park National Corporation is a financial holding company headquartered in Newark, Ohio. Through PNB, Park is engaged in a general commercial banking and trust business, primarily in Ohio, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina, with the exception of nationwide aircraft loans and nationwide asset-based lending to consumer finance companies. PNB is headquartered in Newark, Ohio. A wholly-owned subsidiary of Park, GFSC is a consumer finance company located in Central Ohio.

PNB provides the following principal services: the acceptance of deposits for demand, savings and time accounts; commercial, industrial, consumer and real estate lending, including installment loans, credit cards (which are largely offered through a third party), home equity lines of credit and commercial leasing; trust and wealth management services; cash management; safe deposit operations; electronic funds transfers; and a variety of additional banking-related services.

4. Investment Securities

"Debt securities" and "Other investment securities" are summarized below.

Debt Securities

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

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All debt securities were classified as AFS at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following tables provide detail on debt securities AFS in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

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At December 31, 2023, Park’s debt security portfolio consisted of $1.3 billion of securities, $1.2 billion of which were in an unrealized loss position with unrealized losses of $87.2 million. Of the $1.2 billion of securities in an unrealized loss position, $1.2 billion were in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer. Of the $87.2 million in unrealized losses, an aggregate of $68.2 million were related to Park's "U.S. Government sponsored entities' asset-backed securities" portfolio. For non-agency debt securities, Park verified that the current credit ratings remain above investment grade. Quarterly, management reviews the credit profile of each non-agency debt security and assesses whether any impairment to the contractually obligated cash flow is likely to occur. Based on these reviews, management has concluded that the underlying creditworthiness for each security remains sufficient to maintain required payment obligations and, therefore, unrealized losses have not been recognized into net income. Management does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that management would be required to sell, the securities prior to their anticipated recovery in respect of the unrealized losses. Management believes the value will recover as the securities approach maturity or market interest rates change.

There wasno allowance for credit losses recorded for debt securities AFS at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Additionally, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, there wereno credit-related investment impairment losses recognized.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments in debt securities at December 31, 2023, are shown in the following table by contractual maturity, except for asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations, which are shown as a single total, due to the unpredictability of the timing in principal repayments. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

(1) The tax equivalent yield for obligations of states and political subdivisions includes the effects of a taxable equivalent adjustment using a 21% federal corporate income tax rate.

At December 31, 2023, investment securities with a fair value of $416.0 million were pledged for government and public fund deposits, $180.8 million were pledged to secure repurchase agreements and $5.2 million were pledged as collateral for FHLB advance borrowings. At December 31, 2022, investment securities with a fair value of $433.8 million were pledged for government and public fund deposits, $313.1 million were pledged to secure repurchase agreements and $6.8 million were pledged as collateral for FHLB advance borrowings.

At December 31, 2023, there wereno holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity.

During 2023, Park sold certain AFS debt securities with a book value of $291.0 million at a gross loss of $7.9 million. There wereno sales of AFS debt securities during 2022 and 2021.

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Other Investment Securities

Other investment securities (as shown on the Consolidated Balance Sheets) consist of restricted stock investments in the FHLB and the FRB, and equity securities. The FHLB and FRB restricted stock investments are carried at their redemption value. Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are carried at fair value. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are recorded at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions ("modified cost"). Park's portfolio of equity investments in limited partnerships which provide mezzanine funding ("Partnership Investments") are valued using the net asset value practical expedient in accordance with ASC 820.

The carrying amount of other investment securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

(1) There have been no impairments or downward adjustments made to equity investments carried at modified cost. There wereno adjustments recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 as a result of observable price changes. An upward adjustment of $871,000 was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of observable price changes.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Park purchased 182,289 shares of FHLB stock with a book value of $18.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the FHLB repurchased 116,722 shares of FHLB stock with a book value of $11.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the FHLB repurchased 22,160 shares of FHLB stock with a book value of $2.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the FHLB repurchased 86,770 shares of FHLB stock with a book value of $8.7 million. No shares of FHLB stock were purchased in the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. No shares of FRB stock were purchased or sold in any of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, $600,000, $601,000 and $552,000, respectively, of gains on equity investments carried at fair value were recorded within "Gain on equity securities, net" on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, $371,000, $2.4 million and $4.5 million, respectively, of gains on equity investments carried at NAV were recorded within "Gain on equity securities, net" on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

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5. Loans

The composition of the loan portfolio at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

(1) Included within each of commercial, financial and agricultural loans and commercial real estate loans is an immaterial amount of consumer loans that were not broken out by class.

In order to support customers, Park participated in the CARES Act Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). For its assistance in making and retaining these loans, Park received an aggregate of $33.1 million in fees from the SBA. During the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, $41,000, $3.0 million, and $16.3 million, respectively, of PPP fee income was recognized within loan interest income.

Loans are shown net of deferred origination fees, costs and unearned income of $19.1 million at December 31, 2023, and of $18.2 million at December 31, 2022, which represented a net deferred income position in both years. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, loans included purchase accounting adjustments of $1.8 million and $2.5 million, respectively, which represented a net deferred income position at each date. This fair market value purchase accounting adjustment is expected to be recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loans.

Overdrawn deposit accounts of $1.5 million were reclassified to loans at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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Credit Quality

Among other things, the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 eliminated the concept of TDRs. After the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, nonperforming loans consisted of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, nonperforming loans consisted of nonaccrual loans, accruing TDRs and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing.

The following table presents the amortized cost of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing, by class of loan, at December 31, 2023:

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The following table presents the amortized cost of nonaccrual loans, accruing TDRs, and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing, by class of loan, at December 31, 2022:

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The following tables provide additional detail on nonaccrual loans and the related ACL, by class of loan, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

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Nonaccrual commercial loans are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. Management’s general practice is to proactively charge down loans individually evaluated to the fair value of the underlying collateral. Nonaccrual consumer loans are collectively evaluated based on similar risk characteristics.

The following tables provide the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loan, as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

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Interest income on nonaccrual loans individually evaluated for impairment is recognized on a cash basis only when Park expects to receive the entire recorded investment in the loans. The following table presents interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

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The following tables present the aging of the amortized cost in past due loans at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 by class of loan:

(1) Includes an aggregate of $859,000 of loans past due 90 days or more and accruing. The remaining loans were past due nonaccrual loans.

(2) Includes an aggregate of $39.0 million of nonaccrual loans which were current in regards to contractual principal and interest payments.

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(1) Includes an aggregate of $1.3 million of loans past due 90 days or more and accruing. The remaining loans were past due nonaccrual loans.

(2) Includes an aggregate of $58.9 million of nonaccrual loans which were current in regards to contractual principal and interest payments.

Credit Quality Indicators

Management utilizes past due information as a credit quality indicator across the loan portfolio. Past due information at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is included in the previous tables. The past due information is the primary credit quality indicator within the following classes of loans: (1) overdrafts in the commercial, financial and agricultural portfolio segment; (2) retail loans in the construction real estate portfolio segment; (3) mortgage loans, HELOC and installment loans in the residential real estate portfolio segment; and (4) consumer loans and check loans in the consumer portfolio segment. The primary credit indicator for commercial loans is based on an internal grading system that grades all commercial loans on a scale from 1 to 8. Credit grades are continuously monitored by the responsible loan officer and adjustments are made when appropriate. A grade of 1 indicates little or no credit risk and a grade of 8 is considered a loss. Commercial loans that are pass-rated (graded an 1 through a 4) are considered to be of acceptable credit risk. Commercial loans graded a 5 (special mention) are considered to be watch list credits and a higher PD is applied to these loans. Loans classified as special mention have potential weaknesses that require management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of Park’s credit position at some future date. Commercial loans graded a 6 (substandard), also considered watch list credits, are considered to represent higher credit risk and, as a result, a higher PD is applied to these loans. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the value of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that Park will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Commercial loans graded a 7 (doubtful) are shown as nonaccrual and Park generally charges these loans down to their fair value by taking a partial charge-off or recording an individual reserve. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Certain 6-rated loans and all 7-rated loans are placed on nonaccrual status and included within the individually evaluated category. A commercial loan is deemed nonaccrual, and is individually evaluated, when management determines the borrower's ability to perform in accordance with the contractual loan agreement is in doubt. Any commercial loan graded an 8 (loss) is completely charged off.

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Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are detailed in the tables below. Also included in the table detailing balances at December 31, 2023 are gross charge offs for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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(1) Included within each of commercial, financial and agricultural loans and commercial real estate loans is an immaterial amount of consumer loans that are not broken out by class.

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(1) Included within each of commercial, financial and agricultural loans and commercial real estate loans is an immaterial amount of consumer loans that are not broken out by class.

Park considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. For residential and consumer loan classes, Park also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by performing status. The following tables present the amortized cost in residential and consumer loans based on performing status. Also included in the table detailing loan balances at December 31, 2023 are gross charge offs for the year ended December 31, 2023. After the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, nonperforming loans consisted of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, nonperforming loans consisted of nonaccrual loans, accruing TDRs and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing.

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Loans and Leases Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality

PCD loans are individually evaluated on a quarterly basis to determine if a reserve is necessary. At each of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there wasno allowance for credit losses on PCD loans. The carrying amount of accruing loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $2.8 million and $4.7 million, respectively. The carrying amount of nonaccrual loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality was $534,000 at December 31, 2023. There wereno nonaccrual loans acquired with deteriorated quality at December 31, 2022.

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Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Management identifies loans as modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and Park has altered the cash flow of the loan as part of a modification or in the loan renewal process. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of the borrower's debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed in accordance with the Company’s internal underwriting policy. Park modifies loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by providing principal forgiveness, a term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or an interest rate reduction.

In some cases, Park provides multiple types of modifications on one loan. Typically, one type of modification, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another modification, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the loans included in the combination columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension, principal forgiveness, an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or an interest rate reduction.

The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. As a result, the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses and a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged off against the allowance for credit losses.

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at December 31, 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 by class of and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial difficulty as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below.

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Park has committed to lend additional amounts totaling $4.7 million to the borrowers included in the previous table as of December 31, 2023.

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the year ended December 31, 2023:

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Park closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of Park's modification efforts. The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified in the last 12 months:

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans that had a payment default during the year ended December 31, 2023 and were modified in the year prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For this table, a loan is considered to be in default when it becomes 30 days contractually past due under the modified terms:

Upon the determination that a modified loan (or a portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is charged-off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amounts.

Related Party Loans

Certain of the Corporation’s executive officers, directors and related entities of directors are loan customers of PNB. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, credit exposure aggregating approximately $34.7 million and $37.3 million, respectively, was outstanding to such parties. Of this total exposure, approximately $28.0 million and $28.4 million was outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with the remaining balance representing available credit. During 2023, new loans and advances on existing loans were made to these executive officers, directors and related entities of directors totaling $0.4 million and $3.8 million, respectively. These extensions of credit were offset by aggregate principal payments of $4.6 million. During 2022, new loans and advances on existing loans were $6.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively. These extensions of credit were offset by aggregate principal payments of $6.0 million.

6. Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost, which is measured using relevant information about past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. A provision for credit losses is charged to operations based on management’s periodic evaluation of these and other pertinent factors as discussed within Note 1-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

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During the first quarter of 2023, Park adopted ASU 2022-02. This standard was adopted using a modified retrospective transition method on January 1, 2023, resulting in a $383,000 increase to the ACL. A cumulative effect adjustment resulting in a $303,000 decrease to retained earnings and an $80,000 increase to deferred tax assets was also recorded as a result of the adoption of ASU 2022-02.

Quantitative Considerations

The ACL is primarily calculated utilizing a DCF model. Key inputs and assumptions used in this model are discussed below:

•Forecast model - For each portfolio segment, a LDA was performed in order to identify appropriate loss drivers and create a regression model for use in forecasting cash flows. The LDA analysis utilized Park's own FFIEC Call Report data for the commercial, financial and agricultural and residential real estate portfolio segments. Peer data was incorporated into the analysis for the commercial real estate, construction real estate, and consumer portfolio segments. Park updated the LDA in the fourth quarter of 2023. Per review of the correlation of data and subsequent results, management refined the peer group in the LDA and maintained the exclusion of periods impacted by COVID-19. Management reviewed and considered the impact of the inclusion of periods impacted by COVID-19 as part of the LDA update, but the correlation of the inclusion of COVID-19 periods was lower.

•Probability of default – PD is the probability that an asset will be in default within a given time frame. Park has defined default to be when a charge-off has occurred, a loan is placed on nonaccrual, or a loan is greater than 90 days past due. Whenever possible, Park utilizes its own loan-level PDs for the reasonable and supportable forecast period. When loan-level data is not available reflecting the forecasted economic conditions, the LDA is utilized to estimate PDs. In all cases, the LDA is then utilized to determine the long-term historical average, which is reached over the reversion period.

•Loss given default – LGD is the percentage of the asset not expected to be collected due to default. Whenever possible, Park utilizes its own loan-level LGDs for the reasonable and supportable forecast period. When it is not possible to use Park's own LGDs, the LGD is derived using a method referred to as Frye Jacobs. In all cases, the Frye Jacobs method is utilized to calculate LGDs during the reversion period and long-term historical average.

•Prepayments and curtailments – Prepayments and curtailments are calculated based on Park’s own data utilizing a three-year average. This analysis is updated annually in the fourth quarter and was last updated in the fourth quarter of 2023.

•Forecast and reversion – Park has established a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period with a one-year straight line reversion to the long-term historical average.

•Economic forecast - Park utilizes a third party to provide economic forecasts under various scenarios, which are weighted in order to reflect model risk in the current economic environment. The scenario weighting is evaluated by management on a quarterly basis.

◦As of December 31, 2022, the "most likely" scenario forecasted Ohio unemployment between 4.14% and 4.36%during the next four quarters. In determining the appropriate weighting of scenarios at December 31, 2022, management considered the range of forecasted unemployment as well as a number of economic indicators. The continued high levels of inflation, historically low consumer confidence, rising interest rates, geopolitical conflict (including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine), and workforce and supply chain challenges continued to cause uncertainty to the overall economic environment. Considering these factors, management determined it was appropriate to maintain the existing weighting, and weigh the "most likely" scenario 50% and the "moderate recession" scenario 50% at December 31, 2022.

◦As of December 31, 2023, the "most likely" scenario forecasted Ohio unemployment between 4.05% and 4.66% during the next four quarters. In determining the appropriate weighting of scenarios at December 31, 2023, management considered the range of forecasted unemployment as well as a number of economic indicators. The continued elevated levels of inflation, volatile levels of consumer confidence, continued elevated interest rates, financial system stress and geopolitical conflict (including the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas) and stress in the commercial real estate sector, continued to cause uncertainty as to the overall economic environment. Considering these factors, management determined it was appropriate to maintain the existing weighting, and weigh the "most likely" scenario 50% and the "moderate recession" scenario 50% at December 31, 2023. Changes in forecasts, updates to the LDA model and prepayment and curtailment assumptions, as well as changes in the loan mix, resulted in an 11 basis point decrease in the weighted quantitative allowance from December 31, 2022.

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Qualitative Considerations

Park reviews various internal and external factors to consider the need for any qualitative adjustments to the quantitative model. Factors considered include the following:

•The nature and volume of Park’s financial assets; the existence, growth, and effect of any concentrations of credit and the volume and severity of past due financial assets, the volume of nonaccrual assets, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded assets. Specifically, management considers:

◦Trends (e.g., growth, reduction) in specific categories of the loan portfolio, as well as adjustments to the types of loans offered by Park.

◦Level of and trend in loan delinquencies, troubled loans, commercial watch list loans and nonperforming loans.

◦Level of and trend in new nonaccrual loans.

◦Level of and trend in loan charge-offs and recoveries.

•Park's lending policies and procedures, including changes in lending strategies, underwriting standards and practices for collections, charge-offs, and recoveries.

•The quality of Park’s credit review function.

•The experience, ability, and depth of Park’s lending, investment, collection, and other relevant management and staff.

•The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; competition; geopolitical conflict; and events such as natural disasters or pandemics.

•Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments in the markets in which Park operates that affect the collectability of financial assets.

•Where the U.S. economy is within a given credit cycle.

•The extent that there is government assistance (stimulus).

Qualitative adjustments amounted to $417,000 and $384,000 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Other Considerations

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, Park had $2.1 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of PPP loans which were included in the commercial, financial and agricultural portfolio segment. These loans are guaranteed by the SBA and thus have not been reserved for using the same methodology as the rest of Park’s loan portfolio. A 10 basis point reserve was calculated for these loans to reflect minimal credit risk at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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ACL Activity

The activity in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is summarized in the following tables.

ACL Summary

Loans collectively evaluated for impairment in the following tables include all performing loans at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as well as nonperforming loans internally classified as consumer loans. Nonperforming consumer loans are not typically individually evaluated for impairment, but receive a portion of the statistical allocation of the ACL. Loans individually evaluated for impairment include all internally classified commercial nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2023 and all loans internally classified as commercial nonaccrual loans and TDRs at December 31, 2022, which are evaluated for impairment in accordance with U.S. GAAP (See Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies).

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The composition of the ACL at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

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7. Loans Held for Sale

Mortgage loans held for sale are carried at their fair value. Mortgage loans held for sale were $3.2 million and $2.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These amounts are included in "Loans" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and in the residential real estate loan segments in Note 5 - Loans and Note 6 - Allowance for Credit Losses. The contractual balance was $3.2 million and $2.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The gain expected upon sale was $53,000 and $41,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. None of these loans were 90 days or more past due or on nonaccrual status at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

During 2022, Park transferred certain commercial loans held for investment, previously nonperforming, with an amortized cost of $6.3 million, to the loans held for sale portfolio. The transferred loans were recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, recording a charge-off in each instance where the fair value of an individual loan was deemed to be below the carrying cost at the time the loans were moved to the held for sale portfolio. The sale of $3.9 million in loans held for sale was subsequently completed and Park recognized a gain on sale of $495,000 which is recorded within "Miscellaneous income" on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The remaining $2.4 million in loans held for sale were transferred back to loans held for investment at the lower of cost or fair value. No non-performing loans were held for sale or sold during 2023 or 2021.

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8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The following table shows the activity in goodwill and other intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Goodwill

Goodwill impairment exists when a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value. Park evaluates goodwill for impairment on April 1 of each year, with financial data as of March 31. At April 1, 2023, the Company's reporting unit, PNB, had positive equity and the Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, resulting in no impairment.

Acquired Intangible Assets

The following table shows the balance of acquired intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Core deposit intangibles are being amortized, on an accelerated basis, over a period of ten years. Amortization expense for the core deposit intangibles was $1.3 million, $1.5 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following is a schedule of estimated core deposit intangibles amortization expense for each of the next five years:

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9. Premises and Equipment

The major categories of premises and equipment and accumulated depreciation are summarized as follows:

Depreciation expense amounted to $14.0 million, $13.8 million and $13.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Park records operating lease assets where Park acts as the lessor within "Other assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Equipment subject to lease agreements at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is summarized below:

Depreciation expense on operating lease assets of $693,000, $1.1 million, and $1.5 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

10. Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing

Park makes certain equity investments in various limited partnerships that sponsor affordable housing projects. The purposes of these investments are to achieve a satisfactory return on capital, help create affordable housing opportunities, and assist the Company to achieve its goals associated with the Community Reinvestment Act.

As permitted by ASU 2014-01, Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects, Park has elected the proportional amortization method of accounting. Under the proportional amortization method, amortization expense and tax benefits are recognized through the provision for income taxes.

The table below details the balances of Park’s affordable housing tax credit investments and related unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Commitments are funded when capital calls are made by the general partner of a limited partnership. Park expects that the commitments as of December 31, 2023 will be funded between 2024 and 2033.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, Park recognized amortization expense of $8.3 million, $7.7 million and $7.3 million, respectively, which was included within the provision for income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, Park recognized tax credits and other benefits from its affordable housing tax credit investments of $9.8 million, $9.3 million and $8.8 million, respectively.

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11. Foreclosed and Repossessed Assets

Park typically transfers a loan to OREO at the time that Park takes deed/title to the real estate property asset. The carrying amount of foreclosed real estate properties held at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are listed below, as well as the recorded investment of loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process at those dates.

Assets acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value, less costs to sell, when acquired. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Park recognized a $12.0 million OREO valuation markup related to the foreclosure and subsequent sale of a property collateralizing a former Vision Bank relationship. This income is included in "OREO valuation markup" on the Consolidated Statements of Income. There wasno OREO valuation markup related to former Vision Bank relationships during the year ended December 31, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, Park recognized a $5.6 million gain on the sale of OREO related to former Vision Bank relationships. This income is included in "(Loss) gain on the sale of OREO, net" on the Consolidated Statements of Income. There wasno gain or loss on the sale of OREO related to former Vision Bank relationships during the year ended December 31, 2023.

In addition to real estate, Park may also repossess different types of collateral. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Park had $1.1 million and $0.6 million in other repossessed assets which are included in "Other assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

12. Loan Servicing

Park serviced sold mortgage loans of $1,934 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $2,051 million at December 31, 2022 and $2,132 million at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2023, $2.9 million of the sold mortgage loans were sold with recourse compared to $3.2 million at December 31, 2022 and $3.3 million at December 31, 2021. Management closely monitors the delinquency rates on the mortgage loans sold with recourse. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, management had established reserves of $54,000 and $59,000, respectively, to account for future loan repurchases. Custodial escrow balances maintained in connection with serviced sold mortgage loans were $19.2 million and $17.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

When Park sells mortgage loans with servicing rights retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value. Park selected the “amortization method” as permissible within U.S. GAAP, whereby the servicing rights capitalized are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated future servicing income of the underlying loan. At the end of each reporting period, the carrying value of MSRs is assessed for impairment with a comparison to fair value. MSRs are carried at the lower of their amortized cost or fair value. The amortization of MSRs is included within "Other service income" in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Activity for MSRs and the related valuation allowance follows:

The fair value of MSRs was $16.7 million and $17.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of MSRs at December 31, 2023 was established using a discount rate of 12% and constant prepayment speeds ranging from 6.12% to 27.50%. The fair value of MSRs at December 31, 2022 was established using a discount rate of 12% and constant prepayment speeds ranging from 6.96% to 19.14%.

Servicing fees included in "Other service income" were $5.2 million, $5.4 million and $5.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

13. Leases

Park is a lessee in several noncancellable operating lease arrangements, primarily for retail branches, administrative and warehouse buildings, ATMs, and certain office equipment within its Ohio, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Kentucky markets. Certain of these leases contain renewal options for periods ranging from one year to five years. Park’s leases generally do not include termination options for either party to the lease or restrictive financial or other covenants. Payments due under the lease arrangements include fixed payments plus, for many of Park’s real estate leases, variable payments such as Park's proportionate share of property taxes, insurance and common area maintenance.

Park's operating lease ROU asset and lease liability are presented in “Operating lease right-of-use asset" and "Operating lease liability," respectively, on Park's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The carrying amounts of Park's ROU asset and lease liability at December 31, 2023 were $15.7 million and $16.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the carrying amounts of Park's ROU assets and lease liability were $17.6 million and $19.3 million, respectively. Park's operating lease expense is recorded in "Occupancy expense" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

Other information related to operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 follows: